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ABSTRACT
Space craft to solar system bodies must deal with 2.1 TRAJECTORIES:
multiple deviations under the in uence of gravity. The
motion of satellite in one of the types of conic section Three general types of paths are possible under the
strongly depends upon escape velocity. The goal of gravitational in uence.
this paper is to nd the trajectory of satellite by
An elliptical orbit is a orbit with an eccentricity of less
analysing orbit's eccentricity and or-bital
bital parameters.
than 1. This includes the special case called circular
This paper also focuses on the derivation of general
orbit and its eccentricity is equal to 0.
orbit equation from the base called Newton's law of
motion and Newton's
on's law of gravitation. This paper examines the classifications, cause; types
and the possible solutions of conflict in organization.
Keywords: Eccentricity, Flight path angle, True This discovered that conflict generates considerable
anomaly, Perigee and Apogee radius, Trajectory. ambivalence and leave many practitioners and a
scholars quite uncertain about how best to cope with
1. INTRODUCTION it. Conflicts are inevitable in human life and also
inevitable in organizations even between countries.
Mechanics is a branch of science concerned with the
Conflict occurs in organizations as a result of
relationship between force, displacements, energy and
competition for supremacy, scarcity of economic
their e ects on physical bodies on their environment.
resource and leadership style. The study also revealed
The classical mechanics is one of the subsub- elds of
that conflict in organization could be constructive or
o
mechanics. Classical mechanics is concerned with the
destructive which can lead to low production or good
some physical laws describing the movement of
solution to production.
bodies under the in uence of forces.
3. ORBIT EQUATION
Two objects are located in inertial frame of reference XYZ. Each of the bod-ies is acted upon by
the gravitational attraction of the other. F12 is the force exerted on m1 by m2, and F21 is the force
exerted on m2 by m1. The position vector RG of the center of mass G is de ned by,
m R +m R
RG = 1 1 2 2 ! (1)
m1+m2
Absolute acceleration, a
The term absolute means that the quantities are measured relative to an inertial frame of reference.
Let r be position vector of m2 relative to m1.
r= R2 R1 ! (4)
Let ucr be the unit vector pointing from m1 towards m2,
u = r ! (5)
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
cr r
where ucr shows that the force vector F21 is directed from m2 towards m1.
Applying Newton's second law of motion on body m 2 is F21 = m2R200, where R200 is the absolute
acceleration of m2.
Equations (7)and (8) are the equations of motion of two bodies in inertial space. By
00 00
adding ,we get m1R1 + m2R2 = 0 ! (9).
According to Equation(3) , the acceleration of the center of mass G of the system of two
bodies m1 and m2 is zero.
r" = r3 r ! (15)
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
This is the second order di erential equation that governs the motion of m 2 relative to m1.
Let r1 and r2 be the position vectors of m1 and m2 relative to the center of mass G. The
equation of motion of m2 relative to the center of mass is
r1 = m 2
m 1 r2
m +m m
r= 1 2 r2 1
Substituting this back into Equation (16) and using (ucr) = r2=r2, we get
Simplifying,
The angular momentum of body m2 relative to m1 is the moment of m2's relative linear momentum m2r0
0
H2=1 = r x m2r
h is the relative angular momentum of m2 per unit mass, that is, the speci c relative angular
momentum. Taking the time derivative of h yields
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
0 0
But r x r = 0. According to Equation (15) r" = r3 r, we have
0
Let us divide the relative velocity vector r into components Vr = vrubr and Vp = vpubp , where ubr and
During the di erential time interval dt the position vector r sweeps out an area dA.
From the gure the triangular area dA is given by
1 1 1
dA = 2 x base x height = 2 x vdt x r sin = 2 r(vsin dt)=12rvpdt
But
d d r d r dr
dt (r:r) = r dt + dt r = 2r dt
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
0 0
r:r = r:r ! (25a)
0
Since r = v and r = krk , this can be written alternatively as
kdr k
r:v = krk dt ! (25b)
Let us take the cross product on both sides of Equation (15) r" = r3 r with the speci c
angular momentum h:
r" x h= r3 r x h ! (26)
d 0 00 0 0
Since dt (r x h) = r x h + r x h , the left-hand side can be written
00 d 0 0 0
r x h = dt (r x h) - r x h ! (27)
0
But according to Equation (19), the angular momentum is constant ( h =0), so
00 d 0
r x h = dt (r x h)
1 0 0
=r 3 [r(r:r ) r (r:r)]
1 0 0 2
=r 3 [r(rr ) r (r )]
(rr0 r0 r) =
r2
But
d r 0
(r r rr0 ) rr0 r0 r
dt (r )= r2 = ( r2 )
Therefore
1 d r
r 3 r x h = dt ( r ) ! (28)
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
0 r: h
(r xh):h ( r )=C.h
Since r' x h is perpendicular to both r' and h, so that (r' x h) . h= 0. Likewise, since h = r x
r' is perpendicular to both r and r', it follows that r . h = 0. Therefore, we have C . h= 0,
i.e., C is perpendicular to h, which is normal to the orbital plane.
Rearranging Equation (29)
r 1 0
r +e= (r x h) ! (30)
where e = C= . The vector e is called the eccentricity. The line de ned by the e is
commonly called the apse line. o obtain a scalar equation, let us take the dot product of
both sides of Equation (30) with r
r :r 1 0
r +e= (r:(r x h )) ! (31)
to obtain
0 0 2
r:(r xh) = (rxr ):h = h:h = h ! (32)
Substituting this expression into the right-hand side of Equation (31), and substituting r .
2
r= r on the left yields
h2
r + r:e = ! (33)
2
r=h 1
1+e cos
This is the orbit equation, and it de nes the path of the body m 2 around m1, relative to m1.
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
e sin
tan =
1+e cos
o
At apoapsis, = 180
Area of ellipse = A = ab
By Kepler's second law,
dA h
dt = 2
h
A= 2t
where A= ab and t = T
h
ab = 2 (T )
T = 2 ab
h
2
From the equation of semi major axis, we have h = a(1 e )
2 3=2
T=pa
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
3.3 Eccentricity:
From equations (34) and (35) we have,
1. A satellite orbits the earth with a perigee radius of 7000 km and apogee radius of 70000 km.
Calculate eccentricity and period of orbit.
Solution:
2
h 1
rp =
1+e
2
h 1
7000 =
398600 1+0:8182
2
h = 71226 km /s.
2 p h 3
Period of orbit, T = 2 ( 1 e2 )
T= 2 (p 71226 )3
2 2
398600 1 0:8182
T = 7511 seconds
T = 20:89 hours
2. At two points on a geocentric orbit the altitude and anomaly are Z 1 = 1700 km , 1 =
o o
130 and Z2 = 500 km , 2 = 50 . Find
a) eccentricity
b) angular momentum
c) perigee radius
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
d) perigee altitude
e) semi major axis
Solution:
h2 1
o
(1) ) 8078 = (398600) 1+e cos 130
2 9 9
h = 3:219 x 10 2:069 x 10 e ! (3)
2
h 1
o
(2) ) 6878 = (398600) 1+e cos 50
2 9 9
h = 2:742 x 10 + 1:762 x 10 e ! (4)
9 9 9 9
by (3) and (4), 3:219 x 10 2:069 x 10 e = 2:742 x 10 + 1:762 x 10 e
54418 1
rp = 398600 1+0:1245
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
rp = 6607 km
d) zp = rp RE
zp = 6607 6378
zp = 229 km
h2 1
e) ra =
1 e
2
54418 1
ra =
398600 1 0:1245
ra = 8486
a = r +r
a p 2
a = 8486+6607 2
a = 7546:5
3. At a given point of spacecraft's geocentric trajectory, the perigee alti-tude is 300 km,
o
the speed is 15 km/s and the ight path angle is 50 .Show that path is hyperbola and
calculate
a) hyperbolic excess speed
b) angular momentum
c) true anomaly
d) eccentricity
Solution:
2
q
vesc = r
2(398600)
q
vesc = 6678
vesc = 10:925
2 2
vinf2 =v - ves c
= 225 119:377
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
v 2
inf =105:623
2 2
vinf=10:277 km =s
o
b)vr = r sin = 15 sin 50 = 11:49
o
vp = r cos = 15 cos 50 = 9:641
h = rvp = 6678(9:461)
2
h = 64383 km /s
h2 1
c) we know that r =
1+e cos
2
6678 = 64383 1
398600
11:49 = 64393 e sin
tan =0
1:
: 5573
856
o
= 73:28
o
d) (1) )e cos 73:28 = 0:5573
e = 1:9379
Since e 1, it will be hyperbolic orbit.
(5). The perigee of a satellite in a parabolic trajectory is 9000 km. Find the distance d
between points P1 and P2 on orbit which are 11000km and 22000 km from the center of
earth.
h2 1
Solution: We know that, rp =
1+e
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
2.8/sum5.png
Figure 1: parabola
Since it is a parabolic trajectory its eccentricity will be one.
o
50 d = 17143 km
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
4 REFERENCE
1. Orbital Mechanics 2nd Edition by John E. Prussing , Bruce A. Con-way.
2. Modern Astrodynamics Second Edition 2nd Edition by William E.
3. Fundamentals of Astrodynamics by Bate and Mueller.
4. Classical Mechanics by N C Rana and P S Joag.
5. Mechanics by L D Landau and E M Lifhitz.
6. Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics by V I Arnold.
7. Practical Conic Sections by J. W. Downs.
8. Coordinate Geometry By SK Goyal.
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