CKB 30103 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

CKB 30103
Chapter 3
CONTROL Part 1
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you will be
able to;
• Define principle of control and hierarchy of
control.
• Explain the techniques apply under principle of
control method and provide the example.
• Explain the methods involve in chemical control.
• Discuss the elements in emergency response
planning.

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CONTROL MEASURES CAN BE DONE AT:-

MORE EFFECTIVE AT: ________?

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Hierarchy of Control
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering Control
4. Isolation
5. Administration Control
6. Personal Protective Equipment

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1. ELIMINATION Ideal solution.
Permanent solution
Most effective method.
Should always be attempted first

•Through prohibition
•May mean discontinuing dangerous work
practices.
•Removing dangerous substances/equipments.
•Control is done at its source.

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1.ELIMINATION

EXAMPLE

Completely removing asbestos from workplace.

Prohibition of some hazards or its source being

used, operated or even being in the work area.

Discontinuing noisy machine/process

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2. PREVENTION OR REDUCTION OF EXPOSURE

THE METHOD CAN BE USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION

TO PREVENT OR REDUCE EXPOSURE TO RISK. MAY
INCLUDE ENGINEERING CONTROL METHODS

• Substitution
• Engineering Control (modification)
• Isolation or separation
• Enclosure

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SUBSTITUTION
OF MATERIAL, PROCESS OR EQUIPMENT

Goal: Replacing the hazard with one that lower

risk (and more manageable).

EXAMPLE
•Using a less hazardous chemical.
•Vacuuming rather than sweeping.
•Using hoisting equipment instead of manual handling.

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SUBSTITUTION
Choosing a substitute chemical:

• Less volatile/Highly volatile

• Liquid form/Solid form material [also need to

consider the size of material]

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SUBSTITUTION MATERIAL
Instead Of: Consider:

carbon tetrachloride (causes 1,1,1-trichloroethane,

liver damage, cancer) dichloromethane
benzene (causes cancer) toluene, cyclohexane,
ketones
pesticides (causes various "natural" pesticides such as
effects on body) pyrethrins
organic solvents (causes water-detergent solutions
various effects on body)
leaded glazes, paints, versions that do not contain
pigments (causes various lead
effects on body)
sandstone grinding wheels synthetic grinding wheels
(causes severe such as aluminium oxide
respiratory illness due to
silica) 10
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SUBSTITUTION PROCESS

dip coating materials rather than spray coating to

reduce the inhalation hazard.

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SUBSTITUTION PROCESS

Hoisting Equipment –
Portable scissor lift

Use of trolley to transfer

material instead carry
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ENGINEERING CONTROL (redesign) of
equipment, work process or work environment through modification to
isolate or enclose the hazzrds.

Requires thinking about ways work could be done differently to

make work safer.

EXAMPLE
•Rearranging aspects of workplace- inherently safe design
•Modifying exhaust system to reduce noise
•Using scissor lift instead hoisting equipment in carrying goods

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Engineering Control - inherent safe design
1.Separate pump rooms
from the other unit of
operations, e.g flammable
material storage tank.

2.Build control rooms away from

production units for hazardous
production process.

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ISOLATION or SEPARATION
Isolating or separating the hazard from the person, or the person
from the hazard.

EXAMPLE
•Enclosing or guarding dangerous equipment
•Placing guards on moving parts of machinery
•Placing barriers around a spill until cleaned up
•Using remote-controlled handling equipment for hazardous processes

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CONSEQUENCES

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ISOLATION CONTROL

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ISOLATION
Containment

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ENCLOSURE
• Reduce exposure to fume or vapour, noise or heat by
segregation of workers from the source of harm

• by time or distance
- as in mining where workers retire to a safe distance at
the time of blasting,
- and when such operations take place on shifts when
fewer workers are about.

• More commonly, however, it involves enclosure of the process

so that there is a physical barrier between the source of harm and
the workers.

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Methods of Machine Safeguarding

ACT 139 FACTORIES AND

MACHINERIES ACT, 1967 OUTLINE
THE REGULATION ABOUT GUARDING
– IMPORTANT

There are many ways to safeguard machines. The type of operation,

the size or shape of stock, the method of handling, the physical layout
of the work area, the type of material, and production requirements or
limitations will help to determine the appropriate safeguarding method
for the individual machine. As a general rule, power transmission
apparatus is best protected by fixed guards that enclose the danger
areas. For hazards at the point of operation, where moving parts
actually perform work on stock, several kinds of safeguarding may be
possible. One must always choose the most effective and practical
means available.
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Enclosure – guarding.
We can group safeguards under five general
classifications. Guards
Fixed
Interlocked
Adjustable
Self-adjusting

Few examples of types of machine guards

• Enclosure guards
• Interlocking guards
• Automatic guards
• Remote control, feeding, placement or ejecting guards

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 GUARDING
Devices
Presence Sensing
Photoelectrical (optical)
Radiofrequency (capacitance)
Electromechanical
Pullback
Restraint
Safety Controls
Safety trip control
Pressure-sensitive body bar
Safety tripod
Safety tripwire cable
Two-hand control
Two-hand trip
Gates
Interlocked
Other
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ENCLOSURE GUARDS

Custom saw guard

Custom made and installed guard
panels and machine access stair
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ENCLOSURE

Cutter with photoelectric guards

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3. TEMPORARY, LAST RESORT, OR BACK UP
MEASURES

•LOWEST IN HIEARARCHY OF CONTROL STRATEGIES.

• DEPENDENT ON APPROPRIATE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR TO
WORK ADEQUATELY.
•REQUIRES VERY ROBUST MGMT ENFORCEMENT &
COMMITMENT
•TEND TO BE LESS EFFECTIVE
•SHOULD NOT BE RELIED ON AS PRIMARY MEANS OF RISK
CONTROL
UNTIL OPTIONS HIGHER UP HIEARARCHY OF CONTROL
STRATEGIES ATTEMPTED AND EXHAUSTED.
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3. TEMPORARY, LAST RESORT, OR BACK UP
MEASURES

• ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
• PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

The higher hierarchy of control must be used first.

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ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
Reduction of exposure to risk through use of
procedures or instruction.

EXAMPLE:
1. Job rotation to reduce exposure to hazards [e.g shift work]
2. Develop satety and health documentation [e.g standard
operating, working Instruction and etc]
3. Implement safe work practices [e.g Safe work permit, Log
Out, Tag Out & etc]
4. Limited entry / time in hazardous areas.
5. Training, refresher training and enforcement.

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Permit to Work System

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Signages and safety work practices
documentation

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• PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
• Worn by people as final barrier between themselves and the
hazard.
•Success dependent on PPE being chosen correctly;
•Worn / worn correctly / used correctly;
•Maintained in good condition.
•Often more expensive in long term when cost of maintenance,
supervision and injuries/diseases taken into account

EXAMPLE:
Ear muffs and ear plugs, respirators, goggles, masks and hard hats.

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Various types of PPE

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