Accepted Manuscript

Impact of Replacing Thermal Power Plants by Renewable Energy on the Power

System

Ibrahim A. Nassar, Mahmoud M. Abdella

PII: S2451-9049(17)30484-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2018.02.002
Reference: TSEP 130

To appear in: Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Received Date: 19 November 2017

Revised Date: 31 January 2018
Accepted Date: 3 February 2018

Please cite this article as: I.A. Nassar, M.M. Abdella, Impact of Replacing Thermal Power Plants by Renewable
Energy on the Power System, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.
2018.02.002

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 Impact of Replacing Thermal Power Plants by
Renewable Energy on the Power System
Ibrahim A. Nassar, Associate Professor
Mahmoud M. Abdella, Senior Engineer
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Power Dep.,Suez Canal Authority
Al-Azhar University
Ismailia, Egypt
Cairo, Egypt
Mahd.abdella@suezcanal.gov.eg
ibrahim.nassar@azhar.edu.eg

Abstract

The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) has paid great attention to renewable energy sources; wind power (WP) and

photovoltaic (PV). The EEHC Strategy aims at increasing the proportion of power totally generated from Renewable Energy Sources

(RES) to 20% by 2022. With increasing such amount of RES in the Egyptian electricity system, some of the on-line thermal power

plants will be shut down and replaced by WP and PV. Thus the thermal reserve will be reduced making the available online thermal

power plants fewer to share the regulation burden. The power system inertia will be reduced, the frequency deviation will be greater

after system disturbance and more oscillation will occur. Therefore, this paper studies the impacts of increasing the renewable energy

sources on the frequency control of the Egyptian power system by investigating different scenarios of increasing the RES to 20% after

occurring sudden variations in generation. Also the impact of RES on environmental improvement is presented by calculating the

expected annual CO2 emission reductions (ER), certified emission reduction (CER) and the amount of fuel saving. The model was

created by using DIgSILENT power factory software.

Index Terms— thermal power plants, wind, photovoltaic, inertia, oscillation, primary control.

1 INTRODUCTION
The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) has paid great attention to renewable energy sources (RES) since it is a

global perspective for being positive in terms of environmental improvement, reducing the harmful emissions and overcoming

the depletion of petroleum resources [1, 2]. The available renewable energy sources were evaluated and its technologies were

provided to take advantage of what is available from renewable energy sources. The EEHC Strategy aims at increasing the

proportion of power totally generated from renewable energy sources (WP and PV) to 20% by 2022 [3- 6]. In this way, it is a

big challenge for the Egyptian power system to increase the integration of the RES, while maintaining the security level of

supply. System stability is an example of challenge. Disconnecting the thermal power plants and replacing them with inertia by

WP and PV, while the total power of the system is constant, makes more oscillation and large deviation of system frequency

after system disturbance, the very thing that causes system stability reduction [7]. Shutting down the thermal power plant will

reduce the primary control reserve, since thermal power plants contribute in the primary control. Therefore, a different method is

required to simulate the scheduling of power plant [8, 9]. In Egypt, wind farms are built in urban areas far away from load center
 2

(400:600 km). Therefore, a new overhead transmission line is required to transfer power to load center [10]. Renewable energy

sources are not fulfilling the Egyptian grid connection code (grid Code specifies the special requirements for the connection of

WP and PV Energy Plants to the MV, HV, and EHV distribution and transmission systems of the Egyptian power system).

Hence, upgrading the grid codes is required to define the electrical behavior of renewable energy in critical grid situation [11,

12]. From this point, this paper presents several future scenarios for studying stability and frequency deviation of the Egyptian

energy system resulting from increasing the RES to 20%. It also studies the impact of replacing the thermal power plants by

wind power and photovoltaic on primary control reserve in case of generation loss. In addition, the environmental impact on the

expansion of the use of RES has been investigated according to Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gas reduction [13].

2 DEVELOPMENTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN EGYPT

The thermal power plants (Steam, Gas and Combined cycle) of the Egyptian network are considered the main power in terms

of about 90% of the total generated power, beside 8% Hydro power plants and 2% RES (WP and PV) as shown in Fig. 1[3]. The

power is transferred through three transmission networks (500 kV, 220 kV and 132 kV). They are interconnected through

transformers (500/220 kV, 500/132 kV and 220/132 kV). They are divided into several zones according to the geographical

location as shown in Fig 2. Each of these zones has its own generating plants, transmission system and distribution networks [3,

4].

The Strategy of EEHC is based on the diversification of energy sources and the expansion of the use of renewable energy

sources, particularly wind and solar energy. The installed capacity of wind farm increased from 145 MW in 2005 to 750 MW in

2016. As for future projects, the EEHC has developed a future plan to expand the establishment of wind projects (at Suez Gulf,

Menia and Suif), bringing the total installed capacity of wind power to 12% (7200 MW) of the total power generated by

2022[14].

Fig 1 Egyptian networks generation types

.
 3

Fig 2 Egyptian transmission networks (500-220-132 kV) interconnections

The target for electric power generation from solar energy through creation capabilities with total capacity is about 3,500

MW by the year 2027[3-6]. This means that there will be more than 10GW of solar and wind power generation installed in

Egypt by the end of 2022 of the Egyptian electrical net energy consumption [3]. Fig. 3 shows the expected growth of WP and

PV penetration percentage.

Fig 3: Annual WP and PV development in Egypt

3 DETAILED OVERVIEW OF THE POWER BALANCE OF THE EGYPTIAN POWER SYSTEM

The models were created by using DIgSILENT power factory software [15]. The nonlinear dynamic simulation mathematical

methods are useful for investigating the system stability and frequency deviation influenced by the primary control of the

remaining on line thermal power plants. After a certain contingencies, the maximum frequency deviation can be analyzed by

using the nonlinear dynamic simulation. This is important to estimate the action of protection devices as if they were under
 4

frequency relays that will act to trip loads after the disturbance.

The detailed non-linear dynamic model of the Egyptian power system was developed. The overview of the power balance of

the Egyptian power system with all power plants (gas turbine driven generator power plants (GPP), steam turbine power plant

(SPP), combined cycle power plant CCPP and hydropower plants (HPP)) is shown in Fig 4 [16- 21].

Fig. 4 Overview of the power balance of Egyptian power system.

The resulting frequency deviation ∆f depends on the power difference ∆P, load-damping constant D and the constant inertia HN

(TN=2*HN) representing the total rotational inertia of the generators in the system, where TN, HN is the acceleration time

constant in seconds and the constant inertia of the network respectively [22, 23]. TN can be calculated by the inertia of the

generator, which means how much time is required from standstill to accelerate inertia driven by nominal torque until the

nominal speed is reached. The inertia is very important in electrical energy system, since it is responsible for stabilizing the

system frequency within the first moment after disturbance [24].The total system inertia can be calculated as follows;

∑ TG i × PG i
TN = i=1 (1)
n

∑
i =1
P G i + P RES

J . Ω 2N
and TG i = (2)
Ρ Gi

Where TGi is the acceleration time constant for each single unit in seconds, PRE is the renewable rated power in MW, PGi is

the rated power of an individual generator in MW, ΩN is the angular velocity in radians per second and J is the moment of

inertia of the rotor mass in kg-m2. After system disturbance, the unbalance between generation and load takes place. Several

mechanisms take place from the moment of unbalance until the system frequency becomes stable. These stages are as follows;

1. Distribution of power impact and inertia response.

 5

2. Within seconds the governor response or primary frequency control starts.

3. After minutes the secondary frequency control replaces primary control.

4. Rescheduling generation is acting by tertiary control which frees secondary control.

From the above, it is clear that, the system inertia will reduce with the increase of WP and PV, at the same time the on-line

thermal power plants with inertia mass are replaced by WP and PV as shown in Fig 5.

Fig 5 Replacement of thermal power plant by WP and PV

The model of the Egyptian power system includes all power plants with their primary controllers and loads. Each single

power plant in the Egyptian power system is modeled in detail by using the composite model frame option available at

DIgSILENT software. A composite frame is a block diagram which defines two or more slots, their output and input signals,

and the connections between them [25]. A composite frame is defined only graphically by drawing it as shown in Fig 6.

0
Pset 0

Power and Speed Control At ref Governor At Turbine Syn Generator0

1
1
1
2

Pt

Fig 6 Composite frame of governor model

 6

Where Psetpoint is the power set point in MW, W is the actual unit speed in r.p.m (used to determine the frequency deviation ∆f

in Hz), At ref is the set point position governor guide vane, At is the position governor guide vane and Pt is the turbine

mechanical power in P.U.

There are two types of wind turbine. The first is fully a converted permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind

turbine which is mechanically decoupled and the connection between grid and generator through frequency converter as shown

in Fig 7. So this type cannot increase the constant acceleration time [26].

Fig 7: PMSG wind turbine frame

The characteristics of that type are not suitable for the Egyptian wind farm. The second type is doubly fed induction machine

(DFIM), which is mechanically coupled with low inertia. This type is used in the Egyptian wind farms as shown in Fig 8[27].

The speed/power curve of DFIM turbines selected was based on the actual turbines that were installed at the wind farm sites.

These turbines are with the capacity of 2 MW/turbine (G80-2 MW) and produced by Gamesa Spanish Company [3, 28]. PV

systems are always connected via DC/AC converters.

Fig 8: DFIM wind turbine frame

4 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SCENARIOS FOR EGYPTIAN SYSTEM

The description of the different scenarios for the Egyptian system is illustrated, when increasing the renewable energy

sources of wind (WP) and photovoltaic (PV) for the second and third scenarios to 14% and 20% respectively. Both of the second

and third scenarios are compared with the base case scenario, where no intermittent renewable energy in operation (2% wind

and photovoltaic).
 7

4.1 First Scenario of 2016 (2% WP and PV)

The first scenario of 2016 with 2% (current situation) intermittent renewable energy sources in operation (2% wind and

photovoltaic) is shown in Fig. 9. It also indicates that the power plants in operation are hydro power plants (HPPs), combined

cycle power plants (CCPPs), gas turbine power plants (GPPs) and steam turbine power plants (SPPs). The contribution of the

primary control reserve in the first scenario is coming from the above mentioned power plants.

Fig. 9. First scenario (2% WP and PV).

4.2 Second Scenario of summer 2020 (14% WP and PV)

Fig. 10 shows the second scenario of 2020 with 14% intermittent renewable energy in operation (wind and photovoltaic). In this

scenario, some of steam power plants are shut down, where the steam generation is reduced from 43% to 37% of the total power

generated. Also the generation from CCPP and GPP is reduced from 33% to 28% and from 14% to 13% of the total power

generated respectively. All these thermal power plants are shut down and replaced by wind and photovoltaic power plants

(14%). The process of power plant shutting down depends mainly on the dilapidated plants which have low efficiency and high

operating cost [3].

Fig. 10. Second scenario (14% WP and PV).

 8

4.3 Third Scenario of summer 2022 (20% WP and PV)

Fig. 11 shows the second scenario of 2022 with 20% intermittent renewable energy in operation (wind and photovoltaic). In

this scenario, another steam power plants are shut down, where the steam generation is reduced from 37% to 31% of the total

power generated. Also no more CCPP and GPP are shut down. They are still contributing by 28% and 13% of the total power

generated respectively. All these thermal power plants are shut down and replaced by wind and photovoltaic power plants

(20%). As mentioned earlier, the process of power plant shutting down depends mainly on the dilapidated plants which have low

efficiency and high operating cost [3]. Shutting down these thermal power plants will reduce the primary control reserve, since

they contribute in the primary control.

Fig. 11. Third scenario (20% WP and PV).

5 SIMULATION RESULTS

The simulation of the above mentioned three scenarios have been performed. After 4 minutes of running the system in time

simulation, there is 350 MW generation loss (Tebbin thermal power plant in Cairo zone) in the Egyptian power system. Fig 12

shows the system frequency response for the first (base) scenario (green line), second scenario (blue line) and the third scenario

(grey line). By shutting down thermal power plant and replacing them with WP and PV to increase to 14% and 20% in the

Egyptian system, the inertia mass in the system decreases and deeper frequency deviation (nadir) occurs with more oscillation in

short period. As a result for the first scenario with 2% intermittent renewable energy sources in operation, the frequency

deviation will reach -321 mHz and the system inertia mass is 8.321s. For the second scenario, the integration of renewable

energy is increased to 14%, the frequency deviation will reach -343 mHz with some oscillation and the system inertia is reduced

to 8.221s. For the third scenario, the integration of renewable energy is increased to 20%, the frequency deviation will reach -

355 mHz with more oscillation as shown in Fig. 13 and the system inertia is reduced more to 8.194s.
 9

49.82

[Hz]
333.092 s
299.162 s 49.748 Hz
49.757 Hz

14%
BASE

49.77

49.72
20%
304.542 s
49.736 Hz

254.492 s
49.679 Hz

49.67
254.262 s
49.657 Hz

254.092 s
49.645 Hz

[S]
49.62
248.22 267.55 286.88 306.20 325.53 [s] 344.85
TEBBIN-GEN.: Electrical Frequency in Hz

Fig. 12. Frequency deviation of the three scenarios

[Hz]

378.042 s
49.757 Hz
BASE

378.052 s
49.748 Hz

376.922 s
14% 49.737 Hz
20%

[S]

Fig. 13. Zoom in for frequency oscillation after disturbance in all scenarios

From the above, it is clear that despite the increase of the renewable energy to 20%, the frequency deviation still remains

within safe limits. This is due to the use of DFIM wind turbine which has some inertia mass and thanks to the strategy of

shutting down the thermal power plants. That strategy depending on stopping old and dilapidated stations often has small inertia

mass. But in general, if the renewable ratio exceeds 20%, the frequency drop will increase, more oscillation will happen and the

grid inertia mass will be reduced because, in this case, many large thermal plants with inertia will stop and be replaced by WP

and PV.
 10

6 PRIMARY CONTROL

After studying the effect of WP and PV on frequency deviation in the previous scenarios as shown in Fig. 13, the contribution of

turbines in primary control is illustrated in Fig. 14. It shows the contribution of the Kurimat turbines power (Kurimat is a

thermal power plant located in south Egypt zone) in each of the three scenarios [3]. In case of increasing WP and PV, the

contribution of turbines raises from 0.819 p.u. to 0.823 p.u.

0.84

[P.U.]
347.692 s
0.83 0.823 p.u.
20%

0.82

14%
341.842 s
BASE 0.822 p.u.
321.192 s
0.81 0.819 p.u.

0.80

[S]
0.79
250.9 272.0 293.1 314.2 335.2 [s] 356.3

Fig 14. Contribution of the Kurimat turbines power (Pt) in each of the three scenarios

Primary control stabilizes the system frequency at different values as shown in Fig 13. And this is due to the reduction in

primary control reserve resulting from replacing thermal plant by renewable energy. Also, the wind farms are situated far away

from the load centers, the very thing that helps concentrate generation and increase loss in the network. All thermal power plants

that have been stopped are from 220 kV network. For that, the governor gain of the steam power plants in the 500 kV has

increased from 20 to 25 to speed up the governor response and make up reduction in primary reserve. The speed drop is the

change in active power output of the unit proportional to the frequency deviation as illustrated in the following equation;

 ∆/

=  = ∆ /  × 100 (3)


Where R (changes from 5% to 4%) is the speed drop, K is the turbine governor gain, ∆f is the steady-state frequency

deviation, ∆P is the change of active power generation caused by turbine governor as a result of the frequency deviation ∆f, fn is

the rated frequency and P is the unit rated power. The third operation scenario is repeated with new R (4%) at steam turbine in

the 500 kV network. The frequency deviation is reduced from -355 mHz to -338 mHz and the primary control stabilizes

frequency at 49.754 Hz as shown in Fig 15. The turbine power response (K=25) is shown in Fig. 16.
 11

49.82

334.942 s
20% WITH K= 25 49.754 Hz BASE 354.172 s
[Hz] 49.757 Hz

49.77

49.72
254.282 s
49.679 Hz 20% WITH K=20 353.432 s
49.737 Hz
254.092 s
49.662 Hz

49.67

254.142 s
49.645 Hz

[S]
49.62
249.9 273.3 296.7 320.0 343.4 [s]

Fig. 15. Frequency deviation of the third scenario after increasing K to 25

[P.U.] 20% K=25 337.752 s

0.827 p.u.

362.622 s
0.83 0.823 p.u.
20% K=20

0.82

363.382 s
0.81 0.819 p.u.
BASE

0.80

[S]
0.79
249.5 279.6 309.8 339.9 370.0 [s]

Fig 16 Kuraimat turbine power (Pt) response with (k=25) for scenario 3

7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT

The simple Emission Factor (EFOM,k) is calculated as the average CO2 emissions per unit net electricity generation in Metric

ton (t CO2 / MWh) of all thermal power plants sources that serve the electricity system and depend on the fuel type used as well

as the quantities consumed of the power system as follows [29]:

∑ ,., .,,
 = (4)
 ,

Where: FCi,k is the amount of fossil fuel type i (in volume or mass units) expended in the electricity system in year k, NCVi,k

is the net calorific value (energy content) for each type i of fossil fuel in year k (in GJ / volume or mass unit) [30], EFCO2,i,k
 12

represents the CO2 emission factor of each type i of fossil fuel in year k for the net amount of the delivered and generated

electricity to the system by all power plants in (tCO2/ GJ) [31], EGgrid,k is the amount of electricity delivered to the system by the

sources that serve the system in year k (in MWh), I represents different types of fossil fuel consumed in power sources in the

electricity system in year k and k represents either year for which data is available.

The calculation procedures of the operating margin emission factor (EF,OM,k) according to the data available of the Egyptian

grid 2016 [3], (EFOM ,k) amounts to 0.555 tCO2 / MWh. Energy unit conversion factor from Tonne of Oil Equivalent (toe) to GJ

is 41.87 GJ / toe [32].

7.1 Calculation the Emission Reductions of the Egyptian Grid

The annual CO2 Emission Reductions ERk by renewable energy in Egypt by 2016 (wind and solar) were obtained by

multiplying the annual electricity delivered from the renewable energy with the EEHC system’s emission factor EF2016

ERk =EGk×EFk (5)

ER2016 = 2225 GWh/annual × 0.55 t CO2/MWh = 1223750 t CO2/annual

The Certified Emission Reduction (CER) is = 8.5 ×1223750 =10401875 €

7.2 Future Wind Projects Benefits

Based on previous analysis, Renewable Energy has a lot of benefits. One of the most important benefits in regard to

environment is that it reduces the emission of carbon dioxide to 1223750 t CO2/a in 2016. In economic terms, this amount is

decreased up to 10401875 € in 2016, considering that CER price is 8.5 €/ t CO2 [13, 33]. It also reduced 524 ktoe of total fuel

consumption. Table 1 below shows the expected impacts of the future expansion of wind energy according to the EEHC

schedule in terms of fuel saving, and the emission reduction of carbon dioxide and CER price/ year from 2016 to 2022.

TABLE 1 : ER, CER AND FUEL SAVED OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Expected Annual Fuel
ER(t
Year Generation 3 CER price (€) Reductio
CO2)×10
(GWh) n (ktoe)

2016 2225 1223.7 10,401,875 524

2017 4687.5 2578.1 21,914,062 1102.7

2018 8437.5 4640.6 39,445,312 1984.9

2019 11812.5 6496.9 55,223,437 2778.9

2020 15750 8662.5 73,631,250 3705.2

2021 21375 11756.3 99,928,125 5028.5

2022 27000 14850.0 126,225,000 6351.7

Total 49778.6 426,769,887 21745

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8 CONCLUSIONS

This paper has examined the effects of renewable energy (WP and PV) on the Egyptian power system based on the plan set

by the Egyptian network to expand the use of renewable energy to reach 20% of the total power generated by the end of 2022.

Specifically with the existence of this amount of renewable energy, some on-line thermal power plants will be stopped and

replaced by WP and PV. Every single plant and the interconnection between them in the Egyptian power system is modeled in

detail by using DIgSILENT power factory software.

This study presented three different scenarios to determine the impact of the expected increase in RES, particularly the effect

on frequency and primary control. The first scenario is the base with 2% integration in WP and PV, while the second and third

scenarios are with 14% and 20% WP and PV respectively. The DFIM wind turbine models are used for simulation.

With 350 MW generation loss in the Egyptian power system, the frequency deviation raises with the increase of the

renewable energy since it rises from -321 mHz (1st scenario) to -355 mHz (3rd scenario) and more oscillation occurs. As a result

of shutting down thermal power plants close to load center and replacing them with WP and PV in sites far from the load center

may reach up to 600 km, the losses increase in the network and the primary control reserve is reduced. Moreover, the primary

control stabilizes the frequency after generation loss at 49.373 Hz (-16 mHz from 1st scenario).

The primary control and the frequency deviation are compensated by increasing the governor gain of the thermal power

plants at 500 kV.T.L. from 20 to 25. Repeating the third scenario, the frequency deviation is reduced to -338 mHz and the

primary control stabilizes the frequency after generation loss at 49.354 Hz.

Environmental impact was also studied where the total emission reduction of carbon dioxide gas reached 49778600 t CO2 by

2022. In economic terms, this amount decreases up to 426,769,887 € considering that CER price is (8.5 €/ t CO2). Also, the total

savings in fuel are up to 21745 ktoe.

Finally, this paper concludes that increasing RES to 20% in the Egyptian power system the frequency deviation is still within

safe limits. However, to improve primary control and reduce frequency reduction, the paper proposes to modify the 500 kV.T.L.

to transfer WP and PV to load center. It also suggests increasing the governor gain of the 500 kV.T.L. thermal power plants to

compensate the lack of the primary control reserve.

9 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company for their data and of Eng.

Ahmed Tarek.

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
 14

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[30] Organization for Energy Planning.: "Energy in Egypt", Conversion Units, Standard Conversion Factor, 2003/2004.
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[33] Thomson Reuters.: "Carbon market monitor", Review of global markets in 2015 and outlook for 2016-2018, January, 2016.
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High lights for submission of a paper to an (International Journal of applied thermal engineering)

High lights

Paper studying the impact of increasing renewable energy on frequency control of the Egyptian power system

Different scenarios of increasing the renewable generation to 20% after occurrence of sudden variations in
generation.

To reduce frequency deviation, the paper modified the 500 kV.T.L. to transfer WP and PV to load center.

And also suggests increasing the governor gain of the 500 kV.T.L. conventional power plants.

The impact of renewable energy on environmental improvement is presented