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Stress:
It is a force that tends to deform the body on which it acts per unit area.
It is measured in N/m2 and this unit is specifically called Pascal (Pa). A bigger unit of stress is the mega
Pascal (MPa).
1 Pa = 1N/m2,
1MPa = 106 N/m2 =1N/mm2.
Compressive stress tends to squeeze a body, tensile stress to stretch (extend) it, and shear stress to cut
it.
Tensile Stress
Consider a uniform bar of cross sectional area A subjected to an axial tensile force P. The stress at any
section x-x normal to the line of action of the tensile force P is specifically called tensile stress pt . Since
internal resistance R at x-x is equal to the applied force P, we have,
pt = (internal resistance at x-x)/(resisting area at x-x)
=R/A
=P/A.
Under tensile stress the bar suffers stretching or elongation.
Compressive Stress
If the bar is subjected to axial compression instead of axial tension, the stress developed at x-x is
specifically called compressive stress pc.
pc =R/A
= P/A.
Volumetric stress produces a change in volume of the body without producing any distortion to the shape of the body.
Strain:
Measure of the extent to which a body deforms under stress.
Linear Strain
Linear strain of a deformed body is defined as the ratio of the change in length of the body due to the deformation to its
original length in the direction of the force. If l is the original length and dl the change in length occurred due to the
deformation, the linear strain e induced is given by e=dl/l.
Linear strain may be a tensile strain, et or a compressive strain ec according as dl refers to an increase in
length or a decrease in length of the body. If we consider one of these as +ve then the other should be
considered as –ve, as these are opposite in nature.
Lateral Strain
Lateral strain of a deformed body is defined as the ratio of the change in length (breadth of a rectangular bar or diameter
of a circular bar) of the body due to the deformation to its original length (breadth of a rectangular bar or diameter of a
circular bar) in the direction perpendicular to the force.
Volumetric Strain
Volumetric strain of a deformed body is defined as the ratio of the change in volume of the body to the deformation to its
original volume. If V is the original volum and dV the change in volume occurred due to the deformation, the volumetric
strain ev induced is given by ev =dV/V
Consider a uniform rectangular bar of length l, breadth b and depth d as shown in figure. Its volume V is given by,
This means that volumetric strain of a deformed body is the sum of the linear strains in three mutually perpendicular
directions.
Shear Strain
Shear strain is defined as the strain accompanying a shearing action. It is the angle in radian measure through which the
body gets distorted when subjected to an external shearing action. It is denoted by *.
Consider a cube ABCD subjected to equal and opposite forces Q across the top and bottom forces AB and CD. If the bottom
face is taken fixed, the cube gets distorted through angle * to the shape ABC’D’. Now strain or deformation per unit length
is
Shear strain of cube = CC’ / CD = CC’ / BC = * radian
Place a flexible object like an eraser, sponge, or small piece of bread between your thumb and index
finger. Press your fingers together. One side of the object will bend inwards and shorten while the other
will bend outwards and lengthen. The shorter side has been compressed, while the other side is under
tension.