Complex Functions in The Theory of 2D Flow: Martin Scholtz Bc. Petr Weber-Vesel y

CF in 2D
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
Complex functions in the theory of 2D flow Complex potential
Elementary flows
Flow past the

cylinder
Martin Scholtz1 Bc. Petr Weber-Veselý2 Vortex panel
method
1 Institute Flow past the

of Theoretical Physics airfoil
Charles University in Prague
scholtz@utf.mff.cuni.cz
2 Faculty of Transportation Sciences
Czech Technical University in Prague
May 31st, Ondřejov

CF in 2D
Overview
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
Complex potential
Complex potential Elementary flows
Flow past the

cylinder
Elementary flows Vortex panel

method
Flow past the

airfoil
Flow past the cylinder
Vortex panel method
Flow past the airfoil

CF in 2D
Definition of 2D flow
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
I Two-dimensionality
I Layer of the fluid is thick enough to neglect boundary Complex potential
effects Elementary flows
I The flow can be foliated Flow past the
I The velocity field in each slice is the same cylinder
Vortex panel
method
v = (vx , vy , 0)
Flow past the
airfoil
I Stationarity
∂t v = 0
I Inviscid fluid
I Irrotational velocity field
∇×v =0
I Incompressibility
∇·v =0
CF in 2D
Potential
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
I Irrotationality
Complex potential
I Existence of the potential φ
Elementary flows
∇×v =0 → v = ∇φ Flow past the

cylinder
I In components Vortex panel

method
Flow past the

vx = ∂ x φ vy = ∂y airfoil
I Lines of constant potential are orthogonal to velocity
dφ = (∂i φ)dxi = vi dxi = 0 → v ⊥ dx

φ = const.
v
CF in 2D
Stream function
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
I Incompressibility Weber-Veselý2
I Existence of the vector potential ψ
Complex potential
∇·v =0 →v =∇×ψ Elementary flows
Flow past the

I For 2D flow cylinder
Vortex panel
ψ = (0, 0, ψ), ψ – stream function method
Flow past the

I In components airfoil
vx = ∂ y ψ vy = −∂x ψ (vi = ij ∂j ψ)

I ψ is constant along the stream lines
dψ = (∂i ψ)dxi = −ij vj vi dt = 0
v ψ = const.
CF in 2D
Complex potential
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
ΣΣ (Summa summarum)
Complex potential
Elementary flows
I Stream function
Flow past the
cylinder
vx = ∂y ψ vy = −∂x ψ Vortex panel
method
I Potential Flow past the

airfoil
vx = ∂x φ v y = ∂y φ
I Both satisfy the Laplace equation
∆ψ = ∆φ = 0
I Cauchy-Riemann relations
∂x φ = ∂y ψ ∂y φ = −∂x ψ
CF in 2D
Complex potential
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
I We introduce the complex potential Weber-Veselý2
Complex potential
F = φ + iψ Elementary flows
Flow past the

I Complex coordinates cylinder
Vortex panel
method
z = x + iy z̄ = x − i y
Flow past the
airfoil
I F is holomorphic function
I Related to velocity by
∂F
v̄ =
∂z
I Cauchy-Riemann conditions
∂F
=0
∂ z̄
CF in 2D
Circulation and flux
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
I Circulation
I I Complex potential
Γ= v · dr = vx dx + vy dy Elementary flows
Flow past the

γ γ cylinder
Vortex panel
I Flux I I method
Flow past the

Q= v · n dr = vx dy − vy dx airfoil
γ γ
I Observation
v̄ dz = vx dx + vy dy + i(vx dy − vy dx)
I Complex flux I
Γ + iQ = v̄ dz
γ
CF in 2D
Recapitulation
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
Description of the flow in complex terms
Complex potential
Elementary flows
Flow past the

coordinates z = x + iy z̄ = x − i y cylinder
Vortex panel
velocity v = vx + i vy v̄ = vx − i vy method
potential v̄ = ∂z F ∂z̄ F = 0 Flow past the

airfoil
I
flux Γ + iQ = v̄ dz
γ
Notice: I I
v̄ dz = dF = 0
γ γ
unless there are singularities in the region surrounded by γ

CF in 2D
Elementary flows
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
I Any holomorphic function F generates some flow Complex potential

I Uniform flow Elementary flows
Flow past the
F (z) = C z = ū z = u0 e−iθ z cylinder
Vortex panel
method
Flow past the

airfoil
u0
θ
I No singularities
Γ + iQ = 0
CF in 2D
Sources and sinks
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
Complex potential
I Potential of the form
Elementary flows
Flow past the

F (z) = k log z, k∈R cylinder
Vortex panel
I Velocity method
k x + iy Flow past the

v = ∂z F = =k 2 airfoil
z̄ x + y2
I Flux I
dz
Γ + iQ = k = 2πik
z
γ
Hence:
Γ=0 Q = 2πk
CF in 2D
Sources and sinks
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
I Potential Weber-Veselý2
Q
F (z) = log z Complex potential
2π
Elementary flows
Flow past the

I source: Q > 0 cylinder
I sink: Q < 0 Vortex panel
method
3 Flow past the
airfoil
-1
-2
-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
CF in 2D
Dipole
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
I Source at the point A with the flux Q > 0 Weber-Veselý2
I Sink at the point B with the flux −Q Complex potential
Elementary flows
A
ε/2 Flow past the
cylinder
α
Vortex panel
method
B ε/2 Flow past the
airfoil
I – distance of A and B
I Potential
Q z − 2 eiα
F (z) = log
2π z + 2 eiα
I In the limit → 0, Q = M = constant
M eiα
F (z) = −
2π z
CF in 2D
Dipole
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
3
Complex potential
Elementary flows
2
Flow past the
cylinder
Vortex panel
1 method
Flow past the

airfoil
0
-1
-2
-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
CF in 2D
Line vortex
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
Complex potential
I Potential Elementary flows
F (z) = i k log z, k∈R Flow past the

cylinder
I Velocity Vortex panel

method
ik k
v=− = 2 (y − i x) Flow past the
z̄ r airfoil
I Flux I
dz
Γ + i Q = −i k = 2πk
z
γ
Hence:
Q=0 Γ = 2πk
CF in 2D
Line vortex
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
I Potential Weber-Veselý2
Γ
F (z) = log z
2πi Complex potential
Elementary flows
3
Flow past the
cylinder
2 Vortex panel
method
Flow past the

airfoil
1
-1
-2
-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
CF in 2D
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
Complex potential
Elementary flows
Potential Flow past the
cylinder
R2 Γ
F (z) = v̄∞ z + (v∞ − u) + log z Vortex panel
method
z 2π i
Flow past the
airfoil
I v̄∞ – complex velocity at infinity
I R – real radius of the cylinder
I u – complex velocity on the boundary o the cylinder
I Γ – real circulation about the cylinder
CF in 2D
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Examples Bc. Petr
3 3
Weber-Veselý2
2 2 Complex potential
Elementary flows
1 1
Flow past the

0 0 cylinder
Vortex panel
-1 -1
method
-2 -2 Flow past the

airfoil
-3 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
CF in 2D
Vortex panel method
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
I Potential of a line vortex located at z0 Weber-Veselý2
Γ Complex potential
F = log(z − z0 )
2π i Elementary flows
Flow past the

I Corresponding stream function cylinder
Γ Vortex panel
log (x − x0 )2 + (y − y0 )2

ψ = =(F ) = − method
4π Flow past the
airfoil
I Continuously distributed line vortices
Z
1 2
ψ(r) = − γ(r 0 ) log r − r 0 dr0
4π
C
I γ(r) – vortex density

I Velocity
xj − x0j 0
Z
1
vi (r) = −ij γ(r 0 ) dr
2π |r − r 0 |
C
CF in 2D
Linear vortex density
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
I Along the vortex panel we choose
Complex potential
γ(t) = α + β t, t ∈ [0, 1] Elementary flows
Flow past the

cylinder
Vortex panel
method
Flow past the

airfoil
α = −1, β = 2
CF in 2D
Non-penetration condition
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
I Motivation: modelling the flow past the airfoil Weber-Veselý2
I vt
Velocity cannot penetrate the boundary of the airfoil Complex potential
Elementary flows
vn Flow past the
cylinder
Vortex panel
method
vt
Flow past the
airfoil
I We impose condition vn = 0
CF in 2D
Flow past the airfoil
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
I Mathematica package – Vortex panel method
Complex potential
I Arbitrary shape of the airfoil
Elementary flows
I Discretization of the airfoil – N segments Flow past the
cylinder
I Each segment is modelled by vortex panel with
Vortex panel
parameters αi , βi method
Flow past the

I αi + βi = αi+1 for i < N airfoil
I αN + βN = −α1 (Joukowski-Kutta condition)
I Solving the no-penetration condition
I Calculation of the pressure, force, ...
1 2 1
ρ v∞ + P∞ = ρ vt2 + P
2 2
vt 2

P − P∞
cp = 1 2 = 1 −
2 ρ v∞
v∞
CF in 2D
Clark Y profile
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
Complex potential
Elementary flows
Flow past the

cylinder
Vortex panel
method
Flow past the

airfoil
I Black arrow – net force exerted on the profile

I Red dashed line – dimensionless pressure coefficients cp
below and above the profile
CF in 2D
The END
Martin Scholtz1 ,
Bc. Petr
Weber-Veselý2
Complex potential
Elementary flows
Flow past the

cylinder
Vortex panel
method
Flow past the

Thank you for attention airfoil

Complex Functions in The Theory of 2D Flow: Martin Scholtz Bc. Petr Weber-Vesel y

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Complex Functions in The Theory of 2D Flow: Martin Scholtz Bc. Petr Weber-Vesel y

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CF in 2D

Complex functions in the theory of 2D flow Complex potential

Flow past the

1 Institute Flow past the

2 Faculty of Transportation Sciences

Czech Technical University in Prague

May 31st, Ondřejov

Complex potential Elementary flows

Flow past the

Elementary flows Vortex panel

Flow past the

Vortex panel method

Flow past the airfoil

∇×v =0 → v = ∇φ Flow past the

I In components Vortex panel

Flow past the

I Lines of constant potential are orthogonal to velocity

dφ = (∂i φ)dxi = vi dxi = 0 → v ⊥ dx

∇·v =0 →v =∇×ψ Elementary flows

Flow past the

Flow past the

vx = ∂ y ψ vy = −∂x ψ (vi = ij ∂j ψ)

dψ = (∂i ψ)dxi = −ij vj vi dt = 0

I Potential Flow past the

Flow past the

Flow past the

Flow past the

Flow past the

potential v̄ = ∂z F ∂z̄ F = 0 Flow past the

unless there are singularities in the region surrounded by γ

I Any holomorphic function F generates some flow Complex potential

Flow past the

F (z) = C z = ū z = u0 e−iθ z cylinder

Flow past the

Flow past the

k x + iy Flow past the

Flow past the

I Sink at the point B with the flux −Q Complex potential

Flow past the

F (z) = i k log z, k∈R Flow past the

I Velocity Vortex panel

Flow past the

Flow past the

-2 -2 Flow past the

Flow past the

I γ(r) – vortex density

γ(t) = α + β t, t ∈ [0, 1] Elementary flows

Flow past the

Flow past the

Flow past the

Flow past the

Flow past the

I Black arrow – net force exerted on the profile

Flow past the

Flow past the

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vx = ∂ y ψ vy = −∂x ψ (vi = ij ∂j ψ)

dψ = (∂i ψ)dxi = −ij vj vi dt = 0