Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
Junji Masukawa
Junji Masukawa
Doctor of Philosophy
2012
Abstract
Experimental and analytical research has been conducted to investigate the degradation
of shear performance of beams due to bond deterioration and longitudinal bar cutoffs.
To achieve the controlled rate of bond degradation, the method of adjustment of the rib
height by machining was adopted. Bond behaviour of the milled bars were measured in
tension stiffening tests with internally installed strain gauges. Maximum bond stresses
for the milled bars were reduced by up to 50% compared to those for normal deformed
bar.
The bond behaviour of the milled bars were compared with those of the bars subjected to
accelerated corrosion. It was confirmed that the stripped bar had the possibility to
simulate corroded bars to some extent. Based on the calculations of average tensile
stresses in the cracked concrete for each specimen, appropriate tension stiffening factors
for each type of bar were suggested and then verified with the 2-dimensional nonlinear
ii
Next, eight simply supported beams were tested. In four of them half of the longitudinal
bars were cut off near the supports. Various combinations of normal and machined
reinforcing bars were selected for both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
The predicted shear failure load for the cutoff beam based on the general method for
reinforcement resulted in much more significant drops of shear resistance than did bond
deterioration of reinforcement. The inclinations of diagonal cracks for the cutoff series
were larger than those for the no-cutoff series due to significant concentrations of
Finally modifications to the general shear design method in CSA A23.3-04 were
proposed based on the results of VecTor2 analyses for the beam tests. It was found that
the influence of bond deterioration on the shear strength of reinforced concrete member
can be accounted for by adjusting the tension stiffening factor applied to the equation for
β. With respect to bar cutoffs, its influence on shear strength can be expressed by the
iii
Acknowledgments
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Giovanni Buzzeo and Christian Amizola from
the machine shop for their excellent and precise work in manufacturing of four internally
gauged reinforcing bars and a number of 6 m long 25M bars with mechanically reduced
rib heights.
I wish to deeply thank those who helped me in the structural lab and in the concrete lab:
Peter Leesti, Renzo Basset, Peter Heliopoulos, Joel Babbin, John McDonald and many
others.
For their friendship and unconditional help, I am grateful to my friends: Almila Uzel,
Adam Lubell, Ted Sherwood and Richard Yee.
The experimental work, especially measurement of Zurich gauges and precise grounding
of 114 stirrups, would not have been possible without help from three undergraduate
students: Luka Matutinovic, Jeffrey Erochko and Graham Potter.
I owe special thanks to my parents Hiroshi and Kaneko Masukawa, and especially my
wife, Kaori who has always been supporting me and encouraging me throughout the
difficult time.
Lastly, this thesis is dedicated to my four-year-old son, Kento who was born during this
research project.
iv
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background and scope of the research ................................................................ 1
1.2 Thesis outline....................................................................................................... 5
v
4.4 Test setup ........................................................................................................... 93
4.5 Test results ......................................................................................................... 96
4.6 Discussion of test results.................................................................................. 110
Table 2.1 Models in VecTor2 to be used for the analysis in this study
Table 4.4 Rib heights of the deformed and half deformed 25M bars
Table 4.9 Comparison between test results and CSA23.3-04 general method for JB1
and JB5 (f c’ =37.2MPa)
Table 5.2 Selected models in VecTor2 for the analysis of JT series specimens
Table 5.3 Tension stiffening factors for the analysis of JT series specimens
Table 5.4 Selected models in VecTor2 for the analysis of JB series specimens
Table 5.6 Results of the perfect bond analysis for JB series specimens
Table 5.7 Predicted loads for shear failure based on the current CSA code
Table 5.8 Crack spacings in longitudinal and transverse directions for JB series
Table 5.9 Predicted loads for shear failure based on the modified size effect term for β
vii
Table 5.10 Predicted failure loads for cutoff series considering strain concentration
Table 5.11 Predicted failure loads based on the modified aggregate interlock equation
Table 5.14 Comparison of the predicted to experimental shear failure load ratios
viii
List of Figures
Figure 1.3 Picture of the east abutment of the de la Concorde overpass taken less than
60 minutes before collapse (left) and picture after collapse due to shear
failure (right)
Figure2.3 Moment and shear stress to shear span ratio relationships for Ikeda’s test
Figure 2.5 Details and crack pattern for B series in Cairns’s test
Figure 2.9 Specimens and results for Ozaka and Suzuki’s test
ix
Figure 3.6 Sawing bars along longitudinal ribs
Figure 3.9 Longitudinal grooves machined on each pair of the exact halves
Figure 3.18 Glued bars for JT1, JT4, JT3 and JT2
Figure 3.19 Almost plain bar for JT2 and half deformed bar for JT3
Figure 3.20 Strain readings of the rod for JT1 at tension force P = 150kN
Figure 3.21 Conversion factors from strain to tension force for JT1
Figure 3.23 Details of specimens JT4 and JT5 for accelerated corrosion tests
Figure 3.30 Inside of the specimens split along the longitudinal crack after tension
stiffening tests
x
Figure 3.31 Set-up for tension stiffening test
Figure 3.37 JT1_TS steel strains at cracks and midway between cracks
xi
Figure 3.57 JT3_TS comparison between TS_strain and BB_strain at cracks
Figure 3.60 JT5_TSC comparison between TS_strain and CBB_strain with shift
Figure 3.62 JT1_TS maximum and average bond stresses between cracks
Figure 3.63 JT3_TS maximum and average bond stresses between cracks
Figure 3.64 Comparison of maximum and average bond stress at 500 to 1000mm
Figure 3.65 Comparison of maximum and average bond stress for total gauged length
Figure 3.70 Post-yield load – average strain relationships for JT2_TS and JT3_TS
Figure 3.73 Average stress – average strain relationships of concrete at each section
Figure 3.74 Relationship of average stresses between reinforcement and concrete for JT1
Figure 3.75 Initial part of average stress – average strain relationships for JT1
Figure 3.76 Suggested average stress – average strain relationships for each specimen
Figure 3.80 Stress – strain relationships of the bars for three corrosion levels
xii
Figure 4.2 Distributions of shear force and shear resistance at failure of JB1 and JB5
when fc’ =37.2 MPa
Figure 4.16 Crack patterns of JB1 to JB4 after tests (South face)
Figure 4.17 Crack patterns of JB5 to JB8 after tests (South face)
Figure 4.28 Longitudinal strains of gauges on longitudinal bars at 130mm from the
bottom when P=500kN
Figure 4.29 Comparison of calculated and measured longitudinal strains of JB1 for
P=850kN
Figure 4.30 Comparison of calculated and measured longitudinal strains of JB5 for
P=630kN
Figure 4.32 Average transverse strains of Zurich gauges at each section when P=500kN
Figure 5.1 Mesh layout for the finite element analysis of JT series specimens
Figure 5.8 Modified Eligehausen deformed bar model analysis for JT3
Figure 5.11 Modified Eligehausen deformed bar model analysis for JT2
Figure 5.13 Modified Eligehausen and Gan deformed bar model analysis for JT4
Figure 5.18 Mesh size sensitivity for perfect bond analysis of JB1
Figure 5.20 Perfect bond analysis for JB1 with various crack limits
Figure 5.25 Comparison between calculated strains and gauge readings of JB1 at 850kN
Figure 5.26 Comparison between calculated strains and gauge readings of JB5 at 630kN
Figure 5.33 Locations of diagonal cracks and stirrups for JB5 and JB6
Figure 5.35 Distributions of shear resistance and tension in longitudinal bars for JB5
Figure 5.36 Distributions of shear resistance and tension in longitudinal bars for JB3
Figure 5.37 Comparison of calculated and measured longitudinal strain of JB3 at 820kN
Figure 5.38 Distributions of shear resistance and tension in longitudinal bars for JB7
Figure 5.39 Comparison of calculated and measured longitudinal strain of JB7 at 568kN
Figure 5.40 Distributions of shear resistance and tension in longitudinal bars for JB8
Figure 5.41 Comparison of calculated and measured longitudinal strain of JB8 at 650kN
xv
List of Symbols
a = shear span
bw = web width
Flt = longitudinal force that the flexural tension reinforcement must be able to
develop at the location being checked to support the given loads
xvi
sz = crack spacing in the transverse direction
xvii
List of Appendices
xviii
Chapter 1
Introduction
Human beings have been using concrete in their pioneering architectural achievements
for millennia. The basic ingredients – sand, gravel, cement (binder), and water – were
being mixed at least as far back as Egyptian times. The Romans used it to create such
wonders as the Pantheon in Rome, topped with its 43.3-metre-diameter concrete dome
which, while nearly 2000 years old, is still the world’s largest non-reinforced concrete
dome.
Figure 1.1 Underground surge tank, “the underground Pantheon”, in Tokyo Metropolitan area
(L:177m, W:78m, H:25m) [Edgawa River Office 2011]
1
2
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Concrete is now the most commonly used construction material and can be used for
large-scale structures when reinforced with embedded steel bars. Today over one cubic
metre per person is being annually used around the world. Figure 1.1 is the reinforced
concrete structure of the huge underground surge tank called “the underground
Pantheon” which was built in 2006 to protect the Tokyo Metropolitan Area from floods.
A total of 126,000 m3 of concrete was used for this structure.
Many concrete structures are being built each year and also the number of existing
structures that need to be evaluated for possible structural deficiencies is rapidly
increasing. Many concrete structures were intensively built during the period of rapid
economic growth (1955 to 1973) in Japan and in Canada. Thus, most existing Ontario
bridges were built between 1950 and 1980. These structures were designed according
to older design codes which are now known to be sometimes unconservative.
Figure 1.3 Picture of the east abutment of the de la Concorde overpass taken less than 60 minutes
before collapse (left) and picture after collapse due to shear failure (right)
[Johnson et al. 2007] (Red circle shows the location of the left picture.)
Figure 1.3 shows the picture of the abutment of the de la Concorde overpass taken by
the road supervisor less than 60 minutes before the collapse on September 30, 2006 in
Quebec as well as the picture taken just after the collapse due to shear failure. This
shows the suddenness of shear failure and the difficulty of predicting when a shear
failure may occur. The ability to predict shear strength is therefore important for the
overall quality of structural engineering issues. There are many code relationships
internationally to predict shear strength, but unfortunately these often give very
different estimates of shear strength and all can be still improved.
4
Chapter 1 – Introduction
There are some special details in concrete structures, particularly older ones that need
to be better understood. When flexural reinforcement is not needed, the bars are often
cutoff as shown in Figure 1.4, particularly for older structures where labour was
inexpensive compared to materials. For some structures, the bars were terminated to
exactly match the moment diagram because the interaction effects between shear and
moment were not fully understood at that time. Thus many existing structures have
significant terminations of flexural reinforcement in tension regions. Does this impact
shear strength and resilience?
Although the location of bar cutoffs are typically based on design code requirements,
strain concentrations at cutoff locations will still occur and these may have some
influence on the shear behaviour of the structure. The degree of these influence may
change according to the bond conditions of the reinforcement.
For many other older structures, corrosion is a problem. Corrosion causes significant
changes in the surface profiles of the reinforcing bars. Corrosion products occupy a
greater volume than the parent steel and hence push out the surrounding concrete. This
tends to cause longitudinal cracking and spalling of the concrete cover even if the
amount of corrosion products is very small. In addition, when deformed bars corrode,
5
Chapter 1 – Introduction
the relative height of the ribs becomes smaller. As a result, bond between a corroded
bar and the surrounding concrete can deteriorate rapidly. Thus structures subject to
corrosion have reduced bond and this might impact shear strength.
Hence, in order to study the influences of bond degradation and bar cutoffs on the
shear behaviour of reinforced concrete members, a series of beam tests was conducted
with changing bond characteristics of the reinforcement and companion specimens
with and without cutoff of longitudinal bars.
In Chapter 2, the past results of some important tests on the influence of bond
characteristics and bar cutoff on the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams are
reviewed. In addition, the current Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standard for
reinforced concrete design (A23.3) and the nonlinear finite element analysis program
used in this study VecTor2 are reviewed.
Chapter 3 describes experimental work on determining the bond behaviour and tension
stiffening properties of reinforcing bars which have three different rib heights. Then
6
Chapter 1 – Introduction
these bond characteristics of non-corroded bars are compared with those of bars which
had been subjected to accelerated corrosion. In addition, to investigate the bond
characteristics of them in more detail, average stresses in concrete were calculated for
each tension stiffening specimen, and then tension stiffening equations for each type of
bar were suggested.
Chapter 4 describes the experimental work which was designed to investigate the
influence of cutoffs of longitudinal bars and bond deterioration of reinforcing bars on
the shear behaviour of large beams. Eight beams, called the JB series, were tested and
in four of them half of the longitudinal bars were cut off. In order to simulate bond
deterioration, the surface profile of the longitudinal reinforcement and the stirrups were
varied by means of grinding down the ribs of the reinforcing bars, so that all the
properties except the bond characteristics remained the same.
In Chapter 5, analytical work based on the test results in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 is
described. At first, in order to verify the tension stiffening factors α for various types
of reinforcements suggested in Chapter 3, the 2-dimensional nonlinear finite element
analysis program VecTor2 is used for the analysis of tension stiffening tests. Then the
bond models for each type of reinforcement are suggested. Next the beam tests in
Chapter 4 are analyzed with VecTor2 based on results of the tension stiffening analysis.
Finally methods for incorporating the influences of bond degradations and the strain
concentration caused by cutoff on the shear strength of the member into the current
CSA A23.3 are proposed
Finally, Chapter 6 presents the conclusions based on the experimental and analytical
studies. Recommendations for changes to existing code shear design provisions and
suggestions for further research are stated.
Chapter 2
Literature review
In the history of shear research, there have been many thousands of shear tests
performed to better understand how shear is resisted in cracked reinforced concrete and,
in addition, many tests performed to better understand the bond behaviour of
reinforced concrete. However, for the specific issue addressed in this thesis, the effect
of bond and bar cutoffs on shear resistance, comparatively few tests have been reported.
This chapter will summarize a subset of these tests and also present the background to
the numerical analysis tools and code-based methods that will be used in this thesis.
Kani’s tests
In the 1960’s, Kani at the University of Toronto, when discussing the shear strength of
beams containing only longitudinal reinforcement, stated “the better the bond, the
lower is the load capacity of the beam” [Kani et al. 1979] and initially used a series of
tests done by Leonhardt (1962) to substantiate this claim. These tests [Leonhardt
“Stuttgart shear tests” ~1962] had companion beams with either smooth or deformed
bars. The beams with smooth bars had capacities from 31 % to 93 % higher than those
with deformed bars. Kani tested [Kani et al. 1979] a series of 22 beams to further
investigate the significance of changing bond quality. An intermediate layer of a
vermiculite-cement mix between the reinforcement and the concrete was introduced to
7
8
Chapter 2 – Literature review
the shear span so that the bond could be varied. For the zero bond specimen four
layers of friction tape were wound about the reinforcing bar. Figure 2.1 shows the test
results of the relationships between maximum moment to ultimate flexural moment
ratio and bond strength of pull out tests. The results substantiate Kani’s statement for
this type of beam and also indicate that there is smooth transition from the behaviour
of unbonded beams to that of normally bonded beams.
For more proof of his belief that shear strength and bond strength are very closely
linked together, Kani also tested [Kani et al. 1979] a series of the beams with
parabolically varying depth loaded with constant moment so that no shear forces were
applied to the member. Due to the varying effective depth, the flexural reinforcement
stresses would need to change with respect to length to ensure that the constant
moment could be carried at all locations, and these varying reinforcement stresses
would require bond stresses. As shown in Figure 2.2, the beams apparently failed in
shear despite not being subjected to any average shear force thus demonstrating the
correlation between shear and bond. The results are plotted in Figure 2.2 with respect
to c / d (c: half of the width of the parabolically-shaped notch) which is similar to a / d
(a: shear span). These notched beams show the same “valley of shear failure” as
9
Chapter 2 – Literature review
Ikeda’s tests
Ikeda (1980) performed experiments of 16 small-scale simply-supported beams with or
without stirrups changing the shear-span-to-depth ratio (a/d) from 1.5 to 5.0. For half
of the beams the bond of the longitudinal reinforcement was eliminated along the
whole span between supports by burying the valleys between reinforcement ribs with
wax, winding vinyl tape on them and coating the surface with grease before casting the
concrete. The cross section of the beams was 10 cm wide and 20 cm high and
effective depth was 18 cm. Three D13 (1.267 cm2) bars were used for longitudinal
reinforcement (ρ = 2.1%) and plain 6 mm (0.3167 cm2) bars for stirrups.
Figure 2.3 Moment and shear stress to shear span ratio relationships for Ikeda’s test
10
Chapter 2 – Literature review
Figure 2.3 shows maximum moment – a/d relationship and maximum shear stress – a/d
relationship. Maximum moments of bonded beams without stirrups drops at a/d = 2.5,
while those of the unbonded beams do not drop. It was suggested that this was due to
the resistance of arch action that allowed the unbonded beams to reach the flexural
capacity. That is, the fewer flexural cracks present in the unbonded beams made it
easier for a strut-and-tie style force resisting mechanism to form and carry the shear all
the way up to the flexural capacity. Note that only for the two beams containing web
reinforcement and tested at a/d of 2.5 was the unbonded member weaker than the
bonded member.
They showed a schematic diagram for bond – maximum moment relationship as shown
in Figure 2.4. Lines of “no bond” and “high bond” are based on their test results.
They add the line of “poor bond (or smooth bond)”, which is assumed to be beams
with plain longitudinal bars, as an intermediate state between “no bond” and “high
bond”. The “poor bond” is predicted to have larger shear strength than “high bond”.
They believe that if large-diameter longitudinal bars are replaced by smaller-diameter
bars with the same total area the beam with smaller-diameter bars is categorized as
“smooth bond” since the force in reinforcement can be transferred smoothly to
surrounding concrete without inducing severe bond cracks due to less bond stress for
11
Chapter 2 – Literature review
each bar. They recommend that the shape of the ribs for deformed bars should be
designed to transfer the forces as smoothly as possible in a range satisfying the
requirements for development and splices of reinforcement.
Cairns’s test
Cairns (1995) tested 10 beams with half of the longitudinal reinforcing bars exposed
over varying portions of the span. Exposure of reinforcement was intended for the
condition that concrete around reinforcement is broken out during repairs of concrete
beams suffering from chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcement. In addition, it
can be assumed that exposure of reinforcement is induced by spalling of cover
concrete due to the corrosion of reinforcement.
Exposure of one out of two longitudinal reinforcing bars increased the strength of the
beams designed to fail in shear as shown in Figure 2.6, sometimes by a large margin
due to tied arch action. He suggested a method of estimating the shear strength of
reinforced concrete beams with exposed bars based on semi-empirical expressions for
shear strength in BS 8110, the then-current British Standard. It gives conservative, in
some cases by a substantial margin, estimations of shear strength.
Figure 2.6 Details and crack pattern for B series in Cairns’s test
12
Chapter 2 – Literature review
The three sets of tests described above all suggest that members with poor longitudinal
reinforcement bond, e.g. badly corroded longitudinal bars, should be associated with
higher shear strengths and thus not be safety concerns. These results are not consistent
with intuitive expectations and helped lead to the tests in this thesis to confirm if these
conclusions are true for the more typical case of beams with both longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement and for members with intermediate bond as would be
expected for beams with partial corrosion.
Kuchma’s test
Very few tests are available which study the influence of stirrup bond on shear strength
as opposed to tests investigating bond of longitudinal bars as discussed above.
Kuchma (1987) investigated the use of plain round bars for shear reinforcement. As
shown in Figure 2.5, a single beam which contained deformed stirrups in half the span
and plain round stirrups in the other half span was tested under centre point loading.
The plain round stirrup side exhibited a large diagonal crack at 73% of the calculated
shear capacity based on the simplified method of shear design in CAN-A23.3-M1984.
After diagonal cracking, arch action was observed on the plain round stirrup side, and
the crack continued to widen as the load was increased until the beam failed at 95% of
the prediction on the side with unbonded stirrups. Its maximum load was not
compared with that of a beam with normal deformed stirrups, but Kuchma
recommended that plain round bars should not be used as web reinforcement.
From this brief review of past tests on the influence of bond on shear strength, the tests
satisfying the following conditions are necessary to incorporate its influence into the
process of design:
1) realistic arrangement of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement designed by the
current code,
2) realistic, specific, and quantifiable amount of bond degradation,
3) bond degradation for both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement to enable
evaluation of the relative importance of such bond degradation.
With regard to realistic amounts of bond degradation, based on bond tests using 10M
bars in slabs performed by Stanish, Hooton and Pantazopoulou (1999) at the University
of Toronto, bond strength decreased to half at 14 % loss of weight due to corrosion.
From the results of the bond tests of corroded 20M bars done by Amleh and Mirza
(1999) at McGill University, bond strength reduced to half at 10 % loss of weight due
to corrosion. In both cases as well as other numerous past tests, bond strength dropped
rapidly to almost zero after 50 % loss due to spalling of cover concrete regardless of
the diameter and confinement of the corroded bars. Once the cover concrete is spalled,
the corroded bars act as unbonded bars and must be repaired immediately. Thus up to
50 % will be a realistic amount of bond degradation under practical conditions.
They tried to express the degradation of shear strength due to bar cutoff by an equation
in proportion to the product of the distance of cutoff points from supports and the
cross-sectional area ratio of cutoff bars. However they were not able to determine its
proportionality coefficient since the depth of the beams was too small 127 mm (5 in.)
for the evaluation of shear strength and the results were scattered due to too many
variables in each specimen.
Baron’s test
Baron (1966) tested four beams (depth: 203 mm (8 in.)) with bar cutoffs. It was
reported that there was a sudden increase in the total tension in the remaining bars after
the cutoff which resulted in increased shear stresses at that point and a corresponding
reduction in shear strength of the beam. The magnitude of the increase in shear stress
was said to be proportional to the ratio of change in the length of moment arm at the
cutoff point. However since this change is usually less than 5%, it is too small to
account for the significant reduction observed in shear strength.
Figure 2.9 Specimens and results for Ozaka and Suzuki’s test
Then Ozaka and Suzuki (1987) proposed an equation for shear strength based on the
empirical equation of CEB-1978. They introduced a reduction factor (1 - Lcut/a) for
shear strength provided by concrete ((Lcut : distance from support to cutoff point, a :
shear span) and used the averaged inclination of diagonal cracks in the tests for shear
resistance provided by stirrups. This equation using the experimentally measured
angle yielded good predictions for their test results.
From this review of past tests on the influence of bar cutoff on the shear strength, it can
be stated that bar cutoffs reduce the shear strength of most reinforced concrete
members and that the rate of shear capacity reduction is influenced by the bond
16
Chapter 2 – Literature review
condition of the reinforcement. Thus in addition to the three test conditions mentioned
before, the following two conditions should be added:
4) realistic amount and location of longitudinal bar cutoff designed by the current
code,
5) comparison of cutoff specimens and no-cutoff specimens with various coupling of
bond degradation for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
To remove the necessity of using tables and graphs, the simplified MCFT was
proposed by Bentz and Collins (2006) (and Bentz, Vecchio and Collins (2006)), so that
β and θ could be determined directly from simple equations. In the CSA A23.3-04
general method for shear design, the shear resistance for members with stirrups is
obtained from the following equations:
Concrete
Figure 2.10 Equations for the Modified Compression Field Theory [Vecchio and Collins 1986]
0.40 1300
β= ⋅ (2.3.5)
(1 + 1500 ε x ) (1000 + s ze )
lever arm ( = max(0.9d , 0.72h) ), d is the effective depth, h is overall height of the
section, φc is the resistance factor for concrete (φc = 0.65), λ is a factor to account
for the density of the concrete, β is a factor to account for aggregate interlock in
concrete members, f c ' is the concrete cylinder strength, Av is the area of
transverse reinforcement, φ s is the resistance factor for reinforcing steel (φs =
0.85), fy is the yield strength of the reinforcement, s is the spacing of shear
reinforcement, θ is the angle of average principal compression in the beam with
respect to the longitudinal axis, Mf is the factored applied moment, Vf is the
factored shear force, Nf is the factored applied axial force (tension positive), Ap is
the area of prestressed tendon, f p0 is the stress in the prestressed reinforcement
when the strain in the surrounding concrete is zero, As is the area of flexural
reinforcement, Es is the modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement, Ep is the
modulus of elasticity of the prestressed reinforcement, sze is the effective (or
equivalent) crack spacing, sz is the crack spacing parameter controlled by the
longitudinal reinforcement, and ag is the specified nominal maximum size of
coarse aggregate.
To avoid yielding of the longitudinal reinforcement under combined moment and shear,
the following equation must also be checked:
Flt ≥ M f / d v + 0.5 N f + (V f − 0.5Vs − V p ) cot θ (2.3.9)
where Flt is the longitudinal force that the flexural tension reinforcement must be
able to develop at the location being checked to support the given loads.
⎧ fy
⎪0.45 k1k 2 k3 k 4 db Av ≥ Av ,min
⎪ f c '
ld = ⎨ (2.3.10)
⎪0.60 k k k k f y d other cases
⎪ 1 2 3 4
fc '
b
⎩
where k1 is the bar location factor (=1.3 for horizontal reinforcement placed in
such a way that more than 300 mm of fresh concrete is cast in the member below
the development length or splice, and =1.0 for other cases), k2 is the coating factor
(=1.5 for epoxy-coated reinforcement with clear cover less than 3db, or with clear
spacing between bars being developed less than 6db, =1.2 for all other epoxy-
coated reinforcement, and =1.0 for uncoated reinforcement), k3 is the concrete
density factor (=1.3 for structural low-density concrete, =1.2 for structural semi-
low-density concrete, and =1.0 for normal-density concrete), and k4 is the bar size
factor (=0.8 for 20M and smaller bars and deformed wires, and =1.0 for 25M and
larger bars). The product k1k2 need not be taken greater than 1.7.
The use of VecTor2 is facilitated by the pre-processor FormWorks (Wong 2002) and
the post-processor Augustus (Bentz 1996, Bentz Sep. 2009). The detailed information
20
Chapter 2 – Literature review
about the program, theoretical background and models are given in “VecTor2 &
FormWorks User’s Manual” by Wong and Vecchio (2002).
The concrete element used in this study is a four-node rectangular element. This is a
plane stress rectangle with uniform thickness in the out-of-plane direction. The
element, has eight degrees of freedom and allows translation at each node in x and y
directions. Discrete bar elements were used for reinforcement in this study.
Reinforcing bars can be discretely represented with two-node truss elements which
have nodal displacements in two directions and four degrees of freedom. The
monotonic stress-strain response of the reinforcement is modelled with a tri-linear
stress-strain behaviour as shown in Figure 2.11. The strain hardening effect of
reinforcement until rupture is considered in VecTor2.
Although various material models are available for each analytical option in VecTor2,
default models are selected for as many options as possible in this study. The selected
models as well as the default options are shown in Table 2.1. Non default options are
selected for the models of crack limit for Crack Width Check, Tension Stiffening, and
Bond models.
21
Chapter 2 – Literature review
Table 2.1 Models in VecTor2 to be used for the analysis in this study
Option category Selected model default
Hognestad (Parabora) Yes
Compression Base Curve
Popovics (NSC) No
Compression Post-Peak Modified Park-Kent Yes
Compression Softening Vecchio 1992-A Yes
Modified Bentz 2003
(not used in this thesis)
Yes
Tension Stiffening
Collins-Mitchell 1987 No
Tension Softening Linear Yes
Tension Splitting Not Considered Yes
Confinement Strength Kupfer / Richart Yes
Concrete Dilatation Variable - Kupfer Yes
Cracking Criterion Mohr-Coulomb (Stress) Yes
Crack Shear Check Vecchio-Collins 1986 Yes
Crack Limit= Agg/5 Yes
Crack Width Check Crack Limit= 5 mm No
Crack Limit=10 mm No
Eligehausen Yes
Perfect Bond No
Concrete Bond
Gan No
Custom tri-linear No
Concrete Creep / Relax Not Considered Yes
Concrete Hysteresis Nonlinear w/ Offsets Yes
Steel Hysteresis Seckin Model Yes
Rebar Dowel Action Tassios (Crack Slip) Yes
Rebar Buckling Asatsu Model Yes
Previous Load History Considered Yes
Slip Distortion Walraven Yes
Strain Rate Effects Not Considered Yes
Geometric Nonlinearity Not Considered Yes
Crack Allocation Uniform Spacing Yes
The Crack Width Check is specifically designed for shear-critical reinforced concrete
members with little or no transverse reinforcement. The crack width can be limited to
one-fifth (default option) or one-tenth of the aggregate size, or 1 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm and
10 mm widths. This option can also be neglected by choosing the “Stability Check
Omitted” option. In this study, 5 mm and 10 mm are selected for the crack limits in
addition to the default option.
Tension Stiffening is the average tensile resistance of cracked concrete arising from the
bond with the reinforcement within the cracked regions. Cracked concrete exhibiting
tension stiffening must be within the tributary area of the reinforcement. In VecTor2,
22
Chapter 2 – Literature review
With regard to Bond, perfect bond, Eligehausen (default), Gan and custom tri-linear
models are selected as the bond stress-slip models for embedded bars. Perfect bond is
assigned a numerically large stiffness and strength to prevent deformation of the bond
element. The Eligehausen model was proposed by Eligehausen et al. (1983), and the
Gan model is a modified Eligehausen model proposed by Gan (2000) at the University
of Toronto. Details of these models are described in Chapter 5.
Chapter 3
In this chapter, experimental work on determining the bond behaviour and tension
stiffening properties of reinforcing bars which have three different rib heights is
described. Then the bond characteristics of these non-corroded bars are compared with
those of bars which had been subjected to accelerated corrosion.
Corrosion products occupy a greater volume than the parent steel and hence push out
the surrounding concrete. This tends to cause longitudinal cracking and spalling of the
concrete cover even if the amount of corrosion products is very small. In addition,
when deformed bars corrode, the relative height of the ribs becomes smaller. As a
result, bond between a corroded bar and the surrounding concrete deteriorates rapidly.
Thus it is important to consider bond deterioration when the load capacity of concrete
members with corroded reinforcement is estimated. In fact, it has been often recorded
that bond stresses show more sensitivity to corrosion at early ages than the tensile
23
24
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Accelerated corrosion methods are usually adopted when research on the influence of
corroded reinforcement is conducted. Although a single bar can be corroded uniformly
under well-controlled conditions using the accelerated corrosion method, it is difficult
to adjust corrosion levels to be uniform when a beam with several bars, and directions
of bars, is subjected to accelerated corrosion. This makes it difficult to evaluate
structural behaviour of reinforced concrete members with corroded reinforcement.
In this thesis, the ribs of deformed bars are milled to half height or almost zero height
with a concave cutter in order to control the bond deterioration level of the
reinforcement. This method makes it possible to change only the bond while keeping
the stress-strain relationships almost unchanged. Plain round bars are not used in this
thesis to avoid the negative influence of different stress-strain relationships on
structural behaviour of the tension stiffening specimens discussed in this chapter and of
the beams discussed in the next chapter. The results are then compared with those of
specimens subjected to accelerated corrosion tests. To measure precisely the
distribution of bond stresses along each type of reinforcing bar embedded in concrete,
strain gauges were internally installed without making any changes to the surface
profile of the bars based on the method developed by Scott and Gill (1987).
The five test specimens for tension stiffening, series JT, are described in Table 3.1 and
Figure 3.1. The first three specimens, JT1 to JT3, contain non-corroded bars with the
three types of rib heights: normal deformed, half deformed and almost plain.
Specimens JT4 and JT5 contain corroded deformed bars with or without pre-cracking
before the accelerated corrosion was applied. Specimen JT1 was reused as the pre-
25
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
cracked specimen, JT5, after the loading test of the non-corroded JT1 specimen.
A single 25M deformed bar 1750 mm long was located centrally in the cross section of
each concrete cylindrical specimen. The reinforced concrete specimens are 1300 mm
long with 165 mm diameter cross sections. The nominal reinforcement ratio is 2.34%
when calculated based on a solid 25M bar. The stress – strain relationship of the solid
25M bar are shown in Figure 3.2. The bars extended by 225mm beyond the concrete
to enable the specimens to be gripped with the heads of 1000 kN MTS frame.
Closely spaced strain gauges were installed internally along the length of the bars
using techniques described in the next section. It was determined from a pilot test that
the average spacing of the primary cracks for a specimen reinforced with a deformed
bar would about 200 mm. Based on this, it was decided that a strain gauge spacing
equal to the rib spacing of the bar, namely 16.4 mm, would provide a sufficiently
detailed strain distribution to enable local bond stresses to be calculated. This
required 62 gauges to be installed over the central one metre long “gauged length” of
the bar. See Table 3.1. For the specimen reinforced with the plain bar, 31 strain
gauges were used while for the “half deformed” bar a total of 46 gauges were installed.
The Sonotube Builders Tube concrete forms with an inner diameter of 165 mm (6.5
inches) were used and placed horizontally. The longitudinal bar was supported at both
ends of the tube form by circular wooden plates with a center hole. Ready mix
concrete which had a water/cement ratio of 0.54, a slump of 80 mm and a nominal
compressive strength of 25 MPa was cast through small rectangular holes made on the
tube. The concrete contained crushed limestone with a maximum coarse aggregate
size of 10 mm. JT1 (JT5) and JT4 were cast at the same time as the beam specimens
JB1 and JB5 in Chapter 4, and JT2 and JT3 were cast at the same time as JB2 and JB6.
26
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
1,750
225 1,300 225
600
500
Stress (MPa)
400
300
200
Cross sectional Yield stress Ultimate stress Initial stiffness
Type
area (mm 2) (MPa) (MPa) (GPa)
100
25M 500 460 591 197
0 15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
3
Strain x 10
The procedures used to manufacture the internally-gauged bars with the three different
rib heights are described in this section.
1) Cut two 1,750mm long bars from each 6,000mm long 25M bar
25M bar
300 1750 1750
Not used
6000
unit: mm
Figure 3.3 A pair of bars cut from each bar
2) Pull each of the bars up to about 0.7fy =150 kN (fy: yield strength of the bars)
This procedure is necessary to straighten each bar and eliminate some residual stresses
which can cause curving of the bar halves cut from the pair of bars.
4) Saw each bar into a “large half” along the longitudinal ribs
Each bar was sawn into a “large half” along the longitudinal ribs (Figures 3.5 and 3.6).
5) Mill “large half” round bars down to exact half round bars
The sawn pairs of halves were milled to exact half round bars along the longitudinal
ribs, see Figures 3.7 and 3.8.
D/2
Figure 3.9 Longitudinal grooves machined on each pair of the exact halves
25
25
275 50 1,100 50 275
1,750 unit: mm
Figure 3.13 Strain gauge and lead wire Figure 3.14 Strain gauge installations
31
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
8) Accommodate lead wires and fill space with low viscosity epoxy resin.
After the strain gauges were protected with butyl rubber tape, a low viscosity epoxy
resin was used to fill spaces in the groove. It was important to keep the strain gauges
free from epoxy resin in order to measure the strains of the steel bars correctly. A
maximum of 93 enamel-coated wires are accommodated at the end of a groove. The
butyl rubber tapes were also used for protection of the wires at the end points and
bending points of the grooves. See Figures 3.15 and 3.16.
Figure 3.15 Strain gauge and lead wire Figure 3.16 Strain gauge installations
Figure 3.18 Glued bars for JT1, JT4, JT3 and JT2 (from above)
32
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Figure 3.19 Almost plain bar for JT2 and half deformed bar for JT3 (from above)
Uncalibrated strain readings of the JT1 gauged bar at tension force P = 150 kN are
shown in Figure 3.20 and the microstrain (µε) to tension force (kN) conversion factors
are shown in Figure 3.21. From these figures it can be seen that while one gauge was
significantly miscalibrated, the calibration corrections were generally small. Note that
one microstrain corresponds to about 90 to 95 Newtons of force. The slight average
33
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
trend visible in Figure 3.21 suggests that the cross-sectional area of the gauged bar
varied from one end to the other by about 3%, and this variation, though small, was
fully accounted for using the corrected conversion factors shown Figure 3.21. Bond
stresses were calculated based on the calibrated conversion factors like those shown in
Figure 3.21.
2000
1600
6
Strain x 10
1200
800
400
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Figure 3.20 Strain readings of the rod for JT1 at tension force P = 150 kN
0.12
[Tension force (kN)] / [Strain x10 6]
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Figure 3.21 Conversion factors from strain to tension force for JT1
34
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
After the tension stiffening test of JT1, which did not yield the bar, the specimen was
renamed JT5 and, along with JT4, subjected to accelerated corrosion. The target
amount of corrosion was 7.5%. The age of the concrete for JT4 and JT5 was 62 days
when the accelerated corrosion test started. They were put into the accelerated
corrosion tanks which were filled with 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution (Figure
3.22). The specimens were half immersed and surrounded by steel mesh cathodes. As
shown in Figure 3.23, both ends of the bars except the gauged parts were coated with
epoxy and also both ends of concrete columns were covered with silicone to protect the
reinforcement outside of the internally gauged part from corrosion. The current was
applied through stainless anchors attached to the bars outside of the concrete (Figure
3.24).
Data logger
1Ω
5% NaCl
Solution
Steel Mesh
Cathode
1,750
225 1,300 225
silicone sealant
lead wires are silicone sealant silicone sealant on concrete
coated with tape on concrete on concrete
& silicon sealant
165
The voltage and current were monitored and controlled during the time the specimens
were in the corrosion tanks. The upper limit of the current was set to 0.5 A. When the
current was 0.5 A, the current density (i.e. corrosion rate) was calculated as [(current) /
(surface area to be corroded)] = 0.57 mA/cm2. The currents were initially set to 0.3 A
for both specimens by controlling voltages and re-adjusting to 0.3 A after one day.
Then the voltages were unchanged until the currents reached the upper limits, and then
the voltages were reduced automatically so that the currents would not exceed the
limits (see Figures 3.25 and 3.26).
14 0.6
12 0.5
10
0.4
Voltage (V)
Current (A)
8
0.3
6
0.2
4
JT4 JT4
2 0.1
JT5 JT5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (days) Time (days)
Figure 3.25 Time - voltage relationships Figure 3.26 Time - current relationships
36
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
50 8
7.6%
45 7
7.4%
30 5
25 4
20 3
15
2
10 JT4 JT4
5 1
JT5 JT5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (days) Time (days)
Time – resistance relationships are shown in Figure 3.27. The resistance of JT5 was
initially much lower than that of JT4 since JT5 already had four transverse cracks with
the average crack width of 0.05 mm before being placed in the corrosion tank. A
sudden drop of resistance for JT4 was observed at around 20 days. This indicated that
a continuous longitudinal crack occurred throughout a significant part of the specimen
or that discontinuous longitudinal cracks connected and became a single continuous
crack at that time. No similarly large drop of the resistance was seen for JT5 although
a longitudinal crack along the specimen was found after the accelerated corrosion
period. The existing transverse cracks in JT5 would diminish the influence of the new
longitudinal crack on the change of resistance.
Time – corrosion (wt% of non-corroded steel) relationships are shown in Figure 3.28.
The amount of corrosion Wcor (g) was calculated by applying Faraday’s law to the total
electric charge (the current integrated over time) Q (C),
The final calculated amounts of corrosion were 7.6% for JT4 and 7.4% for JT5. The
corrosion rates for both specimens are similar since the current were adjusted to similar
range from 0.3 to 0.5 A by controlling the voltages. The corroded bars which had been
pre-weighed were removed from the concrete after the tension stiffening tests, and then
cleaned with a steel brush in a way that did not damage the internal strain gauges and
lead wires. The measured weight losses of the bars were 5.5 % for JT4 and 6.3 % for
JT5 which were 72% and 85% of the calculated values respectively. These differences
between measured and calculated values are partially due to the care taken to avoid
damaging the strain gauges. In this study, acid solutions, which are normally used for
eliminating corrosion products, were not used to clean the bars.
As shown in Figure 3.29, a single continuous longitudinal crack was observed at the
bottom of each specimen and was 1.2 to 2.0 mm wide, and was filled with corrosion
products throughout the length. Corrosion products can be seen on the longitudinal
crack surfaces from the corroded bar to the bottom of the specimen during accelerated
corrosion. It is possible for some of corrosion products coming out of the crack to
make electrical contact with the steel mesh cathode below the specimen. This could
also be the reason for the difference between the calculated and observed percentage
loss of steel.
Figure 3.29 Bottom sides of specimens after accelerated corrosion (JT4 on top and JT5 below)
38
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Figure 3.30 Inside of specimens split along longitudinal crack after tension stiffening tests
(JT4 on top and JT5 below)
Figure 3.30 shows the inside of each specimen split to semicylindrical halves along the
longitudinal crack after the tension stiffening tests of the corroded specimen. For the
pre-cracked specimen JT5, the corrosion products can be also seen partially on the
opposite side of the longitudinal crack. This indicates that the bond cracks which had
occurred during the tension stiffening test of JT1 were also filled with corrosion
products.
For the monitoring of elongations of the internally gauged part (1000 mm long) of the
specimens, two aluminum frames were attached to the specimens through eight pins
with springs and four LVDTs were fixed to the frames (see Figure 3.31). Elongations
at the surface of the concrete cylinders were determined by averaging the
displacements of the four LVDTs. These surface displacements were then compared
with the elongation of the reinforcement found by integrating the readings of the
internally-installed strain gauges. Each specimen was placed in the 1000 kN MTS
39
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
frame with the bare ends of the reinforcing bar being gripped by the heads of the MTS
machine. All the strain gauges and the four LVDTs were connected to the data-logger.
The strains and displacements were set to zero prior to applying any load to the
specimen.
150mm
1000mm
150mm
The specimens were loaded to the target tensile force and unloaded a number of times.
The target loads were determined based on the yield load of 230 kN for the original
(not machined) 25M reinforcing bar. The cross section areas of the internally-gauged
rods are 96.8% of the original, so their yielding force would be expected to be about
220 kN. The yielding loads for the 6% corroded rods would be less than 210 kN.
The non-corroded specimens JT2 and JT3 were loaded to about 0.7fy (150 kN) and
about 0.9fy (200 kN) three times each and then pulled beyond the yielding load, while
JT1 was pulled to 150 kN twice, and thus did not experience yielding, and was then
immersed in the accelerated corrosion tank. Corroded specimens JT4 and JT5
(corroded JT1) were loaded to 150 kN and 190 kN three times each, and after the
concrete was removed the bars were weighed to confirm the loss of weight. Then the
corroded bare bars were pulled beyond yielding.
40
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Material properties of the concrete are shown in Table 3.2. To aid identification, the
codes as shown in Figure 3.31 are added to the names of the specimens in the test
results.
example: JB1_TS_LVDT
Figure 3.32 Codes for test results of each specimen
To aid in understanding the results obtained from the tension stiffening test, the first
specimen, JT1, performed on a manufactured bar with full deformations, will be
explained in detail. Figure 3.33 shows the load-deformation response of specimen JT1
up to the load of 150 kN. The three lines on the plot represent the original test on the
bare-bar (JT1_BB_SG) with displacements determined from the internal strain gauges,
and two lines representing the displacements of the reinforced specimen calculated
with either the external LVDTs (JT1_TS_LVDT) or the internal strain gauges
(JT1_TS_SG).
41
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
140
120
100
Load (kN)
80
60
40 JT1_TS_LVDT
JT1_TS_SG
20
JT1_BB_SG
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Elongation (mm)
As can be seen, the bare-bar results are linear as expected. The two results from the
reinforced specimens show a largely linear response up to first cracking at 41 kN of
applied loads. At this point both displacement plots show a jump in the displacement
as the load decreased slightly from the member extension caused by the cracking.
The second crack occurred at 48 kN applied load, the third at 94 kN and the fourth
crack at 128 kN. At each crack, the load-deformation response can be seen to be
getting closer to the bare-bar response, though the effects of concrete shrinkage have
not yet been accounted for.
One trend that is quickly clear from Figure 3.33 is that contrary to expectations the
member displacements measured by the LVDTs do not agree with the displacements
obtained by integration of the internal strain gauge readings. Figure 3.34 shows this
difference between the strain gauge readings and the average LVDT reading as the load
increases. To explore this, Figure 3.35 shows the distributions of averaged strain
gauge readings for a set of loads for this specimen.
42
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
140
120
100
Load (kN)
80
60
40
JT1_TS
20
Calculation
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Difference (mm)
1500
Strain x 106
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
As can be seen, even for a 25 kN load, significantly before the first occurrence of
cracking, a significant amount of strain is observed in the gauged ends of the bars.
Shown with the plots at X=0 and X=1300 mm are the strains calculated for the bare bar
outside the reinforced concrete region. Even at 25 kN, the strains in the first and last
strain gauge are similar to those of the bare-bar calculations indicating that the 150 mm
end regions of the specimens were not sufficient to fully transfer the bar force to the
43
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
concrete. While the strain gauges integrate these displacements, they are unlikely to
have yet propagated to the outside concrete surface, and thus the LVDT’s are reading
smaller displacements than the integral of the strain gauges.
If the increase in strain gauge readings beyond that obtained from the middle of the
specimen, where the steel stresses had fully transferred to the concrete, are integrated,
they produce an expected difference between the LVDT and strain gauge readings. If
these are calculated up to a 41 kN load, they plot on Figure 3.34 as the pink squares
shown on that plot. As these squares are consistent with the line on that plot, this
means that the LVDT versus strain gauge discrepancy is a result of the transfer of the
steel stresses to the concrete at both end regions of the gauged part and may be ignored.
Thus for the following comparisons, the integrated strain gauge readings will be used
for comparisons.
Considering Figure 3.35, note the difference in strain profiles at the location of crack 2
between the load of 41 kN and 48 kN. The strains differences, indicate the increase in
bar strains due to the occurrence of crack 2 and, indeed, are centered about the location
of that crack. If the differences in strains in this zone just prior to cracking are
compared to those after cracking, an estimate of the crack width can be made. If this
integration is done, an expected crack width of about 0.07 mm is obtained. Figure
3.33 shows that at the load of 48 kN, the overall average displacement increased by
0.08 mm, or about the same value. Thus the formation of an initial crack of about 0.07
mm in width had an impact on the concrete for a distance of about 150 mm on either
side of the crack. As the bar strains were in excess of the cracking strain of the
concrete, it can be concluded that extensive bond cracking must have accompanied this
crack.
For higher loads, Figure 3.35 shows increasing strains in the bar as well as
44
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
redistributions of the strains as new cracks form. These strains will be used below to
determine bond stresses and tension stiffening values. The strains between the 4th
crack and the 1st crack of JT1_TS were almost constant. This drop in bond was likely
caused by a longitudinal splitting crack which formed between 450 to 520 mm from
the top of the concrete at a total load of 100 kN, well before the 4th crack formed.
Perhaps related to this is the fact that the 4th crack in JT1 was not a full-depth crack and
was observed on only about 3 quarters of the circumference of the circular cross
section. Longitudinal cracks also occurred on JT4_TSC at locations between 500 and
650 mm and between 1,000 and 1,300 mm from the top of the concrete at a load of 100
kN and this also resulted in a loss of bond.
Finally a third interesting comparison can be made from the plots of the strain gauge
readings at a load of 48 kN shown in Figure 3.35. The expected bare bar strain at this
point is about 510 µε yet the maximum strains at a crack are in fact higher than this or
570 and 580 µε for the two cracks present at this load. The differences between
JT1_TSC_strain and JT1_BB_strain at cracks become larger as the loads goes up.
Figure 3.36 shows the differences of strains at cracks between tension stiffening tests
and bare bar tests at a load of 150 kN. The maximum difference at crack was 180 µε.
To explore this, Figure 3.37 shows the strain readings of the reinforcing bar at the
cracks and at the middle of the 1st and 2nd cracks, comparing with those at bare bar test.
The green lines which are shifted by +190 µε from the lines for the bare bar
(JT1_BB_strain) are added to each graph. The unloading curves and the 2nd loading
curves at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cracks closely agree with the green lines. This suggests
that a compressive strain of not less than 190 µε existed in the reinforcing bar when the
strain gauge readings were set to zero at the beginning of the tension stiffening test.
This initial compressive strain is reasonably assumed to be caused by drying shrinkage
of the concrete.
45
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
JT1_TS_strains at the 4th crack are still getting closer to the green line even at 150 kN.
The inclinations of the unloading curves and the 2nd loading curves are slightly higher
than those of the green lines. This is probably because the locations of the strain gauge
were slightly apart from that of the 4th crack and the 4th crack was not a full-depth one
as described above.
As shown in the bottom plot of Figure 3.37, JT1_TS_strains midway between the 1st
and 2nd cracks is far from JT1_BB_strains even at 150 kN and the inclinations of the
unloading and 2nd loading curves for JT1_TS_strain are much higher than those of
JT1_BB_strain lines. However as shown in Figure 3.36 the residual strains midway
between the cracks after unloading are similar with those at/near the cracks. This
indicates that the compressive strain in the bar due to concrete shrinkage had been
almost released by extensive bond cracks even midway between the cracks during the
loading to 150 kN.
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
Steel strain at the 1st crack Steel strain at the 2nd crack
JT1_BB_strain JT1_BB_strain + 190 µε JT1_BB_strain JT1_BB_strain + 190 µε
JT1_TS_strain JT1_TS_strain
150 150
100 100
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
50 50
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Strain x 106 Strain x 106
Steel strain at the 3rd crack Steel strain at the 4th crack
JT1_BB_strain JT1_BB_strain + 190 µε JT1_BB_strain JT1_BB_strain + 190 µε
JT1_TS_strain JT1_TS_strain
150 150
100 100
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
50 50
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
6 6
Strain x 10 Strain x 10
150
100
Load (kN)
50
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Strain x 106
Figure 3.37 JT1_TS steel strains at cracks and midway between cracks
47
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Similar to the discussion above, the observed load–elongation relationships during the
first full cycle of 150 kN applied tension load for all specimens are shown in Figures
3.38 to 3.42 and pictures of the specimens with crack widths (in mm) at a load of 150
kN are shown in Figure 3.43. Elongations of the tension stiffening test specimens are
calculated from the average of the four LVDTs (TS/TSC_LVDT) and the integration of
internal strain-gauge readings over the gauged length (TS/TSC_SG). They are
compared with the elongations of bare bars (BB/CBB_SG).
The difference between the average LVDT results and integrated strain gauges are
shown in Figure 3.44, and it can be seen that these differences are larger for members
with worse bond properties, consistent with the explanation given above though the
pre-cracked corroded specimen JT5 showed the smallest difference. The reason why
the difference for JT5 was smallest was that the slips were well distributed all over the
pre-cracked specimen and those at both ends of gauged length were reduced to some
extent compared with JT2 and JT4.
In general it can be seen that the half deformed JT3 showed lower stiffness than JT1,
and the plain bar JT2 showed the closest response to the bare-bar response. Specimen
JT4 was similar to the plain bar, but JT5 showed an inconsistent trend due to the zero
point on the plot being reset after corrosion. If the results for JT5 are shifted to
account for the inability of the cracks to close and the release of concrete shrinkage
after the initial cracking loading, Figure 3.42 is obtained and can be seen to more
closely match the bare-bar response. Note that the unloading curve of JT1, shows a
similar pattern with the cracks failing to close as the load was reduced to zero. After
corrosion, these cracks were filled with corrosion products, yet a similar displacement
offset was observed.
48
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
160 160
140 140
120 120
100 100
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
Plain Half Deformed
40 JT2_TS_LVDT 40 JT3_TS_LVDT
JT2_TS_SG JT3_TS_SG
20 20
JT2_BB_SG JT3_BB_SG
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Elongation (mm) Elongation (mm)
Figure 3.38 JT2 load-elongation relationships Figure 3.39 JT3 load-elongation relationships
160
140
120
100
Load (kN)
80
60 Deformed Corroded
JT4_TSC_LVDT
40
JT4_TSC_SG
20 JT4_CBB_SG
JT4_BB_SG
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Elongation (mm)
140 140
120 120
100 100
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
80 80
Deformed Corroded Deformed Corroded
Precracked Precracked
60 60
JT5_TSC_LVDT JT5_TSC_LVDT
40 40
JT5_TSC_SG JT5_TSC_SG
20 JT5_CBB_SG 20 JT5_CBB_SG
JT1_BB_SG JT1_TS_LVDT
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Elongation (mm) Elongation (mm)
Figure 3.41 JT5 load-elongation relationships Figure 3.42 JT5 load-elongation relationships
with shifted initial points
49
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
JB1_TS north face JB2_TS north face JB3_TS north face JB4_TSC north face JB5_TSC north face
JB1_TS south face JB2_TS south face JB3_TS south face JB4_TSC south face JB5_TSC south face
140
120
100
Load (kN)
80
60
JT1_TS
40 JT2_TS
JT3_TS
JT4_TSC
20
JT5_TSC
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Difference (mm)
The full load–elongation relationships beyond the 1st cycle of 150 kN are shown in
Figures 3.45 to 3.48. The loads of the first yielding at a crack for JT2_TS and JT3_TS
were 210 kN and 214 kN, and those of average yielding were 220 kN and 225 kN.
For the corroded specimen JT4_TSC, the reinforcement slightly yielded at 348 mm
from the top of concrete when the load was 175 kN. The bar also yielded slightly at
479 mm for JT5_TSC when the load was 180 kN. For the corroded bare bars, the first
yielding loads were 175 kN at 348 mm from the top of concrete for JT4_CBB and 179
kN at 1050 mm for JT5_CBB, and the average yielding loads are 196 kN for JT4_CBB
and 185 kN for JT5_CBB.
Load – elongation relationships for the corroded bare bar, JT4_CBB and JT5_CBB,
were measured after tension stiffening tests (see Figures 3.49 and 3.50). The LVDT
and SG were almost identical for both specimens and this proves the accuracy of
internally-installed strain gauges even after undergoing the accelerated corrosion.
51
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
250 250
200 200
150 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
100 100
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Elongation (mm) Elongation (mm)
Figure 3.45 JT2 load-elongation relationships Figure 3.46 JT3 load-elongation relationships
200 200
150 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
100 100
Deformed Corroded
Deformed Corroded Precracked
50 50
JT4_TSC_SG
JT5_TSC_SG
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Elongation (mm) Elongation (mm)
Figure 3.47 JT4 load-elongation relationships Figure 3.48 JT5 load-elongation relationships
250 250
200 200
150 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
100 100
50 JT4_CBB_LVDT 50 JT5_CBB_LVDT
JT4_CBB_SG JT5_CBB_SG
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Elongation (mm) Elongation (mm)
Figure 3.49 JT4_CBB comparison between Figure 3.50 JT5_CBB comparison between
LVDT and SG LVDT and SG
52
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Figures 3.51 to 3.55 show the distributions of bar strains and bond stresses in each
specimen including JT1. Strain distributions at key load levels at cracking and
comparisons of strains between the tension stiffening test and bare-bar tests are shown.
The pitch of the strain gauges can be seen to have been sufficiently small to capture the
variation in bar stresses well and should provide good estimates of bond stresses.
Note that as the bond stress calculations are based on a derivative of these strains,
experimental noise would be magnified and thus each plot of strain was produced by
taking an average of two adjacent strain gauge readings and their locations (i.e. the
midpoint between them).
The bond stress distributions shown in Figures 3.51 to 3.55 were calculated by
determining the rate of change of bar strains between each averaged strain gauge result,
converted to a force difference (with the conversion factors like those in Figure 3.21)
and divided by the bar surface area between the gauges. In this calculation, all bars
were assumed to be cylindrical with a diameter equal to the 25.2 mm nominal diameter
of this originally 500 mm2 bar. In order to again reduce scatter, the bond stress
calculated for the bar segment just ahead and behind a given strain gauge was averaged
to produce an average value at that gauge location. Note that the bond stresses are
shown in absolute value. Implicit in the above calculations is the assumption that any
concrete shrinkage strains would be equivalent throughout the test region of the
specimens.
Figures of strain distributions clearly show a change of the shape of the curve after
each crack occurred. For JT1_TS and JT3_TS, the specimens with the best bond
characteristics, the strain distributions between the 1st crack and the 2nd crack showed a
curve similar to a sine curve and the differences between these two cracks were largest.
53
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
1500
6
Strain x 10
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
400
200
6
Strain x 10
-200
-400
-600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
Plain
JT2_TS strain distributions
25kN 37kN (1st crack) 50kN (2nd crack) 100kN 150kN 200kN
2000
6
Strain x 10
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
300
Strain x 10
200
100
0
-100
-200
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
JT3_TS_strain distributions
Half Deformed
25kN 41kN (1st crack) 50kN (2nd crack) 69kN (3rd crack) 91kN (4th crack) 150kN 200kN
2000
Strain x 106
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
6
Bond stress (MPa)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
5
Bond stress (MPa)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
JT4_TSC_strain distributions
Deformed Corroded
25kN 50kN 57kN (1st crack) 100kN 150kN 190kN
1st crack
2500
2000
Strain x 106
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
100
50
Strain x 106
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
Deformed Corroded
JT5_TSC_strain distributions Precracked
25kN 50kN 75kN 100kN 150kN 190kN
pre-cracked pre-cracked pre-cracked pre-cracked
2500
2000
Strain x 106
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
0
-50
Strain x 106
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of the concrete (mm)
The figures comparing the tension stiffening test strains (TS_strains) to the bare bar
strains (BB/CBB_strains) in Figures 3.51 to 3.55 are shown in order to see the impact
of shrinkage strains. Differences of strains at cracks between tension stiffening tests
and bare bar tests at the same load show the strains in reinforcement due to drying
shrinkage of concrete. The differences for JT2 and JT3 are 165 µε and 133 µε at 150
kN respectively. These differences became gradually larger as the loading cycle
proceeded and reached 230 µε for JT2 and 190 µε for JT3 at 200 kN just before the
first yielding occurred. This is probably because the tension stiffening was not fully
“pulled out” at the considered locations in the specimens during the initial loading, but
after cycles of load it was gone for the gauge closest to the crack.
To explore this, Figures 3.56 and 3.57 show the strain readings of the reinforcing bar at
the cracks for JT2_TS and JT3_TS, comparing with those at bare bar test. Green lines
which are shifted by +230 µε for JT2 and +190 µε for JT3 from the lines for the
BB_strains are added to each graph. To make comparison with TS_strains clearer, the
green lines are extended beyond 150 kN and TS_strain lines are drawn for only the 1st
cycle to a load of 150 kN and the last stage of loading. All the TS_strain lines get
closer to the green lines as the load goes up during the 1st cycle to 150 kN and almost
correspond with the green lines at the last stage of loading beyond yielding. It should
be noted here that JT2_TS_strain at 479 mm, the left plot in Figure 3.56, shows an
irregular shape just before yielding. This is because yielding of the adjacent section (at
519 mm) affects the strain at 479 mm under displacement control loading.
59
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Steel strain at the 2nd crack Steel strain at the 2nd crack
JT2_BB_strain JT2_BB_strain + 230 µε JT2_BB_strain JT2_BB_strain + 230 µε
JT2_TS_strain JT2_TS_strain
250 250
at 479 mm from the top at 519 mm from the top
(adjacent to the gauge at 479mm)
200 200
150 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
Strain x 106 Strain x 106
Steel strain at the 2nd crack Steel strain at the 4th crack
JT3_BB_strain JT3_BB_strain + 190 µε JT3_BB_strain JT3_BB_strain + 190 µε
JT3_TS_strain JT3_TS_strain
250 at 508 mm from the top 250 at 289 mm from the top
200 200
150 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
Strain x 106 Strain x 106
The strains of the bar due to concrete shrinkage for the specimens JT1, JT2 and JT3 are
small for drying shrinkage at this age of the specimens. The reason for this is mainly
that drying shrinkage of concrete was relatively small since the specimens had been
under wet curing for the first fourteen days and their forms were separated a few days
before the tests. The additional reason is that the compressive strain in the
reinforcement due to drying shrinkage must be smaller than the shrinkage strain in
unrestrained concrete and moreover the strain in reinforcement must have been
reduced by the creep of the concrete undergoing sustained tensile stress from early age.
60
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
It should be taken into account that the residual strains in the reinforcement after
unloading contain residual strains due to slip and incomplete closure of cracks as well
as those due to the release from shrinkage. For JT2 and JT3, residual strains tended to
be larger at valleys of the (TS_strain − BB_strain) curves and smaller at the ridges of
them. This is mainly because the restoration of the slip of reinforcement was more
constrained by concrete during unloading the further away from a crack that they were.
Next, for the corroded specimen JT4, (TS_strain − CBB_strain) curve in Figure 3.54 is
all in the negative region. This means that the corroded bar in concrete was stiffer than
the corroded bare bar even at the crack. The compressive strains in the reinforcement
due to concrete drying shrinkage were probably released when the longitudinal crack
occurred during accelerated corrosion. In Figure 3.58, JT4_TSC_ strains are compared
with JT4_CBB_strains. Only the 1st cycles for the loading to 150 kN and 190 kN are
drawn for JT4_TSC_strain curves to make comparison clearer. The line of
JT4_TSC_strain at the 1st crack is parallel to that of JT4_CBB_strain after the 1st
cracking with constant difference. This is perhaps because corrosion products of the
bars in concrete share some portion of tensile force or give constant friction force even
at/near cracks.
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
Strain x 106 Strain x 106
With respect to the pre-cracked corroded specimen JT5, the (TS_strain − CBB_ strain)
curve in Figure 3.55 is also all in the negative region and the differences are larger than
those of JT4. The reason of this is probably that although the strain due to concrete
shrinkage was released during the tension stiffening test the residual strain in the
reinforcement due to incomplete closure of cracks and bond cracks were not released
during the accelerated corrosion since the cracks were filled with corrosion products as
described above.
To explore this, Figure 3.59 shows comparison between JT5_TSC_strains and JT5_
CBB_strains. Both curves are almost parallel at higher loads but the differences are
larger than those of JT4. As shown in Figure 3.60, the differences become similar with
those of JT4 if the JT5_TSC_strain curves are shifted to account for the residual strains
due to incomplete closure of cracks and the released strains of 190 µε due to concrete
shrinkage after the tension stiffening test of JT1.
Steel strain at the 1st crack Steel strain at the 4th crack
JT5_TSC_strain JT5_CBB_strain JT5_TSC_strain JT5_CBB_strain
200 200 at 348 mm from the top
at 479 mm from the top
180 180
160 160
140 140
120
Load (kN)
120
Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
Strain x 106 Strain x 106
Steel strain at the 1st crack with shift Steel strain at the 4th crack with shift
JT1_TS_strain JT5_TSC_strain JT5_CBB_strain JT1_TS_strain JT5_TSC_strain JT5_CBB_strain
200 200
at 479 mm from the top at 348 mm from the top
180 180
160 160
140 140
120 120
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 -180
0 -180
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Strain x 106 Strain x 106
Figure 3.60 JT5_TSC comparison between TS_strain and CBB_strain with shift
Figure 3.61 shows the degradation in Young’s modulus of the corroded bars at each
gauge location compared with the non-corroded bare bar. Degradation ratios of
JT5_CBB were relatively high near the full-depth pre-crack locations (at 500, 800,
1000 mm from the top) and were more scattered than those of JT4_CBB suggesting
more localized corrosion for a pre-cracked member as one might expect.
The graphs of bond stress distributions in Figures 3.51 to 3.55 showed significant
change of the shape of the curves after each successive crack formed. Bond stresses
became almost zero at crack locations and had two peaks between adjacent cracks. An
irregular peak of bond stress was found 950 mm from the top of the concrete for
specimen JT4_TSC. Similar irregular small peaks were also found for JT5_TSC. The
reason for this would be that although the bond stresses were calculated using the
conversion factors based on the corroded bare bar test the corroded bar in concrete
showed different stiffness from the corroded bare bar due to the contributions of
corrosion products to sharing tensile stress as described above.
Figures 3.62 and 3.63 shows maximum and average bond stress hysteresis loops
calculated between the cracks during the 1st cycle of loading to 150 kN for JT1_TS and
JT3_TS. Bond stresses at the section between 500 to 800 mm, i.e. between the 1st and
2nd cracks, increased as the load went up, while those at both side sections dropped
suddenly when the 3rd or 4th cracks were formed. This demonstrates that the formation
of new cracks can lower the ability to carry tension stiffening stresses and thus lower
the calculated bond stresses. These drops should not be taken as an indication of bond
failure, but as a decrease in bond demand. Despite this, the drop in calculated bond is
seen to be higher for JT1_TS with the better bond properties than for JT3 half-
deformed specimen suggesting better tension stiffening carrying capacity for the larger
reinforcement deformations.
64
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
8 5
Deformed Deformed
7
4
6 drop due to
Bond stress (MPa)
2
1
1
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Load (kN) Load (kN)
Figure 3.62 JT1_TS maximum and average bond stresses between cracks
7 4
Half drop due to the 3rd crack Half drop due to the 3rd crack
6 Deformed Deformed
3
Bond stress (MPa)
5
Bond stress (MPa)
4
2
3
2
1
1 drop due to
drop due to the 4th crack the 4th crack
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Load (kN) Load (kN)
Figure 3.63 JT3_TS maximum and average bond stresses between cracks
Since all the specimens except JT4_TSC had the cracks at 500 mm and 800 mm,
maximum and average bond stresses between these two cracks were compared in
Figure 3.64. Bond stresses were calculated along the entire gauged section for
JT4_TSC as it had only one crack at 500 mm. Maximum and average bond stresses
along the entire gauged length is also shown in Figure 3.65. JT1_TS showed the
highest bond stresses at almost all load levels, however average bond stresses among
65
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
all sections for JT3_TS were highest at over 130 kN where the average bond stress of
JT1_TS were gradually decreasing. This is probably because the half-deformed bar
with half height ribs did not tend to induce the longitudinal cracks under the conditions
of this research. This fact indicates the possibility that the half-deformed bars might
add some ductility to structural members with them. Bond stresses for plain bar
specimen JT2_TS were about twice those for corroded bar specimens JT4_TSC and
JT5_TSC and its curve shapes were quite similar with those of corroded specimens.
Maximum bond stress at 500 to 800 mm Average bond stress at 500 to 800 mm
JT1_TS JT2_TS JT3_TS JT4_TSC JT5_TSC JT1_TS JT2_TS JT3_TS JT4_TSC JT5_TSC
8 5
7
4
6
Bond stress (MPa)
Bond stress (MPa)
5 3
4
3 2
2
1
1
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Load (kN) Load (kN)
Figure 3.64 Comparison of maximum and average bond stress at 500 to 1000mm
Maximum bond stress for total gauged lengh Average bond stress for total gauged lengh
JT1_TS JT2_TS JT3_TS JT4_TSC JT5_TSC JT1_TS JT2_TS JT3_TS JT4_TSC JT5_TSC
8 4
7
6 3
Bond stress (MPa)
Bond stress (MPa)
4 2
2 1
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Load (kN) Load (kN)
Figure 3.65 Comparison of maximum and average bond stress for total gauged length
66
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Bond stress hysteresis loops for each specimen are shown in Figure 3.66 to 3.69. Since
the bond stresses could not be calculated due to large experimental noises in the gauge
readings as the strains approached the yielding points, the bond stress hysteresis curves
are presented only for the cycles of loading to 150 kN. The bond stress hysteresis for
JT5_TSC, the specimen with the lowest yielding load, could not be calculated beyond
the 1st cycle and thus it is not shown.
6 3
5 2.5
4 2 18%dow n
24%dow n
3 1.5
12%dow n
2 1 24%dow n
37%dow n
1 0.5
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Load (kN) Load (kN)
Figure 3.66 JT1_TS bond stress hysteresis Figure 3.67 JT2_TS bond stress hysteresis
5 16%dow n 1.4
1.2
4
1
3 0.8
12%dow n
21%dow n 0.6 8%dow n
2 8%dow n
0.4
1 20%dow n
0.2 20%dow n
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Load (kN) Load (kN)
Figure 3.68 JT3_TS bond stress hysteresis Figure 3.69 JT4_TSC bond stress hysteresis
Degradation ratios of bond stresses due to the cycles of loadings are shown in each
figure. The ratio for JT2_TS was relatively high, but the shape of the loop for JT2_TS
67
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
was similar with that for JT4_TS. It should be pointed out that bond stresses after the
1st cycle for JT2_TS and JT4_TSC kept almost constant. These facts indicate that the
round bar had the possibility to simulate corroded bars appropriately to some extent.
Post-yield strain distributions for JT2_TS and JT3_TS at the red circle marks in Figure
3.70 are shown in Figures 3.71 and 3.72. The reinforcement yielded firstly at cracks at
point A and its average strain reached yield strain at point B. The adjusted yield strain
of the reinforcement was assumed to be 2,550 µε for both specimens accounting for
the initial compressive strain due to concrete shrinkage. The loads at yielding plateau
(point C) for the load – average strain relationship were 225 kN for both specimens.
300
B (average yield)
C D E F G
200
A (yield at cracks)
Load (kN)
100
200
A (yield at cracks)
Load (kN)
100
Figure 3.70 Post-yield load – average strain relationships for JT2_TS and JT3_TS
68
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
The load at which first yielding occurred at cracks (point A) isn't the same as when
general yielding occurred (from point B to C), indeed the specimen could resist
surprisingly more than fy ⋅As. The yielding starts at a crack, and then proceeds from
there to yield more and more of the bar with a larger yielding section as load increases.
Its rate of expansion for plain bar JT2_TS was larger than that for half deformed
JT3_TS. Even at point G of 231 kN for JT2_TS and 243 kN for JT3_TS, we still have
sections of the bar that are near the yield strain and not much higher although they are
subjected to forces much higher than the yield force. Clearly the tension in the
concrete is still participating in carrying the load between the cracks after yield.
y
A B C D E F G
25000
Plain bar
20000
Strain x 106
15000
10000
5000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of concrete (mm)
A B C
5000
Magnified plot Plain bar
for A, B and C
4000
Strain x 106
3000
yield
strain
2000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of concrete (mm)
A B C D E F G
20000
10000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of concrete (mm)
A B C
Half deformed bar
5000
Magnified plot
for A, B and C
4000
Strain x 106
3000
yield
strain
2000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Distance from the top of concrete (mm)
Note that the maximum strain at the crack location is about 33 x 10-3 or 13.4 times
yield strain. At this time the average strain along the bar is 16 x 10-3. So in this case
the strain at crack is around twice the average strain.
70
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
The procedures of calculation for average stress in concrete for each specimen are as
follows;
(1) Initial compressive strains of reinforcement due to concrete shrinkage are set as -
190 µε for JT1, -230 µε for JT2, -190 µε for JT3.
(2) Forces in reinforcement at gauge locations are calculated using strain-force
conversion factors.
(3) Forces in concrete at gauge locations are obtained by subtracting the forces in
reinforcement calculated in (2) from total force.
(4) Average strains are calculated in the regions sandwiched with ridges in strain
distributions for JT1 and JT3, and with ridges or valleys for JT2 and JT4 which
have only one or two cracks so that each region can represent a crack condition
with a specific crack space. For example, the following three regions are selected
for JT1; 495 to 805 mm from the top of concrete (between the 1st and 2nd cracks, i.e.
average crack space of 310 mm), 495 to 1017 mm (between the 1st and 3rd cracks,
71
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
i.e. average crack space of 261 mm), and 347 to 1017 mm (between the 4th and 3rd
cracks, i.e. average crack space of 223 mm).
(5) Average stresses of reinforcement and concrete are calculated for the regions
defined in (4).
Figure 3.73 shows average stress – average strain relationships of concrete at each
section for all specimens. They differ from each other even in the same specimen. The
initial concrete stresses which had been caused by the confinement of reinforcement
against concrete shrinkage are 0.80 MPa for JT1, 1.0 MPa for JT2 and 0.83 MPa for
JT3 in tension. The average stress of concrete increases until first cracking and then
decreases whenever a new crack is formed.
The circles shown on each curve indicate the time during the loading when the region
is sandwiched with ridges or valleys of the strain distribution of reinforcement and the
shape of the strain distribution is fixed. The average stresses of concrete in the region
keep almost constant beyond the mark for deformed JT1 and half-deformed JT3. In
contrast the average stresses of concrete continue to decrease even beyond the marks
for plain JT2 and corroded JT4.
When the specimens are unloaded to zero force, the average stresses in the concrete
become negative, i.e. compressive. This is due to contact at crack surfaces and is also
due to friction between concrete and reinforcement against restoration of the slip. The
reason why JT2 has the largest compressive stress would be that the slip of
reinforcement is larger than those of JT1 and JT3 and the friction between concrete and
reinforcement is less deteriorated than that of JT4.
Figure 3.74 shows the relationship of average stresses between reinforcement and
concrete in the region of 347 to 1017 mm for JT1. The initial average stress in
72
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Average stress of 495-805 mm (average crack space=310mm) Average stress of 356-977 mm (average crack space=327mm)
Average stress of 495-1017 mm (average crack space=261mm)
Average stress of 347-1017 mm (average crack space=223mm) Average stress of 356-781 mm (average crack space=294mm)
3 3
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Average strain x 106 Average strain x 106
Average stress of 508-792 mm (average crack space=284mm) Average stress of 495-903 mm (average crack space=816mm)
Average stress of 508-1033 mm (average crack space=263mm)
Average stress of 289-1033 mm (average crack space=248mm) Average stress of 217-903 mm (average crack space=686mm)
3 3
2 2
Average stress (MPa)
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Average strain x 106 Average strain x 106
Figure 3.73 Average stress – average strain relationships of concrete at each section
73
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
300
250
200
Stress (MPa)
150
100
50
-50
-100
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Strain x 106
Figure 3.74 Relationship of average stresses between reinforcement and concrete for JT1
Next the attempts to express average stress – average strain relationships for concrete
with analytical equations will be explained. The stiffness of uncracked concrete Ec is
calculated from the average stress – average strain relationship at the middle region of
the specimens where strains were uniformly distributed until cracking. At the middle
region of the specimen the forces in the reinforcement are fully transferred to the
whole section of the concrete and the strains are uniformly distributed until cracking.
Also initial strains where concrete stresses equal zero are calculated.
Figure 3.75 shows initial part of average stress – average strain relationships in each
region for JT1. The stiffness of uncracked concrete Ec is 30,000 MPa based on the
initial stiffness of the middle region from 495 to 805 mm. This value of Ec is also
fitted to JT2, JT3 and JT4. The initial compressive strains where concrete stresses
equal zero are 217 µε for JT1, 263 µε for JT2 and 218 µε for JT3, and cracking
stresses are 2.53 MPa for JT1, 2.52 MPa for JT2, 2.52 MPa for JT3 and 2.40 MPa for
JT4 respectively. Thus the first cracking loads for JT1, JT2 and JT3 are explained with
74
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
the almost same cracking stress. Relatively lower cracking stress for JT4 would be due
to the longitudinal crack formed during the accelerated corrosion.
2.5
2
Stress (MPa)
1.5
0.5
0
-217
-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100
Strain x 106
Figure 3.75 Initial part of average stress – average strain relationships for JT1
The apparent stiffnesses in other regions become lower on the way to the first cracking
point since the average strains near both ends of each region are higher than those of
the middle due to incomplete transfer of the force in reinforcement into concrete. In
addition relatively high sustained bond stresses caused by concrete shrinkage had been
applied between reinforcement and concrete near both ends of the concrete specimens.
This resulted in the bond deterioration near end regions of the specimen and would
elongate the length of the incomplete transfer region. The apparent average stresses of
concrete at cracking also become lower for the regions other than the middle due to the
higher average strain of reinforcement. This indicates that the cracking strength and
uncracked stiffness of the concrete in tension stiffening specimens are estimated lower
if the average strain is measured only at both ends of the specimen.
75
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
The decreases in average concrete stress after the first cracking are expressed with the
following commonly used equation which was suggested by Vecchio and Collins
(1986);
α ⋅ f cr
fc = ( β = 500) (3.6.1)
1 + β ⋅ ε cf
where fc : average concrete stress after cracking, fcr : fc at the first cracking, εcf :
average concrete strain, α : to be changed so as to fit test results, β : fixed to 500.
Note that in the original 1986 MCFT paper, the value of β was suggested as 200
but by 1987 [Collins and Mitchell 1987], it was recommended to be taken as 500,
and this value will be used here.
where εcr : average stress at the first cracking, α : fixed to 1.0, β : to be changed so
as to fit test results.
εcf in denominator of Eq. (3.6.1) is modified to (εcf – εcr) in Eq. (3.6.2) for better fitting
to the curves from the first to second cracking.
The suggested average stress – average strain relationships are plotted for each
specimen in Figure 3.76 along with two curves for the smallest crack space and for the
whole gauged length. The curves of test results are plotted only for the loading parts of
the first cycle of each load step. The suggested values for α in Eq. (3.6.1) are 0.80 for
JT1, 0.70 for JT2, 0.76 for JT3 and 0.45 for JT4 respectively. The suggested values for
β in Eq. (3.6.2) are 1300 for JT1, 2000 for JT2, 1600 for JT3 and 7500 for JT4. The
curves of Eq. (3.6.2) fit well to the test results for all strains and the curves of Eq.
(3.6.1) also fit well to the test results after the 2nd of 3rd cracking.
76
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Note that the concept of varying the parameter β has been published in the past [Bentz
2005], and Bentz’s method suggests that for specimen JT1, the value of beta could be
expected to be 980 rather than the 500 used in Equation 3.6.1. Thus the values listed
above are not as different from expectations as they first appear.
Average stress of 150-1150 mm (whole gauged length) Average stress of 150-1150 mm (whole gauged length)
Average stress of 347-1017 mm (average crack space=223mm) Average stress of 356-781 mm (average crack space=294mm)
Eq. (3.6.1) α=0.80, β=500
Eq. (3.6.1) α=0.70, β=500
Eq. (3.6.2) α=1.0 , β=1300
Eq. (3.6.1) α=1.0, β=500, fcr = 0.33 f 'c = 2.02MPa Eq. (3.6.2) α=1.0 , β=2000
3 3
JT1 : normal deformed JT2 : plain
2.5 2.5
2 2
Stress (MPa)
Stress (MPa)
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-217
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 -263 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Strain x 106 Strain x 106
Average stress of 150-1150 mm (whole gauged length) Average stress of 150-1150 mm (whole gauged length)
Average stress of 289-1033 mm (average crack space=248mm) Average stress of 217-903 mm (average crack space=686mm)
Eq. (3.6.1) α=0.76, β=500 Eq. (3.6.1) α=0.45, β=500
Eq. (3.6.2) α=1.0 , β=1600 Eq. (3.6.2) α=1.0 , β=7500
3 3
2 2
Stress (MPa)
Stress (MPa)
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-218
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Strain x 106 Strain x 106
Figure 3.76 Suggested average stress – average strain relationships for each specimen
77
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
Typical cracking stress of concrete is expressed as 0.33 f c ' , or 2.02 MPa for JT1.
This value is 0.80 of the actual cracking stress in the test for JT1 (=2.53 MPa). Thus as
shown as the green line on the JT1 graph in Figure 3.76 the suggested value of α in Eq.
(3.6.1) equals 1.0 for JT1 if 0.33 f c ' is used for the cracking stress.
In order to investigate the stress – strain relationship of corroded bare bar in detail,
analytical studies on the behaviour of bare bars with non-uniform cross sectional areas
were conducted using a Weibull function as an approximation;
α −1
α⎛x⎞
f ( x ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
α
⋅ e −( x / β ) (3.7.1)
β ⎝β ⎠
where α and β are constant.
As shown in Figure 3.61, Young’s modulus degradation ratios of the corroded bars
were not uniform. The frequency of Young’s modulus degradation at each strain gauge
for JT4_CBB is shown in Figure 3.77. The shape of its distribution looks similar to a
Weibull distribution which has an asymmetric shape with a longer tail on the smaller
side of the mean. Therefore the probability density distribution of JT4_CBB was
approximated with a Weibull distribution determining the values of α and β by a least
square method (also shown in Figure 3.77). Since the Weibull distribution has long
tails, the probability densities under 0.5% were rounded down to zero. The correlation
coefficient of both distributions was 0.971.
78
Chapter 3 – Experimental work on tension stiffening
JT4_CBB
0.25
Approximation with Weibull distribution
0.10
Correlation coefficient = 0.971
0.05
0.00
80 85 90 95 100
Young's modulus degradation ration at each strain gauge (%)
Then, the stress – strain relationship of the bar with this Weibull distribution was
simulated. Assuming that the Young’s modulus at each location represents the
effective cross-sectional area which resists tension force, the Young’s modulus
degradation ratio equals the loss ratio of the effective cross-sectional area. Each value
of probability density can be regarded as the length ratio of the portion of the bar with
each cross-sectional area. The analysis was compared with the test results of
JT4_CBB (Figure 3.78). The analysis curve fitted well to both of JT4_CBB_LVDT
and JT4_CBB_SG. To sum up, it appears that the stress – strain relationship of a
corroded bar can be approximated reliably with a Weibull distribution.
400
Stress (MPa)
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4
3
Strain x 10
For example, when α and β are given to the three corrosion levels as shown in Figure
3.79, the stress – strain relationships for the bars with those corrosion levels are
calculated as shown in Figure 3.80. If this method is based on numerous recorded data
points of actual corroded structures and the database of α and β are built up, the
method of this analysis will be of great help for the prediction of the structural
performance of the concrete structures with corroded reinforcement.
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Young's modulus degradation ratio at each strain gauge (%)
450
350
300
250
200
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Strain x 103
600
Load / Original cross-sectional area (MPa)
500
400
300
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
3
Strain x 10
Figure 3.80 Stress – strain relationships of the bars for three corrosion levels
Chapter 4
This chapter describes the experimental work which was designed to investigate the
influence of cutoffs of longitudinal bars and bond deterioration of reinforcing bars on
the shear behaviour of large beams. Bar cutoffs often occur in actual structures and
although the location of such cutoffs are typically based on design code requirements,
a strain concentration at cutoff locations will still occur and it may have some
influence on the shear behaviour of the structure.
In addition, bond deterioration can be caused by corrosion of the reinforcing bars and
this may also impact the shear behaviour. However, since the rate of natural or
electrically-accelerated corrosion will be non-uniform along the length of the bars, the
rate of bond deterioration will also not be uniform in such tests making interpretation
difficult. Thus, it can be difficult to investigate the influence of bond deterioration on
shear behaviour using corroded rebars in a repeatable and consistent manner.
In this chapter, eight beams, called the JB series, were tested. Half of the longitudinal
bars were cut off in four of the beams. In order to simulate bond deterioration, the
surface profile of the longitudinal reinforcement and the stirrups were varied by means
of grinding down the ribs of the reinforcing bars, so that all the properties except the
bond characteristics remained the same. Firstly the test specimens, ground bars,
81
82
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
material properties and test setup are explained and then the test results are described
and discussed.
The properties of the eight test specimens were all the same except for the surface
profile of the reinforcement and the occurrence of bar cutoffs. All the JB series beams
have a longitudinal reinforcement ratio of 1.70% at mid-span and a transverse
reinforcement ratio of 0.105% (Av·fy/(bw·s) = 0.520 MPa (75 psi)), or about 40% more
than the minimum shear reinforcement specified by the CSA code. Note that the
selected quantity of stirrups is about the minimum required by the AASHTO LRFD
code.
Table 4.1 shows the details of the JB series specimens, and Figure 4.1 shows the
geometric details of the specimens. The dimensions of the specimens are 5.4 m in span
on centers of supports (6.0 m in overall length), 450 mm in width, and 750 mm in
overall depth. Five of the ten bottom 25M longitudinal bars in specimens JB5 to JB8
were cut off 1,700 mm from the mid-span location. Since the location where the
bending moment becomes half of its mid-span value is 1,350 mm from the mid-span,
the cutoff points are at 350 mm (14 times the bar diameter) beyond where they are
needed for flexure alone.
In Table 4.1 it can be seen that the specimens are numbered JB1 to JB8, but also that a
code has been prepared to help define the beams. The code has three letters with the
first either N for no cutoffs or C for cutoffs. The second letter is D for deformed
longitudinal bars, H for “half-deformed”, and P for plain bars. The third letter is D for
deformed stirrups or P for plain stirrups. Thus JB6 has a code of C/D/P as it has
cutoffs, has deformed longitudinal bars and plain stirrups.
83
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
US#3
JB2 N/D/P 5,400 450 2,700 750 653 No 10-25M Deformed @300 Plain
ρ s =1.70% ρ v =0.105%
US#3
JB3 N/P/P 5,400 450 2,700 750 653 No 10-25M Plain @300 Plain
ρ s =1.70% ρ v =0.105%
US#3
JB4 N/H/P 5,400 450 2,700 750 653 No 10-25M Half @300 Plain
ρ s =1.70% Deformed ρ v =0.105%
US#3
JB5 C/D/D 5,400 450 2,700 750 685 / 653* Cutoffs 5/10-25M Deformed @300 Deformed
ρ s =0.81 / 1.70%* ρ v =0.105%
US#3
JB6 C/D/P 5,400 450 2,700 750 685 / 653* Cutoffs 5/10-25M Deformed @300 Plain
ρ s =0.81 / 1.70%* ρ v =0.105%
US#3
JB7 C/P/P 5,400 450 2,700 750 685 / 653* Cutoffs 5/10-25M Plain @300 Plain
ρ s =0.81 / 1.70%* ρ v =0.105%
US#3
JB8 C/H/P 5,400 450 2,700 750 685 / 653* Cutoffs 5/10-25M Half @300 Plain
ρ s =0.81 / 1.70%* Deformed ρ v =0.105%
A 250
150 A’ 150
300 2,700 2,700 300
6,000
150 B’ 150
300 1,000 3,400 1,000 300
6,000
Specimens JB5 to JB8
60
60
2 – 15M 2 – 15M
#3 @ 300mm #3 @ 300mm
625
560
750
750
2 layers of
2@65
5 – 25M 5 – 25M
65
65 4@80 65 65 4@80 65
450 450
Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2 show the calculations of shear resistance for JB1 and JB5
based on the general method of CSA23.3-04 11.3.6.4 when the concrete compressive
strength fc’ equals 37.2 MPa (compressive strength at the day of test for JB1 and JB5).
The location of the “anchor check point” on Table 4.2 is (h – d)·cotθ from the end of
support plate. The distribution of tension forces in the longitudinal reinforcement
based on Table 4.2 are shown in Figure 4.3. The shaded areas in Table 4.2 represent
the critical locations for shear and moment.
For JB5, the cutoff locations define the critical section where the shear resistance is
very close to the yielding load of the longitudinal bars. The table shows that JB5 is
predicted to be critical with flexural yielding at the cutoff point, but with a shear
strength at this location only 1.2 % higher than the flexural capacity. If the concrete
strength was equal 34.9 MPa, both a shear failure and a yielding failure of the
longitudinal bars would be predicted to occur simultaneously at the cutoff location.
As can be seen in Figure 4.2 and 4.3, the distribution of shear capacity and flexural
capacity more closely match the demands in beam JB5 with the bar cutoffs
demonstrating the improved structural efficiency possible with the use of cutoffs.
Note that in Figure 4.2, the applied shear force has been reduced linearly within a
distance of dv from the centre of the load and dv from the centre of the supports as
recommended by Bentz (2000) to simplify comparisons of shear and flexural failures.
86
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
Tension due to M _total : M _total /d v kN 179 434 517 779 1109 1436 1537 2074
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 553 549 548 530 509 489 483 0
Tension of longi. bars due to moment and shear : F lt kN 732 983 1065 1310 1618 1925 2020 2074
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s MPa 237 197 213 262 324 385 404 415
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 1.203 0.998 1.081 1.330 1.643 1.954 2.050 2.106
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 689 1317 1235 990 682 375 280 226
Tension due to M _total : M _total /d v kN 118 393 489 706 1037 1364 1460 1970
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 471 467 465 444 457 462 456 0
Tension of longi. bars due to moment and shear : F lt kN 589 860 955 1150 1494 1826 1916 1970
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s Mpa 432 344 382 460 398 365 383 394
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 2.195 1.747 1.938 2.335 2.022 1.854 1.945 2.000
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 38 290 195 0 231 474 384 330
Development length of 25M : ℓ d = 855 mm
87
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
300
200
100
0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
Distance from support (m)
Figure 4.2 Distributions of shear force and shear resistance at failure of JB1 and JB5
when fc’=37.2 MPa
88
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
2000
(kN)
force
1500
Shear
1000
due to moment and shear : Flt
500
0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
Distance from support (m)
2500
Tension force (kN)
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
Distance from support (m)
Figure 4.3 Distributions of tension force of longitudinal reinforcements at failure of JB1 and JB5
when fc’=37.2 MPa
89
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
In order to change the surface profile of the bars, ribs were ground to half of the height
(called half deformed) or to almost zero (plain). Manufacture of the ground bars are
described in this section. The surface profile of the bars was changed by means of
grinding transverse ribs using a 1-inch-diameter concave milling cutter for 25M bars
(shown in Figure 4.4) and a disk sander for US #3 bars (Figure 4.5).
Figure 4.6 shows the ground 25M bars and Figure 4.7 shows the ground US#3 bar. As
shown in Figure 4.8, the US#3 stirrup bars were only ground down on the vertical
section of the stirrups to ensure the same end anchorage performance as standard
stirrups. A small proportion of the longitudinal ribs were retained to avoid reducing
the yield strength of the bars in any significant way.
90
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
Table 4.3 shows the weight loss due to grinding. Note that the measured weights of
original bar before grinding are 95.5% of standard for 25M bar and 96.6% for US#3.
Table 4.4 shows the measured height of the ribs for the deformed and half deformed
25M bars. Average rib height (0.9 mm) of the half deformed bars is just one half of the
rib height (1.80 mm) of the deformed bars.
Ground part
Table 4.4 Rib heights of the deformed and half deformed 25M bars
Half deformed 25M
diameter diameter
No. rib height
of valley of ridge
mm mm mm
1 24.14 26.32 1.09
2 24.28 26.61 1.17
3 24.25 26.45 1.10
4 24.17 25.81 0.82
5 24.06 26.20 1.07
6 24.07 25.59 0.76
Non-ground (normal) 25M 7 24.19 25.74 0.77
diameter diameter 8 24.25 25.98 0.87
No. rib height
of valley of ridge 9 24.25 26.03 0.89
mm mm mm 10 24.16 25.70 0.77
1 24.17 27.77 1.80 11 24.24 25.53 0.65
2 24.14 27.76 1.81 12 24.17 25.73 0.78
3 24.16 27.75 1.80 13 24.33 25.69 0.68
4 24.05 27.76 1.86 14 24.19 26.34 1.08
5 24.16 28.06 1.95 15 24.13 25.56 0.72
6 24.12 27.69 1.79 16 24.28 26.69 1.21
7 24.05 27.62 1.79 17 24.45 25.87 0.71
8 24.10 27.66 1.78 18 24.16 26.19 1.02
9 24.11 27.46 1.68 19 24.22 25.66 0.72
10 24.05 27.60 1.78 20 24.31 26.44 1.07
Average 24.11 27.71 1.80 Average 24.22 26.01 0.90
Coefficient Coefficient
0.20% 0.56% 3.83% 0.38% 1.43% 20.3%
of variation of variation
92
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
Ready mix concrete which had a water/cement ratio of 0.54, a slump of 80 mm and a
nominal compressive strength of 25 MPa was used for all of the beams. The concrete
contained crushed limestone with a maximum coarse aggregate size of 10 mm. The
material properties of concrete used in the JB series are listed on Table 4.5. The
concrete beams were cast two at a time, namely JB1 and JB5, JB2 and JB6, JB3 and
JB7, and JB4 and JB8.
Table 4.6 and Figure 4.9 summarize the material properties of the reinforcements used
in the JB series. For additional information, the yield load of full ground (stripped)
US#3 was 97.3 % of the original US#3 regardless of the 6.26 % weight loss.
700
600 25M
500
Stress (MPa)
400 US#3
15M
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Strain (mm/m)
As shown in Figure 4.10, all of the specimens were tested under 3-point loading. A
downwards point load at the mid-span was applied through a pin and 2-inch thick steel
plate. Both ends of the beams rested on steel plates with a roller which allowed
rotation and horizontal displacement.
150 150
roller roller
300 300
6000
In order to monitor the strain distribution of the reinforcing bars, 14 strain gauges were
mounted on the reinforcing bars for each of JB1 to JB4, while 22 strain gauges were
used for each of JB5 to JB8. Figure 4.11 shows the locations of the strain gauges.
94
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
Strain gauge locations for JB1-4 (All the strain gauges for the stirrups are on the South face.)
150 19 @ 300 North Face 150
West
East
West
East
L1N4 L1N8
North
Strain gauge locations for JB5-8
150 19 @ 300 North Face 150
West
SS5 SS6 SS8 SS13 SS15 SS16
East
0 400 1200 1400 1800 2200 3000 3800 4600 4800 5600 6000
600
S-E- S-E- S-ME- S-ME- S-MW- S-MW- S-W- S-W-
BETW BWTE BETW BWTE BETW BWTE BETW BWTE
600
H-E V-S-E V-S-ME 100 V-S-C V-S-MW V-S-W H-W
V-N-E V-N-ME V-N-C V-N-MW V-N-W
Top View
V-S-E V-S-ME V-S-C V-S-MW V-S-W
South
West
East
H-E H-W
North
V-N-E V-N-ME V-N-C V-N-MW V-N-W
In addition, 100 Zurich targets were attached on each beam (Figure 4.13).
Distributions of horizontal, vertical and diagonal strains of each grid were obtained
from the Zurich gauge readings at each load step.
South Face
1100 3800 1100
50
1 20
200 21 44
750
45 72
200
73 100
100
300 27@200 300
6000
At about seven or eight “load stages” the application of the load was halted to permit
measurement of the movements of the Zurich targets, marking of new cracks,
measurement of crack widths, and photographing of the crack patterns. During each
load stage, the applied load was decreased by about 5 to 10% to minimize creep
deformations during the reading of the Zurich gauges and ensure safety of the testing
personnel.
96
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
The test results of the JB series are summarized in Table 4.7. The central point load
versus mid-span displacement relationships of each specimen are shown in Figure 4.14
and 4.15. All specimens failed in shear. Relationships of peak loads of each specimen
were JB1 > JB2 > JB4 > JB3 > JB5 > JB8 > JB6 > JB7. JB3 which has plain
longitudinal reinforcements and plain stirrups showed the lowest peak load and
displacement among the no-cutoff series. JB7 which has plain longitudinal
reinforcements and plain stirrups had also the lowest peak load and displacement
among the cutoff series. It should be pointed out that JB8 which has half-deformed
longitudinal reinforcements and plain stirrups had the second highest peak load and the
largest displacement among cutoff series specimens.
JB5-C/D/D Cutoff Deformed Deformed 726 20.1 697 21.0 1580 370 53 53 53
JB6-C/D/P Cutoff Deformed Plain 629 16.7 614 17.9 1740 420 20 66 43
JB7-C/P/P Cutoff Plain Plain 593 14.2 567 19.8 1800 470 24 58 41
Half
JB8-C/H/P Cutoff
Deformed
Plain 696 24.2 693 24.4 1710 350 16 46 32
97
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
800 JB4(841kN)
500
400
300 JB1-N/D/D
JB2-N/D/P
200
JB3-N/P/P
100 JB4-N/H/P
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Midspan Diplacement (mm)
900
800 JB5(726kN)
JB6(629kN) JB8(696kN)
Centre Point Load (kN)
700
600
500 JB7(593kN)
400
300 JB5-C/D/D
200 JB6-C/D/P
JB7-C/P/P
100
JB8-C/H/P
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Midspan Diplacement (mm)
From Fig 4.14, it can be seen that the load-deformation response of the three
specimens with plain stirrups (JB2, JB3, and JB4) were almost identical and slightly
below that of the member with deformed stirrups, (JB1). The same observation can be
made about Figure 4.15. Plain stirrups made the stiffness of the beams lower, but plain
or half-deformed longitudinal bars did not affect the stiffness at least until splitting
98
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
cracks along the longitudinal bars towards the support plates developed.
The crack patterns of each specimen can be seen in the photographs shown in Figure
4.16 and 4.17. The crack widths shown in the photographs (in millimetres) were
measured at the last Zurich load stage prior to failure. In all the specimens except JB1,
the main shear cracks had a significant width and then extended to the loading plates
and support plates. When they finally reached the loading/support plates, the
specimens failed in shear. The stirrups which crossed the main shear crack ruptured
only in JB5 just before shear failure. Only JB7 failed silently without the audible
sound when the load started to drop. The splitting crack along the level of the
longitudinal reinforcement in JB7 occurred gradually.
As for JB1, the concrete in the compression zone near the loading plate had crushed
and popped up just before the width of the major diagonal crack became very wide.
The shear crack of JB1 did not reach to the support plate.
Among the cutoff series specimens, the main shear cracks of JB5 and JB6 which have
deformed longitudinal reinforcement crossed the longitudinal bars just around the
cutoff points, but those of JB7 and JB8 which have plain or half-deformed longitudinal
steel crossed the longitudinal bars at about 250 mm closer to the supports than the
cutoff points. The lower bond of the longitudinal reinforcement in these two beams
apparently lowered the strain concentration at the cutoff points.
The distributions of the following seven types of strains along the span of each
specimen are shown in Figure 4.18 to 4.25; 1) longitudinal strains from Zurich gauges
at the height of 100 mm from the bottom, 2) maximum transverse strains of Zurich
gauges at each section, 3) maximum shear strains from Zurich gauges, 4) strains from
gauges on longitudinal reinforcement at a height of 130 mm from the bottom, 5) strains
99
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
JB2-N/D/P
JB3-N/P/P
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
JB4-N/H/P
Figure 4.16 Crack patterns of JB1 to JB4 after tests (South face)
Crack widths were measured at the last Zurich stage.
100
JB5-C/D/D
JB6-C/D/P
JB7-C/P/P
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
JB8-C/H/P
Figure 4.17 Crack patterns of JB5 to JB8 after tests (South face)
Crack widths were measured at the last Zurich stage.
101
102
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
The average angle of shear crack inclinations among the cutoff series specimens is
larger by a degree of 11.6 than that of the no-cutoff series. This increase seemed to be
caused by the concentration of strains in the longitudinal reinforcement due to the
cutoffs. In order to compare the strains of all specimens, longitudinal strains at centre
point load P = 500 kN are shown in Figure 4.26 to 4.28. It can be seen that significant
concentration of longitudinal strains was observed near the bar cutoff points in JB5 to
JB8.
Table 4.8 Comparison of each specimen
Change in
Displacement
Peak load Average inclination
at peak load
Specimens to be compared of shear crack
Longitudinal Strains of Zurich Gauges at 100mm high from the Bottom when P=500kN
2.0
Strain (mm/m)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from West End (m)
Strains of Longitudinal Reinforcements at 65mm high from the Bottom when P=500kN
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from West End (m)
Strains of Longitudinal Reinforcements at 130mm high from the Bottom when P=500kN
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from West End (m)
Comparisons of shear resistances and angles of shear crack inclination between test
results and calculations based on the general method in CSA23.3-04 11.3.6.4 are
shown in Table 4.9. The angle of shear crack inclination was assumed to be similar to
that of the diagonal compressive stress. The prediction of the CSA code corresponds
with the test results for JB1, but less so for JB5. The CSA prediction of peak load for
JB5 was overestimated by 15%. The angle of shear crack inclination based on CSA
code was 70% of the test result. Since Vs is a function of cotθ, this difference of 30%
in angle θ will have a large influence on Vs. Higher values of θ result in lower values
of Vs.
Table 4.9 Comparison between test results and CSA23.3-04 general method
for JB1 and JB5 ( f c’ =37.2MPa)
Peak load Inclination of shear crack
Specimen
Test results CSA23.3-04 CSA/Test ratio Test results CSA23.3-04 CSA/Test ratio
JB1-N/D/D 913kN 881kN 96% 36° 36° 100%
JB5-C/D/D 726kN 836kN 115% 53° 37° 70%
732 383 380 1.001 0.160 53 271 109 380 0 245 622 867 1150 283
Comparisons between calculated and measured longitudinal strains of JB1 and JB5 at
the final stage of Zurich readings are shown in Figure 4.29 and 4.30. Since the centre
point loads were kept to 850 kN (=93 % of peak load) for JB1 and 630 kN (=87 % of
113
Chapter 4 – Experiments on the shear behaviour of large beams
peak load) for JB5 during the final stages of Zurich measuring, calculations based on
the CSA code were done using these actual point loads.
Strains of Zurich gauges correspond to those of strains of the longitudinal bars. The
red line of calculated strains in the longitudinal bars due to the total applied moments
and shear forces intersect at about the middle of the zigzag line of Zurich strains for
each specimen. The strain concentrations beyond the yield strain are observed between
cutoff points and supports on both sides of JB5. This will probably be the main reason
for the large angle of inclination θ and lead to the unconservative predictions of shear
resistance of structures which have cutoffs of longitudinal reinforcements.
The Zurich strain measured at 0.8 m from west end of JB1 is also more than twice the
calculated strain caused by several cracks crossing this particular gauge length. This
indicates that anchorage of the longitudinal reinforcement should be designed with
enough margin of safety even at the supports of simple beams.
Comparison between calculated and mesured longitudinal strains of JB1 for P = 850 kN
Calculated strain of longitudinal bars due to moment and shear Strains of gauges on longitudinal bars at 130mm from bottom
Calculated strain of longitudinal bars due to only moment Strains of gauges on longitudinal bars at 65mm from bottom
Longitudinal strains of Zurich gauges at 100mm from bottom
3.500
3.000
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Comparison between calculated and mesured longitudinal strains of JB5 for P = 630 kN
Calculated strain of longitudinal bars due to moment and shear Strains of gauges on longitudinal bars at 130mm from bottom
Calculated strain of longitudinal bars due to only moment Strains of gauges on longitudinal bars at 65mm from bottom
Longitudinal strains of Zurich gauges at 100mm from bottom
3.500
3.000
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from west end (m)
Figure 4.30 Comparison of calculated and measured longitudinal strains of JB5 for P = 630 kN
When the transverse strains under a central point load of P = 500 kN are examined,
JB8-C/H/P shows the highest concentration near cutoff points as shown in Figures 4.31
to 4.33. However the peak load of JB8 was higher than those of JB6-C/D/P and JB7-
C/P/P. Strains of longitudinal bars near the supports at peak load were around 1,000µε
for JB8 (see Figure 4.34), which was higher than those for other specimens, and crack
pattern of JB8 was symmetric and arch-shaped (see Figure 4.17). These facts suggest
that a tied arch partially formed in JB8 and this led to relatively high peak load and
large displacement as compared to the other tests.
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from West End (m)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from West End (m)
Figure 4.32 Average transverse strains of Zurich gauges at each section when P=500kN
2
Strain (mm/m)
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from West End (m)
Strains of Longitudinal Reinforcements at 65mm high from the Bottom at Peak Loads
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from West End (m)
In this chapter, analytical work based on the test results in previous chapters is
described. At first, to verify the tension stiffening factors α for various types of
reinforcements suggested in Chapter 3, the 2-dimensional nonlinear finite element
analysis program VecTor2 is used for the analysis of the tension stiffening tests. Then
bond models for each type of reinforcement are suggested. Next the beam tests in
Chapter 4 are analyzed with VecTor2. Finally based on the results of this analytical
work, modifications of the general method for shear design are proposed to account for
the effect of bond deterioration and the cutoffs.
The tension stiffening specimens in Chapter 3 are modeled for the 2-dimensional
nonlinear finite element analysis program VecTor2. Mesh layouts are shown in Figure
5.1. The thicknesses of concrete elements are changed as a function of the distance
from the reinforcement to account for the circular cross section. The reinforcement is
modeled with truss elements and contact elements for bond are introduced between
reinforcement and the concrete. Material properties of concrete and reinforcement are
listed in Table 5.1. Nodal loads are applied to the end of reinforcement with an
increment of 1 kN.
116
117
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
12@13.75=165
26@25=650
Although various choices are selectable for each analytical option in VecTor2, default
models are selected for as many options as possible in the following analyses. The
selected models are shown in Table 5.2. Non default options are selected only for the
models of compression base curve, tension stiffening and bond. Popovics model for
normal strength concrete is selected to set the initial stiffness of concrete to the specific
value (30,000 MPa) which is confirmed to be well fitted to the test data in Chapter 3.
Commonly used Collins-Mitchell 1987 model expressed as Eq. (3.6.1) is selected for
tension stiffening to confirm the suggested tension stiffening factors α for the equation.
Since α itself is unchangeable in VecTor2, the cracking stress is changed in proportion
to α instead. Although the first cracking loads are affected, concrete stresses after
cracking can be expressed appropriately. As for concrete bond, perfect bond,
118
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Eligehausen (default), Gan and custom tri-linear models are selected according to the
type of reinforcement for each specimen.
Table 5.2 Selected models in VecTor2 for the analysis of JT series specimens
Option category Selected model default
Compression Base Curve Popovics (NSC) No
Compression Post-Peak Modified Park-Kent Yes
Compression Softening Vecchio 1992-A Yes
Tension Stiffening Collins-Mitchell 1987 No
Tension Softening Linear Yes
Tension Splitting Not Considered Yes
Confinement Strength Kupfer / Richart Yes
Concrete Dilatation Variable - Kupfer Yes
Cracking Criterion Mohr-Coulomb (Stress) Yes
Crack Shear Check Vecchio-Collins 1986 Yes
Crack Width Check Crack Limit (Agg/5) Yes
Perfect Bond No
Eligehausen Yes
Concrete Bond
Gan No
Custom tri-linear No
Concrete Creep / Relax Not Considered Yes
Concrete Hysteresis Nonlinear w/ Offsets Yes
Steel Hysteresis Seckin Model Yes
Rebar Dowel Action Tassios (Crack Slip) Yes
Rebar Buckling Asatsu Model Yes
Previous Load History Considered Yes
Slip Distortion Walraven Yes
Strain Rate Effects Not Considered Yes
Geometric Nonlinearity Not Considered Yes
Crack Allocation Uniform Spacing Yes
The analysis for normal deformed bar specimen JT1 is firstly described. Average
strains in a 1000 mm long gauged section of the mesh are compared with the test
results of averaged strain gauge readings over the whole gauged section and over the
section sandwiched between cracks. The test results are shown as the skeleton curves
of the repeated loading cycles.
119
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
125
200
100
150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
75
100
50
50
25
0 0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 1 2 3
3 3
Average strain x 10 Average strain x 10
15
Confined
12.5
7.5
Unconfined
5
2.5
0
0 5 10 15 20
Slip ∆ (mm)
Next the default option “Eligehausen model” which is proposed by Eligehausen et al.
(1983) is selected for concrete bond. Its bond stress – slip relationships are described
by an ascending non-linear branch, a constant bond stress plateau, a linearly
descending branch, and a sustained residual stress branch. They are expressed with the
following equations and the bond stress – slip relationship for JT1 is shown in Figure
5.3.
⎧τ p1 ( ∆ / ∆ p1 ) γ for ∆ ≤ ∆ p1
⎪
⎪τ p 2 for ∆ p1 < ∆ ≤ ∆ p 2
⎪
τ =⎨ ⎡ ∆ − ∆ p2 ⎤ (5.1.1)
⎪τ p 2 − ⎢ ∆ − ∆ (τ p 2 − τ pf )⎥ for ∆ p 2 < ∆ ≤ ∆ p 3
⎪ ⎢⎣ p 3 p2 ⎥⎦
τ
⎪⎩ pf for ∆ p 3 < ∆
⎛ d b ⎞ f 'c
where τ p1 = ⎜ 20 − ⎟ (5.1.2)
⎝ 4 ⎠ 30
τ p 2 = τ p1 (5.1.3)
121
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
⎛ S ⎞ f 'c
τ pf = ⎜ 5.5 − 0.07 ⎟ (5.1.4)
⎝ H ⎠ 27.6
f 'c
∆ s1 = (5.1.5)
30
∆ p 2 = 3.0 mm (5.1.6)
∆ p3 = S (5.1.7)
γ = 0.4 (5.1.8)
d b = 25.2 mm, S = 17.6 mm, H = 1.26 mm (5.1.9).
The rib spacing S and rib height H for deformed bar are automatically computed in
VecTor2 based on the reinforcement diameter d b . Bond strength is proportion to the
square root of compressive concrete strength, f 'c .
⎧τ s1 (∆ / ∆ s1 )γ for ∆ ≤ ∆ s1
⎪
⎪⎪τ s 2 for ∆ s1 < ∆ ≤ ∆ s 2
τ =⎨ ⎡ ∆ − ∆ s2 ⎤ (5.1.10)
⎪τ s 2 − ⎢ ∆ − ∆ (τ s 2 − τ sf )⎥ for ∆ s 2 < ∆ ≤ ∆ s 3
⎪ ⎣ s3 s2 ⎦
⎪⎩τ sf for ∆ s 3 < ∆
f 'c ⋅c
where τ s1 = 0.748 ≤ τ p1 (5.1.11)
db
τ s 2 = τ s1 (5.1.12)
f 'c ⋅c
τ sf = 0.234 ≤ τ pf (5.1.13)
db
⎡ 1 ⎛ τ ⎞⎤
∆ s1 = ∆ p1 exp ⎢ ln⎜ s1 ⎟⎥ (5.1.14)
⎜ ⎟
⎣⎢ α ⎝ τ p1 ⎠⎦⎥
∆ s2 = ∆ p2 (5.1.15)
∆ s3 = ∆ p3 (5.1.16).
The clear cover of reinforcement c is 70 mm for JT1.
122
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
As shown in Figure 5.4, in the case when α equals 0.80 which is the same for perfect
bond, stiffness over the load of 60 kN becomes slightly lower than that for perfect
bond analysis. When α is increased to 0.90, the analysis curve fits well to the test
results over the load of 80 kN. Thus the suggested tension stiffening factor α will be
0.80 to 0.90 when an appropriate bond model is used. This range from 0.80 to 0.90 for
α should be applicable to other specimens if appropriate bond models are selected for
each type of reinforcement.
80 200
60 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
40 100
20 50
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
80
60
Load (kN)
40
20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Average strain x 103
In all analyses the initial stiffness before cracking is higher than that of the curve for
the whole gauged section. As described in Chapter 3, relatively high bond stresses
were being applied to the end regions of the specimens at early ages since the
compressive strains in the reinforcement induced by concrete shrinkage had been
released at end regions of the reinforcement. This bond stress deteriorated the bond
between the concrete and the reinforcement in the end region. Although the actual
bond deterioration length seems to be 200 to 300 mm long at each end based on the
pre-cracking strain distributions in Figure 3.35, the specimen with the 150 mm long
unbonded region at both ends of reinforcement is analyzed for simplicity. The initial
stiffness of the unbonded analysis is similar with that of the curve for the whole gauged
(150 to 1150 mm) section as shown in Figure 5.5. This must be applied to all other
specimens including JT4 which had suffered from bond deterioration due to concrete
shrinkage before the longitudinal crack was formed during accelerated corrosion. It is
also found that the bond deterioration at the end regions does not have a significant
effect on the stiffness after cracking when the two analysis curves are compared in
124
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Figure 5.5. Therefore the difference of initial stiffness between analysis and test will
not be considered as a serious issue for the other specimens, either.
Based on the analysis for JT1, concrete shrinkage of 218 µε is applied for all analyses.
The tension stiffening factor α suggested in Chapter 3 is 0.76 for perfect bond of the
half-deformed bar. As shown in Figure5.6, the first cracking load of 41 kN for perfect
bond with α = 1.0 equals the test results and the curve for perfect bond with α = 0.76
fits to the test results after cracking.
125
200
100
150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
75
100
50
50
25
0 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 0 1 2 3 4
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
As shown in Figures 3.62 and 3.63 the maximum bond stress of JT3 is about 83 % of
that of JT1. Since the maximum stress of unconfined bond in Eligehausen model is
proportional to c (see Eq. (5.1.11)), c is changed to adjust the maximum bond stress
in this analysis. For JT3 c is changed from 70 mm to 50mm (see Figure 5.7). The
tension stiffening factors α are fixed to 0.80 and 0.90 for Eligehausen model based on
125
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
the range confirmed in the analysis for JT1. As shown in Figure 5.8 the analysis curve
fits well to the test results.
Modification of Eligehausen unconfined bond model Modification of Eligehausen unconfined bond model
Unconfined, c=70 mm for normal deformed JT1 Unconfined, c=70 mm for normal deformed JT1
Unconfined, c=50 mm for half-deformed JT3 Unconfined, c=50 mm for half-deformed JT3
Unconfined, c=17.6 mm for plain JT2 Unconfined, c=17.6 mm for plain JT2
Unconfined, c= 4.4 mm for corroded JT4 Unconfined, c= 4.4 mm for corroded JT4
10 10
8 JT1 8
JT3 JT1
6 6
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
JT3
4
JT2 4
JT2
JT4
2 2
JT4
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 5 10 15 20
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
Modified Eligehausen bond analysis of JT3 Modified Eligehausen bond analysis of JT3
JT3_TS_SG 289-1033 mm JT3_TS_SG 289-1033 mm
JT3_TS_SG 150-1150 mm JT3_TS_SG 150-1150 mm
Eligehausen, α=0.80, c=50 mm, with shrinkage of 218µε Eligehausen, α=0.80, c=50 mm, with shrinkage of 218µε
Eligehausen, α=0.90, c=50 mm, with shrinkage of 218µε Eligehausen, α=0.90, c=50 mm, with shrinkage of 218µε
100 250
80 200
60 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
40 100
20 50
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 1 2 3 4
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
Figure 5.8 Modified Eligehausen deformed bar model analysis for JT3
126
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
The concrete shrinkage of 263 µε is applied for the analysis of JT2-TS. The suggested
tension stiffening factor α is 0.70 for perfect bond of the plain bar. As shown in Figure
5.9, the first cracking load of 37 kN for perfect bond with α = 1.0 equals the test results
and the curve for perfect bond with α = 0.70 fits to the test results after cracking.
Then the smooth bar option for the Eligehausen model used in VecTor2 is selected.
The maximum bond stress is held to 1.05 MPa. A large slip occurs from the beginning
and the stiffness of analysis curve is much lower than the test results (see Figure 5.10).
Since a single crack is formed and the concrete remained uncracked in other elements
the stiffness after cracking is higher than that of the test.
Next the deformed bar option for the Eligehausen model is chosen like the analysis of
JT3. The maximum bond stress of JT2 is about half of that of JT1 as shown in Figure
3.62. Thus the equivalent clear cover c is set to 17.6 mm and α to 0.80 and 0.90 for
JT2 (see Figure 5.7). As shown in Figure 5.11 the analysis curve fits well to the test
results considering that the stiffness of test results over 150 kN is lower than the
analysis due to repeated loading.
Although the yielding stress of reinforcement is kept the same as that for JT1, yielding
load and post-yield curve fit well to the test results. This is also true for JT3. Thus
even if the transverse ribs of reinforcement are stripped almost no impact on the
yielding loads is observed.
127
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
125
200
100
150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
75
100
50
50
25
0 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 0 1 2 3 4
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
Eligehausen smooth bar analysis of JT2 Eligehausen smooth bar analysis of JT2
JT2_TS_SG 150-1150 mm JT2_TS_SG 150-1150 mm
Eligehausen smooth bar, α=0.9, with shrinkage of 263µε Eligehausen smooth bar, α=0.9, with shrinkage of 263µε
100 250
80 200
60 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
40 100
20 50
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 1 2 3 4
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
Modified Eligehausen bond analysis of JT2 Modified Eligehausen bond analysis of JT2
JT2_TS_SG 150-1150 m m JT2_TS_SG 150-1150 m m
JT2_TS_SG 356-781 m m JT2_TS_SG 356-781 m m
Eligehaus en, α=0.80, c=17.6 m m , with s hrinkage of 263µε Eligehaus en, α=0.80, c=17.6 m m , with s hrinkage of 263µε
Eligehaus en, α=0.90, c=17.6 m m , with s hrinkage of 263µε Eligehaus en, α=0.90, c=17.6 m m , with s hrinkage of 263µε
100 250
80 200
60 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
40 100
20 50
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 1 2 3 4
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
Figure 5.11 Modified Eligehausen deformed bar model analysis for JT2
No concrete shrinkage is considered for JT4 due to the longitudinal cracks noted in
Chapter 3. As shown in Figure 5.12, the first cracking load of 57 kN for perfect bond
with α = 1.0 equals the test results and the curve for perfect bond with the suggested α
= 0.45 fits to the test results after cracking. The test curves are somewhat different
from the analysis before cracking. This is because the large slip started before the first
cracking.
Then the Eligehausen model for deformed bar with reduced clear cover c is attempted.
Since the maximum bond stress of JT4 in Figure 3.62 is a quarter of that of JT1, the
equivalent c = 4.4 mm and α = 0.90 are applied in analysis (see Figure 5.7). As shown
in Figure 5.13, the analysis is much stiffer than the test after cracking. Based on Figure
3.69, both maximum and average bond stresses dropped just after cracking and
decreased as the load goes up. This decrease is not considered in Eligehausen model.
129
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
125
200
100
150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
75
100
50
50
25
0 0
0 0.254 0.508 0.762 1.016 1.27 1.524 0 1 2 3
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
Modified Eligehausen & Gan bond analysis of JT4 Modified Eligehausen & Gan bond analysis of JT4
JT4_TSC_SG 150-1150 mm JT4_TSC_SG 150-1150 mm
JT4_TSC_SG 217-903 mm JT4_TSC_SG 217-903 mm
Eligehausen, α=0.90, c=4.4 mm, without shrinkage Eligehausen, α=0.90, c=4.4 mm, without shrinkage
Gan, α=0.90, c=4.4 mm, without shrinkage Gan, α=0.90, c=4.4 mm, without shrinkage
150 250
125
200
100
150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
75
100
50
50
25
0 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 0 1 2 3
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
Figure 5.13 Modified Eligehausen and Gan deformed bar model analysis for JT4
130
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Load (kN)
4
2
JT4
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Average strain x 103
Next the Gan model is selected. It is the modified unconfined bond model proposed by
Gan (2000). The Gan confined bond stress – slip relationship is the same as the
Eligehausen confined bond model, and the unconfined bond stress – slip relationship is
described by an ascending non-linear branch, a descending linear branch, and a
sustaining residual stress branch. As shown in Figure 5.14, it has no constant plateau
and is summarized as follows;
⎧τ s1 (∆ / ∆ s1 ) γ for ∆ ≤ ∆ s1
⎪ ⎡ ∆ − ∆ s1 ⎤
⎪
τ = ⎨τ s1 − ⎢ (τ s1 − τ sf )⎥ for ∆ s1 < ∆ ≤ ∆ s 2 (5.1.17)
⎪ ⎣ ∆ s 2 − ∆ s1 ⎦
⎪⎩τ sf for ∆ s 2 < ∆
f 'c ⋅c
where τ s1 = 0.748 ≤ τ p1 (5.1.18)
db
τ s 2 = 0.15τ s1 (5.1.19)
τ sf = τ s 2 (5.1.20)
⎡ 1 ⎛ τ ⎞⎤
∆ s1 = ∆ p1 exp ⎢ ln⎜ s1 ⎟⎥ (5.1.21)
⎢⎣ α ⎜⎝ τ p1 ⎟⎠⎥⎦
131
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
∆ s 2 = 2.0 mm (5.1.22)
∆ s3 = ∆ p3 (5.1.23).
As shown in Figure 5.13, the analysis result of Gan model with c = 4.4 mm and α =
0.90 is almost identical to that of Eligehausen model with the same c and α. Although
the results of analysis are not shown, this is also true for other specimens JT1, JT2 and
JT3. This would be because the rate of descending branch in the Gan unconfined bond
model is too low to affect the results.
Therefore the custom tri-linear model shown as Figure 5.15 is attempted. It has the
same peak bond stress τ s1 as modified Gan model in Figure 5.14, but ∆ s 2 is reduced to
0.2 mm which is 1/10 of Gan model. The result of analysis shown in Figure 5.16 fits
quite well to that of the test both before and after cracking.
Custom tri-linear bond model for JT4 Custom tri-linear bond model for JT4
Gan Unconfined, c= 4.4 mm for corroded JT4 Gan Unconfined, c= 4.4 mm for corroded JT4
Custom tri-linear model for corrded JT4 Custom tri-linear model for corrded JT4
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
Custom tri-linear bond analysis of JT4 Custom tri-linear bond analysis of JT4
JT4_TSC_SG 150-1150 mm JT4_TSC_SG 150-1150 mm
JT4_TSC_SG 217-903 mm JT4_TSC_SG 217-903 mm
Custom tri-linear, α=0.80, without shrinkage Custom tri-linear, α=0.80, without shrinkage
Custom tri-linear, α=0.90, without shrinkage Custom tri-linear, α=0.90, without shrinkage
100 250
80 200
60 150
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
40 100
20 50
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 1 2 3
Average strain x 103 Average strain x 103
The tension stiffening factors for normal-deformed, stripped (plain) and half-deformed
bars were suggested based on the test results in Chapter 3 and verified to be applicable
to VecTor2 with the perfect bond model in the last section. They are listed in Table 5.3.
In this section, the JB series beam specimens described in Chapter 4 are analyzed with
VecTor2 using the factors in Table 5.3. The reinforcement is modeled with truss
elements and contact elements are introduced between reinforcement and concrete.
Self-weight and concrete shrinkage were applied in advance and the displacements
were set to zero before displacement loading starts.
Table 5.3 Tension stiffening factors for the analysis of JT series specimens
Type of reinforcement Deformed Plain (stripped) Half-deformed
Tension stiffening factor ; α 0.8 0.7 0.76
ratio of α ; r α 1.0 : 0.875 : 0.95
Default options are selected for most of the analysis parameters in VecTor2. The
selected options are shown in Table 5.4. Non default options are selected only for the
tension stiffening, concrete bond and the crack width check. Perfect bond is mainly
selected for the concrete bond model. The crack width check serves to reduce average
compressive stresses when crack widths exceed a specified limit. The default crack
limit (CL) for the check is (maximum aggregate size)/5, that is 2 mm. In addition to
the default value, the options of 5 mm and 10 mm are selected. (Note that the default
crack limit has changed to (maximum aggregate size)/2.5 (= 4 mm for the JB series) in
the latest version 3.5 of VecTor2 as of Jan. 2012.) Regarding the tension stiffening, the
cracking strength is changed in proportion to α in the same way as the analysis for JT
series since α itself is unchangeable in VecTor2.
134
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Table 5.4 Selected models in VecTor2 for the analysis of JB series specimens
To study the sensitivity of mesh size the analyses for JB1 were conducted using the
three types of mesh size, or coarse, medium and fine. Mesh layouts are shown in
Figure 5.17 and the comparisons of the analysis results for each mesh are shown in
Figure 5.18. The options and parameters used for the analyses will be described in the
next section. The curves for the medium mesh and the fine mesh are almost identical
to the test result, while that for the coarse mesh moves apart from others as the load
approaches to the peak load. Thus the medium size mesh will be used in this study.
135
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Coarse mesh
40@75=3000
Fine mesh
8@50 35 4@30
6@32.5
60@50=3000
Figure 5.17 Mesh layouts for the mesh sensitivity analysis for JB1
1200
1000
Centre Point Load (kN)
800
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Midspan Displacement (mm)
Figure 5.18 Mesh size sensitivity for perfect bond analysis of JB1
136
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
It should be noted here that in the analyses of no-cutoff series the specimens were
predicted to fail when horizontal cracks developed along the longitudinal
reinforcement beyond the supports and reached the ends of the beams although the
horizontal cracks stopped before the supports in the tests. When the cracks go beyond
the supports, the stiffness of the load – displacement curve sometimes increased
“unnaturally”. Therefore the analyses were stopped when the cracks along the
longitudinal reinforcement went beyond the supports or when the stiffness of the
analysis curve increased unnaturally.
The normal-deformed beam specimens without cutoffs, JB1-N/D/D, and with cutoffs,
JB5-N/D/D are analyzed first. Since the concrete used for JB1 and JB5 are the same as
that for JT1 and compressive strength at the ages of both tests are almost the same, the
same value of 2.53 MPa is used for the original cracking stress of concrete for JB1 and
JB5. With regard to the concrete shrinkage εsh, the value of 217 µε observed in the
tension test of JT1 is adjusted for JB series spacimens based on the following equation
(Collins and Mitchell 1997).
⎛ t ⎞
ε sh = −k s k h ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 0.51×10
−3
(5.2.1)
⎝ 35 + t ⎠
where t is the drying time in days (t =) and ks and kh are correction factors for relative
humidity. ks depends on the volume surface-area ratios and drying time (ks = 0.23 for
JB series, 1.0 for JT1) and kh is related with ambient humidity and is constant for both
specimens.
The drying time t is 20 days on average for the JB series and 14 days for JT1. The
correction factor ks is 0.23 for JB1 and 1.0 for JT1. Substituting these values to the Eq.
(5.2.1), the typical concrete shrinkage for the JB series beams is estimated to be about
60 µε.
137
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Perfect Bond Analysis of JB1 with Shrinkage Perfect Bond Analysis of JB1 with Shrinkage
JB1 Test JB1 Test
Perfect Bond, α = 0.8, Shrinkage = 60µε, Crack limit = 2mm
Perfect Bond, α = 1.0, No Shrinkage, Crack limit = 2mm
Perfect Bond, α = 0.8, Shrinkage = 60µε, Crack limit = 5mm
Perfect Bond, α = 0.8, Shrinkage = 60µε, Crack limit = 2mm Perfect Bond, α = 0.8, Shrinkage = 60µε, Crack limit = 10mm
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
700 700
Centre Point Load (kN)
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Midspan Displacement (mm) Midspan Displacement (mm)
Figure 5.19 Perfect bond analysis for JB1 Figure 5.20 Perfect bond analysis for JB1
with shrinkage with various crack limits
Firstly, as shown in Figure 5.19, the perfect bond analysis is compared with the test
results considering the tension stiffening factor α and the predicted concrete shrinkage.
The cracking strength of concrete is reduced to 80% based on the suggested tension
stiffening factor α = 0.80 for JT1. The stiffness of the analysis curve for α = 0.80 and
shrinkage of 60 µε fits well to that of the test result.
Since the predicted shear failure occurred much earlier than the test in the above
analysis with the default crack limit (CL) of 2 mm for the crack width check, the
analyses with CL = 5 and 10 mm were done. As shown in Figure 5.20, the larger the
crack limit, the higher the predicted shear failure load. The analysis curve for CL = 10
mm fits well to the test result.
138
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
1000
900
800
700
Centre Point Load (kN)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Midspan Displacement (mm)
The concrete shrinkage is taken into account in the above analysis, however it is
usually ignored in the structural analysis of beams. If the concrete shrinkage is ignored,
the tension stiffening factor α for the best fitting to the test result becomes 0.65 for JB1.
The analysis result is shown in Figure 5.21 and compared to the curve for the analysis
with all default options ignoring the concrete shrinkage. The analysis curve for α =
0.65 fits perfectly to the test results, while the stiffness of the analysis curve with all
default options (blue line) ignoring the concrete shrinkage is larger than the value
observed in test. Thus the concrete shrinkage can be incorporated in the analysis by
reducing the tension stiffening factor, and in reverse the tension stiffening factors are
affected by concrete shrinkage. The concrete shrinkage will be ignored in the analyses
hereafter.
139
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Cutoff specimen
10@62=620
Next the perfect bond analysis with α = 0.65 and CL = 2, 5 and 10 mm are done for the
cutoff specimen JB5-C/D/D. Mesh layout for the cutoff specimen is shown in Figure
5.22. As shown in Figure 5.23, the initial stiffness of the analysis is slightly higher
than the test result. In contrast to the analysis of JB1, the analysis with CL = 5 and 10
mm overestimates the shear capacity, while the analysis with the crack limits of 2 mm
fits well to the test results. If α is reduced to 0.60 and CL is set to 2 mm, the analysis
curve fits perfectly to the test (see Figure 5.24).
Perfect Bond Analysis of JB5 with α =0.65 Perfect Bond Analysis of JB5 with α =0.60
JB5Test
JB5Test
Perfect Bond, α = 0.65, No Shrinkage, Crack limit = 2mm
Perfect Bond, α = 0.65, No Shrinkag, Crack limit = 5mm
Perfect Bond, α = 0.60, No Shrinkag, Crack limit = 2mm
Perfect Bond, α = 0.65, No Shrinkag, Crack limit = 10mm
900 800
800 700
700
600
600
Centre Point Load (kN)
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100 100
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Midspan Displacement (mm) Midspan Displacement (mm)
Figure 5.23 Perfect bond analysis for JB5 Figure 5.24 Perfect bond analysis for JB5
with α = 0.65 with α = 0.60
140
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
5
Strain (mm/m)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from west end (m)
Figure 5.25 Comparison between calculated strains and gauge readings of JB1 at 850kN
5 -3
Average of horizontal concrete strains in hashed area = 2.9 x 10
-3
Average of logitudinal reinforcement strains in hashed area = 1.6 x 10
Strain (mm/m)
0
Cut-off Cut-off
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from west end (m)
Figure 5.26 Comparison between calculated strains and gauge readings of JB5 at 630kN
Thus α = 0.65 and CL = 10 mm are the best for JB1 and α = 0.60 and CL = 2 mm for
JB5. The only difference between JB5 and JB1 is whether cutoffs of the longitudinal
reinforcement exist or not. Figures 5.25 and 5.26 show comparisons between the
calculated strains in VecTor2 analyses and the gauge readings in the tests at 850 kN for
JB1 and 630 kN for JB5. In the analysis the specimens are preloaded to 900 kN for
JB1 and 700 kN for JB5, and then unloaded to 850 kN for JB1 and 630 kN for JB5 to
141
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
compare the stains measured at the final stage of Zurich readings shown in Figures
4.29 and 4.30. Effective strains in longitudinal reinforcement based on CSA A23.3
standard are also shown for reference.
For both specimens, the brown lines of the average strains in longitudinal
reinforcement (truss elements) at 65 mm from bottom are very close to the blue lines
of horizontal strains in concrete elements in contact with the truss elements except near
cutoff points in JB5. High concentration of horizontal strains in the concrete is
predicted at the cutoff, and the average strain in the hashed area is 2.9 × 10-3. This is
equivalent to the Zurich reading at the cutoff (4.7m from west end), and is 1.8 times
the average steel strains in the hashed area and 1.7 times the effective strain based on
CSA A23.3. It is likely that the strain concentrations at the cutoffs make the
differences in α and CL between JB1 and JB5.
The rest of the six specimens with non-normal-deformed reinforcement are analyzed
using the perfect bond model with adjustment of the tension stiffening factor α. The
adjustment are made based on the ratios of α (rα) for plain (stripped) and half-
deformed bars against that for the normal deformed bar. The ratio of α for
stripped/plain US #3 bar has not been derived directly from the tension stiffening test,
but is assumed to be the same as that for the stripped 25M bar in Table 5.3. The
tension stiffening factor α for each specimen is adjusted by multiplying α for the
normal-deformed specimen (JB1 or JB5) by the ratio of α for member rα_ave. rα_ave is
assumed to be simply expressed as the average of rα for longitudinal bars (rα_h) and rα
for stirrups (rα_v) as shown in Table 5.5. Cracking stress of 2.53 MPa for JB1 and JB5
is corrected for the other specimens in proportion to the modulus of rupture for each
specimen in Table 4.5.
142
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
The cross sectional area of the stripped US#3 bar is reduced to 97.3% (69.4 mm2) of
the original area based on the degradation ratio of yielding loads in the tension tests of
the bars. Mechanical properties of stripped or half-deformed 25M bars are kept the
same as the original deformed 25M bar since no distinct difference in yield stress was
observed in the tension stiffening test in Chapter 3. Crack limits for the crack width
check are kept the same as those for JB1 and JB5, or 10 mm for no-cutoff specimens
and 2 mm for cutoff specimens.
Comparison between the perfect bond analysis and the test results are shown in Table
5.6 and in Figures 5.27 to 5.32. The analysis curves fit well to the test results until the
stripped stirrups yield extensively. The peak loads in the analysis agree well with the
test results and are 98.4 % of those for the test on average except JB6-C/D/P. Thus the
perfect bond analysis based on the reduced α listed in Table 5.5 can predict correctly
the peak load and stiffness of the beam specimens with non-normal-deformed
reinforcement. The crack spacings are automatically calculated in the VecTor2
analyses. Although the calculated values shown in Table 5.6 are higher than the
observed ones in the tests, all the ratios are around 180%. Thus the influence of bond
degradation on the crack spacing can be simulated with the reduced α to some extent.
143
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Table 5.6 Results of the perfect bond analysis for JB series specimens
Peak load in the perfect bond analysis of VecTor2 (kN) 899 843 824 814 704 676 599 691
Peak load in test (kN) 913 873 825 841 726 629 593 696
Peak load in Analysis / Peak load in test 98.5% 96.6% 99.9% 96.8% 97.0% 107% 101% 99.3%
Crack spacing calculated at mid-depth of critical section 591 620 611 627 681 679 801 646
Observed value of crack spacing in test 320 360 330 350 370 420 470 350
Crack spacing in Analysis / observed value in test 185% 172% 185% 179% 184% 162% 170% 185%
1000 1000
900
JB2-N/D/P 900
JB3-N/P/P
800 800
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
100
Perfect Bond, α = 0.609, 100
Perfect Bond, α = 0.569,
Crack limit = 10mm Crack limit = 10mm
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Midspan Displacement (mm) Midspan Displacement (mm)
Figure 5.27 Perfect bond analysis for JB2 Figure 5.28 Perfect bond analysis for JB3
1000 800
900
JB4-N/H/P JB6-C/D/P
700
800
600
700
Centre Point Load (kN)
Centre Point Load (kN)
500
600
500 400
400
300
300
JB4 Test
200 JB6Test
200
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Midspan Displacement (mm) Midspan Displacement (mm)
Figure 5.29 Perfect bond analysis for JB4 Figure 5.30 Perfect bond analysis for JB6
144
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
y y
800 800
JB7-C/P/P JB8-C/H/P
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Midspan Displacement (mm) Midspan Displacement (mm)
Figure 5.31 Perfect bond analysis for JB7 Figure 5.32 Perfect bond analysis for JB8
Figure 5.33 Locations of diagonal cracks and stirrups for JB5 and JB6
(Red line: effective stirrups for diagonal cracks)
The peak load in the analysis of JB6 is 107% of the test result. The reason why the
peak load of the JB6 test is lower than the analysis seems to be the location of the
diagonal crack. As shown in Figure 5.33, the diagonal crack in JB5 developed close to
the cutoff point, while that in JB6 it developed at about 100 mm away from the cutoff
at a location, where a pair of strain gauges was placed on one of the longitudinal bars.
Two stirrups effective for each diagonal crack are located at both the upper and lower
half of it in JB5, but they are only at upper half of it in JB6. This results in reducing
the effectiveness of stirrups for the diagonal crack of JB6 and probably leads to the
145
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
lower peak load. Since the angle of the diagonal cracks at cutoff points are relatively
high as observed in Chapter 4, a small difference in the locations of the diagonal cracks
can make a large difference in the effectiveness of stirrups. This indicates that spacing
of stirrups near cutoff points should be kept sufficiently small, say about a quarter of
the effective shear depth dv.
Based on the current general method for shear design in the CSA A23.3-04 standard,
the non-factored shear resistance Vr for non-prestressed concrete beams without axial
load can be computed from the following equations assuming nominal resistances
(material resistance factors = 1.0):
Vr = Vc + Vs (5.3.1)
Vc = β f c ' bw d v (5.3.2)
Vs = Av f y d v cot θ s (5.3.3)
0.40 1300
β= ⋅ (5.3.4)
(1 + 1500 ε x ) (1000 + s ze )
For the JB series specimens which contained about 140% of the CSA minimum
transverse reinforcement required by Av = 0.06 f c ' bw s f y (= 102 mm2), the equivalent
crack spacing parameter s ze in Equation (5.3.4) can be taken as equal to 300 mm.
The predicted shear failure loads, P, at the critical section of each specimen based on
the current CSA code are shown in Table 5.7. Yielding of the longitudinal
reinforcement for JB5 and JB7 is ignored here. The predicted shear failure loads based
on this current code are 881 kN for JB1-N/D/D and 846 kN for JB5-C/D/D, which are
96.5% and 117% of the experimental failure loads. The CSA predicted failure loads
for the cutoff specimens are 126% of the experimental failure loads on average and are
thus too high. In addition, the effect of the bond degradation of reinforcement on the
failure load cannot be taken into account in the current code. In the following section,
modifications of the general method for shear design are proposed to account for the
detrimental effects of bar cutoffs and bond deterioration.
Table 5.7 Predicted loads for shear failure based on the current CSA code
JB1- JB2- JB3- JB4- JB5- JB6- JB7- JB8-
Specimen
N/D/D N/D/P N/P/P N/H/P C/D/D C/D/P C/P/P N/H/P
Location d v from loading plate Cut-off point
Distance from support m 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
d mm 653 653 653 653 685 685 685 685
d v mm 587 587 587 587 617 617 617 617
Development length of longitudinal bar : ℓ d mm 855 879 1756 1137 855 879 1756 1137
Point load at predicted failure : P kN 881 865 865 842 846 830 748 809
Failure load at test : P test kN 913 873 825 841 726 629 593 696
P / P test 96.5% 99.0% 105% 100% 117% 132% 126% 116%
Moment due to P and selfweight : M _total kN 902 886 886 863 440 432 391 422
Shear force due to P and selfweight : V _total kN 446 438 438 427 437 429 388 418
ε x x10-3 1.007 0.988 0.989 0.963 1.168 1.147 1.402 1.119
θ deg 36.0 35.9 35.9 35.7 37.2 37.0 38.8 36.8
β 0.159 0.161 0.161 0.164 0.145 0.147 0.129 0.149
V c kN 257 253 253 240 246 242 212 230
V s kN 189 185 185 187 191 187 175 188
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 446 438 438 427 437 429 388 418
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 5000 5000 5000 5000 2500 2500 1851 2500
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 2300 2300 2300 2300 1150 1150 851 1150
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 2020 1985 1986 1933 1164 1146 1008 1117
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 2.050 2.016 2.017 1.963 2.364 2.327 2.764 2.267
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 280 315 314 367 -14 4 -156 33
147
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
In Equation (5.3.4), 1300 /(1000 + s ze ) is the size effect correction for the shear
strength of a member without stirrups. sze is the equivalent crack spacing parameter.
Although sze should be assigned a constant value of 300 mm for the entire JB series
specimens according to the current code, it will be computed from the average spacing
of the diagonal cracks with the inclination of θ, smθ, which is used in the modified
compression field theory (MCFT).
The spacing of the inclined cracks will depend on the crack control characteristics of
both the longitudinal and the transverse reinforcement. It is suggested in the MCFT
that the average spacing of the diagonal cracks can be taken as
⎛ sin θ cosθ ⎞
s mθ = 1 ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ (5.3.7)
⎝ s mx s mv ⎠
where smx and smv are the crack spacings indicative of the crack control characteristics
of the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, respectively. These crack spacings
can be estimated from the following equations:
⎛ s ⎞ d
smx = 2 ⎜ c x + x ⎟ + 0.25k1x bx (5.3.8)
⎝ 10 ⎠ ρx
⎛ s ⎞ d
smv = 2 ⎜ cv + ⎟ + 0.25k1 y bv (5.3.9)
⎝ 10 ⎠ ρv
where ρ x =As/Ac and ρ v =Av/(bw s) , and k1x and k1v are 0.4 for normal-deformed bar or
0.8 for normal plain bar, and cx, cv, sx, dbx and dbv are illustrated in Figure 5.34.
For members with no transverse reinforcement, smx will equal smθ sin θ , that is the
longitudinal component of smθ. In this study, assuming that the equivalent crack
spacing parameter for members with transverse reinforcement can be expressed in a
similar way, s z is defined as follows;
s z = s mθ sin θ (5.3.10).
148
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
dbv dbv
375
375
cv cv
CL CL
cx
sx cx
375
375
dbx sx
dbx
where sz_JB1 is sz for JB1. s ze for JB1 equals 300 mm as the default value for the
normal-deformed and no-cutoff member.
Thus the bond characteristics of the reinforcement and the geometrical changes, such
as cx, sx, dbx and ρx, in the cross sections due to cutoff can be incorporated into the
crack spacings. The values of k1x and k1v for the stripped and half-deformed bars are
calculated by means of linear interpolation based on the ratios of the tension stiffening
factors, rα, listed in Table 5.3, assuming that rα for the normal plain (not stripped but
originally plain) bar is 0.7. The parameters in Equations (5.3.8) and (5.3.9) and the
calculated values of smx and smv for the entire JB series are shown in Table 5.8.
149
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Table 5.8 Crack spacings in longitudinal and transverse directions for JB series
Specimen JB1- JB2- JB3- JB4- JB5- JB6- JB7- JB8-
N/D/D N/D/P N/P/P N/H/P C/D/D C/D/P C/P/P N/H/P
c x (mm) 232 232 232 232 297 297 297 297
s x (mm) 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
d bx (mm) 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2
ρx 1.48% 1.48% 1.48% 1.48% 0.741% 0.741% 0.741% 0.741%
k 1x 0.40 0.40 0.567 0.467 0.40 0.40 0.567 0.467
2(c x +s x /10) (mm) 481 481 481 481 611 611 611 611
0.25k 1x d bx / ρ x (mm) 170 170 241 198 340 340 482 397
s mx (mm) 651 651 722 679 951 951 1093 1008
c v (mm) 173 173 173 173 173 173 173 173
s (mm) 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
d bv (mm) 9.53 9.40 9.40 9.40 9.53 9.40 9.40 9.40
ρv 0.106% 0.103% 0.103% 0.103% 0.106% 0.103% 0.103% 0.103%
k 1v 0.40 0.567 0.567 0.567 0.40 0.567 0.567 0.567
2(c v +s/10) (mm) 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 405
0.25k 1v d bv / ρ v (mm) 902 1295 1295 1295 902 1295 1295 1295
s mv (mm) 1307 1700 1700 1700 1307 1700 1700 1700
Then smθ is computed from Equations (5.3.6) and (5.3.7) at the critical section. Then
sze is calculated from Equations (5.3.10) and (5.3.11). By substituting it to Equation
(5.3.4), β is obtained. The values of these parameters and the predicted loads of shear
failure, P, at the critical section of each specimen are shown in Table 5.9. Yielding of
the longitudinal reinforcement for JB7 is ignored here. The development length of the
normal deformed bar is calculated from CSA A-23.3 12.2.3 and those for half-
deformed and stripped bars are increased in inverse proportion to the degradation ratio
of the maximum bond stresses observed in the tension stiffening tests described in
Chapter 3.
Since the ratio of the predicted failure load to the test result, P / P_test is the lowest for
JB1 among the no-cutoff specimens, the effect of the bond degradation on the decrease
of the failure load cannot be fully evaluated. This is probably because the changes in
crack spacings due to bond degradation of reinforcement are too small to be treated as
the size effect.
150
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Table 5.9 Predicted loads for shear failure based on the modified size effect term for β
JB1- JB2- JB3- JB4- JB5- JB6- JB7- JB8-
Specimen
N/D/D N/D/P N/P/P N/H/P C/D/D C/D/P C/P/P N/H/P
Location d v from loading plate Cut-off point
Distance from support m 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
d mm 653 653 653 653 685 685 685 685
d v mm 587 587 587 587 617 617 617 617
Development length of longitudinal bar : ℓ d mm 855 879 1756 1137 855 879 1756 1137
Point load at predicted failure : P kN 881 857 851 832 828 802 716 779
Failure load at test : P test kN 913 873 825 841 726 629 593 696
P / P test 96.5% 98.1% 103% 98.9% 114% 127% 121% 112%
Moment due to P and selfweight : M _total kN 902 878 873 854 431 418 375 407
Shear force due to P and selfweight : V _total kN 446 434 431 422 427 414 371 403
ε x x10-3 1.007 0.979 0.973 0.952 1.144 1.109 1.343 1.079
θ = 29 + 7000 ε x deg 36.0 35.9 35.8 35.7 37.0 36.8 38.4 36.6
s θ mm 657 726 777 748 804 909 972 940
s z = s θ · sinθ mm 387 426 454 436 484 544 603 560
s ze = 300 · s z / s z_ JB1 mm 300 330 353 339 376 422 468 435
0 .40 1300
β = ⋅ 0.159 0.158 0.156 0.160 0.139 0.137 0.117 0.138
(1 + 1500 ε x ) (1000 + s ze )
V c kN 257 248 245 235 236 226 194 213
V s kN 189 186 186 187 192 189 178 190
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 446 434 431 422 427 414 371 403
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 5000 5000 5000 5000 2500 2500 1851 2500
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 2300 2300 2300 2300 1150 1150 851 1150
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 2020 1967 1955 1911 1139 1107 965 1075
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 2.050 1.997 1.985 1.940 2.313 2.247 2.645 2.183
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 280 333 345 389 11 43 -113 75
As for the cutoff specimens, the predicted failure load for JB5, 828 kN, is lower than
the failure load of 846 kN based on the original CSA A23.3-04, but is still much higher
than the test result. In the previous section 5.2.1, it was noted that strain
concentrations in the longitudinal reinforcement at cutoffs would make differences in
the peak load in the tests as well as the parameter for the VecTor2 analysis. Thus the
strain concentration factor, κε, is introduced for the cutoff specimens.
Table 5.10 Predicted failure loads for cutoff series considering strain concentration
JB5- JB6- JB7- JB8-
Specimen
C/D/D C/D/P C/P/P N/H/P
Location Cut-off point
Distance from support m 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
d mm 685 685 685 685
d v mm 617 617 617 617
Development length of longitudinal bar : ℓ d mm 855 879 1756 1137
Point load at predicted failure : P kN 698 678 598 660
Failure load at test : P test kN 726 629 593 696
P / P test 96.2% 108% 101% 94.9%
Moment due to P and selfweight : M _total kN 366 356 316 347
Shear force due to P and selfweight : V _total kN 363 352 313 344
Strain concentration factor : κ ε 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
κ ε ·ε x x10-3 1.554 1.511 1.812 1.473
θ = 29 + 7000 κ ε ε x deg 39.9 39.6 41.7 39.3
s θ mm 798 899 962 931
s z = s θ · sinθ mm 508 567 635 585
s ze = 300 · s z / s z_ JB1 mm 395 440 493 454
0.40 1300
β = ⋅ 0.112 0.111 0.094 0.111
(1 + 1500 κ ε ε x ) (1000 + s ze )
V c kN 189 182 154 172
V s kN 173 170 158 172
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 363 352 313 344
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 0 0 0 0
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 2500 2500 1851 2500
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 1150 1150 851 1150
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 924 901 775 878
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 1.877 1.829 2.127 1.783
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 226 249 76 272
As shown in Table 5.10, κε = 1.6 gives the equivalent values of P / P_test for both JB1
and JB5. However the predicted failure load for JB7-C/P/P is still high compared to
the failure load of JB6, which fails at lower load than the prediction in the VecTor2
analysis.
152
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
In order to incorporate the crack spacing parameter into Equation (5.3.4) more directly,
let’s get back to the derivation of Equation (5.3.4) (Bentz and Collins (2006) and Bentz,
Vecchio and Collins (2006)). In the MCFT, the maximum aggregate interlock (vci,
MPa) which may be resisted for a given crack width (w, mm) and aggregate size (ag,
mm) can be taken as
0.18 f c '
vci = (5.3.14).
24
0.31 + ⋅w
(16 + a g )
The crack width, w, can be taken as the product of the principal tensile strain, ε1, and
the average spacing of the diagonal cracks, smθ. Thus
w = sθ ⋅ ε 1 (5.3.15).
To skip iterative steps necessary in the MCFT, the next linear function of εx for an
equivalent crack spacing (sze) of 300 mm is introduced as a simplified equation for the
nonlinear relationship between crack width and longitudinal strain for the general
method of shear design in CSA A23.3-04:
w = 0.2 + 1000ε x ( s ze = 300 mm) (5.3.16).
The aggregate size, ag , is fixed to 19 mm for the sections which are containing at least
the minimum transverse reinforcement in CSA A23.3-04. By substituting Equation
(5.3.16) and ag = 19 into Equation (5.3.14), the following is obtained for the shear
strength of a member without stirrups and an equivalent crack spacing sze = 300 mm:
0.18 f c '
vci =
0.31 + 0.69 ⋅ (0.2 + 1000ε x )
(5.3.17).
0.40
= ⋅ fc '
(1 + 1500 ε x )
Equation (5.3.16) is applicable only for s ze = 300 mm, but crack width is directly
proportional to crack spacing based on Equation (5.3.15). Therefore in this section it is
assumed that Equation (5.3.16) can be extended for crack spacings varied from 300
mm due to bond degradation of reinforcement by expressing the following:
w = (0.2 + 1000ε x ) ⋅ s ze 300 (5.3.18).
Then the strain concentration factor, κε , is introduced again to εx for the cutoff
members, and the equivalent crack spacing sze is also redefined again as (5.3.8) so that
s ze for JB1 equals 300 as the default value for the normal-deformed and no-cutoff
member. The crack width, w, can be taken as
w = (0.2 + 1000 κ ε ε x ) ⋅ s z s z _ JB1 (5.3.19).
By substituting this to Equation (5.3.14) with remaining ag = 19, the shear strength of a
member without stirrups for crack spacings varied from 300 mm due to bond
degradation of reinforcement and cutoffs of longitudinal bars can be taken as
vci = β fc ' (5.3.20)
0.18
β= (5.3.21).
0.31 + 0.69 ⋅ (0.2 + 1000 κ ε ε x ) ⋅ s z s z _ JB1
In the same way as the last section, smθ is computed from Equations (5.3.6) and (5.3.7)
at the critical section of each specimen using the values of smx and smv in Table 5.8, and
then sze is calculated from Equations (5.3.10) and (5.3.11). By substituting it to
Equation (5.3.21), β is obtained. For the cutoff specimens, the strain concentration
factor, κε , is set to 1.4 so that the ratio of the predicted loads of shear failure to the
peak load at test, P / P_test, for JB5-C/D/D is equivalent to that for JB1-N/D/D. The
results of the calculation are shown in Table 5.11.
154
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Table 5.11 Predicted failure loads based on the modified aggregate interlock equation
The predicted failure loads agree well with the test results except for JB6-C/D/P and
JB8-C/H/P. This matches the fact that JB6-C/D/P failed at a lower load than the
prediction in the VecTor2 analysis, and JB8-C/H/P failed at relatively high loads since
a tied arch partially formed in JB8-C/H/P. The P / P_test values also agree with the
results of the VecTor2 analysis listed in Table 5.6 except for JB8-C/H/P. This is
because the effect of a tied arch on the peak load can be accounted for in the VecTor2
analysis, but not in the equations here. It should be out of the range covered in the
design code and be treated as an additional margin of safety.
155
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
Considering that the peak test load is relatively high for JB8 and low for JB6, the
predictions of the failure loads based on Equation (5.3.21) coincide rather well with the
test results. However, it is difficult to calculate the crack spacing parameters, smx, smv,
smθ, sz and sze. Equation (5.3.21) is simplified in this section.
The ratios of β, rβ, for the no-cutoff series specimens at the constant strain of 0.001 for
εx are shown in Table 5.12 and compared with the ratios of α for members, rα_ave, listed
in Table 5.5. Although rα_ave is simply expressed as the average of the ratio of α for
longitudinal bars (rα_h) and that for stirrups (rα_v), the values of rβ are almost identical
to the corresponding rα_ave. In the MCFT, the following relationships must be also
satisfied for the equilibrium when the stirrups yield:
0.33 α ⋅ cot θ
vci = ⋅ fc ' (5.3.22).
1 + 500 ε 1
As shown in this equation, vci is in proportion to the tension stiffening factor, α, and
this is consistent with the relationships between rα_ave and rβ in Table 5.12.
Thus β can be expressed as the product of rα_ave and β_JB (β_JB1 is β for JB1), and
Equation (5.3.21) can be simplified to
156
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
β = β _ JB1 ⋅ rα _ ave
0.18 ⋅ rα _ ave
=
0.31 + 0.69 ⋅ (0.2 + 1000 κ ε ε x ) ⋅ s z _ JB1 s z _ JB1
0.40 ⋅ rα _ ave
= (5.3.23).
(1 + 1500 κ ε ε x )
In the same way as the previous sections, the predicted failure loads at the critical
section of the entire JB series specimens are calculated as shown in Table 5.13. For the
cutoff specimens, the strain concentration factor, κε , is set to 1.7 so that P / P_test for
JB5-C/D/D is equivalent to that for JB1-N/D/D. This value matches the strain
concentration ratio observed in both the VecTor2 analysis and the Zurich reading at the
cutoff in JB5 test (see Figure 5.26). All of the failure loads predicted by simplified
Equation (5.3.23) agree well with those by Equation (5.3.21) listed in Table 5.11.
200
100
0 cut-off
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
Distance from support (m)
2500
Tension force (kN)
1000
Demand on longitudinal bars
500 due to moment and shear : F lt
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
Distance from support (m)
Figure 5.35 Distributions of shear resistance and tension in longitudinal bars for JB5
The distributions of applied shear force and shear resistance and the distributions of
tension force in the longitudinal reinforcement at the predicted failure loads are shown
in Figure 5.35 for JB5-C/D/D. For the cutoff specimens, the strain concentration factor
κε = 1.7 is applied to the region within the distance of dv/2 from the cutoff locations
considering the dispersion of the centre location of the diagonal crack at cutoff. It
should be noted that the point of dv/2 outward from the cutoff coincides with the point
of dv inward from the support for the cutoff specimens. The critical sections for shear
are between 1.0 to 1.31 m from the support. This is consistent with the fact that the
centre of the diagonal crack is at 1.12 m from the support at the test.
158
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
2000 M _total = M cr
Cracked area in test
1500
Demand on longitudinal bars
1000 due to moment and shear : F lt
500
0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
Distance from support (m)
Figure 5.36 Distributions of shear resistance and tension in longitudinal bars for JB3
As for the no-cutoff specimen with plain reinforcement, JB3-N/P/P, the critical sections
for shear are at both 0.66 m (dv from the edge of the support plate) and 2.0 m (dv from
the edge of the loading plate) from the support, and the surplus shear capacity remains
quite low between these two points (see Figure 5.36). This indicates that the shear
failure can occur almost all over the length except the neighbourhoods of the loading
plate and support plate. Since the surplus tension capacity of the longitudinal
reinforcement at the anchor check point is only 39 kN, the peak load for JB3 are close
to the load for the break of bond at the support. This might lead to the slightly high
percentage of P / P_test (=99.4 %). The anchor check point is (h - d)·cotθ from the edge
159
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
of the support plate (= 0.22 m from the support) based on CSA A23.3-04, and the
effective area of the longitudinal reinforcement is reduced according to the
insufficiency of the development length.
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1000
Demand on longitudinal bars
500 due to moment and shear : F lt
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
Distance from support (m)
Figure 5.38 Distributions of shear resistance and tension in longitudinal bars for JB7
For the cutoff specimen with plain reinforcement, JB7-C/P/P, the most critical section
moves from 1.0 to 0.69 m from the support (see Figure 5.38) and this results in a
decrease of the predicted failure load from 585 kN in Table 5.13 to 568 kN (P / P_test =
95.7 %). At P = 568 kN, the tension force in the longitudinal reinforcement (Flt)
exceeds the tension at effective yielding of the reinforcement (Flty) by 27 kN at the
anchor check point (at 0.15 m from the support). This means that the bond failure of
the longitudinal reinforcement occurs near support. However Flt equals Flty at 0.3 m
from support, where the applied moment equals the calculated cracking moment Mcr (=
90 kNm), and Flt is lower than Flty by 50 kN at 0.6m from support, the boundary for the
161
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
cracked area of the specimen at the test. Therefore there probably existed some margin
of the tension force in the longitudinal reinforcement at test. As shown in Figure 5.39,
the readings of the strain gauges near supports are almost zero.
2.500
Yield strain of longitudinal reinforcements
Strain (mm/m)
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from west end (m)
Figure 5.39 Comparison of calculated and measured longitudinal strain of JB7 at 568 kN
2500
Tension force (kN)
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
Distance from support (m)
Figure 5.40 Distributions of shear resistance and tension in longitudinal bars for JB8
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance from west end (m)
Figure 5.41 Comparison of calculated and measured longitudinal strain of JB8 at 650 kN
163
Chapter 5 – Analytical work on experimental results
As shown in Table 5.14, the predictions based on the VecTor2 analyses, the proposed
simplified modification and the current CSA code are compared. The predicted to
experimental shear failure load ratios computed from the suggested simplified
modification (Eq. (5.3.23)) had an average value of 97.7% with a standard deviation of
4.0%. These values, especially for JB3 and the cutoff series, were much improved
compared to the current CSA predictions with an average value of 111% with a
standard deviation of 13%.
Table 5.14 Comparison of the predicted to experimental shear failure load ratios
Simplified Predicted failure load : P kN 881 843 820 812 700 672 568 650
modification P / P test 96.5% 96.5% 99.4% 96.6% 96.4% 107% 95.7% 93.4% 97.7% 4.0%
Predicted shear failure load : P kN 881 865 865 842 846 830 748 809
CSA A23.3
P / P test 96.5% 99.0% 105% 100% 117% 132% 126% 116% 111% 13%
Chapter 6
This chapter presents the conclusions based on the experimental and analytical studies
in this thesis. The research on the degradation of structural performance due to bond
deterioration and cutoffs of longitudinal reinforcing bars is summarised and the most
important findings are stated. Recommendations for changes to the current Canadian
shear design code and suggestions for further research are given.
164
165
Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations
Bond behaviour of the bars with adjusted rib heights were measured in tension
stiffening tests. In order to measure precisely the distribution of bond stresses along
each type of reinforcing bar embedded in concrete, strain gauges were internally
installed without making any changes to the surface profile of the bars based on the
method developed by Scott and Gill (1987).
Maximum bond stresses for half-deformed and stripped bars were 85% and 50% of
that for normal deformed bar, respectively. These ratios agree with the target range of
“up to 50 % degradation of bond that should be considered in practical conditions” as
described in Chapter 2. With respect to the average bond stresses in the 1 m long
gauged section, the deformed bar showed the highest bond stress at lower loads,
however the average bond stresses for half-deformed bar were highest at over 60% of
the yield load. This is probably because the half-deformed bar with half height ribs did
not tend to induce longitudinal cracks under the conditions of this research. This fact
indicates the possibility that bars with smaller than standard deformations might add
some ductility to the structural members constructed with them due to less tendency of
rapid bond degradation caused by longitudinal cracks.
Post-yield strain distributions for the half-deformed and stripped bars were also
investigated. The yielding of the bar started at a crack, and then proceded from there
to yield more and more of the bar with a larger and larger yielding section as the load
increased. The rate of spreading of the yield region for the stripped bar was larger than
that for the half-deformed bar. Even at over 10% average elongation, there still existed
regions of the bar where the strains remained close to the yield value even though they
were subjected to forces much higher than the yield force. Clearly in these regions
tension in the concrete was still carrying a significant part of the tension load.
166
Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations
When the actual cracking stresses measured in the tests are used for Eqs. (3.6.1) and
(3.6.2), the suggested values for α in Eq. (3.6.1) or β in Eq. (3.6.2) are α=0.80 or
β=1300 for normal deformed bar, α=0.70 or β=2000 for stripped bar, and α=0.76 or
β=1600 for half-deformed bar, respectively. The curves of Eq. (3.6.2) fit quite well to
the test results through all the strains and the curves of Eq. (3.6.1) also fit well to the
test results after the formation of two or three cracks.
Typical cracking stress of concrete is expressed as 0.33 f c ' , or 2.02 MPa for the
specimen with a normal deformed bar. This value is 80% of the actual cracking stress
in the test (=2.53 MPa). If 0.33 f c ' is used for cracking stress, the suggested value of
α in Eq. (6.1) equals 1.0 for normal deformed bars, and this agrees with the value
suggested by Vecchio and Collins (1986). Likewise, the tension stiffening factor α
becomes 0.875 for stripped bar and 0.95 for half-deformed bar.
In order to verify these tension stiffening factors α for various types of reinforcement,
the 2-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis program VecTor2 was used for the
analysis of the tension stiffening tests. Since α itself is unchangeable in VecTor2,
cracking stress was changed in proportion to α. Although the first cracking loads were
affected, concrete stresses after cracking could be expressed correctly. The results of
167
Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations
the tension stiffening tests were successfully simulated by using a perfect bond model
with the tension stiffening factors α suggested above. The default bond model in
VecTor2, the Eligehausen model, was also used for the analysis. The Eligehausen
model was applicable to the stripped and half-deformed bars as well as the normal
deformed bar by adjusting the maximum bond stresses in the model to those observed
in the tests.
The bond behaviour of the reinforcing bars with mechanically reduced rib heights were
compared with those of reinforcing bars subjected to accelerated corrosion with 7%
loss of weight. The maximum bond stress for the corroded bar was half of that for the
stripped bar and the bond behaviour for both were quite similar. This indicates that the
stripped bar had the possibility to simulate corroded bars appropriately to some extent.
The suggested values for α in Eq. (3.6.1) or β in Eq. (3.6.2) are α=0.45 or β=7500.
The same tension stiffening factor α was suitable for the perfect bond model in
VecTor2.
In addition, analytical studies on the behaviour of corroded bare bars with non-uniform
cross sectional areas were carried out using a Weibull distribution as an approximation.
As a result, the probability density of Young’s modulus degradation ratio measured at
each strain gauge location for the 7% corroded bar was able to be approximated using
a Weibull function with correlation coefficient of 0.971. The Young’s modulus
degradation ratio equals the loss ratio of the effective cross-sectional area, and each
value of probability density can be regarded as the length ratio of the portion of the bar
with each cross-sectional area. Hence the stress – strain relationship of corroded bars
can be approximated with a Weibull distribution. If this method is confirmed based on
168
Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations
All the beams failed in shear in the tests. For the no-cutoff beam with normal
deformed reinforcement, the predicted load of shear failure based on the Canadian
code was 96.5% of the peak load at test. On the other hand, the predicted failure load
for the normal deformed cutoff beam was 117% of the test. Obviously the predicted
load of shear failure for the cutoff beam was too high.
Peak loads of cutoff series specimens were 23% lower than the no-cutoff series
169
Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations
specimens on average. This difference was much higher than the reductions in shear
strength due to bond degradation within the no-cutoff series (=7% on average) or those
within the cutoff series (=12% on average). This indicates that cutoffs of longitudinal
reinforcement can result in much more significant drops of shear resistance than those
caused by bond deterioration of reinforcement. The inclinations of diagonal cracks for
the cutoff series were larger than those for the no-cutoff series. This was caused by
significant concentrations of longitudinal strains which were observed near the cutoff
points, and resulted in significant reductions of shear resistance for the cutoff series.
VecTor2 analyses using the perfect bond model were also conducted for the beam tests.
Considering concrete shrinkage, the same values of α as the tension stiffening test was
able to be applied to the no-cutoff beam with normal deformed reinforcement. It was
confirmed that the concrete shrinkage can be incorporated in the analysis by reducing
the tension stiffening factor, and in reverse the tension stiffening factors are affected by
concrete shrinkage. By adjusting the crack limit for “Crack Width Check”, one of the
analysis options in VecTor2, as well as the tension stiffening factors including the
influence of concrete shrinkage, the behaviour of the beam with cutoff bars and normal
deformed reinforcement was predicted well using VecTor2 analysis. Strain
concentrations in the concrete at the cutoff point were also observed in the analyses
and the strain concentration ratio was about 1.7, which was consistent with those
measured from the tests.
For the VecTor2 analysis of the beams with reduced deformation reinforcement, the
tension stiffening factor α for each specimen was adjusted by multiplying α for
normal-deformed specimen by the ratio of α (rα) for the member. The ratio of α for
the member was assumed to be simply expressed as the average of rα for the
longitudinal bars and rα for the stirrups. The load – displacement curve of the analysis
with this averaged ratio of α (rα_ave) fitted well to the test results until the stripped
170
Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations
stirrups yielded extensively. The peak loads in the analysis were 98.4 % of those in the
tests on average except for one cutoff beam which was somewhat outside this range.
One cutoff beam failed at a lower load than the others because its diagonal crack
started not at the cutoff like the others but at a distance of 100 mm from the cutoff
location with the effectiveness of the stirrups being lower than that for other cutoff
beams. Since the angle of the diagonal cracks at the cutoff points was relatively high,
a small difference in the location of the diagonal crack can make a large difference in
the effectiveness of stirrups in terms of how many stirrups crossed the critical diagonal
crack. This indicates that the spacing of stirrups near bar cutoff points should be
efficiently small, say about a quarter of the effective shear depth dv.
The cutoff beam with half-deformed longitudinal bars failed at relatively high load
since a tied arch partially formed. This would be related with the fact that the half-
deformed bars did not tend to induce the longitudinal cracks in the tension stiffening
test and consequently might add some ductility to the structural members with them. It
should be out of the range covered in the design code and be treated as an additional
margin of safety.
After an analytical study examining modified equations for the general shear design
method in CSA A23.3-04 using crack spacings listed in Table 5.8 for each beam
specimen, it was found that the influence of bond deterioration on the shear strength of
reinforced concrete member can be represented by the averaged ratio of tension
stiffening factor (rα_ave). With respect to bar cutoffs, its influence on the shear strength
can be expressed by a strain concentration factor (κε) of 1.7 for the longitudinal strain
171
Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations
( ε x ) used for the calculation of shear resistance. For the cutoff specimens, the strain
concentration factor κε = 1.7 should be applied to the region within a distance of dv/2
from the cutoff locations considering the dispersion of the centre location of the
diagonal crack at the cutoff. As shown in Table 5.14, the predicted to experimental
shear failure load ratios computed from the suggested equation (Eq. (5.3.23)) had an
average value of 97.7% with a standard deviation of 4.0%. These values were much
improved compared to the current CSA predictions with an average value of 111%
with a standard deviation of 13%.
Finally, distributions of shear resistance and tension force in longitudinal bars were
computed for each beam specimen with the suggested modifications of the general
method for shear design in CSA A23.3-04. As a result, the structural behaviour of each
beam can be explained with them appropriately.
• In this study, only 25M bars were used for the tension stiffening tests, however
reinforcing bars with a wider range of diameters should be tested.
• A method using a Weibull approximation of the stress – strain relationships for
corroded bars is suggested in this thesis. This method should be verified based on
data from actual corroded structures.
• The influence of bar cutoffs on the shear strength could depend on locations of
cutoffs and amount of cutoff reinforcement as well as concrete strength and
specimen size. These factors should be further examined experimentally and
analytically.
• The suggested modifications to the general method for shear design in CSA A23.3-
04 should be verified based on a wider range of tests with a number of parameters
including bar size, amount of cutoff reinforcement and concrete strength.
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[26] Vecchio, F.J., (2000). “The Disturbed Stress Field Model for Reinforced
Concrete: Formulation”, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 126,
No.9, pp. 1070-1077.
[27] Wong, P.S., and Vecchio, F.J., (2002). “VecTor2 and FormWorks User’s
Manual”, Technical Report, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Toronto.
Appendix III Details of calculations for JB series in Table 5.13 ............................. 328
176
177
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 500 1000 1500 2000
181
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
182
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
183
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500
184
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 500 1000 1500
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
185
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
186
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
160 160
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
187
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
160
140
120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
160 160
140 140
120 120
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
188
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
192
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
193
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
194
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
195
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
196
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
300 300
250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
200
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
201
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
JT3-23 (uE) JT3-24 (uE)
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
202
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
203
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
204
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
JT3-46 (uE)
300
250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200
150
100
50
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
300 300
250 250
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
205
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
210
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
JT4-27 (uE) JT4-28 (uE)
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
211
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
212
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
213
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
250 250
200 200
Baldwin Load (kN)
100 100
50 50
0 0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
214
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
(kN) (mm) (mm) (kN) (mm) (mm) (kN) (mm) (mm) (kN) (mm) (mm) (kN) (mm) (kN) (mm) (kN) (mm)
0.0 0.000 0.000 100.4 0.905 0.972 150.1 1.566 1.562 23.3 0.297 0.146 0.0 0.000 135.9 1.588 191.5 4.102
2.9 0.001 0.007 121.5 1.112 1.251 147.6 1.542 1.509 32.7 0.385 0.247 2.7 0.038 138.5 1.616 191.5 4.149
5.2 0.003 0.012 134.0 1.225 1.356 120.5 1.264 1.178 37.7 0.433 0.301 5.1 0.068 140.9 1.649 190.0 4.161
8.0 0.008 0.019 150.0 1.380 1.511 103.4 1.092 1.016 47.8 0.535 0.413 7.5 0.096 143.0 1.675 189.4 4.167
12.2 0.015 0.027 149.3 1.375 1.484 96.6 1.019 0.927 52.8 0.583 0.467 10.0 0.121 145.4 1.701 189.6 4.179
14.8 0.024 0.038 135.5 1.261 1.331 82.4 0.877 0.767 62.8 0.681 0.576 12.4 0.151 147.6 1.728 190.4 4.196
18.4 0.037 0.053 112.5 1.031 1.042 57.1 0.627 0.504 68.1 0.735 0.636 14.9 0.179 150.1 1.755 190.5 4.217
21.8 0.054 0.074 99.8 0.907 0.925 49.8 0.554 0.444 78.3 0.838 0.749 17.5 0.207 152.5 1.785 191.0 4.241
24.4 0.081 0.092 72.7 0.635 0.615 42.5 0.487 0.343 83.3 0.890 0.808 20.0 0.236 155.1 1.814 191.5 4.265
24.7 0.082 0.095 50.0 0.408 0.426 33.4 0.403 0.257 93.3 0.991 0.920 22.4 0.266 157.5 1.841 191.4 4.379
40.5 0.210 0.254 39.4 0.313 0.263 16.3 0.259 0.078 98.3 1.043 0.977 25.0 0.293 160.0 1.870 188.1 4.432
49.1 0.293 0.329 0.1 0.076 0.036 3.6 0.176 -0.010 108.1 1.142 1.069 27.5 0.323 162.3 1.900 189.4 4.468
48.6 0.307 0.336 0.5 0.075 0.031 3.3 0.154 -0.012 113.3 1.191 1.123 30.0 0.353 164.8 1.928 190.8 4.505
55.2 0.355 0.422 0.3 0.065 0.026 9.1 0.172 0.015 123.3 1.289 1.231 32.5 0.382 167.0 1.958 191.8 4.561
74.4 0.551 0.617 0.3 0.065 0.035 19.0 0.244 0.097 128.1 1.342 1.309 35.0 0.410 169.5 1.985 192.3 4.622
75.0 0.561 0.623 -2.6 0.073 0.020 23.7 0.289 0.146 137.6 1.435 1.414 37.6 0.440 171.8 2.013 192.8 4.713
74.9 0.568 0.644 -3.7 0.068 0.017 33.6 0.382 0.253 142.5 1.484 1.468 40.1 0.470 174.1 2.041 192.8 4.801
83.7 0.644 0.738 0.1 0.076 0.023 38.7 0.429 0.304 150.0 1.561 1.544 42.5 0.499 176.4 2.070 193.0 4.873
97.8 0.795 0.891 0.2 0.077 0.023 48.4 0.525 0.416 154.8 1.606 1.605 44.9 0.527 178.8 2.094 193.0 4.910
100.1 0.828 0.911 0.0 0.074 0.013 51.2 0.552 0.437 164.8 1.701 1.713 47.5 0.555 181.0 2.137 189.3 4.936
98.7 0.831 0.910 0.4 0.074 0.013 61.3 0.654 0.545 169.5 1.749 1.764 50.0 0.586 183.4 2.211 189.5 4.958
100.8 0.845 0.957 5.7 0.079 0.033 66.0 0.703 0.599 178.9 1.842 1.867 52.5 0.615 185.6 2.277 191.8 4.988
122.8 1.059 1.181 10.8 0.091 0.043 75.6 0.798 0.692 183.3 1.887 1.915 55.1 0.643 185.4 2.444 193.9 5.039
125.3 1.089 1.201 20.6 0.142 0.102 80.2 0.847 0.755 188.0 1.950 1.968 57.6 0.675 184.9 2.530 194.3 5.086
128.0 1.123 1.262 25.5 0.181 0.148 89.5 0.944 0.875 183.9 1.927 1.920 60.1 0.702 184.8 2.569 194.1 5.902
138.1 1.219 1.374 34.6 0.263 0.242 94.4 0.989 0.925 174.4 1.838 1.827 62.8 0.731 185.0 2.618 194.0 5.956
149.8 1.351 1.492 39.6 0.310 0.294 102.8 1.075 1.019 169.8 1.792 1.776 65.2 0.762 185.3 2.667 193.8 6.010
148.0 1.348 1.481 49.3 0.405 0.407 107.9 1.124 1.074 160.8 1.702 1.679 67.6 0.791 185.8 2.696 194.3 6.062
142.9 1.321 1.371 50.0 0.415 0.410 117.9 1.224 1.186 155.9 1.655 1.624 70.0 0.817 186.4 2.735 195.0 6.230
111.0 1.023 1.076 55.9 0.469 0.481 122.4 1.271 1.240 147.3 1.569 1.530 72.4 0.846 186.6 2.770 194.8 6.303
98.0 0.895 0.902 59.7 0.507 0.524 132.1 1.367 1.349 142.5 1.520 1.475 74.8 0.874 187.0 2.808 194.9 6.433
66.8 0.586 0.565 69.0 0.594 0.623 136.6 1.411 1.399 132.6 1.419 1.366 77.3 0.902 187.5 2.850 195.1 6.577
50.6 0.430 0.410 74.1 0.646 0.682 146.3 1.506 1.486 127.9 1.370 1.310 79.9 0.932 187.6 2.879 195.1 6.634
22.2 0.203 0.152 84.2 0.747 0.794 150.0 1.544 1.536 118.0 1.267 1.197 82.4 0.961 187.8 2.932 195.0 6.870
1.3 0.086 0.051 89.2 0.796 0.848 156.8 1.609 1.617 113.6 1.221 1.147 85.0 0.992 188.0 2.982 194.9 7.053
23.8 0.150 0.190 100.0 0.902 0.966 162.0 1.660 1.673 104.3 1.127 1.043 87.3 1.021 188.0 3.042 195.5 7.270
50.1 0.396 0.419 102.3 0.921 0.992 171.5 1.754 1.779 100.0 1.083 1.005 89.7 1.050 188.6 3.105 195.6 7.461
60.0 0.495 0.573 111.4 1.012 1.097 176.5 1.799 1.831 90.4 0.988 0.889 92.1 1.077 189.1 3.150 195.6 7.585
94.1 0.826 0.929 116.3 1.057 1.149 186.4 1.903 1.944 85.4 0.933 0.831 94.7 1.106 189.4 3.189 196.0 7.705
100.6 0.888 0.969 125.3 1.147 1.251 186.6 1.928 1.949 75.7 0.835 0.722 97.0 1.135 189.9 3.229 195.5 7.882
135.9 1.228 1.390 129.9 1.188 1.297 164.1 1.715 1.670 70.6 0.785 0.667 99.6 1.163 190.1 3.263 195.8 7.972
148.9 1.346 1.499 139.0 1.277 1.395 151.9 1.595 1.572 60.9 0.688 0.562 102.1 1.194 190.5 3.302 195.9 8.084
140.3 1.296 1.370 143.9 1.325 1.450 133.8 1.413 1.336 55.9 0.638 0.506 104.5 1.224 191.0 3.363 195.6 8.170
111.9 1.022 1.086 150.9 1.417 1.529 120.3 1.273 1.196 50.0 0.578 0.448 106.8 1.249 191.0 3.438 196.0 8.261
100.1 0.907 0.989 155.6 1.462 1.580 99.8 1.065 0.998 45.0 0.533 0.387 109.0 1.277 189.5 3.496 195.9 8.368
97.4 0.877 0.835 165.9 1.567 1.691 97.0 1.034 0.930 34.9 0.438 0.279 111.5 1.304 187.5 3.497 196.0 8.487
49.7 0.409 0.434 170.8 1.622 1.752 73.2 0.793 0.667 30.5 0.396 0.231 114.1 1.333 188.0 3.530 196.4 8.622
39.3 0.314 0.286 173.8 1.671 1.757 63.3 0.691 0.559 20.4 0.310 0.129 116.5 1.362 188.5 3.589 196.5 8.785
0.4 0.078 0.041 175.8 1.687 1.786 47.5 0.538 0.389 15.4 0.270 0.087 119.1 1.390 189.0 3.645 196.5 8.925
-0.3 0.074 0.039 184.4 1.778 1.873 33.4 0.407 0.242 5.6 0.203 0.007 121.5 1.421 189.8 3.711 196.5 9.037
29.2 0.203 0.233 186.9 1.814 1.900 9.7 0.219 0.017 0.6 0.174 -0.023 124.1 1.451 190.4 3.780 196.9 9.136
44.2 0.349 0.383 188.9 1.892 1.958 0.0 0.161 -0.022 126.5 1.484 190.9 3.839 197.0 9.225
60.5 0.497 0.581 184.0 1.889 1.915 2.3 0.150 -0.023 128.9 1.511 191.4 3.906 197.0 9.309
76.5 0.651 0.728 177.5 1.837 1.831 8.3 0.175 0.009 131.1 1.538 191.5 3.970 197.0 9.693
97.6 0.879 0.954 166.9 1.733 1.723 18.5 0.254 0.097 133.4 1.562 191.6 4.029
215
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
218
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
JT1-16 (uE) JT1-17 (uE)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
219
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
JT1-24 (uE) JT1-25 (uE)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
220
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
221
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
222
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
223
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
JT1-62 (uE)
200
180
160
Baldwin Load (kN)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
224
Appendix I - Summary of test results for JT series
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
200 200
180 180
160 160
Baldwin Load (kN)
P = 350 kN
P = 500 kN
P = 650 kN
P = 800 kN
P = 900 kN
After failure
226
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB1
Readings of LVDTs
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
Baldwin Load (kN)
1000
900
800
Baldwin Load (kN)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
Baldwin Load (kN)
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
228
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB1
Readings of LVDTs
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
Baldwin Load (kN)
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
Baldwin Load (kN)
P
1 -0.02 2 -0.01 3 -0.02 4 -0.03 5 -0.03 6 -0.07 7 -0.04 8 -0.03 9 -0.04 10 0.02 11
-0.02 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.01 -0.09 0.00 -0.01 -0.03 -0.03
0.04
-0.03
-0.07
-0.02
-0.01
-0.04
-0.04
-0.03
-0.07
-0.05
-0.04
West -0.35 -0.01 -0.02 0.00 0.01 -0.02 0.03 -0.04 -0.02 -0.02
21 0.01 22 0.00 23 -0.04 24 -0.01 25 -0.02 26 0.01 27 -0.03 28 -0.05 29 -0.03 30 0.01 31 0.17 32 -0.06 33
-0.03 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.03 -0.04 -0.01 0.09 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 -0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.04
-0.05
-0.02
-0.05
-0.05
-0.09
-0.06
-0.03
-0.03
0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.01
45 0.06 46 -0.02 47 0.00 48 -0.02 49 -0.28 50 0.00 51 0.00 52 0.00 53 0.00 54 -0.05 55 0.03 56 0.00 57 0.03 58 0.05 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.09 -0.05 0.04 0.03 -0.03 -0.01 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.01
0.01
0.05
0.02
-0.07
-0.07
-0.07
-0.03
-0.07
-0.05
-0.37
-0.06
-0.07
-0.06
-0.05
-0.02
-0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.00 -0.01 -0.01
73 0.00 74 -0.03 75 0.02 76 0.00 77 -0.01 78 -0.02 79 0.01 80 0.04 81 0.04 82 0.00 83 0.09 84 0.02 85 0.09 86 0.06 87
P
10 0.02 11 0.04 12 -0.03 13 -0.04 14 -0.01 15 -0.02 16 0.00 17 0.01 18 -0.06 19 0.02 20
-0.03 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00
0.00
-0.05
-0.04
-0.01
-0.04
-0.02
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.05
-0.03
-0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.08 -0.01 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.02 East
32 -0.06 33 0.02 34 0.14 35 0.09 36 -0.01 37 0.02 38 0.07 39 0.06 40 0.03 41 0.04 42 0.02 43 -0.02 44
-0.02 -0.03 -0.01 -0.03 -0.07 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.05 0.01 0.02 0.00
0.00
0.07
-0.03
-0.01
-0.07
-0.04
-0.06
-0.01
-0.03
-0.01
-0.05
-0.08
-0.04
0.01 -0.01 0.04 -0.03 -0.02 0.00 0.01 -0.02 0.01 0.10 0.04 0.02
58 0.05 59 0.03 60 0.04 61 0.01 62 0.04 63 0.04 64 0.03 65 0.05 66 0.03 67 0.02 68 -0.01 69 0.01 70 0.01 71 0.00 72
0.01 0.00 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.05 -0.06 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.02
0.00
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.26
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.00
0.07
-0.05
-0.06
-0.01 0.00 -0.28 -0.03 -0.17 0.03 0.02 -0.03 0.06 -0.07 -0.03 -0.02 0.03 0.11
86 0.06 87 0.06 88 0.08 89 0.02 90 0.04 91 0.08 92 -0.01 93 0.08 94 0.02 95 0.00 96 0.02 97 0.02 98 0.02 99 -0.04 100
230
Specimen: JB1
Load Stage 2
Total Load = 100 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.01 2 0.01 3 -0.01 4 -0.03 5 -0.04 6 -0.04 7 -0.04 8 0.04 9 -0.11 10 -0.07 11
0.00 0.01 -0.02 0.00 0.01 -0.05 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.02
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.00
-0.01
-0.06
-0.02
-0.03
-0.02
-0.03
-0.03
West -0.36 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.01 -0.03 0.03 -0.02 -0.05 -0.04
21 0.02 22 0.03 23 0.00 24 0.02 25 0.00 26 0.05 27 -0.01 28 -0.04 29 0.05 30 -0.01 31 0.06 32 -0.06 33
0.02 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.11 0.03 0.00 -0.01 -0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
-0.05
-0.03
-0.03
-0.05
-0.07
-0.09
-0.07
-0.01
-0.01
-0.02
0.01 -0.02 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.01
45 0.19 46 -0.02 47 0.02 48 0.04 49 -0.29 50 0.03 51 -0.01 52 0.02 53 0.48 54 -0.01 55 0.05 56 0.04 57 0.02 58 0.07 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.02 -0.05 0.03 -0.05 -0.05 -0.03 0.03 -0.01 0.01 -0.04 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.00
0.02
0.03
0.05
-0.01
-0.01
-0.04
-0.07
-0.04
-0.03
-0.05
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
-0.07
-0.03
0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.04 -0.01 0.05
73 0.02 74 -0.01 75 0.03 76 0.06 77 -0.01 78 0.01 79 0.04 80 0.15 81 0.09 82 0.04 83 0.15 84 0.19 85 0.13 86 0.03 87
P
10 -0.07 11 -0.06 12 -0.06 13 -0.08 14 -0.05 15 -0.04 16 -0.01 17 -0.01 18 -0.11 19 -0.01 20
-0.02 -0.02 -0.01 0.06 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01
0.00
0.02
0.01
-0.03
-0.03
-0.02
-0.04
-0.03
-0.01
-0.03
-0.04
-0.04 -0.01 -0.03 -0.02 0.07 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.06 0.01 East
32 -0.06 33 0.01 34 -0.03 35 0.05 36 -0.05 37 -0.01 38 -0.02 39 0.04 40 0.03 41 0.01 42 0.02 43 0.00 44
-0.02 -0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.05 0.01 -0.05 0.01 -0.04 0.02 0.03 0.00
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.03
-0.02
-0.06
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
-0.08
-0.02
-0.07
-0.04
-0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.01 -0.03 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.04
58 0.07 59 0.03 60 0.05 61 0.00 62 0.03 63 0.02 64 0.02 65 0.01 66 0.03 67 -0.02 68 0.00 69 0.02 70 0.00 71 0.00 72
0.00 0.03 0.02 -0.05 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.00
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
-0.01
-0.02
-0.04
-0.13
-0.06
-0.05
-0.01
-0.03
-0.03
0.05 0.00 -0.26 -0.03 -0.23 0.02 0.00 -0.06 -0.02 -0.04 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.01
86 0.03 87 0.12 88 0.06 89 0.00 90 0.01 91 0.07 92 -0.02 93 0.03 94 0.08 95 -0.03 96 0.02 97 0.00 98 0.04 99 -0.10 100
231
Specimen: JB1
Load Stage 3
Total Load = 200 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.02 2 -0.04 3 -0.06 4 -0.05 5 -0.09 6 -0.09 7 -0.11 8 -0.15 9 -0.19 10 -0.17 11
-0.01 -0.02 -0.04 -0.02 0.01 -0.09 -0.02 0.00 -0.33 -0.06
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
-0.01
-0.04
-0.02
-0.17
-0.03
-0.01
West -0.38 -0.04 -0.05 -0.04 -0.02 -0.06 -0.02 -0.06 -0.08 -0.07
21 0.01 22 0.03 23 -0.03 24 0.00 25 -0.02 26 0.02 27 -0.04 28 -0.07 29 -0.03 30 -0.04 31 -0.03 32 -0.03 33
0.03 0.03 0.07 0.00 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 0.13 0.00 0.03 0.16 0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.12
0.00
0.03
0.00
-0.04
-0.02
-0.05
-0.02
-0.05
-0.02 -0.04 -0.01 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.05 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.07
45 0.06 46 -0.01 47 0.03 48 -0.01 49 -0.26 50 0.03 51 0.00 52 0.00 53 0.04 54 -0.04 55 0.06 56 0.17 57 0.34 58 -0.03 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.02 -0.05 0.05 0.00 -0.02 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.13 0.16 -0.05
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
-0.05
-0.08
-0.05
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.03
-0.01
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03 0.00 0.02 -0.04 0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 0.06 -0.01 0.07 0.11 0.15 0.03
73 0.01 74 0.00 75 0.08 76 0.01 77 0.01 78 0.07 79 0.09 80 0.10 81 0.16 82 0.04 83 0.19 84 0.31 85 0.41 86 0.19 87
P
10 -0.17 11 -0.16 12 -0.14 13 -0.15 14 -0.13 15 -0.08 16 -0.06 17 -0.07 18 -0.14 19 -0.05 20
-0.06 -0.06 -0.03 0.01 -0.05 -0.05 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.00
-0.03
-0.01
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
-0.03
-0.01
-0.07 -0.08 -0.03 -0.04 0.01 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.06 0.01 East
32 -0.03 33 -0.05 34 -0.01 35 0.02 36 -0.07 37 -0.08 38 -0.01 39 0.03 40 0.01 41 -0.02 42 0.01 43 -0.02 44
0.03 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.06 -0.02 -0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01
0.03
0.00
0.17
0.06
0.00
0.34
0.00
-0.01
-0.06
-0.02
-0.01
-0.03
-0.01
-0.07 -0.02 0.00 -0.07 -0.03 0.00 -0.02 -0.12 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.04
58 -0.03 59 0.01 60 0.13 61 0.01 62 0.03 63 0.06 64 0.02 65 0.04 66 0.02 67 -0.02 68 0.02 69 -0.01 70 -0.02 71 0.02 72
-0.05 0.07 0.08 0.02 -0.01 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.02
0.02
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.00
-0.02
-0.13
-0.01
-0.03
-0.03
-0.02
-0.03
0.03 0.05 -0.20 0.00 -0.29 0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.04 -0.08 -0.04 -0.01 0.00 0.05
86 0.19 87 0.25 88 0.22 89 0.20 90 -0.04 91 0.16 92 -0.08 93 0.14 94 0.16 95 -0.04 96 0.06 97 0.01 98 0.06 99 0.03 100
232
Specimen: JB1
Load Stage 4
Total Load = 350 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.09 2 -0.10 3 -0.13 4 -0.16 5 -0.19 6 -0.26 7 -0.23 8 -0.29 9 -0.36 10 -0.35 11
-0.03 -0.03 -0.07 -0.05 -0.02 -0.08 -0.06 0.01 -0.07 -0.09
0.01
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.09
0.10
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
West -0.40 -0.06 -0.08 -0.07 -0.05 -0.11 -0.06 -0.03 -0.12 -0.12
21 0.01 22 -0.02 23 -0.06 24 -0.03 25 -0.01 26 -0.01 27 -0.05 28 -0.06 29 0.02 30 0.07 31 0.00 32 0.07 33
0.01 -0.01 0.02 -0.02 0.00 -0.05 -0.02 0.25 -0.06 0.20 0.37 0.07
0.04
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.07
0.00
-0.03
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.03
-0.02
-0.03 -0.04 -0.01 -0.04 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.09 -0.03 0.07 -0.02 -0.10
45 0.13 46 -0.01 47 0.04 48 0.03 49 -0.22 50 0.02 51 0.07 52 0.02 53 0.11 54 0.35 55 0.01 56 0.60 57 0.77 58 -0.04 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.00 -0.07 0.04 0.04 -0.02 0.05 0.09 0.01 0.13 0.28 0.15 0.40 0.41 0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.05
-0.02
-0.02
-0.07
-0.05
-0.05
-0.01
-0.04
-0.03
-0.05
-0.03 0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.10 0.18 0.09 0.24 0.39 0.11
73 0.00 74 0.00 75 0.07 76 0.12 77 -0.03 78 0.17 79 0.19 80 0.10 81 0.39 82 0.59 83 0.45 84 0.73 85 1.09 86 0.50 87
P
10 -0.35 11 -0.32 12 -0.30 13 -0.28 14 -0.25 15 -0.20 16 -0.15 17 -0.13 18 -0.10 19 -0.11 20
-0.09 -0.08 -0.06 -0.01 -0.07 -0.11 -0.07 -0.05 -0.05 -0.02
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.12 -0.09 -0.11 -0.09 -0.06 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.08 -0.01 East
32 0.07 33 0.10 34 -0.01 35 0.02 36 -0.06 37 -0.07 38 -0.01 39 0.00 40 -0.01 41 -0.02 42 0.01 43 -0.02 44
0.07 0.15 0.09 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.01 -0.02 -0.05 -0.01 0.01 -0.03
0.07
0.00
0.19
0.02
0.02
-0.08
-0.11
-0.03
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.02
-0.10 0.13 -0.01 -0.07 -0.06 -0.03 -0.06 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.05
58 -0.04 59 0.59 60 0.34 61 0.29 62 0.20 63 0.18 64 0.01 65 0.09 66 0.06 67 0.00 68 -0.03 69 0.03 70 -0.01 71 0.00 72
0.01 0.27 0.13 0.12 0.16 0.16 -0.05 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03 -0.02
0.05
0.15
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.09
0.00
-0.05
-0.02
-0.12
-0.03
-0.01
-0.03
-0.02
0.11 0.37 0.12 0.19 -0.16 0.10 -0.03 0.10 -0.03 -0.08 -0.03 -0.02 0.02 0.23
86 0.50 87 0.71 88 0.81 89 0.65 90 0.39 91 0.42 92 -0.11 93 0.40 94 0.19 95 -0.04 96 0.15 97 0.04 98 0.11 99 -0.02 100
233
Specimen: JB1
Load Stage 5
Total Load = 500 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.13 2 -0.19 3 -0.22 4 -0.25 5 -0.28 6 -0.36 7 -0.39 8 -0.16 9 -0.56 10 -0.54 11
-0.03 -0.03 -0.07 -0.06 -0.07 -0.04 -0.12 0.03 -0.12 -0.10
0.03
0.00
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.03
0.24
0.13
-0.01
-0.03
-0.02
West -0.40 -0.08 -0.09 -0.06 -0.05 -0.11 -0.07 -0.12 -0.18 -0.13
21 0.02 22 0.00 23 -0.02 24 -0.02 25 -0.04 26 0.05 27 -0.03 28 0.04 29 -0.07 30 0.22 31 0.03 32 0.24 33
0.03 0.00 -0.02 0.04 -0.01 0.16 0.06 0.54 -0.04 0.48 0.61 0.22
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.15
0.06
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.03 -0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.04 0.01 -0.04 -0.02 -0.03 0.11 -0.03 -0.10
45 0.13 46 0.04 47 0.07 48 0.00 49 -0.23 50 0.27 51 0.04 52 0.50 53 0.15 54 0.77 55 0.01 56 1.05 57 1.20 58 -0.02 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.02 -0.02 0.06 0.09 -0.04 0.22 0.12 0.39 0.41 0.53 0.49 0.90 0.69 0.08
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.14
0.08
0.32
0.14
0.10
-0.04
-0.05
-0.04
-0.02
-0.05
-0.01
-0.02
0.01 -0.01 0.03 0.03 -0.01 0.11 0.06 0.18 0.15 0.27 0.28 0.41 0.62 0.21
73 0.06 74 0.01 75 0.14 76 0.14 77 0.06 78 0.49 79 0.33 80 0.72 81 0.77 82 0.86 83 1.08 84 1.18 85 1.55 86 0.81 87
P
10 -0.54 11 -0.50 12 -0.46 13 -0.43 14 -0.41 15 -0.35 16 -0.25 17 -0.22 18 -0.22 19 -0.15 20
-0.10 -0.11 -0.09 -0.03 -0.09 -0.08 -0.07 -0.05 -0.07 -0.09
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.09
0.04
0.06
-0.03
-0.02
-0.13 -0.11 -0.14 -0.13 -0.10 -0.12 -0.10 -0.08 -0.04 -0.02 East
32 0.24 33 0.18 34 0.02 35 0.06 36 -0.06 37 0.00 38 -0.04 39 -0.01 40 -0.03 41 -0.03 42 -0.01 43 -0.05 44
0.22 0.18 0.07 0.10 0.01 0.11 -0.07 0.03 -0.03 0.00 -0.03 -0.02
0.15
0.06
0.17
0.01
0.06
0.15
0.06
0.00
0.05
-0.02
-0.06
-0.06
-0.06
-0.10 0.29 0.10 0.06 -0.05 0.07 -0.09 0.08 -0.11 -0.05 0.04 0.05
58 -0.02 59 0.91 60 0.56 61 0.52 62 0.24 63 0.50 64 -0.09 65 0.35 66 0.18 67 -0.05 68 0.01 69 0.00 70 -0.01 71 0.02 72
0.08 0.37 0.20 0.22 0.18 0.23 -0.06 0.23 0.16 0.02 0.04 0.02 -0.01 -0.05
0.10
0.22
0.09
0.07
0.19
0.07
0.15
0.07
-0.02
-0.03
-0.14
-0.07
-0.03
-0.09
-0.15
0.21 0.63 0.48 0.49 -0.08 0.34 0.00 0.28 0.06 -0.09 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 -0.05
86 0.81 87 1.00 88 1.28 89 1.18 90 0.60 91 0.76 92 0.08 93 0.80 94 0.25 95 -0.01 96 0.17 97 -0.04 98 0.02 99 -0.03 100
234
Specimen: JB1
Load Stage 6
Total Load = 650 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.17 2 -0.22 3 -0.26 4 -0.26 5 -0.32 6 -0.48 7 -0.48 8 -0.58 9 -0.80 10 -0.71 11
-0.02 -0.07 -0.06 -0.09 -0.04 -0.03 0.11 0.45 -0.17 -0.14
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.24
0.13
0.44
-0.01
-0.02
-0.01
-0.13
-0.08
West -0.42 -0.07 -0.07 -0.06 -0.07 -0.16 -0.04 -0.13 -0.18 -0.14
21 0.00 22 -0.02 23 -0.03 24 -0.01 25 0.01 26 0.03 27 0.01 28 -0.03 29 0.28 30 0.51 31 -0.05 32 0.50 33
0.02 0.01 0.20 0.34 0.10 0.23 0.72 1.48 0.48 1.09 0.82 0.30
0.03
0.11
0.19
0.05
0.46
0.77
0.17
-0.02
-0.01
-0.10
-0.12
-0.02
-0.01
-0.04 -0.04 -0.01 0.00 -0.05 -0.03 -0.10 -0.10 -0.04 -0.05 -0.02 -0.10
45 0.14 46 0.01 47 0.05 48 0.03 49 0.00 50 0.44 51 -0.02 52 0.48 53 0.66 54 1.18 55 -0.09 56 1.76 57 1.61 58 0.07 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.04 -0.01 0.10 0.12 0.32 0.51 0.73 1.46 2.10 1.65 1.21 1.82 1.00 0.21
0.02
0.00
0.66
1.11
1.22
0.35
1.13
0.15
0.01
0.05
-0.03
-0.06
-0.06
-0.03
-0.04
0.06 -0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.13 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.48 0.82 0.28
73 0.02 74 0.01 75 0.15 76 0.24 77 0.49 78 0.72 79 0.79 80 0.97 81 1.58 82 0.96 83 1.50 84 1.52 85 2.12 86 1.13 87
P
10 -0.71 11 -0.67 12 -0.59 13 -0.54 14 -0.51 15 -0.41 16 -0.30 17 -0.21 18 -0.21 19 -0.12 20
-0.14 -0.20 -0.15 -0.04 -0.10 -0.18 0.06 -0.09 -0.08 -0.07
0.07
0.17
0.57
0.05
0.02
0.05
-0.13
-0.08
-0.07
-0.03
-0.14 -0.08 -0.15 -0.13 0.02 0.09 -0.01 -0.02 0.39 -0.10 -0.02 East
32 0.50 33 0.34 34 0.10 35 0.12 36 0.08 37 0.27 38 -0.10 39 0.31 40 -0.06 41 -0.06 42 0.00 43 -0.06 44
0.30 0.23 0.08 0.05 -0.07 0.00 -0.06 -0.26 -0.06 -0.03 0.01 -0.03
0.17
0.68
1.26
0.46
0.00
0.04
-0.01
-0.06
-0.01
-0.05
-0.05
-0.01
-0.05
-0.10 0.52 0.25 0.16 0.33 0.60 0.63 0.87 1.22 0.23 0.03 0.02
58 0.07 59 1.32 60 0.82 61 0.54 62 0.63 63 0.36 64 0.61 65 0.13 66 0.99 67 0.25 68 0.01 69 -0.02 70 0.02 71 0.04 72
0.21 0.44 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.27 -0.11 0.35 0.20 -0.04 0.05 0.03 0.20 -0.06
0.01
0.05
0.30
0.19
0.20
0.12
0.18
0.00
0.80
0.55
0.00
0.16
-0.06
-0.03
-0.10
0.28 0.94 0.97 0.89 0.45 0.47 0.75 0.36 1.08 0.89 0.28 -0.04 0.01 0.07
86 1.13 87 1.24 88 1.62 89 1.63 90 1.21 91 1.05 92 0.62 93 1.25 94 0.68 95 0.51 96 0.48 97 0.04 98 0.05 99 0.01 100
235
Specimen: JB1
Load Stage 7
Total Load = 800 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.12 2 -0.17 3 -0.25 4 -0.34 5 -0.44 6 -0.60 7 -0.56 8 -0.22 9 -0.99 10 -1.00 11
-0.03 -0.07 2.37 1.34 0.47 0.87 0.53 1.06 0.11 -0.18
3.67
1.66
0.22
1.36
0.54
1.23
-0.04
-0.02
-0.05
-0.17
-0.11
West -0.45 -0.12 -0.19 1.11 0.27 -0.19 0.22 -0.15 -0.17 -0.12
21 -0.06 22 -0.12 23 -0.14 24 -0.16 25 1.05 26 -0.06 27 -0.06 28 0.48 29 0.08 30 0.81 31 -0.06 32 0.63 33
-0.03 0.82 4.87 4.37 3.40 0.12 2.00 2.75 0.54 1.85 1.04 0.53
1.25
7.05
5.74
0.05
2.22
0.89
0.22
0.00
-0.06
-0.05
-0.06
-0.04
-0.03
-0.10 -0.15 0.29 2.08 -0.07 -0.05 -0.14 -0.20 -0.04 -0.28 -0.01 -0.12
45 0.00 46 -0.10 47 -0.09 48 0.30 49 1.88 50 0.28 51 -0.08 52 0.30 53 1.44 54 1.10 55 -0.06 56 2.39 57 2.01 58 0.12 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.03 0.52 3.78 5.13 4.56 0.50 1.64 2.87 3.92 2.40 2.19 2.73 1.34 0.34
0.72
5.40
5.81
1.96
3.18
1.71
0.99
2.13
0.20
0.10
-0.05
-0.02
-0.08
-0.01
-0.05
-0.07 -0.07 0.10 1.14 -0.09 0.11 0.02 0.51 0.29 0.20 0.32 0.52 0.97 0.32
73 -0.02 74 0.21 75 1.59 76 0.71 77 0.81 78 1.00 79 1.31 80 1.15 81 1.90 82 1.30 83 1.86 84 1.84 85 2.63 86 1.45 87
P
10 -1.00 11 -0.89 12 -0.74 13 -0.69 14 -0.59 15 -0.46 16 -0.30 17 -0.23 18 -0.26 19 -0.09 20
-0.18 -0.29 -0.21 0.09 0.34 0.16 1.00 -0.09 0.16 -0.09
0.13
0.06
1.00
1.82
1.39
3.04
0.07
0.66
0.01
-0.17
-0.11
-0.12 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.92 1.37 0.97 1.82 -0.02 0.41 East
32 0.63 33 0.56 34 0.38 35 -0.01 36 0.21 37 0.39 38 -0.13 39 0.65 40 -0.06 41 0.11 42 -0.04 43 -0.06 44
0.53 0.21 0.02 -0.03 -0.24 -0.02 -0.04 -0.10 0.90 -0.07 0.43 -0.05
0.22
0.00
2.42
0.00
4.51
3.70
1.24
1.92
-0.08
-0.07
-0.02
-0.08
-0.02
-0.12 0.87 0.85 0.05 0.69 1.52 1.73 2.70 3.26 3.29 1.06 1.44
58 0.12 59 1.77 60 1.62 61 0.28 62 0.90 63 0.27 64 1.12 65 0.05 66 0.47 67 1.50 68 -0.29 69 0.87 70 -0.06 71 0.00 72
0.34 0.53 0.19 0.05 0.21 0.28 -0.30 0.42 0.18 -0.17 0.13 -0.20 -0.04 -0.06
0.10
0.66
1.17
0.50
0.64
0.10
1.66
0.10
0.99
2.59
0.05
1.38
-0.05
-0.09
-0.05
0.32 1.34 2.18 1.77 1.36 0.87 1.96 1.27 0.96 3.01 1.52 1.45 1.01 0.02
86 1.45 87 1.42 88 1.99 89 2.05 90 1.62 91 1.39 92 0.72 93 1.90 94 0.87 95 0.69 96 1.14 97 0.23 98 0.72 99 0.01 100
236
Specimen: JB1
Load Stage 8
Total Load = 900 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.08 2 -0.14 3 -0.23 4 -0.34 5 -0.48 6 -0.68 7 -0.68 8 -0.93 9 -1.37 10 -1.35 11
-0.03 -0.10 5.08 3.41 1.79 3.48 1.87 2.08 0.33 -0.24
0.03
0.01
0.02
8.84
5.23
2.02
4.87
2.03
1.96
-0.35
-0.25
West -0.45 -0.13 -0.25 3.36 1.56 0.06 1.35 0.10 -0.14 0.00
21 -0.11 22 -0.14 23 -0.21 24 -0.28 25 1.24 26 -0.08 27 -0.11 28 0.93 29 0.04 30 1.16 31 -0.11 32 0.76 33
-0.05 2.58 9.08 8.08 6.63 0.14 4.53 5.08 0.83 2.55 1.26 0.65
0.02
0.01
3.88
0.13
6.38
0.90
0.85
0.26
-0.10
-0.07
-0.04
14.46
12.10
-0.15 -0.26 1.04 5.20 -0.06 -0.06 -0.17 -0.20 -0.04 -0.48 -0.04 -0.10
45 0.00 46 -0.16 47 -0.16 48 1.09 49 1.87 50 0.25 51 -0.07 52 0.25 53 2.25 54 1.09 55 0.18 56 2.67 57 2.34 58 0.14 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.05 1.64 7.75 10.00 7.44 0.36 3.84 5.53 6.74 3.03 2.95 3.24 1.61 0.44
2.20
5.76
7.66
1.93
1.75
2.69
0.18
0.05
-0.02
-0.07
-0.01
-0.18
-0.08
12.03
11.48
-0.13 -0.14 0.48 2.87 -0.14 0.08 -0.06 2.05 0.38 0.23 0.39 0.58 1.07 0.36
73 -0.09 74 0.86 75 2.21 76 0.64 77 0.93 78 0.85 79 1.91 80 1.35 81 2.23 82 1.65 83 1.93 84 2.07 85 3.03 86 1.62 87
P
10 -1.35 11 -1.21 12 -1.09 13 -0.93 14 -0.78 15 -0.54 16 -0.36 17 -0.23 18 -0.15 19 -0.05 20
-0.24 -0.33 -0.16 0.79 1.83 2.27 4.75 0.63 1.85 -0.13
0.65
1.16
4.41
6.79
7.31
1.95
3.87
-0.35
-0.25
-0.13
11.76
0.00 0.35 1.02 1.67 3.94 4.74 4.62 6.79 1.03 1.93 East
32 0.76 33 0.63 34 0.77 35 0.01 36 0.73 37 0.24 38 -0.09 39 1.22 40 -0.07 41 -0.38 42 -0.17 43 -0.13 44
0.65 0.15 -0.20 -0.05 -0.32 0.54 -0.05 -0.12 5.17 -0.08 2.78 -0.13
0.26
0.51
1.70
6.54
5.52
6.91
-0.04
-0.11
-0.04
-0.04
-0.14
13.80
13.28
-0.10 1.07 1.68 0.34 2.30 3.61 3.93 7.57 8.45 10.60 3.30 4.01
58 0.14 59 2.00 60 2.41 61 0.14 62 1.14 63 0.10 64 1.52 65 -0.01 66 0.29 67 2.60 68 -0.31 69 0.78 70 -0.11 71 -0.02 72
0.44 0.59 0.19 0.02 0.19 0.24 -0.74 0.32 0.21 -0.29 1.28 -0.28 -0.11 -0.08
0.05
0.87
2.31
1.31
1.95
0.21
5.02
0.03
1.08
2.52
7.13
-0.08
-0.11
-0.19
12.11
0.36 1.63 3.39 2.84 2.70 1.64 4.31 3.22 0.91 8.41 6.69 5.55 4.30 -0.02
86 1.62 87 1.56 88 2.21 89 2.27 90 2.05 91 1.74 92 0.76 93 2.23 94 1.12 95 0.87 96 1.89 97 0.08 98 1.29 99 0.03 100
237
238
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
P = 350 kN
P = 500 kN
P = 600 kN
P = 700 kN
P = 787 kN
After failure
239
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB2
Readings of LVDTs
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
Baldwin Load (kN)
1000
900
800
Baldwin Load (kN)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
Baldwin Load (kN)
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
242
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB2
Readings of LVDTs
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
Baldwin Load (kN)
1000 1000
900 900
800 800
Baldwin Load (kN)
P
1 0.00 2 -0.04 3 0.00 4 -0.03 5 -0.01 6 -0.09 7 -0.15 8 -0.07 9 -0.06 10 -0.04 11
-0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.00 -0.04 0.02 0.01 -0.04 -0.02 -0.03
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.11
-0.05
-0.04
-0.07
-0.07
-0.01
-0.11
-0.01
West -0.02 -0.01 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.06 0.00 -0.04 -0.07 -0.04
21 0.01 22 -0.01 23 0.03 24 -0.02 25 0.05 26 -0.02 27 -0.25 28 0.07 29 -0.03 30 -0.11 31 -0.05 32 -0.09 33
-0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.02
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.02
-0.03
-0.01
-0.03
-0.02
-0.03
-0.05
-0.01
0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.00 -0.04 -0.03 0.00 -0.02 0.00
45 0.11 46 0.00 47 0.00 48 0.01 49 0.01 50 0.00 51 -0.02 52 0.02 53 0.03 54 0.07 55 -0.04 56 0.02 57 -0.05 58 -0.15 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.04 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.02 -0.05 -0.01 0.20 0.00 0.01 0.03 -0.01 -0.02
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.02
-0.02
-0.15
-0.11
-0.07
-0.05
-0.04
-0.14
-0.10
-0.15
-0.01
0.03 -0.06 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 -0.02 0.05 -0.04 -0.12 -0.05 -0.02 0.03 -0.04 0.01
73 0.02 74 0.03 75 0.00 76 0.09 77 0.00 78 0.04 79 0.15 80 0.11 81 0.16 82 0.05 83 0.05 84 0.09 85 -0.06 86 -0.04 87
P
10 -0.04 11 -0.07 12 -0.05 13 -0.10 14 0.03 15 -0.11 16 -0.05 17 -0.05 18 -0.02 19 -0.03 20
-0.03 -0.01 -0.06 0.05 -0.07 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.00 -0.01
0.00
0.11
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.02
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
-0.07
-0.04 -0.09 -0.02 0.01 -0.09 -0.08 -0.07 0.03 -0.03 -0.02 East
32 -0.09 33 0.01 34 -0.03 35 -0.13 36 -0.16 37 -0.09 38 -0.05 39 -0.02 40 -0.07 41 -0.05 42 -0.04 43 -0.06 44
-0.02 -0.01 0.01 0.00 -0.03 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.01
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.06
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.06
-0.01
-0.05
-0.16
0.00 -0.06 -0.04 -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00
58 -0.15 59 -0.07 60 -0.10 61 -0.07 62 -0.06 63 0.15 64 -0.14 65 0.01 66 -0.07 67 -0.03 68 0.02 69 -0.16 70 -0.03 71 -0.04 72
-0.02 0.04 -0.04 0.02 0.05 0.06 -0.07 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.03 -0.46 -0.01
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.09
-0.04
-0.02
-0.07
-0.08
-0.12
-0.11
-0.10
-0.08
-0.07
0.01 0.04 -0.06 -0.01 0.01 0.04 0.14 0.03 -0.04 -0.02 -0.02 -0.04 -0.01 -0.06
86 -0.04 87 0.03 88 -0.07 89 -0.02 90 -0.16 91 0.05 92 -0.10 93 0.01 94 -0.09 95 -0.07 96 -0.09 97 -0.07 98 -0.07 99 -0.03 100
244
Specimen: JB2
Load Stage 2
Total Load = 100 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.08 2 -0.06 3 -0.06 4 -0.12 5 -0.06 6 -0.08 7 -0.23 8 -0.06 9 -0.01 10 -0.07 11
0.06 0.00 0.03 0.02 -0.01 0.01 0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.01
0.00
0.12
0.10
-0.22
-0.08
-0.10
-0.03
-0.16
-0.10
-0.03
-0.05
West -0.01 -0.06 -0.03 -0.03 -0.05 -0.08 0.00 -0.03 -0.05 -0.02
21 -0.01 22 -0.01 23 0.08 24 -0.07 25 0.02 26 -0.06 27 -0.28 28 0.01 29 -0.09 30 -0.17 31 -0.02 32 -0.08 33
0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.06 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.08
0.09
0.01
0.03
-0.02
-0.05
-0.01
-0.03
-0.06
-0.04
-0.07
-0.05
-0.05
-0.04
-0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.00 -0.03 0.02 0.00 -0.04 -0.03 0.00 -0.03 -0.04
45 0.10 46 -0.02 47 0.00 48 0.01 49 0.01 50 0.00 51 -0.05 52 0.00 53 0.02 54 0.06 55 -0.03 56 0.06 57 -0.04 58 -0.08 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.00 -0.02 0.01 -0.03 -0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.03
0.02
0.00
0.22
-0.15
-0.15
-0.09
-0.09
-0.07
-0.20
-0.07
-0.09
-0.16
-0.09
-0.07
-0.03
0.07 0.01 0.02 -0.11 0.01 0.00 0.02 -0.02 -0.10 -0.06 0.02 0.09 -0.05 -0.01
73 0.02 74 0.02 75 -0.01 76 0.04 77 -0.01 78 -0.01 79 0.18 80 0.06 81 0.10 82 0.14 83 0.02 84 0.10 85 -0.09 86 0.17 87
P
10 -0.07 11 -0.09 12 -0.07 13 -0.09 14 0.01 15 -0.10 16 -0.05 17 -0.05 18 0.00 19 -0.02 20
0.01 0.00 -0.08 0.02 -0.08 -0.02 0.01 -0.03 0.00 -0.02
0.10
-0.05
-0.05
-0.06
-0.06
-0.09
-0.01
-0.12
-0.16
-0.07
-0.04
-0.02 -0.03 -0.08 0.01 -0.07 -0.04 -0.04 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 East
32 -0.08 33 -0.03 34 -0.03 35 -0.10 36 -0.11 37 -0.06 38 -0.03 39 -0.01 40 -0.01 41 -0.03 42 -0.02 43 -0.03 44
-0.08 0.10 0.09 0.01 -0.06 0.13 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 -0.06 0.00
0.04
0.26
0.01
-0.05
-0.04
-0.11
-0.17
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.05
-0.07
-0.01
-0.04 -0.07 -0.04 -0.05 -0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.07
58 -0.08 59 0.06 60 0.05 61 -0.05 62 -0.01 63 0.10 64 -0.29 65 0.03 66 -0.02 67 0.00 68 0.01 69 -0.07 70 0.02 71 0.00 72
0.03 0.09 -0.02 0.02 0.04 0.10 -0.08 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.46 0.00
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.45
0.09
0.00
0.02
-0.07
-0.03
-0.01
-0.03
-0.04
-0.07
-0.05
-0.01
-0.01 0.02 -0.07 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.03 0.01 -0.02
86 0.17 87 0.12 88 0.03 89 0.10 90 -0.10 91 0.04 92 -0.05 93 0.02 94 -0.06 95 0.01 96 -0.02 97 -0.01 98 -0.01 99 0.05 100
245
Specimen: JB2
Load Stage 3
Total Load = 200 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.09 2 -0.07 3 -0.06 4 -0.12 5 -0.08 6 -0.17 7 -0.31 8 -0.22 9 -0.15 10 -0.20 11
0.07 -0.02 0.02 -0.03 -0.05 -0.02 0.01 -0.03 -0.02 -0.07
-0.09
-0.19
-0.08
-0.04
-0.02
-0.15
-0.10
-0.03
-0.01
-0.02
-0.14
West -0.03 -0.04 -0.05 -0.04 -0.08 -0.11 -0.05 -0.07 -0.08 -0.06
21 0.00 22 -0.01 23 0.06 24 -0.03 25 -0.02 26 -0.02 27 -0.25 28 -0.04 29 -0.05 30 -0.24 31 -0.05 32 -0.02 33
0.02 0.01 0.09 -0.07 0.00 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.05 -0.09
0.01
-0.05
-0.04
-0.05
-0.16
-0.05
-0.03
-0.06
-0.08
-0.09
-0.11
-0.06
-0.11
-0.03 -0.03 0.01 -0.05 -0.06 0.00 0.01 -0.06 -0.05 -0.01 -0.04 0.01
45 0.16 46 0.00 47 0.01 48 -0.01 49 0.01 50 0.00 51 -0.04 52 0.04 53 0.06 54 0.10 55 0.00 56 0.09 57 -0.05 58 0.10 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.01 0.02 -0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 -0.02 0.01 -0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 -0.02 0.10
0.05
0.13
0.03
-0.15
-0.14
-0.09
-0.08
-0.11
-0.22
-0.22
-0.19
-0.24
-0.10
-0.10
-0.13
0.08 0.17 -0.01 -0.07 0.03 -0.02 0.02 -0.03 -0.04 -0.07 0.02 0.10 -0.07 0.04
73 0.01 74 0.07 75 0.02 76 0.10 77 0.07 78 0.00 79 0.24 80 0.10 81 0.17 82 0.24 83 0.10 84 0.20 85 0.05 86 0.33 87
P
10 -0.20 11 -0.21 12 -0.15 13 -0.17 14 -0.07 15 -0.18 16 -0.07 17 -0.10 18 -0.04 19 -0.06 20
-0.07 -0.02 -0.11 0.03 -0.08 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.00
0.00
0.01
-0.02
-0.14
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.10
-0.12
-0.03
-0.04
-0.06 -0.07 -0.11 -0.04 -0.10 -0.05 -0.07 -0.03 -0.03 -0.04 East
32 -0.02 33 -0.06 34 -0.05 35 -0.13 36 -0.13 37 -0.06 38 -0.04 39 0.02 40 -0.06 41 -0.05 42 -0.03 43 -0.05 44
-0.09 0.09 0.18 0.10 -0.01 0.14 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.03
0.00
0.02
0.01
-0.06
-0.11
-0.01
-0.02
-0.09
-0.22
-0.03
-0.06
-0.09
-0.04
0.01 -0.07 -0.07 -0.14 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 -0.10
58 0.10 59 0.19 60 0.00 61 0.06 62 -0.01 63 0.15 64 -0.09 65 0.03 66 -0.04 67 0.00 68 0.01 69 -0.18 70 -0.01 71 -0.06 72
0.10 0.22 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.06 -0.13 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.03 -0.46 0.00
0.03
0.07
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.02
0.01
-0.13
-0.03
-0.01
-0.05
-0.03
-0.03
-0.04
-0.03
0.04 0.17 -0.07 0.01 -0.01 0.06 0.00 0.06 -0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.06
86 0.33 87 0.48 88 0.12 89 0.16 90 -0.11 91 0.18 92 -0.08 93 0.16 94 -0.02 95 0.00 96 0.01 97 -0.05 98 -0.04 99 -0.01 100
246
Specimen: JB2
Load Stage 4
Total Load = 350 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.12 2 -0.09 3 -0.13 4 -0.22 5 -0.20 6 -0.28 7 -0.39 8 -0.42 9 -0.33 10 -0.39 11
0.01 -0.04 -0.01 -0.03 -0.08 -0.04 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -0.12
0.01
0.01
-0.12
-0.16
-0.08
-0.04
-0.17
-0.10
-0.06
-0.06
-0.17
West -0.04 -0.05 -0.07 0.03 -0.13 -0.16 -0.09 -0.12 -0.10 -0.08
21 -0.04 22 -0.04 23 0.08 24 -0.07 25 0.01 26 -0.06 27 -0.30 28 0.02 29 0.02 30 -0.21 31 -0.11 32 0.06 33
0.03 -0.01 0.06 -0.01 0.09 -0.03 0.01 0.11 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.05
0.14
0.02
0.01
-0.08
-0.06
-0.07
-0.07
-0.11
-0.04
-0.13
-0.14
-0.09
-0.13
-0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.16 -0.10 -0.05 -0.04 -0.07 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.27
45 0.02 46 0.01 47 0.05 48 -0.02 49 0.11 50 -0.01 51 0.10 52 0.00 53 0.21 54 0.32 55 0.21 56 0.28 57 0.32 58 0.55 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.04 0.05 -0.04 0.04 0.12 0.00 0.10 -0.04 0.09 0.34 0.32 0.55 0.26 0.39
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.06
-0.03
-0.18
-0.16
-0.08
-0.14
-0.13
-0.25
-0.19
-0.11
-0.04
-0.12
-0.01 -0.04 -0.03 -0.08 0.02 -0.05 0.01 -0.11 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.16 0.05 0.36
73 -0.02 74 0.10 75 0.02 76 0.20 77 0.15 78 -0.04 79 0.47 80 0.04 81 0.48 82 0.70 83 0.44 84 0.91 85 0.35 86 0.77 87
P
10 -0.39 11 -0.41 12 -0.34 13 -0.34 14 -0.22 15 -0.27 16 -0.20 17 -0.15 18 -0.12 19 -0.12 20
-0.12 -0.08 -0.17 -0.02 -0.08 -0.09 -0.04 -0.07 -0.05 -0.04
0.01
-0.17
-0.07
-0.11
-0.05
-0.05
-0.01
-0.13
-0.12
-0.05
-0.01
-0.08 -0.12 -0.07 -0.08 -0.10 -0.05 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 East
32 0.06 33 -0.03 34 -0.05 35 -0.06 36 -0.14 37 -0.09 38 -0.07 39 -0.03 40 -0.07 41 -0.06 42 -0.05 43 -0.03 44
0.05 0.17 0.06 -0.05 -0.06 0.09 -0.07 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04 -0.07 -0.05
0.02
0.01
-0.09
-0.13
-0.02
-0.10
-0.02
-0.25
-0.01
-0.04
-0.06
-0.06
-0.07
0.27 0.10 -0.05 -0.03 0.22 0.00 -0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.03
58 0.55 59 0.57 60 0.06 61 -0.02 62 0.47 63 0.36 64 -0.26 65 0.19 66 0.01 67 0.00 68 0.06 69 -0.16 70 0.04 71 -0.02 72
0.39 0.36 0.08 0.24 0.31 0.13 -0.15 0.06 -0.05 -0.04 0.01 -0.05 -0.50 -0.01
0.06
0.01
0.06
0.01
-0.12
-0.04
-0.02
-0.03
-0.02
-0.06
-0.06
-0.04
-0.12
-0.01
-0.04
0.36 0.62 0.19 0.06 0.09 0.27 0.02 0.21 0.04 0.06 0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.06
86 0.77 87 1.12 88 0.54 89 0.74 90 0.21 91 0.36 92 -0.11 93 0.39 94 -0.02 95 0.14 96 0.08 97 0.00 98 0.06 99 0.01 100
247
Specimen: JB2
Load Stage 5
Total Load = 500 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.17 2 -0.19 3 -0.25 4 -0.34 5 -0.33 6 -0.43 7 -0.58 8 -0.50 9 -0.51 10 -0.65 11
0.05 -0.05 -0.04 0.00 -0.08 0.11 -0.03 0.01 -0.09 -0.14
-0.11
-0.22
-0.12
-0.16
-0.06
-0.18
-0.01
-0.10
-0.03
-0.13
-0.21
West -0.08 -0.11 -0.10 -0.13 -0.15 -0.21 -0.11 -0.17 -0.14 -0.10
21 -0.05 22 -0.12 23 0.05 24 -0.15 25 -0.02 26 0.00 27 -0.30 28 0.17 29 -0.12 30 -0.08 31 0.00 32 0.23 33
0.04 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.54 0.19 0.19 0.44 0.05 0.20 0.07 0.19
0.23
0.06
-0.10
-0.08
-0.09
-0.04
-0.02
-0.09
-0.09
-0.17
-0.06
-0.11
-0.16
-0.07 -0.06 -0.01 -0.09 -0.02 -0.06 -0.01 -0.09 -0.04 -0.01 0.05 0.29
45 0.01 46 0.05 47 0.02 48 -0.02 49 0.15 50 0.02 51 0.49 52 -0.08 53 0.39 54 0.62 55 0.18 56 0.50 57 0.49 58 0.78 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.01 0.09 0.00 0.08 0.18 0.17 0.52 0.05 0.44 0.02 0.74 0.74 0.93 0.44 0.47
0.16
0.10
0.12
-0.01
-0.07
-0.19
-0.19
-0.07
-0.15
-0.05
-0.21
-0.22
-0.20
-0.13
-0.01 -0.04 -0.03 -0.09 0.03 -0.02 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.15 0.31 0.11 0.59
73 -0.01 74 0.14 75 -0.02 76 0.18 77 0.22 78 0.19 79 0.77 80 0.38 81 0.75 82 1.06 83 0.74 84 1.24 85 0.48 86 1.21 87
P
10 -0.65 11 -0.60 12 -0.49 13 -0.52 14 -0.33 15 -0.42 16 -0.33 17 -0.29 18 -0.25 19 -0.18 20
-0.14 -0.12 -0.18 -0.02 -0.13 -0.08 -0.04 -0.07 -0.06 -0.04
-0.13
-0.21
-0.10
-0.14
-0.12
-0.08
-0.03
-0.16
-0.11
-0.06
-0.06
-0.10 -0.16 -0.18 -0.09 -0.15 -0.11 -0.11 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 East
32 0.23 33 0.08 34 -0.16 35 0.08 36 -0.10 37 -0.15 38 -0.09 39 -0.06 40 -0.13 41 -0.11 42 -0.10 43 -0.13 44
0.19 0.28 0.00 -0.01 0.05 0.13 -0.12 0.03 -0.03 -0.04 -0.10 -0.05
0.14
0.03
-0.11
-0.16
-0.17
-0.17
-0.01
-0.26
-0.08
-0.06
-0.08
-0.01
-0.08
0.29 0.20 -0.11 0.13 0.40 0.28 0.08 0.19 -0.05 -0.03 0.02 -0.06
58 0.78 59 1.09 60 -0.02 61 0.04 62 0.57 63 0.66 64 -0.37 65 0.53 66 -0.08 67 -0.05 68 0.00 69 -0.18 70 -0.07 71 -0.11 72
0.47 0.36 0.02 0.38 0.36 0.15 -0.21 0.08 -0.08 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.46 -0.04
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.09
0.06
-0.13
-0.01
-0.01
-0.09
-0.02
-0.11
-0.07
-0.05
-0.08
-0.11
0.59 1.08 0.56 0.36 0.18 0.53 0.19 0.54 0.35 0.14 0.05 -0.04 0.00 -0.06
86 1.21 87 1.40 88 0.91 89 1.27 90 0.31 91 0.68 92 0.15 93 0.54 94 0.38 95 0.27 96 0.10 97 0.04 98 -0.08 99 0.00 100
248
Specimen: JB2
Load Stage 6
Total Load = 600 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.18 2 -0.18 3 -0.22 4 -0.35 5 -0.34 6 -0.45 7 -0.65 8 -0.59 9 -0.59 10 -0.73 11
0.07 -0.04 0.06 0.31 0.00 0.37 0.09 0.02 -0.07 -0.13
0.34
0.40
-0.08
-0.22
-0.07
-0.07
-0.20
-0.03
-0.04
-0.08
-0.23
West -0.07 -0.10 -0.13 -0.14 -0.10 -0.23 -0.06 -0.21 -0.22 -0.14
21 -0.03 22 -0.08 23 0.07 24 -0.14 25 0.09 26 0.26 27 -0.32 28 0.39 29 -0.11 30 -0.07 31 0.08 32 0.36 33
0.01 0.00 0.20 0.61 1.19 0.65 0.24 0.79 0.04 0.30 0.19 0.18
0.48
0.88
0.12
-0.06
-0.06
-0.08
-0.11
-0.09
-0.10
-0.15
-0.21
-0.11
-0.30
-0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.13 -0.04 -0.08 -0.01 -0.22 -0.01 -0.01 0.06 0.39
45 0.05 46 0.07 47 0.00 48 0.01 49 0.16 50 0.57 51 0.75 52 -0.06 53 0.45 54 0.90 55 0.18 56 0.72 57 0.74 58 1.14 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.02 0.06 0.08 0.34 0.88 1.04 0.85 0.09 0.67 1.08 0.80 1.20 0.60 0.55
0.04
0.00
0.13
0.58
0.16
0.21
0.60
0.24
0.09
-0.17
-0.10
-0.26
-0.18
-0.17
-0.14
0.00 -0.05 0.00 -0.11 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04 0.06 0.03 0.17 0.16 0.34 0.13 0.68
73 -0.04 74 0.12 75 0.13 76 0.39 77 0.66 78 0.55 79 0.87 80 0.45 81 0.93 82 1.39 83 1.10 84 1.52 85 0.62 86 1.49 87
P
10 -0.73 11 -0.71 12 -0.56 13 -0.54 14 -0.41 15 -0.41 16 -0.29 17 -0.30 18 -0.22 19 -0.17 20
-0.13 -0.18 -0.19 0.00 -0.18 -0.11 -0.03 -0.08 -0.07 -0.06
0.02
0.07
0.01
-0.08
-0.23
-0.13
-0.10
-0.13
-0.14
-0.06
-0.06
-0.14 -0.14 -0.21 0.07 -0.01 -0.13 -0.11 -0.07 -0.04 -0.04 East
32 0.36 33 0.17 34 -0.09 35 0.11 36 0.10 37 -0.14 38 -0.03 39 0.00 40 0.01 41 -0.09 42 -0.08 43 -0.09 44
0.18 0.30 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06 0.07 -0.10 0.01 -0.03 -0.05 -0.09 -0.07
0.27
0.84
0.07
0.17
-0.11
-0.30
-0.12
-0.15
-0.35
-0.06
-0.06
-0.11
-0.04
0.39 0.29 -0.12 0.36 0.89 0.90 -0.02 0.27 0.11 0.27 0.00 -0.06
58 1.14 59 1.43 60 -0.04 61 0.34 62 0.60 63 1.27 64 -0.22 65 0.61 66 -0.01 67 0.34 68 -0.02 69 -0.17 70 0.02 71 0.00 72
0.55 0.37 -0.01 0.48 0.25 0.08 -0.29 0.04 -0.11 -0.06 -0.02 -0.01 -0.46 -0.08
0.09
0.35
0.21
0.11
0.07
1.05
0.24
0.04
0.25
-0.14
-0.02
-0.05
-0.07
-0.04
-0.06
0.68 1.37 0.83 0.63 0.35 1.35 0.87 0.67 0.49 0.60 0.43 -0.02 -0.02 -0.07
86 1.49 87 1.64 88 1.20 89 1.60 90 0.46 91 0.90 92 0.66 93 0.62 94 0.44 95 0.40 96 0.49 97 0.10 98 -0.09 99 0.03 100
249
Specimen: JB2
Load Stage 7
Total Load = 700 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.14 2 -0.16 3 -0.22 4 -0.37 5 -0.40 6 -0.52 7 -0.77 8 -0.74 9 -0.73 10 -0.91 11
-0.16 0.09 1.63 1.54 0.77 1.25 0.51 0.19 -0.03 -0.19
0.02
2.17
2.03
0.69
1.42
0.39
0.06
-0.10
-0.56
-0.12
-0.20
West -0.11 -0.27 -0.18 0.49 0.40 -0.09 0.23 -0.17 -0.24 -0.17
21 -0.06 22 -0.12 23 0.00 24 0.13 25 0.88 26 0.13 27 -0.36 28 0.50 29 -0.15 30 -0.04 31 0.21 32 0.50 33
-0.01 1.71 2.04 3.16 3.24 0.77 0.20 1.44 0.04 0.40 0.35 0.33
2.21
2.57
3.34
1.26
0.10
-0.03
-0.12
-0.08
-0.10
-0.14
-0.08
-0.10
-0.22
-0.08 -0.13 0.60 0.28 -0.08 -0.12 0.01 -0.63 -0.02 -0.08 0.06 0.55
45 0.02 46 0.03 47 -0.06 48 0.95 49 0.42 50 0.80 51 0.82 52 -0.06 53 0.44 54 1.23 55 0.23 56 0.83 57 0.95 58 1.26 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.02 0.99 1.93 2.85 2.06 2.05 1.13 0.15 1.43 1.85 0.97 1.54 0.85 0.69
0.02
0.01
1.18
2.59
1.10
1.85
0.42
1.36
0.64
0.37
0.18
-0.23
-0.14
-0.19
-0.16
-0.03 -0.08 0.36 0.00 0.16 -0.03 -0.05 0.01 0.03 0.19 0.16 0.32 0.19 0.95
73 -0.02 74 0.56 75 0.53 76 0.93 77 0.91 78 0.67 79 1.15 80 0.63 81 1.35 82 1.48 83 1.32 84 1.83 85 0.73 86 1.76 87
P
10 -0.91 11 -0.87 12 -0.73 13 -0.59 14 -0.41 15 -0.49 16 -0.35 17 -0.24 18 -0.17 19 -0.10 20
-0.19 -0.25 -0.10 0.36 -0.25 -0.04 0.32 0.79 -0.08 -0.06
0.68
1.56
0.41
1.25
2.19
-0.12
-0.20
-0.14
-0.13
-0.05
-0.02
-0.17 -0.10 -0.07 0.68 0.98 -0.08 0.36 0.86 1.25 -0.07 East
32 0.50 33 0.43 34 -0.13 35 0.07 36 0.56 37 -0.19 38 -0.09 39 -0.03 40 0.27 41 -0.12 42 -0.10 43 -0.08 44
0.33 0.30 -0.03 0.00 -0.03 0.06 -0.12 0.00 -0.05 -0.08 -0.09 -0.06
0.20
3.12
0.08
2.99
-0.10
-0.22
-0.12
-0.17
-0.32
-0.07
-0.07
-0.05
-0.06
0.55 0.65 -0.12 0.47 2.30 2.49 -0.04 0.21 1.66 2.03 0.02 -0.06
58 1.26 59 1.78 60 0.00 61 0.49 62 0.48 63 2.03 64 -0.24 65 0.54 66 -0.04 67 0.97 68 -0.07 69 -0.21 70 0.01 71 -0.01 72
0.69 0.48 0.02 0.55 0.40 0.20 -0.03 0.03 -0.08 0.00 -0.04 -0.01 -0.49 -0.03
0.18
0.69
0.39
0.22
0.12
3.60
0.51
0.43
0.07
3.23
-0.16
-0.11
-0.05
-0.04
-0.06
0.95 1.89 1.28 0.95 0.49 3.30 2.64 0.93 0.65 2.53 2.23 -0.08 0.00 -0.04
86 1.76 87 1.85 88 1.49 89 1.94 90 0.61 91 1.18 92 1.50 93 0.44 94 0.60 95 0.74 96 1.19 97 0.02 98 -0.02 99 0.03 100
250
Specimen: JB2
Load Stage 8
Total Load = 787 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.09 2 -0.17 3 -0.22 4 -0.39 5 -0.41 6 -0.56 7 -0.76 8 -0.76 9 -1.01 10 -1.21 11
-0.20 0.48 2.93 2.60 1.46 2.86 1.56 0.79 0.18 -0.26
0.52
4.37
3.81
1.65
4.00
1.93
0.57
-0.08
-0.70
-0.12
-0.16
West -0.12 -0.37 -0.09 1.40 1.06 0.16 1.17 0.20 -0.27 -0.20
21 -0.03 22 -0.12 23 -0.12 24 0.41 25 0.98 26 0.00 27 -0.37 28 0.65 29 -0.11 30 -0.03 31 0.27 32 0.51 33
-0.02 2.57 2.86 5.06 4.61 0.88 0.23 2.90 0.02 0.42 0.60 0.29
3.64
4.03
5.63
1.56
0.14
-0.03
-0.09
-0.09
-0.11
-0.09
-0.09
-0.11
-0.29
-0.11 -0.16 1.12 0.45 -0.06 -0.14 -0.04 -1.76 -0.05 -0.02 0.05 0.56
45 0.02 46 0.02 47 -0.06 48 1.29 49 0.48 50 0.97 51 0.82 52 -0.07 53 0.42 54 1.74 55 0.17 56 0.88 57 1.21 58 1.44 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.03 1.67 2.93 4.56 3.24 3.40 1.48 0.44 3.11 3.39 1.07 1.81 1.08 0.75
2.35
4.25
2.32
3.91
0.92
0.23
3.98
1.28
0.57
0.23
-0.08
-0.02
-0.14
-0.18
-0.14
-0.05 -0.09 0.77 -0.02 0.52 -0.05 -0.06 0.02 0.05 0.15 0.19 0.38 0.19 1.07
73 -0.04 74 0.85 75 0.74 76 1.32 77 0.81 78 0.89 79 1.25 80 0.69 81 1.79 82 1.55 83 1.45 84 2.10 85 0.81 86 1.98 87
P
10 -1.21 11 -1.15 12 -0.87 13 -0.67 14 -0.61 15 -0.58 16 -0.36 17 -0.20 18 -0.06 19 -0.05 20
-0.26 -0.35 0.14 1.45 -0.24 0.96 2.79 4.61 -0.14 -0.05
0.11
2.43
5.26
0.90
4.04
7.33
-0.12
-0.16
-0.07
-0.05
10.04
-0.20 0.12 0.58 2.27 3.78 1.17 2.73 4.05 4.99 -0.09 East
32 0.51 33 0.61 34 -0.12 35 0.03 36 1.66 37 -0.23 38 -0.08 39 -0.01 40 -0.31 41 -0.20 42 -0.13 43 -0.09 44
0.29 0.18 -0.09 -0.06 -0.08 0.81 -0.18 -0.04 -0.04 -0.18 -0.12 -0.11
0.20
8.38
3.18
0.03
-0.11
-0.29
-0.16
-0.19
-0.08
-0.04
-0.01
-0.06
12.16
0.56 1.04 -0.02 0.45 5.42 6.01 2.60 0.10 5.89 6.76 0.01 -0.04
58 1.44 59 2.17 60 0.15 61 0.49 62 0.42 63 2.11 64 1.33 65 0.19 66 -0.14 67 1.18 68 -0.10 69 -0.23 70 -0.05 71 -0.07 72
0.75 0.56 0.06 0.53 0.20 0.24 0.45 0.78 -0.05 0.00 2.91 -0.08 -0.53 -0.08
0.23
1.29
0.94
0.35
5.77
4.97
3.22
0.20
7.50
-0.14
-0.07
-0.20
-0.11
-0.08
13.49
1.07 2.39 1.82 1.38 0.58 4.18 6.52 3.57 2.41 7.80 7.95 4.51 -0.09 -0.06
86 1.98 87 2.06 88 1.78 89 2.18 90 0.67 91 1.38 92 1.88 93 0.46 94 1.16 95 0.65 96 0.78 97 1.60 98 -0.17 99 0.02 100
251
252
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
P = 350 kN
P = 500 kN
P = 600 kN
P = 700 kN
P = 800 kN
After failure
253
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB3
Readings of LVDTs
900 900
800 800
700 700
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 25
900
800
700
Baldwin Load (kN)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
900 900
800 800
700 700
Baldwin Load (kN)
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
256
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB3
Readings of LVDTs
900 900
800 800
700 700
Baldwin Load (kN)
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
900 900
800 800
700 700
Baldwin Load (kN)
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Specimen: JB3 Test Data for Figure 4.20
P
1 0.00 2 0.00 3 0.03 4 0.01 5 0.00 6 0.02 7 0.05 8 -0.03 9 -0.05 10 0.08 11
0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.01
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.02
-0.11
-0.03
-0.04
-0.03
-0.04
-0.04
-0.03
West -0.01 -0.01 0.13 0.17 -0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01
21 -0.03 22 0.00 23 0.05 24 -0.14 25 0.09 26 0.00 27 -0.01 28 0.06 29 -0.07 30 -0.07 31 -0.06 32 0.02 33
0.00 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 -0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.00
0.14
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.06
-0.03
-0.05
-0.23
-0.41
-0.02
-0.14
-0.02
-0.03 0.00 0.02 -0.05 0.13 -0.01 -0.24 0.02 0.01 -0.01 -0.04 0.00
45 0.01 46 0.04 47 0.01 48 0.01 49 -0.01 50 0.01 51 -0.04 52 -0.06 53 -0.03 54 0.07 55 0.01 56 0.07 57 -0.11 58 -0.02 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.02 -0.01 0.22 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.04 -0.16
0.02
0.00
0.07
0.04
0.26
0.01
0.02
0.09
0.00
-0.03
-0.04
-0.02
-0.02
-0.19
-0.27
0.04 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 0.00 0.05 -0.02 0.17 0.25 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.05
73 0.00 74 0.01 75 0.03 76 -0.06 77 0.04 78 0.03 79 0.02 80 0.02 81 0.18 82 0.17 83 0.03 84 0.07 85 0.02 86 0.06 87
P
10 0.08 11 -0.08 12 -0.02 13 -0.05 14 -0.02 15 0.00 16 -0.10 17 -0.08 18 0.02 19 -0.06 20
0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.07 0.01 -0.01
0.00
0.03
0.02
-0.04
-0.03
-0.12
-0.03
-0.02
-0.02
-0.05
-0.05
-0.01 -0.04 -0.12 -0.02 -0.02 -0.07 -0.07 -0.02 0.00 0.02
East
32 0.02 33 0.11 34 -0.05 35 -0.03 36 0.03 37 0.09 38 -0.01 39 -0.04 40 -0.05 41 0.17 42 -0.08 43 0.01 44
0.00 -0.01 -0.05 0.06 -0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.03
0.06
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.08
0.03
0.05
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
-0.19
-0.07
0.00 0.12 0.03 -0.03 -0.01 -0.06 -0.01 -0.04 -0.03 0.04 -0.04 -0.24
58 -0.02 59 0.08 60 -0.01 61 -0.02 62 -0.01 63 0.04 64 0.02 65 -0.01 66 -0.03 67 -0.05 68 0.11 69 -0.05 70 -0.07 71 -0.05 72
-0.16 0.03 -0.19 0.11 -0.01 0.05 0.01 0.00 -0.04 -0.09 0.00 -0.07 -0.12 -0.04
0.00
0.10
0.10
0.01
0.06
0.08
0.00
0.04
0.39
0.22
-0.27
-0.35
-0.04
-0.08
-0.04
0.05 -0.05 0.14 -0.21 0.03 -0.02 0.01 0.13 0.03 0.02 0.26 -0.19 -0.01 -0.02
86 0.06 87 0.02 88 0.22 89 -0.21 90 0.04 91 0.00 92 0.04 93 -0.10 94 0.01 95 -0.22 96 -0.18 97 -0.31 98 -0.10 99 0.10 100
258
Specimen: JB3
Load Stage 2
Total Load = 100 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 0.01 2 0.05 3 0.00 4 0.00 5 -0.02 6 -0.03 7 0.00 8 -0.05 9 -0.06 10 -0.05 11
0.01 0.04 0.03 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.03 -0.03
0.10
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.09
0.04
0.02
0.17
-0.10
-0.01
-0.06
West -0.12 -0.03 0.05 -0.13 -0.06 -0.03 -0.05 -0.04 -0.14 -0.02
21 0.00 22 0.05 23 0.09 24 -0.23 25 0.06 26 0.07 27 0.01 28 0.05 29 -0.06 30 -0.08 31 -0.02 32 0.02 33
0.04 0.01 0.05 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06 -0.01
0.15
0.00
0.05
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.06
-0.04
-0.29
-0.43
-0.15
-0.02
-0.04
-0.03 -0.04 -0.02 -0.25 0.00 -0.05 -0.37 0.00 -0.05 -0.07 -0.07 -0.04
45 0.02 46 0.02 47 0.00 48 0.00 49 0.04 50 0.01 51 0.05 52 0.13 53 -0.14 54 0.17 55 -0.02 56 0.07 57 0.01 58 -0.01 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.01 -0.03 -0.04 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.09 -0.01 -0.05 0.05 -0.03 0.03 0.05 -0.08
0.18
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.46
0.02
0.03
-0.07
-0.05
-0.02
-0.09
0.09 -0.04 -0.02 -0.05 -0.09 -0.11 -0.02 0.27 -0.05 0.10 -0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00
73 0.04 74 0.05 75 0.05 76 0.00 77 0.08 78 0.07 79 0.09 80 0.04 81 0.09 82 0.20 83 0.03 84 0.10 85 0.09 86 0.00 87
P
10 -0.05 11 0.00 12 -0.06 13 -0.03 14 -0.02 15 -0.01 16 -0.19 17 -0.08 18 -0.02 19 -0.04 20
-0.03 0.02 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.10 -0.03 -0.05
0.02
0.17
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.08
0.01
0.04
-0.08
-0.11
-0.08
-0.02 -0.05 -0.19 -0.07 -0.08 -0.11 -0.21 -0.05 -0.02 -0.13
East
32 0.02 33 0.20 34 -0.06 35 -0.03 36 0.06 37 0.09 38 0.04 39 -0.06 40 -0.03 41 0.07 42 -0.12 43 0.03 44
-0.01 -0.01 -0.09 0.03 0.00 0.01 -0.04 0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.06 0.03
0.08
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.10
-0.02
-0.04
-0.11
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.31
-0.07
-0.04 0.08 -0.01 -0.05 -0.10 -0.17 -0.02 -0.07 0.02 0.06 -0.04 -0.30
58 -0.01 59 0.04 60 0.02 61 0.05 62 0.02 63 0.04 64 0.02 65 0.01 66 0.02 67 0.03 68 0.12 69 -0.06 70 -0.02 71 -0.05 72
-0.08 0.04 -0.31 0.11 -0.01 0.05 0.01 -0.04 -0.02 -0.19 -0.06 -0.13 -0.17 -0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.53
0.19
0.02
-0.02
-0.09
-0.56
-0.01
-0.02
-0.07
-0.08
0.00 -0.07 0.05 -0.42 0.04 -0.05 -0.03 -0.23 -0.01 -0.05 0.28 -0.13 0.04 -0.06
86 0.00 87 0.16 88 0.23 89 -0.17 90 0.05 91 0.03 92 -0.02 93 0.01 94 0.04 95 -0.26 96 -0.13 97 -0.26 98 -0.05 99 0.17 100
259
Specimen: JB3
Load Stage 3
Total Load = 200 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.02 2 -0.02 3 0.00 4 -0.05 5 -0.05 6 -0.04 7 -0.02 8 -0.14 9 -0.17 10 -0.13 11
0.03 0.06 -0.03 0.25 0.01 -0.03 0.00 -0.01 0.04 -0.05
0.00
0.16
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.04
0.03
-0.01
-0.01
West -0.07 -0.02 0.14 -0.12 -0.07 -0.04 -0.05 -0.04 -0.14 -0.01
21 0.03 22 0.08 23 0.14 24 -0.18 25 -0.03 26 -0.03 27 -0.01 28 0.05 29 -0.03 30 -0.09 31 -0.02 32 0.07 33
0.10 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.05 -0.13 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.15 0.08
0.33
0.03
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.02
-0.05
-0.02
-0.37
-0.02
-0.06
-0.07
-0.02
-0.03 -0.02 0.00 0.09 0.07 -0.01 -0.34 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 -0.08 -0.05
45 0.05 46 0.03 47 0.04 48 0.04 49 0.07 50 0.00 51 0.11 52 0.28 53 -0.25 54 0.20 55 0.07 56 0.18 57 0.25 58 0.13 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.01 0.21 -0.01 0.00 0.05 0.00 -0.04 0.02 -0.01 0.16 0.01 0.14 0.19 -0.14
0.07
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.10
0.03
0.01
0.51
0.05
0.04
0.11
0.03
-0.01
-0.05
0.12 0.02 0.00 -0.02 0.02 -0.05 0.02 0.25 0.07 0.17 0.00 0.07 0.17 0.07
73 0.05 74 0.03 75 0.05 76 0.03 77 0.11 78 0.10 79 0.18 80 0.03 81 0.20 82 0.44 83 0.00 84 0.30 85 0.42 86 0.02 87
P
10 -0.13 11 -0.12 12 -0.12 13 -0.11 14 -0.05 15 -0.07 16 -0.12 17 0.02 18 -0.02 19 -0.02 20
-0.05 -0.01 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 0.07 -0.05 -0.07
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.07
0.08
0.11
0.02
0.04
-0.06
-0.02
-0.12
-0.01 -0.07 -0.17 -0.06 -0.02 -0.09 -0.22 -0.04 0.00 -0.08
East
32 0.07 33 0.19 34 -0.08 35 0.01 36 0.12 37 0.11 38 0.10 39 -0.03 40 0.07 41 0.04 42 -0.08 43 0.05 44
0.08 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 -0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.05 -0.01 0.05 -0.04 0.03
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.17
-0.07
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.22
-0.07
-0.05 0.08 0.06 0.00 0.05 -0.04 0.01 -0.03 0.08 0.10 -0.06 -0.30
58 0.13 59 0.04 60 0.25 61 0.01 62 0.14 63 0.07 64 0.03 65 0.07 66 0.06 67 0.06 68 0.14 69 -0.05 70 0.00 71 0.00 72
-0.14 0.05 -0.23 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.20 -0.06 -0.08 -0.10 -0.06
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.37
0.28
-0.05
-0.65
-0.01
-0.04
-0.02
-0.04
-0.01
0.07 0.10 0.17 -0.42 0.15 -0.01 0.01 -0.14 0.00 -0.02 0.34 -0.12 0.01 -0.05
86 0.02 87 0.48 88 0.53 89 -0.21 90 0.31 91 0.17 92 0.00 93 0.14 94 0.10 95 -0.25 96 -0.03 97 -0.18 98 -0.06 99 0.17 100
260
Specimen: JB3
Load Stage 4
Total Load = 350 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.12 2 0.02 3 -0.12 4 -0.18 5 -0.18 6 -0.25 7 -0.17 8 -0.32 9 -0.35 10 -0.30 11
0.00 -0.02 -0.05 0.02 -0.02 -0.06 -0.02 -0.05 0.04 -0.05
0.20
0.07
0.06
0.02
0.12
-0.16
-0.03
-0.03
-0.09
-0.04
-0.03
West 0.01 -0.04 0.05 -0.06 -0.15 -0.08 -0.08 -0.18 -0.14 -0.04
21 -0.03 22 -0.04 23 0.03 24 -0.25 25 0.09 26 0.14 27 -0.26 28 0.04 29 -0.03 30 -0.10 31 0.12 32 0.03 33
0.09 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.14 0.03 0.24 0.00 0.15 0.35 0.41 0.21
0.25
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.06
-0.03
-0.13
-0.21
-0.04
-0.08
-0.17
-0.11
-0.12
-0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.21 0.01 0.08 -0.08 -0.04 0.06 -0.03 -0.05 0.01
45 0.03 46 -0.01 47 0.05 48 0.03 49 0.05 50 0.00 51 0.12 52 0.19 53 0.06 54 0.08 55 0.36 56 0.56 57 0.54 58 0.47 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.02 0.02 -0.01 0.05 0.12 0.05 0.12 -0.02 0.23 0.39 0.42 0.61 0.35 -0.10
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.46
0.15
0.03
0.08
-0.04
-0.06
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
-0.02
-0.07
-0.13
0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.02 -0.02 -0.05 0.07 0.20 0.18 0.19 0.02 0.19 0.28 0.40
73 0.01 74 0.00 75 0.05 76 0.01 77 0.20 78 0.05 79 0.38 80 -0.06 81 0.60 82 0.92 83 0.26 84 0.94 85 0.63 86 0.30 87
P
10 -0.30 11 -0.37 12 -0.31 13 -0.31 14 -0.22 15 -0.20 16 -0.27 17 -0.07 18 -0.02 19 -0.11 20
-0.05 -0.09 -0.09 -0.07 -0.04 -0.05 -0.03 0.03 -0.07 -0.11
0.12
0.00
0.07
0.02
-0.03
-0.07
-0.06
-0.01
-0.15
-0.03
-0.18
-0.04 0.00 -0.07 -0.08 -0.08 -0.03 -0.22 -0.03 0.00 -0.08
East
32 0.03 33 0.21 34 0.04 35 0.00 36 0.03 37 0.15 38 0.02 39 -0.04 40 0.04 41 -0.01 42 -0.10 43 0.02 44
0.21 0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.04 -0.02 -0.01 -0.06 0.00
0.10
0.11
0.08
0.01
0.15
-0.11
-0.12
-0.04
-0.03
-0.01
-0.01
-0.33
-0.12
0.01 0.11 0.33 0.09 0.27 0.08 0.06 -0.05 0.08 0.13 -0.01 -0.27
58 0.47 59 0.00 60 0.73 61 -0.05 62 0.47 63 0.29 64 0.18 65 -0.01 66 0.04 67 0.01 68 0.12 69 -0.07 70 -0.02 71 -0.06 72
-0.10 0.16 -0.14 0.07 0.15 0.19 -0.01 -0.03 -0.01 -0.18 -0.06 -0.09 -0.14 -0.08
0.07
0.03
0.05
0.35
0.04
0.34
0.25
0.00
-0.07
-0.13
-0.65
-0.05
-0.02
-0.11
-0.09
0.40 0.31 0.54 -0.26 0.45 0.25 0.17 0.11 0.07 -0.02 0.41 -0.12 0.02 -0.08
86 0.30 87 1.03 88 0.87 89 0.12 90 0.77 91 0.60 92 -0.04 93 0.55 94 0.19 95 -0.38 96 -0.02 97 -0.19 98 -0.07 99 0.16 100
261
Specimen: JB3
Load Stage 5
Total Load = 500 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.15 2 -0.15 3 -0.16 4 -0.25 5 -0.26 6 -0.32 7 -0.27 8 -0.48 9 -0.60 10 -0.52 11
0.03 0.01 -0.07 0.27 -0.05 -0.06 0.02 -0.07 0.13 -0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.06
-0.08
-0.03
-0.09
-0.13
-0.06
-0.02
-0.07
West -0.08 -0.08 -0.07 -0.08 -0.27 -0.13 -0.14 -0.14 -0.15 -0.12
21 -0.04 22 0.02 23 0.09 24 -0.07 25 -0.05 26 0.33 27 -0.11 28 0.11 29 0.05 30 -0.13 31 0.40 32 0.03 33
0.10 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.56 0.30 0.37 0.09 0.25 0.63 0.74 0.35
0.18
0.01
0.04
0.31
0.12
0.27
-0.07
-0.07
-0.24
-0.07
-0.20
-0.16
-0.17
-0.07 -0.14 -0.01 0.03 -0.01 0.03 -0.32 -0.07 0.03 -0.07 -0.10 -0.10
45 0.07 46 0.00 47 -0.03 48 0.07 49 0.01 50 -0.01 51 0.82 52 0.09 53 0.29 54 0.10 55 0.59 56 1.01 57 0.76 58 0.84 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.04 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.24 0.46 0.63 -0.02 0.47 0.77 0.91 1.14 0.54 -0.04
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.20
0.24
0.46
0.42
0.21
0.18
-0.03
-0.02
-0.11
-0.06
-0.07
-0.01
0.10 -0.02 0.01 -0.04 -0.04 -0.14 0.10 0.31 0.19 0.24 0.02 0.25 0.35 0.64
73 0.00 74 -0.03 75 0.08 76 0.11 77 0.35 78 0.48 79 0.55 80 0.30 81 0.83 82 1.42 83 0.57 84 1.42 85 0.89 86 0.55 87
P
10 -0.52 11 -0.42 12 -0.39 13 -0.34 14 -0.29 15 -0.28 16 -0.33 17 -0.32 18 -0.17 19 -0.12 20
-0.03 -0.14 -0.14 -0.09 -0.07 -0.04 -0.06 0.02 -0.03 -0.11
0.05
0.06
0.14
0.03
0.00
0.08
0.02
0.00
-0.02
-0.15
-0.13
-0.12 0.04 -0.04 -0.13 -0.10 -0.13 -0.21 -0.07 -0.02 -0.09
East
32 0.03 33 0.32 34 0.15 35 0.05 36 0.08 37 0.14 38 0.07 39 0.01 40 0.01 41 0.00 42 -0.11 43 0.01 44
0.35 0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.04 0.01 -0.03 0.03 -0.02 0.06 -0.06 0.00
0.05
0.22
0.11
0.01
0.29
0.06
0.12
-0.16
-0.17
-0.08
-0.01
-0.30
-0.10
-0.10 -0.01 0.57 0.08 0.40 0.28 0.12 0.02 0.29 0.10 -0.07 -0.30
58 0.84 59 -0.04 60 1.15 61 -0.11 62 0.55 63 0.61 64 0.36 65 -0.05 66 0.43 67 0.11 68 0.15 69 -0.06 70 -0.05 71 -0.06 72
-0.04 0.17 -0.12 -0.01 0.13 0.27 -0.04 -0.03 0.06 -0.23 -0.09 -0.05 -0.16 -0.09
0.09
0.08
0.19
0.17
0.09
0.33
0.19
-0.07
-0.01
-0.35
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.09
-0.01
0.64 0.53 0.96 0.08 0.61 0.57 0.55 0.44 0.44 0.10 0.61 -0.08 0.02 -0.02
86 0.55 87 1.55 88 1.07 89 0.49 90 1.05 91 0.91 92 0.01 93 0.70 94 0.68 95 -0.46 96 0.23 97 -0.11 98 -0.06 99 0.15 100
262
Specimen: JB3
Load Stage 6
Total Load = 600 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 0.06 2 -0.08 3 -0.14 4 -0.23 5 -0.29 6 -0.44 7 -0.29 8 -0.51 9 -0.77 10 -0.68 11
0.02 0.02 -0.13 1.39 0.74 0.25 0.24 -0.06 0.31 -0.06
0.18
1.75
0.76
0.08
0.27
0.00
0.13
0.03
-0.06
-0.02
-0.08
West -0.09 -0.08 -0.17 -0.14 0.30 0.00 -0.17 -0.08 -0.21 -0.15
21 -0.04 22 -0.03 23 0.09 24 0.06 25 0.07 26 0.89 27 0.12 28 0.05 29 0.17 30 -0.17 31 0.70 32 0.00 33
0.13 0.18 0.07 -0.66 2.58 1.98 0.31 0.69 0.64 1.12 1.16 0.41
0.26
0.04
0.02
3.01
0.12
0.59
0.65
-0.15
-0.78
-0.16
-0.23
-0.16
-0.10
-0.04 -0.07 -0.01 0.03 -0.20 -0.13 -0.33 -0.09 -0.05 -0.14 -0.09 -0.10
45 0.06 46 -0.02 47 -0.02 48 0.09 49 -0.03 50 -0.73 51 2.74 52 0.11 53 0.22 54 0.59 55 0.41 56 1.54 57 0.87 58 1.08 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.05 0.02 0.04 0.22 2.24 2.70 3.51 0.07 1.01 1.47 1.28 1.84 0.64 0.00
0.06
0.05
0.01
3.06
4.09
0.49
0.74
0.45
0.74
0.19
-0.03
-0.06
-0.05
-0.05
-0.02
0.09 -0.02 0.00 -0.09 -0.02 0.67 0.07 0.32 0.16 0.27 -0.02 0.28 0.38 0.82
73 0.02 74 -0.03 75 0.13 76 0.22 77 1.38 78 0.66 79 0.68 80 0.47 81 1.19 82 1.68 83 0.88 84 1.78 85 1.05 86 0.75 87
P
10 -0.68 11 -0.85 12 -0.51 13 -0.45 14 -0.38 15 -0.38 16 -0.37 17 -0.25 18 -0.18 19 -0.14 20
-0.06 -0.12 -0.17 -0.08 -0.09 -0.07 -0.05 0.01 -0.11 -0.13
0.13
0.03
0.35
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.05
-0.03
-0.08
-0.01
-0.15
-0.15 0.15 0.16 -0.16 -0.09 -0.15 -0.27 0.02 0.05 -0.11
East
32 0.00 33 0.34 34 0.27 35 0.06 36 0.24 37 0.22 38 -0.03 39 0.06 40 0.08 41 0.08 42 -0.10 43 0.00 44
0.41 0.06 -0.10 -0.03 -0.04 0.02 -0.07 0.02 -0.01 0.02 -0.09 -0.02
0.05
0.28
0.33
0.27
0.02
0.49
0.55
0.09
-0.16
-0.10
-0.14
-0.31
-0.08
-0.10 -0.02 0.94 0.11 0.57 0.66 0.46 0.24 0.82 0.64 -0.08 -0.34
58 1.08 59 -0.03 60 1.67 61 -0.10 62 0.56 63 0.68 64 0.56 65 -0.07 66 0.50 67 0.63 68 0.08 69 -0.08 70 0.00 71 -0.03 72
0.00 0.17 -0.11 -0.04 0.11 0.24 -0.01 -0.05 0.06 -0.22 -0.12 -0.04 -0.19 -0.11
0.09
0.08
0.04
0.01
0.27
0.81
0.84
0.37
0.23
-0.05
-0.02
-0.05
-0.01
-0.10
-0.05
0.82 0.69 1.47 0.56 0.72 0.84 0.96 0.82 0.63 0.73 1.24 -0.03 0.02 -0.02
86 0.75 87 1.90 88 1.25 89 0.98 90 1.05 91 1.21 92 0.31 93 1.08 94 0.91 95 -0.33 96 0.77 97 -0.11 98 -0.06 99 0.18 100
263
Specimen: JB3
Load Stage 7
Total Load = 700 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.12 2 -0.02 3 -0.14 4 -0.29 5 -0.31 6 -0.50 7 -0.39 8 -0.61 9 -0.93 10 -0.87 11
-0.02 -0.05 -0.10 2.58 1.74 0.91 0.83 0.03 0.52 -0.08
0.11
4.29
2.48
0.82
0.78
0.15
0.17
-0.08
-0.03
-0.16
-0.01
West -0.06 -0.07 0.01 -0.14 1.46 0.54 -0.13 -0.04 -0.31 -0.18
21 -0.05 22 -0.05 23 0.06 24 -0.13 25 -0.16 26 0.93 27 -0.07 28 0.09 29 0.30 30 -0.19 31 1.02 32 0.03 33
0.12 0.13 0.02 -0.90 4.26 3.53 0.27 1.35 1.09 1.70 1.69 0.52
0.22
0.02
0.05
6.03
0.13
1.44
1.29
-0.02
-1.21
-0.27
-0.23
-0.12
-0.20
-0.06 -0.05 -0.01 0.09 -0.22 -0.10 -0.15 -0.08 -0.08 -0.16 -0.06 -0.03
45 0.06 46 0.00 47 0.00 48 0.05 49 -0.04 50 -0.89 51 3.43 52 0.18 53 0.16 54 1.05 55 0.33 56 2.03 57 0.98 58 1.31 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.04 0.03 0.00 0.11 4.34 4.86 5.68 0.19 1.81 2.18 1.80 2.54 0.77 0.07
0.06
0.00
0.08
0.02
6.50
7.94
0.59
1.83
0.42
1.47
0.20
-0.06
-0.06
-0.08
-0.02
0.06 -0.06 -0.01 -0.11 -0.07 2.18 0.07 0.37 0.12 0.28 -0.06 0.33 0.47 0.97
73 0.07 74 -0.02 75 0.13 76 0.14 77 2.17 78 0.79 79 0.85 80 0.71 81 1.65 82 1.69 83 1.31 84 2.12 85 1.20 86 0.91 87
P
10 -0.87 11 -0.83 12 -0.59 13 -0.57 14 -0.44 15 -0.44 16 -0.43 17 -0.24 18 -0.15 19 -0.11 20
-0.08 -0.16 -0.21 -0.08 -0.10 -0.08 0.24 0.73 -0.16 -0.13
0.15
0.17
0.67
0.00
0.19
0.10
0.49
1.61
2.72
-0.03
-0.20
-0.18 0.26 0.42 -0.14 0.06 0.20 0.52 1.41 1.91 -0.10
East
32 0.03 33 0.49 34 0.43 35 0.05 36 0.29 37 0.28 38 -0.05 39 -0.01 40 1.05 41 0.01 42 -0.14 43 -0.01 44
0.52 0.07 -0.23 -0.04 -0.05 0.01 0.02 0.00 -0.07 0.67 0.67 -0.03
0.03
0.35
0.63
0.63
0.00
0.44
3.88
3.03
2.73
-0.12
-0.20
-0.14
-0.10
-0.03 0.04 1.34 0.17 0.88 1.04 0.66 0.18 3.01 3.04 2.13 1.94
58 1.31 59 0.03 60 1.96 61 -0.11 62 0.67 63 0.83 64 0.82 65 -0.06 66 0.47 67 0.61 68 0.04 69 1.29 70 -0.06 71 -0.06 72
0.07 0.21 -0.05 -0.06 0.10 0.23 -0.05 0.00 0.08 -0.12 -0.03 -0.32 -0.20 -0.11
0.05
0.61
0.02
0.13
0.41
0.97
1.51
0.27
2.32
-0.08
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.08
-0.08
0.97 0.87 1.98 1.06 0.86 1.20 1.33 1.00 0.67 1.14 1.54 1.97 1.46 -0.03
86 0.91 87 2.23 88 1.44 89 1.39 90 1.12 91 1.44 92 0.22 93 1.60 94 1.11 95 -0.01 96 1.05 97 0.11 98 0.67 99 0.16 100
264
Specimen: JB3
Load Stage 8
Total Load = 800 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.07 2 -0.15 3 -0.17 4 -0.28 5 -0.37 6 -0.63 7 -0.53 8 -0.78 9 -1.17 10 -1.20 11
-0.01 -0.11 0.04 5.78 4.24 2.65 2.45 0.55 0.90 -0.13
6.59
3.08
2.39
0.23
0.25
0.10
-0.12
-0.04
-0.15
-0.06
10.00
West -0.10 -0.12 -0.28 -0.26 3.85 1.89 0.22 0.31 -0.52 -0.27
21 -0.13 22 -0.13 23 0.00 24 -0.22 25 0.07 26 1.40 27 -0.08 28 0.03 29 0.44 30 -0.22 31 1.39 32 0.02 33
0.10 3.00 2.42 0.79 9.04 7.35 0.26 2.44 2.05 2.35 2.33 0.64
0.25
0.03
4.21
2.96
0.52
0.15
3.14
2.06
-0.35
-0.24
-0.15
-0.26
13.09
-0.11 -0.18 1.25 0.53 -0.35 -0.12 -0.35 -0.11 -0.12 -0.21 -0.08 -0.08
45 0.03 46 -0.12 47 -0.15 48 1.33 49 -0.07 50 -0.78 51 3.60 52 0.10 53 0.11 54 1.48 55 0.26 56 2.52 57 1.21 58 1.48 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.00 2.11 3.37 4.24 7.70 8.44 9.42 0.16 3.06 3.36 2.37 3.33 0.89 0.10
0.09
3.39
5.13
2.26
0.52
3.70
0.37
2.26
0.20
0.04
-0.01
-0.09
-0.09
12.97
14.87
0.04 -0.10 1.16 0.15 1.35 5.38 0.06 0.32 0.01 0.31 -0.08 0.37 0.53 1.11
73 -0.04 74 0.75 75 0.70 76 0.01 77 2.99 78 0.92 79 0.90 80 0.65 81 2.13 82 1.64 83 1.69 84 2.41 85 1.40 86 1.06 87
P
10 -1.20 11 -0.95 12 -0.73 13 -0.54 14 -0.38 15 -0.40 16 -0.45 17 -0.26 18 -0.13 19 -0.09 20
-0.13 -0.07 -0.06 -0.17 -0.14 -0.02 0.76 1.66 -0.19 -0.16
0.25
0.10
1.38
1.01
0.11
0.23
1.20
3.16
4.90
-0.05
-0.19
-0.27 0.55 1.01 0.70 0.01 0.40 1.15 2.32 3.11 -0.13
East
32 0.02 33 0.52 34 0.68 35 0.58 36 0.13 37 0.12 38 -0.16 39 -0.06 40 1.33 41 -0.08 42 -0.17 43 -0.02 44
0.64 0.09 -0.51 -0.03 0.76 -0.04 -0.02 0.02 -0.09 1.83 1.91 -0.06
0.04
2.68
3.97
0.59
0.47
6.55
5.92
5.82
-0.15
-0.26
-0.12
-0.03
-0.12
-0.08 -0.01 1.90 1.56 2.68 3.24 0.48 0.16 4.44 4.72 3.86 3.76
58 1.48 59 0.03 60 2.33 61 -0.09 62 0.47 63 1.95 64 0.65 65 -0.11 66 0.49 67 0.62 68 -0.05 69 1.85 70 -0.09 71 -0.07 72
0.10 0.22 -0.04 -0.02 0.12 0.16 -0.09 -0.07 0.03 -0.18 0.00 -0.44 -0.31 -0.15
0.04
0.07
1.36
0.13
3.78
2.13
0.00
1.74
0.36
5.43
-0.09
-0.02
-0.06
-0.19
-0.04
1.11 1.02 2.58 1.58 0.72 3.66 3.46 2.10 0.77 1.32 1.75 3.89 3.33 -0.06
86 1.06 87 2.55 88 1.55 89 1.79 90 1.07 91 1.82 92 0.20 93 2.33 94 1.19 95 0.04 96 1.16 97 0.09 98 1.31 99 0.07 100
265
266
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
P = 350 kN
P = 500 kN
P = 600 kN
P = 700 kN
P = 800 kN
After failure
267
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB4
Readings of LVDTs
900 900
800 800
700 700
Baldwin Load (kN)
900
800
700
Baldwin Load (kN)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20
900 900
800 800
700 700
Baldwin Load (kN)
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
270
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB4
Readings of LVDTs
900 900
800 800
700 700
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
900 900
800 800
700 700
Baldwin Load (kN)
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Specimen: JB4 Test Data for Figure 4.21
P
1 -0.02 2 0.00 3 0.02 4 0.17 5 -0.09 6 0.03 7 0.00 8 0.03 9 -0.02 10 -0.01 11
-0.01 0.03 -0.01 0.02 0.01 -0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 -0.04
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.07
0.02
-0.07
-0.03
-0.04
West 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.15 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.01
21 0.03 22 0.15 23 -0.03 24 -0.14 25 -0.27 26 0.08 27 -0.08 28 0.03 29 0.06 30 0.04 31 -0.04 32 -0.02 33
0.00 -0.04 0.06 0.01 -0.02 0.02 -0.13 0.00 -0.03 0.07 0.04 0.01
0.11
0.03
0.08
0.06
0.01
0.08
0.10
0.01
0.13
-0.03
-0.05
-0.02
-0.05
0.05 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.00 0.11 0.15 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05
45 0.02 46 0.03 47 -0.02 48 0.01 49 0.07 50 0.09 51 0.02 52 0.06 53 0.05 54 0.07 55 0.02 56 -0.03 57 -0.03 58 -0.03 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.17 -0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.01 -0.05
0.12
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.06
0.21
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.05
-0.01
-0.01
-0.06
0.03 -0.01 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.09 0.09
73 0.02 74 -0.02 75 0.04 76 0.08 77 0.05 78 0.25 79 -0.11 80 -0.04 81 0.07 82 0.01 83 0.02 84 0.05 85 0.13 86 0.10 87
P
10 -0.01 11 0.00 12 -0.01 13 -0.01 14 -0.06 15 0.00 16 0.00 17 -0.03 18 0.00 19 -0.01 20
-0.04 -0.01 0.02 0.03 -0.18 -0.05 -0.01 0.02 -0.05 -0.02
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.01
-0.03
-0.04
-0.04
-0.01
-0.02
0.01 0.00 0.06 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.06
East
32 -0.02 33 -0.02 34 -0.03 35 0.01 36 0.00 37 -0.04 38 -0.05 39 -0.04 40 -0.01 41 0.00 42 0.04 43 0.01 44
0.01 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.00
0.13
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.00
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
0.05 0.11 0.32 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.12 0.05
58 -0.03 59 -0.02 60 0.03 61 0.01 62 0.01 63 0.03 64 -0.04 65 0.03 66 -0.02 67 0.04 68 -0.01 69 0.01 70 0.06 71 0.08 72
-0.05 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.05 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 0.04 0.03 -0.03 0.03 0.03 0.20
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.07
0.04
0.00
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
-0.01
-0.02
0.09 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.12 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.01
86 0.10 87 0.12 88 0.05 89 0.05 90 0.03 91 0.02 92 0.06 93 0.02 94 0.07 95 -0.01 96 0.07 97 -0.04 98 -0.02 99 0.03 100
272
Specimen: JB4
Load Stage 2
Total Load = 100 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.09 2 0.01 3 -0.04 4 0.13 5 -0.19 6 0.07 7 -0.03 8 -0.09 9 -0.02 10 -0.03 11
-0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.08 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.01 0.00 -0.08
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.11
0.01
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
-0.20
-0.08
-0.12
West 0.02 0.03 -0.02 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.03 -0.01 0.01 -0.03
21 -0.05 22 0.09 23 -0.04 24 -0.17 25 -0.28 26 0.06 27 -0.14 28 0.01 29 0.07 30 0.00 31 0.01 32 -0.03 33
-0.08 -0.11 -0.05 -0.02 -0.04 0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.13
-0.03
-0.06
-0.07
-0.01
-0.03
-0.01
-0.10
0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.16 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.03
45 -0.10 46 0.12 47 -0.05 48 -0.22 49 0.04 50 0.13 51 0.02 52 0.03 53 -0.01 54 0.02 55 -0.01 56 -0.03 57 0.01 58 0.00 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.07 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.13 0.02 -0.01 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.06 -0.04
0.09
0.00
0.06
0.12
0.04
0.07
-0.04
-0.01
-0.10
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
-0.04
-0.09
-0.08
-0.08 -0.04 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.02 -0.02 0.08 0.07
73 0.01 74 -0.05 75 0.03 76 0.06 77 0.00 78 0.13 79 -0.12 80 -0.05 81 0.10 82 0.03 83 0.09 84 0.03 85 0.27 86 0.02 87
P
10 -0.03 11 -0.02 12 -0.01 13 -0.09 14 -0.05 15 0.00 16 -0.02 17 -0.01 18 -0.04 19 0.05 20
-0.08 -0.04 0.00 0.01 -0.22 -0.04 -0.03 0.00 -0.05 -0.02
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.03
-0.08
-0.12
-0.05
-0.01
-0.03
-0.01
-0.03 -0.02 0.05 0.06 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.07
East
32 -0.03 33 -0.02 34 -0.06 35 -0.04 36 0.01 37 -0.05 38 0.00 39 -0.08 40 -0.02 41 0.01 42 0.06 43 0.02 44
0.04 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.03 -0.01 0.00
0.13
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.03
-0.10
-0.24
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
0.03 0.10 0.09 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.11 -0.02 0.12 0.02
58 0.00 59 0.08 60 0.03 61 0.03 62 0.02 63 0.03 64 -0.02 65 0.03 66 0.02 67 -0.02 68 -0.01 69 0.07 70 0.04 71 -0.03 72
-0.04 0.00 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.00 -0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.11
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.03
0.00
-0.08
-0.03
-0.04
-0.01
0.07 0.06 0.30 0.07 0.07 0.13 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.02
86 0.02 87 0.13 88 0.13 89 0.07 90 0.05 91 0.09 92 0.10 93 0.03 94 0.06 95 0.00 96 0.10 97 -0.07 98 -0.02 99 0.03 100
273
Specimen: JB4
Load Stage 3
Total Load = 200 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.07 2 -0.03 3 -0.05 4 0.10 5 -0.22 6 0.04 7 -0.09 8 -0.11 9 -0.14 10 -0.17 11
0.03 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.00 -0.04 0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.10
0.00
0.01
0.10
0.02
0.23
0.09
0.07
0.05
-0.01
-0.06
-0.07
West 0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.05
21 -0.06 22 0.08 23 -0.02 24 -0.19 25 -0.29 26 0.10 27 -0.10 28 0.05 29 0.20 30 0.07 31 -0.04 32 -0.01 33
-0.02 -0.02 -0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.13 0.09 0.04 -0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.11
-0.02
-0.03
-0.07
-0.06
-0.01
-0.10
0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.03
45 -0.05 46 0.10 47 0.00 48 -0.11 49 0.05 50 0.17 51 0.04 52 0.06 53 0.08 54 0.07 55 0.28 56 0.06 57 0.08 58 -0.04 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.18 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.08 0.19 0.03 -0.02 0.07 0.11 0.24 0.03 0.16 -0.05
0.10
0.16
0.03
0.04
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.05
-0.08
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
-0.06
0.00 -0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.01 0.10 0.04 0.15 0.01
73 -0.06 74 0.01 75 0.09 76 0.08 77 0.06 78 0.19 79 0.05 80 -0.07 81 0.21 82 0.16 83 0.28 84 0.11 85 0.49 86 -0.02 87
P
10 -0.17 11 -0.17 12 -0.07 13 -0.13 14 -0.12 15 -0.09 16 -0.08 17 -0.10 18 -0.07 19 -0.06 20
-0.10 -0.07 -0.05 -0.06 -0.19 -0.09 -0.07 -0.03 -0.09 -0.05
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.06
0.01
0.08
0.04
-0.06
-0.07
-0.02
-0.05 -0.02 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.05
East
32 -0.01 33 -0.01 34 -0.09 35 0.00 36 -0.02 37 -0.09 38 -0.14 39 -0.07 40 -0.07 41 0.04 42 0.12 43 0.06 44
-0.03 0.02 -0.01 0.03 -0.04 0.01 -0.04 -0.01 0.04 0.04 -0.02 -0.07
0.11
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.06
-0.10
-0.09
-0.02
-0.08
-0.10
0.03 0.17 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.04 -0.02 0.02 0.10 0.01 0.14 -0.02
58 -0.04 59 0.26 60 0.10 61 0.13 62 -0.02 63 0.07 64 -0.01 65 0.03 66 -0.02 67 0.02 68 -0.01 69 0.06 70 -0.01 71 -0.01 72
-0.05 0.13 0.12 -0.02 0.01 0.02 -0.03 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.17
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.05
0.08
-0.06
-0.03
-0.01
-0.05
0.01 0.34 0.10 0.16 0.21 0.15 0.25 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.05 0.00
86 -0.02 87 0.55 88 0.27 89 0.00 90 0.33 91 0.16 92 0.08 93 0.11 94 0.10 95 0.03 96 0.13 97 -0.04 98 0.02 99 0.06 100
274
Specimen: JB4
Load Stage 4
Total Load = 350 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.12 2 -0.07 3 -0.12 4 0.01 5 -0.33 6 -0.12 7 -0.25 8 -0.30 9 -0.38 10 -0.38 11
0.00 0.03 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 -0.10 -0.01 0.07 -0.06 -0.13
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.04
-0.02
-0.02
-0.17
-0.11
-0.08
West -0.02 -0.03 -0.06 -0.04 0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.08 -0.09 -0.07
21 -0.13 22 0.08 23 -0.07 24 -0.20 25 -0.30 26 0.06 27 -0.13 28 0.03 29 -0.03 30 0.12 31 -0.09 32 0.08 33
-0.03 -0.01 0.03 0.02 0.19 -0.01 0.17 0.24 0.49 0.30 0.36 0.09
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.07
0.08
0.25
0.07
0.07
-0.02
-0.06
-0.09
-0.02
-0.01
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.12 -0.02 -0.02 0.03 -0.03
45 -0.09 46 0.04 47 -0.03 48 -0.27 49 0.00 50 0.13 51 0.18 52 -0.05 53 0.42 54 0.24 55 0.54 56 -0.17 57 0.62 58 -0.13 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.26 0.13 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.19 0.19 0.00 0.38 0.39 0.46 0.03 0.53 -0.01
0.55
0.00
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.04
-0.01
-0.02
-0.08
-0.06
-0.03
-0.11
-0.02
-0.10
-0.01 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.35 0.01 0.23 0.08 0.13 0.09 0.48 0.11
73 0.00 74 0.00 75 0.04 76 0.15 77 0.01 78 0.21 79 0.31 80 -0.14 81 0.73 82 0.58 83 0.55 84 0.18 85 1.18 86 0.30 87
P
10 -0.38 11 -0.24 12 -0.31 13 -0.28 14 -0.31 15 -0.19 16 -0.12 17 -0.17 18 -0.12 19 -0.08 20
-0.13 -0.12 -0.08 -0.09 -0.20 -0.13 -0.11 -0.05 -0.11 -0.07
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.03
-0.11
-0.08
-0.02
-0.04
-0.01
-0.07 0.01 0.02 0.08 -0.03 -0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.05
East
32 0.08 33 0.07 34 -0.03 35 0.02 36 0.03 37 -0.06 38 0.01 39 -0.05 40 -0.09 41 -0.01 42 0.05 43 0.34 44
0.09 0.24 0.07 0.10 -0.06 0.01 -0.08 0.00 0.01 0.06 -0.02 -0.06
0.07
0.15
0.02
0.06
0.11
0.02
0.05
0.04
-0.01
-0.03
-0.07
-0.02
-0.12
-0.03 0.39 0.40 0.15 0.05 0.24 0.00 0.14 0.11 0.03 0.18 0.02
58 -0.13 59 0.62 60 0.42 61 0.41 62 -0.11 63 0.36 64 -0.09 65 0.18 66 0.02 67 0.04 68 0.00 69 0.02 70 0.07 71 0.03 72
-0.01 0.40 0.28 0.04 0.02 0.15 -0.04 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.14
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.27
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.07
-0.10
-0.01
-0.03
-0.10
-0.03
0.11 0.50 0.33 0.44 0.53 0.45 0.06 0.19 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.12 0.10 0.04
86 0.30 87 1.13 88 0.64 89 0.17 90 0.71 91 0.65 92 0.06 93 0.40 94 0.07 95 0.11 96 0.24 97 -0.05 98 0.02 99 0.04 100
275
Specimen: JB4
Load Stage 5
Total Load = 500 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.16 2 -0.13 3 -0.19 4 -0.08 5 -0.25 6 -0.26 7 -0.30 8 -0.32 9 -0.57 10 -0.53 11
0.01 0.01 -0.04 -0.07 -0.08 -0.16 0.01 0.10 -0.08 -0.16
0.03
0.03
0.12
0.05
0.11
0.10
0.13
0.17
-0.01
-0.12
-0.02
West -0.05 -0.08 -0.11 -0.06 -0.02 -0.08 -0.13 -0.20 -0.22 -0.11
21 -0.16 22 0.08 23 -0.05 24 -0.19 25 -0.25 26 0.12 27 -0.19 28 0.08 29 0.06 30 0.27 31 -0.07 32 0.26 33
-0.11 -0.11 0.02 0.11 0.26 0.08 0.25 0.69 0.98 0.40 0.55 0.16
0.05
0.06
0.02
0.05
0.16
0.01
0.04
0.56
0.65
0.07
0.07
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.03 0.10 -0.03 -0.07 -0.02 -0.07
45 -0.07 46 0.06 47 -0.03 48 -0.24 49 0.20 50 0.32 51 0.41 52 -0.04 53 0.54 54 0.71 55 0.79 56 -0.21 57 1.06 58 -0.07 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.07 0.09 0.04 0.26 0.23 0.34 0.36 0.20 0.53 0.96 0.76 0.14 0.83 0.02
0.00
0.06
0.22
0.24
0.08
0.00
0.12
0.03
0.15
0.02
0.06
-0.02
-0.04
-0.05
-0.04
-0.06 0.05 0.05 -0.01 -0.02 0.04 0.15 -0.01 0.17 0.00 0.07 0.09 0.59 0.12
73 -0.19 74 0.16 75 0.09 76 0.45 77 -0.02 78 0.56 79 0.60 80 0.36 81 0.74 82 1.29 83 0.91 84 0.48 85 1.68 86 0.59 87
P
10 -0.53 11 -0.49 12 -0.42 13 -0.37 14 -0.48 15 -0.32 16 -0.24 17 -0.20 18 -0.19 19 -0.13 20
-0.16 -0.22 -0.17 -0.13 -0.34 -0.11 -0.15 -0.08 -0.16 -0.11
0.06
0.00
0.15
0.03
0.03
0.04
-0.12
-0.02
-0.01
-0.05
-0.04
-0.11 0.05 0.05 0.01 -0.07 -0.10 0.06 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
East
32 0.26 33 0.21 34 0.09 35 0.09 36 0.08 37 -0.09 38 -0.03 39 -0.05 40 -0.11 41 0.01 42 0.01 43 0.17 44
0.16 0.03 0.04 0.06 -0.10 -0.04 -0.15 -0.04 -0.02 0.03 -0.05 -0.06
0.07
0.07
0.00
0.04
0.37
0.42
0.23
0.05
0.07
0.01
-0.04
-0.06
-0.12
-0.07 0.56 0.33 0.15 0.19 0.46 0.27 0.56 0.32 -0.03 0.10 -0.02
58 -0.07 59 1.07 60 0.86 61 0.51 62 -0.09 63 0.65 64 -0.11 65 0.51 66 0.37 67 0.02 68 0.14 69 0.08 70 0.10 71 0.06 72
0.02 0.54 0.32 -0.03 0.00 0.11 -0.03 0.12 0.02 -0.07 -0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.36
0.56
0.08
0.14
0.02
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.12 0.76 0.71 0.92 0.80 0.75 0.16 0.48 0.47 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.03
86 0.59 87 1.77 88 0.87 89 0.42 90 1.23 91 0.91 92 0.51 93 0.79 94 0.52 95 0.13 96 0.36 97 -0.01 98 0.06 99 0.07 100
276
Specimen: JB4
Load Stage 6
Total Load = 600 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.22 2 -0.18 3 -0.27 4 -0.15 5 -0.37 6 -0.32 7 -0.40 8 -0.48 9 -0.72 10 -0.69 11
0.12 0.03 -0.02 0.04 -0.08 -0.19 0.17 0.24 -0.06 -0.17
0.00
0.13
0.09
0.14
0.04
0.32
0.26
-0.02
-0.02
-0.14
-0.02
West -0.04 -0.05 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08 -0.09 -0.15 -0.17 -0.26 -0.12
21 -0.18 22 0.08 23 -0.03 24 -0.25 25 -0.30 26 0.23 27 -0.20 28 0.03 29 0.13 30 0.30 31 -0.09 32 0.29 33
0.01 -0.10 0.24 0.43 0.57 0.31 0.27 1.14 1.53 0.55 0.73 0.24
0.05
0.03
0.33
0.40
0.02
0.07
0.99
0.86
0.09
0.06
-0.01
-0.06
-0.02
-0.04 -0.04 -0.06 -0.03 -0.01 -0.03 0.07 0.05 -0.07 -0.10 -0.02 -0.07
45 -0.05 46 0.06 47 -0.06 48 -0.29 49 0.37 50 0.56 51 0.41 52 -0.04 53 0.59 54 1.10 55 0.94 56 -0.20 57 1.41 58 -0.04 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.03 0.12 0.11 0.56 0.54 0.72 0.50 0.33 0.63 1.50 1.00 0.26 1.08 0.06
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.01
0.49
0.07
0.21
0.03
0.27
0.00
-0.12
-0.05
-0.06
-0.09
-0.12
-0.09 -0.07 0.01 -0.03 0.00 0.03 0.11 -0.05 0.14 -0.10 0.07 0.11 0.73 0.13
73 -0.09 74 0.12 75 0.17 76 0.59 77 0.09 78 0.76 79 0.74 80 0.45 81 0.70 82 1.76 83 1.21 84 0.63 85 2.04 86 0.68 87
P
10 -0.69 11 -0.70 12 -0.51 13 -0.50 14 -0.50 15 -0.35 16 -0.21 17 -0.21 18 -0.16 19 -0.07 20
-0.17 -0.23 -0.19 -0.13 -0.29 0.00 0.15 -0.12 -0.16 -0.10
0.23
0.00
0.16
0.23
0.91
1.19
0.05
0.01
0.02
-0.14
-0.02
-0.12 0.15 0.23 -0.12 0.02 0.17 0.73 0.82 -0.03 0.05
East
32 0.29 33 0.27 34 0.26 35 0.00 36 0.10 37 -0.18 38 0.04 39 0.39 40 -0.10 41 0.04 42 0.01 43 -0.12 44
0.24 0.04 -0.06 -0.01 -0.11 -0.04 -0.19 -0.13 -0.05 0.04 -0.04 -0.06
0.09
0.06
0.51
0.00
0.50
0.63
1.85
0.29
0.08
0.01
0.05
-0.10
-0.04
-0.07 0.71 0.76 0.76 0.29 0.56 0.38 1.77 1.63 0.23 0.15 0.00
58 -0.04 59 1.30 60 0.77 61 1.05 62 -0.10 63 0.72 64 -0.13 65 0.49 66 1.09 67 0.22 68 0.04 69 0.04 70 -0.08 71 -0.03 72
0.06 0.65 0.36 -0.04 0.00 0.13 0.01 0.15 -0.18 -0.08 -0.07 0.01 -0.12 -0.04
0.00
0.07
0.39
1.02
0.13
0.26
0.03
0.10
1.05
0.56
0.07
0.01
0.08
-0.12
-0.06
0.13 0.95 0.71 1.57 1.30 0.95 0.37 0.61 1.61 1.06 0.61 0.11 0.08 0.02
86 0.68 87 2.08 88 1.00 89 0.61 90 1.65 91 1.03 92 0.65 93 1.07 94 0.78 95 0.38 96 0.75 97 0.07 98 0.02 99 0.06 100
277
Specimen: JB4
Load Stage 7
Total Load = 700 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.16 2 -0.06 3 -0.15 4 -0.23 5 -0.47 6 -0.38 7 -0.47 8 -0.62 9 -0.97 10 -0.97 11
0.03 2.95 2.21 1.64 0.87 1.54 1.50 0.93 0.07 -0.22
0.02
0.08
5.18
3.62
2.17
0.28
2.38
1.82
0.88
-0.24
-0.01
West -0.01 -0.05 2.00 1.15 0.12 -0.18 0.64 0.13 -0.25 -0.16
21 -0.19 22 0.01 23 -0.10 24 0.39 25 -0.35 26 0.20 27 -0.24 28 0.80 29 0.35 30 0.28 31 -0.11 32 0.39 33
-0.06 -0.04 4.07 3.95 0.52 0.31 2.97 3.75 2.16 0.89 0.90 0.35
6.37
0.48
0.48
3.75
1.63
1.09
0.13
0.03
-0.06
-0.01
-0.05
-0.06
-0.04
0.00 -0.04 -0.10 -0.02 0.07 -0.03 -0.11 -0.02 -0.02 -0.05 0.00 -0.04
45 -0.05 46 -0.01 47 -0.12 48 -0.24 49 1.76 50 0.54 51 0.16 52 -0.17 53 2.04 54 1.20 55 1.02 56 -0.16 57 1.64 58 -0.06 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.03 1.24 4.19 5.04 4.73 0.82 2.61 3.30 3.57 1.81 1.23 0.39 1.32 0.12
0.03
1.75
6.65
7.53
0.11
3.27
4.51
0.36
0.03
-0.01
-0.15
-0.09
-0.02
-0.06
-0.07
-0.07 -0.06 0.65 2.45 0.05 -0.02 0.09 0.92 0.14 -0.18 0.01 0.18 0.89 0.20
73 -0.15 74 0.56 75 1.19 76 0.83 77 0.23 78 0.90 79 1.58 80 0.72 81 0.92 82 2.00 83 1.37 84 0.75 85 2.33 86 0.81 87
P
10 -0.97 11 -0.90 12 -0.53 13 -0.49 14 -0.65 15 -0.36 16 -0.23 17 -0.21 18 -0.22 19 -0.07 20
-0.22 -0.23 -0.23 -0.05 0.31 1.46 2.27 -0.12 -0.14 -0.11
0.67
0.03
0.94
2.93
5.00
6.24
0.00
-0.24
-0.01
-0.10
-0.06
-0.16 0.32 0.63 0.40 1.19 2.09 3.18 3.74 0.01 0.05
East
32 0.39 33 0.34 34 0.53 35 -0.02 36 0.05 37 -0.25 38 0.04 39 1.13 40 -0.20 41 -0.13 42 -0.04 43 -0.14 44
0.35 0.10 -0.08 -0.05 -0.08 -0.02 -0.20 -0.14 0.30 0.74 -0.12 -0.10
0.13
0.03
1.49
0.61
0.01
0.63
7.85
2.17
2.43
0.03
-0.12
-0.02
-0.07
-0.04 0.87 1.49 1.63 0.29 0.65 0.49 5.20 5.49 1.71 1.93 0.07
58 -0.06 59 1.49 60 0.71 61 1.70 62 -0.15 63 0.72 64 -0.11 65 0.47 66 1.61 67 0.06 68 0.93 69 -0.03 70 -0.06 71 -0.03 72
0.12 0.75 0.44 0.02 0.06 0.18 0.00 0.21 -0.27 0.53 0.02 0.44 -0.05 0.04
0.03
0.05
0.39
1.92
0.19
0.39
0.03
0.09
5.66
2.63
2.98
1.33
0.09
-0.07
-0.05
0.20 1.19 0.74 2.51 2.10 1.13 0.62 0.68 4.36 3.63 3.85 2.17 0.95 0.04
86 0.81 87 2.41 88 1.13 89 0.84 90 2.19 91 1.04 92 0.83 93 1.14 94 0.79 95 0.25 96 1.43 97 0.67 98 0.37 99 0.02 100
278
Specimen: JB4
Load Stage 8
Total Load = 800 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.14 2 -0.08 3 -0.24 4 -0.41 5 -0.79 6 -0.31 7 -0.36 8 -0.85 9 -1.34 10 -1.39 11
-0.02 7.37 6.21 5.23 3.88 5.82 4.29 2.45 0.51 -0.32
0.00
8.79
3.79
7.54
5.37
2.20
0.04
-0.01
-0.33
14.21
11.68
West -0.06 -0.13 6.45 4.68 2.01 0.03 2.22 0.97 -0.30 -0.26
21 -0.20 22 -0.04 23 -0.17 24 0.24 25 -0.35 26 0.17 27 -0.35 28 1.07 29 0.57 30 0.24 31 -0.15 32 0.49 33
-0.10 -0.10 9.19 8.67 0.49 0.30 6.17 7.13 2.69 0.81 1.10 0.44
0.44
0.50
9.46
2.39
1.21
0.03
0.22
-0.02
-0.01
-0.06
-0.10
-0.01
16.25
-0.05 -0.10 -0.19 -0.07 0.02 -0.06 -0.21 -0.01 -0.11 -0.10 -0.03 -0.08
45 -0.10 46 -0.02 47 -0.12 48 -0.34 49 2.30 50 0.40 51 0.12 52 -0.16 53 2.88 54 1.39 55 0.99 56 0.12 57 1.94 58 -0.03 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.19 4.95 10.27 10.91 10.18 2.19 6.15 6.93 7.00 2.29 1.42 0.61 1.58 0.14
0.00
8.29
2.58
9.49
0.05
0.48
-0.15
-0.15
-0.16
-0.12
-0.03
-0.13
17.77
18.17
10.69
-0.13 -0.11 3.27 7.37 -0.03 -0.15 0.92 3.38 0.15 -0.61 -0.07 0.10 0.92 0.22
73 -0.27 74 1.67 75 1.31 76 0.80 77 0.17 78 1.12 79 2.02 80 0.78 81 1.02 82 2.22 83 1.56 84 0.99 85 2.59 86 0.88 87
P
10 -1.39 11 -1.21 12 -0.81 13 -0.71 14 -0.73 15 -0.44 16 -0.24 17 -0.21 18 -0.13 19 -0.03 20
-0.32 -0.18 -0.31 0.36 1.78 4.29 6.04 -0.18 -0.24 -0.15
0.04
2.00
0.54
3.37
7.52
0.01
-0.33
-0.12
-0.04
11.40
13.98
-0.26 0.80 1.92 1.19 3.02 4.67 6.34 7.51 -0.03 0.00
East
32 0.49 33 0.38 34 1.30 35 -0.04 36 -0.02 37 -0.17 38 0.05 39 0.95 40 -0.24 41 -0.10 42 -0.05 43 -0.14 44
0.44 0.02 -0.15 -0.15 -0.11 -0.02 -0.17 -0.14 0.51 1.21 -0.17 -0.16
0.22
4.15
0.30
0.36
0.05
0.64
3.36
4.19
-0.01
-0.17
-0.06
-0.03
16.76
-0.08 0.93 3.19 3.83 0.56 0.41 0.45 9.42 10.24 2.49 2.90 -0.02
58 -0.03 59 1.60 60 0.62 61 3.07 62 0.18 63 0.38 64 -0.15 65 0.33 66 1.74 67 0.00 68 1.26 69 -0.10 70 -0.06 71 -0.06 72
0.14 0.79 0.49 -0.15 0.51 0.28 -0.11 0.17 -0.40 3.32 0.19 0.97 -0.09 -0.01
0.07
0.33
4.79
3.05
1.80
0.33
0.12
8.71
5.35
2.98
0.04
-0.03
-0.13
-0.09
14.10
0.22 1.29 0.67 4.67 4.70 3.02 1.69 0.94 8.76 8.10 8.44 3.40 1.97 -0.01
86 0.88 87 2.75 88 1.29 89 0.95 90 2.40 91 1.30 92 1.14 93 1.42 94 0.75 95 0.11 96 2.35 97 0.52 98 0.80 99 -0.04 100
279
280
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
P = 200 kN
P = 350 kN
P = 500 kN
P = 600 kN
P = 700 kN
After failure
281
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB5
Readings of LVDTs
800 800
700 700
600 600
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 5 10 15 20 25
800
700
600
Baldwin Load (kN)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
800 800
700 700
600 600
Baldwin Load (kN)
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
283
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB5
Readings of LVDTs
800 800
700 700
600 600
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
800 800
700 700
600 600
Baldwin Load (kN)
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Specimen: JB5 Test Data for Figure 4.22
P
1 -0.01 2 0.01 3 0.00 4 -0.01 5 0.14 6 0.13 7 0.01 8 -0.07 9 0.00 10 -0.03 11
-0.07 -0.04 -0.10 0.00 -0.02 -0.12 -0.04 -0.11 -0.06 0.01
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.02
-0.13
-0.03
West -0.07 0.05 0.00 0.00 -0.10 -0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.00 0.00
21 0.02 22 -0.05 23 0.01 24 0.02 25 -0.01 26 -0.04 27 -0.01 28 -0.03 29 0.02 30 -0.01 31 -0.01 32 0.02 33
0.01 -0.05 0.02 -0.04 -0.15 0.00 0.02 -0.03 -0.28 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01
0.04
0.25
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
-0.06
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.05
-0.01 -0.04 -0.04 0.02 0.01 -0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 -0.01
45 0.06 46 0.02 47 -0.03 48 0.09 49 -0.03 50 -0.01 51 0.02 52 0.03 53 0.00 54 0.02 55 0.03 56 0.06 57 0.02 58 0.04 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.01 0.04 -0.02 0.00 -0.14 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.06 -0.02 -0.02 -0.04 0.03 0.03
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.20
0.16
-0.07
-0.03
-0.01
-0.03
-0.15 -0.11 0.01 -0.04 0.00 0.02 0.02 -0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01
73 0.01 74 -0.02 75 0.03 76 0.02 77 0.03 78 0.06 79 -0.01 80 0.00 81 0.05 82 0.03 83 0.04 84 0.00 85 0.09 86 0.04 87
P
10 -0.03 11 -0.02 12 -0.03 13 -0.06 14 -0.04 15 -0.01 16 -0.03 17 -0.01 18 0.02 19 -0.01 20
0.01 -0.03 0.01 0.01 -0.03 -0.07 -0.14 0.36 -0.01 -0.02
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.01
-0.01
-0.02
0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.04 -0.01 0.03 -0.01 0.03
East
32 0.02 33 0.07 34 -0.02 35 -0.03 36 -0.03 37 0.01 38 -0.05 39 0.02 40 0.01 41 -0.03 42 -0.12 43 0.07 44
-0.01 0.02 0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.12 -0.15 -0.01 -0.03 -0.02 -0.06
0.02
0.16
0.03
0.14
0.11
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.07
-0.05
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01 0.04 -0.01 0.02 -0.03 0.12 0.04 -0.08 -0.08 -0.03 -0.13 0.01
58 0.04 59 0.41 60 0.21 61 0.03 62 0.00 63 0.10 64 0.07 65 -0.02 66 0.02 67 0.03 68 0.02 69 -0.01 70 0.02 71 0.00 72
0.03 0.02 -0.02 0.02 0.05 -0.11 -0.05 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.04 -0.06
0.20
0.16
0.03
0.15
0.05
0.10
0.14
0.10
0.03
-0.18
-0.02
-0.11
-0.03
-0.06
-0.02
-0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.04 0.13 0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.00
86 0.04 87 -0.01 88 0.06 89 0.02 90 0.01 91 0.07 92 0.05 93 0.02 94 0.03 95 0.01 96 0.03 97 0.00 98 0.00 99 0.00 100
285
Specimen: JB5
Load Stage 2
Total Load = 100 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.04 2 -0.04 3 0.01 4 0.01 5 -0.08 6 0.02 7 -0.01 8 -0.03 9 -0.08 10 -0.08 11
0.01 -0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.11 -0.06 -0.10 -0.06 -0.01
0.08
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.00
-0.10
West -0.11 0.06 -0.02 -0.01 -0.10 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.01 -0.01
21 0.00 22 0.01 23 0.01 24 -0.10 25 0.00 26 -0.04 27 -0.01 28 -0.03 29 0.00 30 -0.01 31 -0.03 32 -0.02 33
0.00 -0.09 0.06 0.02 -0.09 0.01 -0.12 -0.03 -0.08 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01
0.00
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.04
-0.01
-0.04
-0.06
-0.03
0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.03 0.01 -0.01 -0.03 0.00
45 -0.03 46 0.10 47 0.01 48 0.12 49 -0.02 50 0.04 51 0.04 52 0.08 53 0.02 54 0.05 55 0.03 56 0.07 57 0.03 58 0.06 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.01 0.02 -0.03 0.01 0.06 -0.02 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.10 0.04
0.01
0.06
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.06
-0.23
-0.12
-0.11
-0.01
-0.04
-0.03
-0.09 -0.01 0.02 0.00 -0.03 0.04 -0.02 -0.04 0.04 0.00 0.02 -0.02 -0.07 0.00
73 0.03 74 0.01 75 0.04 76 0.01 77 0.03 78 0.08 79 0.06 80 -0.05 81 0.17 82 0.05 83 0.13 84 0.02 85 0.21 86 0.18 87
P
10 -0.08 11 -0.08 12 -0.11 13 -0.07 14 -0.09 15 -0.04 16 -0.07 17 -0.03 18 -0.01 19 -0.02 20
-0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.08 -0.17 -0.04 -0.01 -0.02
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.24
0.05
0.03
-0.02
-0.06
-0.01
-0.01 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.02 0.00 -0.05 0.00 -0.01 0.03
East
32 -0.02 33 -0.08 34 0.00 35 -0.02 36 -0.03 37 0.02 38 -0.11 39 -0.01 40 -0.01 41 -0.02 42 -0.01 43 -0.05 44
-0.01 0.05 0.09 -0.01 -0.01 0.08 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.07
0.14
0.11
0.06
0.01
0.03
0.10
-0.06
-0.03
-0.01
-0.04
-0.05
-0.01
-0.06
0.00 0.01 -0.03 0.03 -0.03 0.14 0.08 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 -0.12 0.01
58 0.06 59 0.06 60 -0.02 61 0.06 62 0.09 63 0.10 64 0.10 65 -0.01 66 0.01 67 0.05 68 0.01 69 -0.02 70 0.04 71 0.00 72
0.04 0.02 0.07 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.03 -0.03 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.06
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.07
0.18
0.01
-0.17
-0.01
-0.04
-0.04
-0.15
-0.01
-0.03
-0.03
-0.01
0.00 -0.03 0.06 0.01 -0.01 0.04 0.17 0.07 0.15 -0.02 -0.11 0.00 0.01 0.03
86 0.18 87 0.02 88 0.11 89 0.04 90 0.10 91 0.12 92 0.05 93 0.00 94 0.04 95 0.03 96 0.01 97 0.06 98 -0.05 99 0.04 100
286
Specimen: JB5
Load Stage 3
Total Load = 200 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.07 2 -0.06 3 -0.14 4 -0.08 5 -0.19 6 -0.01 7 -0.13 8 -0.18 9 -0.13 10 -0.15 11
0.08 -0.14 -0.24 0.00 -0.02 -0.11 -0.03 -0.11 -0.10 -0.05
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.00
-0.05
West -0.07 0.11 0.00 -0.02 -0.10 -0.05 -0.09 -0.07 -0.01 -0.02
21 -0.01 22 -0.05 23 0.04 24 -0.08 25 -0.03 26 -0.06 27 0.01 28 -0.05 29 -0.01 30 -0.03 31 -0.03 32 0.03 33
0.02 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.04 -0.01 0.09
0.51
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.00
0.02
0.14
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.02
0.01 0.09 -0.02 0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00 -0.06 0.06
45 -0.02 46 0.12 47 -0.05 48 0.11 49 -0.05 50 0.03 51 0.02 52 0.08 53 0.06 54 0.04 55 0.15 56 0.14 57 0.00 58 0.34 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.03 0.00 -0.11 0.03 0.07 0.01 -0.06 -0.06 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.19
0.09
0.03
0.15
0.03
0.00
0.05
0.08
0.06
-0.01
-0.14
-0.07
-0.03
-0.01
-0.04
-0.04
-0.11 -0.03 0.03 -0.02 0.00 0.08 -0.01 -0.02 0.07 0.02 0.15 0.04 -0.23 0.12
73 0.02 74 -0.01 75 0.04 76 0.06 77 0.03 78 0.10 79 0.18 80 0.01 81 0.21 82 0.08 83 0.27 84 0.19 85 0.31 86 0.37 87
P
10 -0.15 11 -0.14 12 -0.17 13 -0.14 14 -0.12 15 -0.06 16 -0.11 17 -0.06 18 -0.06 19 -0.06 20
-0.05 -0.09 -0.01 -0.03 -0.03 -0.05 -0.19 -0.03 -0.01 -0.04
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
-0.02
-0.06
-0.02 0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.06 0.02 -0.02 0.06
East
32 0.03 33 0.17 34 -0.01 35 -0.05 36 -0.04 37 0.00 38 -0.10 39 -0.03 40 -0.01 41 -0.03 42 -0.13 43 -0.02 44
0.09 0.01 0.00 -0.04 -0.03 0.00 -0.03 -0.05 0.00 -0.09 0.02 -0.05
0.14
0.25
0.00
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.08
-0.02
-0.01
0.06 0.00 0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.08 0.08 -0.08 0.05 -0.02 -0.06 0.03
58 0.34 59 -0.07 60 0.11 61 0.03 62 0.04 63 0.12 64 0.01 65 0.02 66 0.04 67 0.04 68 0.03 69 0.01 70 0.02 71 0.02 72
0.19 -0.06 0.10 -0.04 0.05 0.04 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.05 0.01 0.02 0.05
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.17
0.18
0.10
0.03
0.03
-0.07
-0.03
-0.13
-0.03
-0.01
-0.02
0.12 -0.05 0.10 0.04 0.14 0.07 0.13 0.03 0.17 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02
86 0.37 87 0.07 88 0.28 89 -0.05 90 0.26 91 0.15 92 0.24 93 -0.01 94 0.14 95 0.04 96 0.05 97 0.02 98 -0.01 99 0.02 100
287
Specimen: JB5
Load Stage 4
Total Load = 350 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.14 2 -0.09 3 -0.16 4 -0.17 5 -0.17 6 -0.24 7 -0.26 8 -0.40 9 -0.32 10 -0.36 11
0.00 -0.03 -0.14 -0.03 -0.02 -0.05 -0.14 -0.16 -0.12 -0.08
0.07
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.03
-0.08
-0.02
-0.03
-0.02
West -0.08 0.14 -0.06 -0.06 -0.13 -0.12 -0.08 -0.17 -0.10 -0.05
21 -0.01 22 -0.05 23 0.08 24 -0.10 25 -0.04 26 -0.07 27 -0.03 28 -0.03 29 -0.01 30 -0.05 31 0.05 32 0.16 33
0.03 -0.05 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.28 0.06 0.13 0.32 0.11 0.20
0.17
0.39
0.00
0.03
0.12
0.05
-0.04
-0.01
-0.05
-0.07
-0.03
-0.09
-0.07
-0.01 0.04 -0.02 0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 -0.06 0.09 -0.03 -0.09 0.18
45 -0.03 46 0.30 47 0.09 48 0.11 49 -0.05 50 0.18 51 -0.03 52 0.17 53 0.45 54 -0.07 55 0.41 56 0.65 57 -0.04 58 0.76 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.01 0.02 -0.06 0.08 -0.02 0.10 0.17 0.29 0.37 0.15 0.33 0.15 0.29 0.39
0.05
0.18
0.05
0.09
0.14
0.04
0.02
0.03
-0.03
-0.16
-0.04
-0.06
-0.07
-0.05
-0.04
-0.09 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.20 -0.06 -0.03 0.12 0.09 0.26 0.28 0.10 0.33
73 0.02 74 0.00 75 0.07 76 0.10 77 0.01 78 0.43 79 0.34 80 0.21 81 0.51 82 0.43 83 0.58 84 0.64 85 0.86 86 0.66 87
P
10 -0.36 11 -0.38 12 -0.38 13 -0.29 14 -0.26 15 -0.17 16 -0.21 17 -0.16 18 -0.09 19 -0.11 20
-0.08 -0.21 -0.11 -0.21 -0.10 -0.11 -0.24 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.00
-0.03
-0.02
-0.04
-0.02
-0.01
-0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.02 -0.05 -0.01 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 0.07
East
32 0.16 33 -0.02 34 0.00 35 -0.18 36 -0.04 37 0.00 38 -0.13 39 -0.08 40 -0.04 41 -0.06 42 -0.09 43 -0.04 44
0.20 0.01 0.10 -0.14 -0.03 0.02 -0.12 -0.10 -0.01 -0.03 0.01 -0.10
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.06
0.00
-0.09
-0.07
-0.01
-0.04
-0.07
-0.02
-0.06
-0.03
0.18 0.06 0.08 0.09 -0.04 0.21 0.04 -0.08 0.06 -0.01 -0.09 0.04
58 0.76 59 0.19 60 0.35 61 0.37 62 -0.02 63 0.43 64 0.04 65 -0.01 66 0.10 67 0.04 68 0.05 69 0.14 70 0.04 71 0.03 72
0.39 0.15 0.22 -0.04 0.16 0.16 0.05 -0.03 0.05 -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.07 0.04
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.18
0.10
0.16
0.04
0.07
0.04
-0.15
-0.04
-0.06
-0.18
-0.06
-0.03
0.33 0.31 0.24 0.39 0.40 0.21 0.34 0.02 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.03
86 0.66 87 0.89 88 0.43 89 0.19 90 0.89 91 0.43 92 0.48 93 -0.03 94 0.31 95 0.02 96 0.17 97 0.00 98 0.04 99 0.03 100
288
Specimen: JB5
Load Stage 5
Total Load = 500 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.16 2 -0.10 3 -0.43 4 -0.26 5 -0.25 6 -0.30 7 -0.40 8 -0.45 9 -0.52 10 -0.53 11
-0.01 -0.08 0.14 -0.02 -0.09 -0.02 -0.07 -0.22 -0.15 -0.12
0.08
0.03
0.29
0.05
0.07
0.05
-0.07
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.03
West -0.12 0.20 -0.05 -0.01 -0.13 -0.13 -0.07 -0.16 -0.12 -0.07
21 -0.01 22 -0.01 23 -0.04 24 0.00 25 0.46 26 -0.05 27 -0.02 28 0.16 29 0.14 30 -0.04 31 0.19 32 0.24 33
0.02 0.02 0.10 1.16 0.71 -0.01 0.77 0.33 0.30 0.52 0.33 0.26
0.24
0.01
0.08
1.03
0.00
0.70
0.03
0.17
0.01
-0.01
-0.06
-0.03
-0.04
0.08 0.01 0.43 -0.03 -0.07 0.00 -0.03 -0.08 0.07 -0.06 -0.15 0.24
45 0.02 46 0.03 47 -0.06 48 0.12 49 0.14 50 1.43 51 -0.04 52 0.22 53 1.01 54 -0.05 55 0.73 56 0.94 57 0.22 58 0.82 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.01 0.07 -0.05 0.49 1.34 1.49 0.35 0.74 0.98 0.30 0.60 0.55 0.42 0.45
0.04
0.08
0.41
1.30
0.17
0.50
0.01
0.36
0.08
0.00
0.17
-0.14
-0.11
-0.03
-0.04
-0.12 -0.10 0.00 -0.04 -0.08 0.20 -0.04 -0.10 0.10 0.14 0.32 0.35 0.24 0.42
73 0.03 74 0.15 75 0.03 76 0.71 77 0.98 78 1.01 79 0.56 80 0.56 81 0.71 82 0.80 83 0.89 84 1.13 85 1.29 86 0.87 87
P
10 -0.53 11 -0.54 12 -0.51 13 -0.41 14 -0.34 15 -0.28 16 -0.29 17 -0.21 18 -0.12 19 -0.14 20
-0.12 -0.27 -0.11 -0.10 -0.12 -0.28 -0.23 0.15 -0.08 -0.09
0.19
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.54
1.14
0.08
0.07
-0.02
-0.03
-0.01
-0.07 -0.02 -0.05 0.10 -0.06 -0.06 0.11 0.48 0.85 0.01
East
32 0.24 33 0.18 34 -0.04 35 0.16 36 0.03 37 -0.01 38 -0.09 39 -0.05 40 0.61 41 -0.08 42 -0.09 43 0.02 44
0.26 0.03 0.12 0.04 -0.08 0.01 -0.01 -0.09 -0.26 -0.07 -0.01 -0.12
0.01
0.09
0.52
0.02
0.06
0.02
0.10
0.04
0.15
-0.04
-0.04
-0.03
-0.04
0.24 0.25 0.08 0.45 0.06 0.45 0.14 -0.09 1.41 -0.08 -0.08 0.03
58 0.82 59 0.53 60 0.37 61 0.82 62 -0.10 63 0.65 64 0.19 65 -0.11 66 1.65 67 -0.01 68 0.06 69 0.04 70 0.14 71 0.03 72
0.45 0.28 0.22 -0.11 0.20 0.13 0.10 0.15 0.11 -0.09 0.02 0.01 -0.05 0.01
0.17
0.13
0.69
0.35
0.27
0.11
0.49
0.03
-0.04
-0.10
-0.02
-0.14
-0.06
-0.02
-0.05
0.42 0.70 0.28 0.93 0.88 0.50 0.55 -0.03 1.85 0.59 0.20 0.00 0.01 0.01
86 0.87 87 1.54 88 0.55 89 0.40 90 1.62 91 0.57 92 0.81 93 0.31 94 1.49 95 0.57 96 0.41 97 0.02 98 0.04 99 0.02 100
289
Specimen: JB5
Load Stage 6
Total Load = 600 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.14 2 0.01 3 -0.48 4 -0.30 5 -0.37 6 -0.35 7 -0.48 8 -0.64 9 -0.66 10 -0.66 11
-0.02 0.46 0.94 0.35 -0.05 0.42 0.14 -0.24 -0.15 -0.15
0.13
0.01
0.59
1.22
0.26
0.57
0.23
-0.11
-0.02
-0.05
-0.03
West -0.15 0.17 0.08 0.18 -0.13 -0.18 -0.01 -0.17 -0.15 -0.09
21 -0.03 22 -0.06 23 -0.01 24 0.43 25 0.76 26 -0.11 27 -0.08 28 0.41 29 0.15 30 -0.10 31 0.24 32 0.33 33
-0.05 1.12 2.23 2.94 1.45 -0.02 1.54 0.91 0.41 0.67 0.55 0.33
0.22
1.45
2.39
2.21
0.01
1.66
0.26
-0.06
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
-0.01
-0.02
0.03 -0.01 0.31 0.14 -0.06 -0.02 -0.07 -0.07 0.05 -0.08 -0.15 0.25
45 0.02 46 0.05 47 -0.09 48 0.96 49 1.01 50 1.30 51 -0.08 52 0.13 53 1.57 54 -0.07 55 0.87 56 1.15 57 0.43 58 0.91 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.04 0.24 1.66 3.02 2.76 1.72 0.71 1.45 1.85 0.48 0.78 0.85 0.51 0.43
0.24
2.15
1.87
1.72
0.07
0.61
1.42
0.04
0.48
0.01
0.13
-0.04
-0.11
-0.02
-0.07
-0.12 -0.10 -0.08 -0.03 -0.06 0.31 -0.07 -0.07 0.06 0.22 0.32 0.37 0.33 0.53
73 0.04 74 0.25 75 1.11 76 1.35 77 1.14 78 1.31 79 0.81 80 0.73 81 0.85 82 1.07 83 0.99 84 1.42 85 1.50 86 0.97 87
P
10 -0.66 11 -0.67 12 -0.58 13 -0.38 14 -0.44 15 -0.38 16 -0.34 17 -0.24 18 -0.17 19 -0.12 20
-0.15 -0.16 -0.06 -0.12 -0.15 -0.11 0.03 0.73 -0.07 -0.09
0.51
0.05
0.32
1.47
2.82
0.04
-0.05
-0.03
-0.04
-0.04
-0.01
-0.09 -0.01 0.05 0.36 -0.03 0.02 0.55 1.24 1.96 0.02
East
32 0.33 33 0.34 34 -0.10 35 0.35 36 0.10 37 -0.04 38 -0.15 39 -0.08 40 1.16 41 -0.07 42 -0.14 43 -0.03 44
0.33 0.03 -0.09 -0.11 -0.07 -0.04 -0.03 -0.10 -0.87 0.12 0.01 -0.14
0.01
0.55
0.02
0.01
0.89
1.38
0.05
0.12
-0.01
-0.02
-0.08
-0.01
-0.03
0.25 0.37 0.04 0.86 0.26 0.72 0.13 -0.03 2.89 0.87 1.06 0.02
58 0.91 59 0.74 60 0.42 61 1.21 62 -0.04 63 0.86 64 0.21 65 -0.11 66 1.97 67 -0.08 68 1.05 69 0.01 70 0.02 71 0.01 72
0.43 0.38 0.27 0.02 0.19 0.09 0.12 0.23 0.14 -0.07 -0.28 0.00 -0.06 -0.01
0.13
0.17
1.20
0.24
0.66
0.13
1.94
-0.07
-0.11
-0.03
-0.20
-0.11
-0.01
-0.05
-0.12
0.53 0.96 0.36 1.52 1.40 0.87 0.88 -0.01 2.70 1.52 1.43 0.08 -0.04 0.03
86 0.97 87 1.95 88 0.66 89 0.54 90 2.02 91 0.59 92 1.19 93 0.47 94 1.48 95 1.12 96 1.36 97 0.21 98 -0.04 99 0.00 100
290
Specimen: JB5
Load Stage 7
Total Load = 700 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.12 2 0.05 3 -0.41 4 -0.31 5 -0.40 6 -0.39 7 -0.51 8 -0.79 9 -0.98 10 -0.91 11
-0.03 2.77 2.66 1.49 0.41 2.64 1.66 0.42 0.07 -0.22
0.07
0.03
4.29
3.84
1.55
0.09
4.37
2.15
0.17
0.05
-0.12
West -0.13 0.14 1.41 1.05 0.12 -0.20 1.41 0.23 -0.25 -0.09
21 -0.04 22 -0.09 23 -0.13 24 1.31 25 0.46 26 -0.11 27 -0.16 28 0.89 29 0.11 30 -0.09 31 0.56 32 0.49 33
-0.03 4.58 5.23 5.55 1.34 -0.02 4.77 3.71 0.37 1.33 1.23 0.48
0.12
0.00
6.73
7.00
2.25
0.01
6.58
0.00
0.95
0.03
-0.09
-0.07
-0.06
0.01 -0.05 1.91 0.22 0.00 -0.02 -0.14 -0.09 0.05 -0.09 -0.16 0.24
45 0.07 46 0.00 47 -0.15 48 2.57 49 0.67 50 1.21 51 -0.03 52 0.07 53 2.83 54 -0.10 55 0.81 56 1.74 57 0.69 58 0.94 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.03 0.23 4.94 6.50 3.15 3.16 3.60 5.21 5.45 0.62 1.34 1.48 0.61 0.44
0.13
7.24
1.79
2.44
2.25
4.73
7.14
0.38
0.63
0.68
0.03
0.13
-0.02
-0.18
-0.12
-0.10 -0.14 -0.14 -0.03 -0.09 0.50 0.75 1.13 0.03 0.27 0.27 0.42 0.44 0.55
73 -0.01 74 0.22 75 2.49 76 1.59 77 1.55 78 1.61 79 1.92 80 0.79 81 1.01 82 1.32 83 1.20 84 1.74 85 1.76 86 1.13 87
P
10 -0.91 11 -0.89 12 -0.75 13 -0.47 14 -0.66 15 -0.47 16 -0.38 17 -0.21 18 -0.04 19 -0.07 20
-0.22 -0.34 0.10 -0.08 0.52 2.61 5.18 7.56 -0.09 -0.10
0.05
0.17
1.39
1.21
4.81
9.94
0.01
-0.12
-0.02
14.80
20.55
-0.09 0.08 0.32 1.51 2.32 4.47 6.89 8.79 14.28 0.01
East
32 0.49 33 0.25 34 -0.14 35 0.59 36 0.15 37 -0.04 38 -0.13 39 -3.00 40 4.09 41 -0.14 42 -0.26 43 0.03 44
0.48 0.02 0.03 -0.61 -0.09 -0.02 -0.04 -0.13 -7.65 0.51 0.77 -0.16
0.03
0.95
0.03
2.28
2.17
3.72
3.14
-0.06
-0.02
-0.08
-0.01
-0.03
-0.01
0.24 0.52 0.10 1.67 0.53 1.00 0.17 -3.19 12.40 2.25 3.01 2.25
58 0.94 59 0.98 60 0.44 61 1.61 62 -0.12 63 0.98 64 0.24 65 -0.11 66 3.45 67 -0.08 68 0.83 69 1.33 70 -0.04 71 -0.02 72
0.44 0.40 0.28 -0.01 0.05 -0.05 0.13 0.58 0.29 -0.07 -0.46 -0.76 -0.15 -0.05
0.13
0.04
0.19
2.40
1.02
0.40
1.00
-0.12
-0.07
-0.02
-0.21
-0.15
-0.11
-0.12
18.17
0.55 1.23 0.45 2.41 2.23 1.20 1.21 0.01 11.66 10.55 1.50 2.64 0.83 -0.04
86 1.13 87 2.23 88 0.75 89 0.72 90 2.39 91 0.62 92 1.40 93 0.77 94 1.55 95 2.91 96 1.39 97 1.41 98 0.54 99 -0.09 100
291
292
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
P = 200 kN
P = 350 kN
P = 500 kN
P = 600 kN
After failure
293
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB6
Readings of LVDTs
700 700
600 600
500 500
Baldwin Load (kN)
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 20
700
600
500
Baldwin Load (kN)
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20
700 700
600 600
500 500
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
295
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB6
Readings of LVDTs
700 700
600 600
500 500
Baldwin Load (kN)
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2
700 700
600 600
500 500
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Specimen: JB6 Test Data for Figure 4.23
P
1 -0.03 2 -0.06 3 -0.03 4 -0.09 5 -0.06 6 -0.05 7 -0.06 8 0.00 9 0.00 10 -0.05 11
0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.05 0.01 -0.02
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
-0.07
-0.04
-0.07
-0.09
-0.03
West -0.01 0.02 -0.11 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 -0.06 -0.04 -0.04
21 0.01 22 0.00 23 -0.03 24 -0.22 25 -0.02 26 -0.11 27 -0.02 28 -0.02 29 -0.04 30 -0.02 31 0.11 32 -0.03 33
0.03 0.01 0.06 -0.02 -0.04 -0.01 -0.02 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.04
0.03
0.07
0.15
0.01
0.14
0.02
0.05
0.15
0.04
0.02
-0.01
-0.01
-0.04
0.01 0.01 -0.08 0.07 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 0.05 0.01 0.04 -0.06 -0.07
45 -0.05 46 -0.04 47 -0.07 48 -0.13 49 -0.04 50 -0.12 51 -0.22 52 -0.08 53 -0.04 54 -0.10 55 0.02 56 0.06 57 0.09 58 0.05 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.08 0.00 0.04 0.04 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 0.05 0.04
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.05
-0.07
-0.04
-0.02
-0.05
-0.03
-0.07
-0.08
-0.02
-0.01
0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.02 0.03 -0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.01
73 -0.02 74 -0.03 75 -0.04 76 -0.02 77 -0.05 78 -0.09 79 -0.09 80 -0.03 81 -0.02 82 -0.07 83 -0.11 84 -0.08 85 0.10 86 0.08 87
P
10 -0.05 11 -0.01 12 -0.01 13 -0.04 14 -0.03 15 -0.03 16 -0.04 17 -0.01 18 -0.04 19 0.01 20
-0.02 0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.06 -0.19 -0.02 0.04 0.03 0.05
0.08
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
-0.09
-0.03
-0.04
-0.02
-0.04 0.01 0.00 -0.06 -0.05 -0.02 -0.10 -0.04 -0.02 0.01
East
32 -0.03 33 0.04 34 -0.03 35 -0.02 36 -0.05 37 -0.11 38 -0.11 39 -0.02 40 0.00 41 -0.01 42 -0.06 43 -0.25 44
0.04 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.03 -0.01 0.20 -0.05 -0.02 0.03 0.00 0.05
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.05
0.01
0.01
-0.03
-0.07
-0.03
-0.03
-0.04
-0.17
-0.07 -0.02 0.00 -0.05 -0.02 -0.05 0.00 0.04 -0.06 0.01 -0.02 -0.19
58 0.05 59 -0.03 60 0.03 61 -0.15 62 -0.08 63 0.01 64 -0.07 65 -0.05 66 -0.06 67 0.01 68 0.01 69 0.01 70 -0.01 71 0.04 72
0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.01 -0.04 0.04 0.09
0.06
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
-0.02
-0.01
-0.06
-0.10
-0.02
-0.01
-0.06
0.01 0.05 0.02 -0.04 0.01 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 -0.01 -0.03 0.06
86 0.08 87 0.02 88 0.09 89 0.02 90 0.03 91 -0.02 92 0.11 93 -0.05 94 0.02 95 0.01 96 -0.05 97 -0.03 98 0.04 99 0.00 100
297
Specimen: JB6
Load Stage 2
Total Load = 100 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 0.00 2 -0.05 3 -0.03 4 -0.03 5 -0.04 6 -0.03 7 -0.11 8 -0.06 9 0.00 10 -0.06 11
0.05 0.13 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.05 -0.03 -0.04 -0.03 -0.05
0.28
0.12
0.01
0.07
0.02
0.07
0.06
-0.03
-0.21
-0.08
-0.03
West 0.04 0.02 -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.09 -0.09 -0.08
21 0.10 22 0.05 23 0.07 24 -0.09 25 -0.01 26 -0.04 27 0.00 28 0.02 29 -0.04 30 -0.05 31 0.14 32 0.01 33
0.04 0.02 0.06 0.05 -0.02 -0.01 0.15 0.06 0.21 0.02 0.09 0.05
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.15
0.11
0.19
0.14
0.08
0.04
-0.06
-0.03
-0.01 0.00 -0.08 0.06 -0.03 -0.04 -0.05 0.04 -0.01 0.09 -0.05 -0.06
45 -0.01 46 0.05 47 -0.04 48 -0.05 49 0.06 50 0.02 51 -0.16 52 0.05 53 0.01 54 0.01 55 -0.06 56 -0.03 57 0.16 58 0.05 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.13 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.07 -0.04 -0.02 0.01 0.06 0.02
0.07
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.20
0.05
0.00
0.06
0.01
-0.03
-0.07
-0.01
-0.02 0.08 0.00 0.04 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.19 -0.02 0.00 -0.03 -0.03 0.05 0.04
73 -0.04 74 -0.03 75 0.01 76 0.02 77 0.01 78 0.06 79 -0.13 80 0.17 81 0.10 82 -0.01 83 0.03 84 -0.03 85 0.14 86 0.17 87
P
10 -0.06 11 -0.01 12 -0.03 13 -0.05 14 0.03 15 -0.03 16 -0.04 17 -0.03 18 0.01 19 -0.01 20
-0.05 0.02 -0.04 0.03 0.06 -0.24 -0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04
0.10
0.04
0.07
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.02
-0.08
-0.03
-0.01
-0.08 -0.01 -0.03 -0.10 -0.08 -0.03 -0.09 -0.02 -0.01 0.00
East
32 0.01 33 0.06 34 0.00 35 0.00 36 -0.02 37 -0.09 38 -0.05 39 -0.04 40 0.06 41 0.03 42 -0.03 43 -0.21 44
0.05 0.05 -0.02 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.17 0.05 -0.05 0.03 0.01 0.13
0.08
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.08
0.03
-0.02
-0.05
-0.06
-0.01
-0.34
-0.06 0.01 0.00 -0.04 -0.01 -0.06 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.00 -0.18
58 0.05 59 0.03 60 0.08 61 -0.07 62 -0.05 63 -0.01 64 -0.05 65 -0.01 66 0.00 67 0.01 68 0.04 69 0.05 70 -0.01 71 0.07 72
0.02 0.04 0.03 -0.01 -0.01 0.03 0.02 -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 0.01
0.01
0.08
0.00
0.01
0.09
0.07
-0.01
-0.06
-0.01
-0.17
-0.16
-0.04
-0.01
-0.01
-0.07
0.04 0.03 0.02 -0.01 0.11 -0.04 -0.01 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 -0.04 0.07
86 0.17 87 0.16 88 0.15 89 0.07 90 0.20 91 0.00 92 0.13 93 0.07 94 0.10 95 0.05 96 -0.08 97 0.05 98 0.08 99 0.04 100
298
Specimen: JB6
Load Stage 3
Total Load = 200 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.20 2 -0.13 3 -0.16 4 -0.15 5 -0.14 6 -0.15 7 -0.24 8 -0.21 9 -0.15 10 -0.19 11
0.08 0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.06 -0.05 -0.10
0.26
0.11
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.07
-0.02
-0.04
-0.17
-0.14
-0.05
West -0.05 -0.01 -0.12 -0.05 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04 -0.11 -0.14 -0.14
21 0.01 22 -0.02 23 -0.02 24 -0.19 25 -0.02 26 -0.06 27 -0.05 28 -0.01 29 -0.03 30 -0.10 31 0.09 32 0.02 33
0.01 0.04 0.07 0.05 -0.01 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.08 0.05
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.07
0.23
0.07
0.01
0.03
-0.01
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.03 -0.04 -0.10 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 -0.07 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.11 0.00
45 -0.04 46 -0.01 47 -0.07 48 -0.06 49 0.01 50 -0.03 51 -0.22 52 0.03 53 -0.02 54 0.02 55 0.08 56 -0.03 57 0.13 58 0.22 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.11 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.11 -0.03 0.08 -0.01 0.11 0.15
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.18
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.04
-0.06
-0.01
-0.06
-0.03
-0.01
-0.10
-0.03 0.00 -0.03 0.05 -0.01 0.09 -0.07 0.19 -0.02 -0.03 0.02 0.00 0.16 0.16
73 -0.09 74 -0.03 75 0.00 76 0.02 77 -0.03 78 0.15 79 -0.23 80 0.25 81 0.14 82 -0.01 83 0.18 84 0.04 85 0.28 86 0.40 87
P
10 -0.19 11 -0.15 12 -0.17 13 -0.16 14 -0.07 15 -0.11 16 -0.11 17 -0.08 18 -0.02 19 -0.03 20
-0.10 -0.05 -0.08 0.00 0.03 -0.29 -0.06 -0.02 0.00 0.01
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
-0.14
-0.05
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.14 -0.04 -0.05 -0.07 -0.08 -0.05 -0.13 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01
East
32 0.02 33 0.05 34 -0.03 35 -0.03 36 -0.06 37 -0.13 38 -0.08 39 -0.03 40 0.00 41 0.05 42 -0.04 43 -0.27 44
0.05 0.10 0.02 0.02 -0.02 -0.08 0.14 -0.03 -0.05 0.02 0.01 0.04
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.05
-0.05
-0.09
-0.03
-0.09
-0.01
-0.29
0.00 0.04 -0.04 -0.08 0.01 -0.04 0.12 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.14
58 0.22 59 0.23 60 0.19 61 -0.08 62 -0.01 63 0.01 64 -0.07 65 -0.02 66 -0.02 67 0.02 68 0.02 69 0.03 70 0.00 71 0.08 72
0.15 0.15 0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 -0.01 -0.01 0.03 -0.02 0.02 -0.06 -0.03 0.00
0.04
0.04
0.09
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.01
0.03
-0.20
-0.08
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
0.16 0.17 0.03 -0.03 0.08 -0.05 -0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.02 -0.05 0.06
86 0.40 87 0.47 88 0.28 89 0.01 90 0.29 91 0.03 92 0.12 93 0.12 94 0.13 95 -0.05 96 -0.08 97 -0.02 98 0.10 99 0.02 100
299
Specimen: JB6
Load Stage 4
Total Load = 350 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 0.07 2 -0.12 3 -0.13 4 -0.21 5 -0.21 6 -0.21 7 -0.27 8 -0.24 9 -0.31 10 -0.37 11
0.09 0.14 0.00 -0.10 -0.06 -0.02 -0.02 -0.09 0.02 -0.11
0.11
0.08
0.10
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.07
-0.01
-0.18
-0.14
-0.07
West -0.09 -0.05 -0.11 -0.08 -0.06 -0.10 -0.11 -0.15 -0.24 -0.18
21 0.02 22 0.06 23 0.02 24 0.00 25 -0.03 26 -0.02 27 0.02 28 0.09 29 0.03 30 -0.05 31 0.21 32 0.05 33
0.01 0.09 0.05 0.31 -0.05 0.13 0.26 0.13 0.30 0.03 0.36 0.13
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.22
0.06
0.24
0.07
0.00
0.00
-0.04
-0.07 -0.02 -0.11 0.06 -0.07 -0.04 -0.09 -0.06 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.04
45 0.00 46 0.06 47 -0.04 48 -0.02 49 -0.01 50 0.51 51 -0.28 52 0.33 53 0.37 54 -0.05 55 0.53 56 -0.12 57 0.71 58 0.42 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.11 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.49 0.01 0.27 0.35 0.15 0.39 0.28 0.62 0.37
0.05
0.00
0.08
0.02
0.01
0.17
0.04
0.11
0.41
0.26
0.05
0.05
-0.06
-0.03
-0.04
-0.08 -0.03 -0.04 0.04 -0.04 0.18 -0.08 0.28 0.14 -0.02 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.27
73 -0.02 74 0.04 75 0.05 76 0.24 77 -0.11 78 0.93 79 -0.24 80 0.57 81 0.64 82 0.38 83 0.50 84 0.57 85 0.76 86 0.98 87
P
10 -0.37 11 -0.32 12 -0.28 13 -0.32 14 -0.13 15 -0.18 16 -0.19 17 -0.14 18 -0.09 19 0.00 20
-0.11 -0.10 -0.10 -0.02 0.03 -0.29 -0.06 -0.01 -0.02 0.01
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.07
-0.14
-0.07
-0.01
-0.02
-0.18 -0.04 -0.10 -0.14 -0.14 -0.09 -0.17 -0.08 -0.05 -0.02
East
32 0.05 33 0.15 34 0.01 35 -0.04 36 -0.02 37 -0.17 38 -0.04 39 -0.02 40 0.15 41 0.05 42 -0.02 43 -0.20 44
0.13 0.16 0.13 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 0.09 -0.03 -0.09 0.02 -0.01 0.06
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.13
0.22
0.07
0.07
-0.06
-0.07
-0.05
-0.10
-0.07
-0.32
0.04 0.18 0.03 -0.09 0.10 0.00 0.04 0.20 0.03 0.27 -0.03 -0.18
58 0.42 59 0.60 60 0.51 61 -0.12 62 0.22 63 0.32 64 -0.17 65 0.25 66 -0.01 67 0.47 68 0.00 69 0.08 70 -0.01 71 0.07 72
0.37 0.32 0.21 -0.02 0.10 0.11 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.06 -0.02 -0.02 -0.11 -0.03
0.05
0.05
0.13
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.07
0.00
-0.02
-0.11
-0.09
-0.04
-0.01
-0.06
-0.06
0.27 0.42 0.33 -0.04 0.22 0.27 -0.02 0.23 0.04 0.34 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.10
86 0.98 87 0.86 88 0.68 89 0.40 90 0.50 91 0.51 92 0.27 93 0.34 94 0.37 95 0.41 96 0.00 97 0.08 98 0.13 99 0.07 100
300
Specimen: JB6
Load Stage 5
Total Load = 500 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 0.05 2 -0.20 3 -0.20 4 -0.25 5 -0.29 6 -0.30 7 -0.40 8 -0.39 9 -0.44 10 -0.51 11
0.09 1.00 0.48 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.12 -0.09 0.10 -0.10
0.15
0.02
1.10
0.30
0.06
0.04
0.18
-0.04
-0.23
-0.11
-0.11
West -0.09 -0.05 -0.01 -0.09 -0.12 -0.13 -0.16 -0.20 -0.31 -0.22
21 -0.07 22 -0.01 23 -0.01 24 0.76 25 -0.14 26 -0.12 27 0.18 28 0.09 29 0.14 30 -0.13 31 0.39 32 0.15 33
0.00 0.03 0.97 1.53 -0.10 0.54 0.73 0.20 0.54 0.00 0.60 0.23
0.02
0.78
0.44
0.34
0.01
0.20
0.05
0.02
-0.03
-0.09
-0.01
-0.09
-0.01
-0.08 -0.02 -0.13 -0.15 -0.08 -0.04 -0.10 -0.07 -0.01 0.01 0.10 0.13
45 -0.02 46 0.02 47 -0.11 48 -0.09 49 0.92 50 0.97 51 -0.33 52 0.72 53 0.44 54 -0.12 55 0.87 56 -0.24 57 1.19 58 0.73 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.05 0.03 0.01 1.25 1.05 1.13 0.32 0.80 0.55 0.46 0.82 0.79 1.09 0.68
1.17
0.00
0.52
0.02
0.35
0.56
0.11
0.07
-0.06
-0.06
-0.02
-0.07
-0.03
-0.04
-0.12
-0.09 -0.04 0.00 0.01 -0.05 0.18 -0.05 0.28 0.17 -0.02 0.10 -0.02 0.32 0.39
73 -0.08 74 -0.06 75 0.07 76 1.25 77 -0.18 78 1.73 79 0.11 80 0.74 81 0.89 82 0.70 83 0.71 84 1.10 85 1.08 86 1.26 87
P
10 -0.51 11 -0.49 12 -0.42 13 -0.41 14 -0.28 15 -0.33 16 -0.28 17 -0.21 18 -0.07 19 -0.04 20
-0.10 -0.13 -0.11 -0.04 0.02 -0.29 0.12 0.62 -0.03 0.00
0.07
0.00
0.05
0.21
1.14
2.33
0.08
-0.11
-0.11
-0.02
-0.03
-0.22 -0.05 -0.10 -0.21 -0.16 0.04 0.31 0.95 1.58 -0.02
East
32 0.15 33 0.32 34 0.13 35 0.02 36 -0.04 37 0.03 38 -0.05 39 -0.03 40 0.98 41 -0.04 42 -0.07 43 -0.22 44
0.23 0.21 0.13 -0.01 -0.04 -0.02 0.10 -0.05 -0.11 -0.02 -0.05 0.03
0.02
0.02
0.18
0.11
3.46
0.04
0.03
-0.01
-0.10
-0.04
-0.12
-0.05
-0.38
0.13 0.34 0.19 0.18 0.13 0.26 0.06 0.26 2.18 2.74 -0.04 -0.20
58 0.73 59 0.97 60 0.56 61 0.25 62 0.25 63 0.65 64 -0.12 65 0.28 66 0.12 67 2.15 68 -0.01 69 0.07 70 -0.03 71 0.07 72
0.68 0.49 0.28 0.05 0.12 0.18 0.05 0.23 0.40 -0.92 -0.05 0.01 -0.03 -0.03
0.11
0.07
0.21
0.07
0.05
0.13
0.01
0.03
-0.07
-0.16
-0.13
-0.09
-0.07
-0.03
-0.10
0.39 0.69 0.51 0.41 0.44 0.58 0.04 0.31 0.04 2.99 0.44 0.06 0.00 0.14
86 1.26 87 1.29 88 1.06 89 0.74 90 0.78 91 1.01 92 0.41 93 0.79 94 0.82 95 1.89 96 0.48 97 0.06 98 0.03 99 0.06 100
301
Specimen: JB6
Load Stage 6
Total Load = 600 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 0.08 2 -0.09 3 -0.02 4 -0.25 5 -0.14 6 -0.32 7 -0.38 8 -0.43 9 -0.53 10 -0.64 11
0.09 3.75 2.60 1.45 0.83 0.10 0.27 -0.06 0.16 -0.14
0.20
0.02
5.19
3.04
1.04
0.29
0.07
0.38
-0.20
-0.07
-0.10
West -0.10 -0.11 1.21 0.36 -0.10 -0.12 -0.17 -0.18 -0.37 -0.24
21 0.00 22 0.03 23 -0.04 24 2.29 25 -0.16 26 -0.11 27 0.33 28 0.09 29 0.31 30 -0.14 31 0.47 32 0.20 33
-0.04 3.26 4.71 4.86 -0.11 0.74 0.92 0.18 0.86 0.01 0.74 0.27
0.03
4.36
5.95
0.01
0.01
0.76
0.38
0.04
0.19
0.19
0.04
-0.06
-0.01
-0.11 -0.11 0.98 -0.09 -0.11 -0.01 -0.13 -0.06 -0.05 0.02 0.10 0.20
45 0.11 46 0.03 47 -0.14 48 2.10 49 1.19 50 1.01 51 -0.30 52 0.95 53 0.47 54 -0.10 55 1.25 56 -0.05 57 1.45 58 0.92 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.03 -0.02 3.26 5.45 1.86 1.39 0.67 1.13 0.68 0.85 1.22 1.07 1.42 0.75
4.55
2.46
0.22
0.80
0.08
0.07
0.76
0.01
0.79
0.14
0.13
-0.05
-0.10
-0.04
-0.08
-0.13 -0.12 -0.08 0.10 0.00 0.35 0.07 0.31 0.17 -0.05 0.12 -0.06 0.35 0.50
73 -0.04 74 -0.02 75 2.03 76 1.89 77 0.12 78 2.28 79 0.40 80 0.95 81 1.05 82 1.09 83 0.86 84 1.47 85 1.31 86 1.54 87
P
10 -0.64 11 -0.69 12 -0.58 13 -0.54 14 -0.38 15 -0.34 16 -0.26 17 -0.19 18 -0.12 19 -0.07 20
-0.14 -0.18 -0.19 0.10 0.69 -0.05 1.16 2.49 0.00 -0.05
0.16
0.03
0.99
2.50
1.90
4.24
6.79
0.32
0.09
-0.07
-0.10
-0.24 -0.02 0.08 0.07 0.76 2.07 1.52 2.80 4.09 0.31
East
32 0.20 33 0.41 34 0.36 35 -0.04 36 -0.16 37 0.62 38 -0.03 39 -0.04 40 1.39 41 0.25 42 -0.12 43 -0.26 44
0.27 0.23 0.03 -0.05 -0.03 -0.97 0.10 -0.03 -0.12 -0.05 0.45 -0.04
0.04
0.59
0.16
8.89
1.22
2.15
-0.01
-0.06
-0.01
-0.10
-0.16
-0.03
-0.29
0.20 0.52 0.64 0.74 0.20 1.96 0.12 0.18 5.02 6.58 1.12 1.42
58 0.92 59 1.17 60 0.46 61 0.85 62 0.20 63 1.72 64 -0.15 65 0.23 66 -0.03 67 3.01 68 -0.02 69 0.99 70 -0.07 71 0.01 72
0.75 0.60 0.36 0.05 0.13 0.18 0.40 0.32 0.61 -3.08 -0.06 0.00 0.05 -0.06
0.14
0.13
0.33
0.01
0.44
2.56
1.47
0.45
0.20
0.47
2.88
0.72
0.02
-0.11
-0.02
0.50 0.85 0.58 0.93 0.73 2.54 2.06 1.37 0.18 6.19 0.73 1.95 2.14 0.66
86 1.54 87 1.57 88 1.26 89 0.91 90 1.07 91 1.28 92 0.76 93 1.27 94 1.12 95 2.62 96 0.71 97 0.12 98 1.08 99 0.41 100
302
303
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
P = 200 kN
P = 350 kN
P = 500 kN
P = 555 kN
After failure
304
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB7
Readings of LVDTs
700 700
600 600
500 500
Baldwin Load (kN)
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
700
600
500
Baldwin Load (kN)
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
700 700
600 600
500 500
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
307
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB7
Readings of LVDTs
700 700
600 600
500 500
Baldwin Load (kN)
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
700 700
600 600
500 500
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Specimen: JB7 Test Data for Figure 4.24
P
1 -0.10 2 -0.05 3 -0.05 4 0.00 5 -0.01 6 -0.02 7 -0.06 8 -0.01 9 -0.06 10 -0.11 11
-0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.16 0.08 0.18 0.18 -0.04 0.01
0.00
-0.04
-0.07
-0.05
-0.03
-0.27
-0.15
-0.05
-0.04
-0.07
-0.05
West -0.01 -0.03 -0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.35 -0.06 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03
21 0.02 22 0.03 23 -0.07 24 0.03 25 -0.17 26 0.15 27 0.14 28 -0.13 29 -0.03 30 0.01 31 -0.01 32 -0.05 33
-0.11 -0.37 -0.03 -0.04 -0.14 -0.17 -0.07 -0.04 -0.07 0.01 -0.02 0.00
0.02
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
-0.06
-0.02
-0.35
-0.12
-0.04
-0.30
-0.09
-0.01
-0.06
-0.02 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.11 0.03 0.03 -0.05 -0.01 0.00
45 -0.07 46 0.02 47 0.00 48 0.06 49 0.08 50 -0.02 51 -0.25 52 0.23 53 0.09 54 0.01 55 -0.06 56 0.18 57 0.00 58 -0.01 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.04 -0.01 0.07 0.07 -0.11
0.11
0.11
-0.01
-0.06
-0.07
-0.08
-0.10
-0.06
-0.09
-0.03
-0.04
-0.27
-0.04
-0.07
-0.08
0.01 -0.02 -0.07 -0.08 -0.02 0.00 -0.03 -0.03 0.01 -0.02 -0.08 0.00 0.00 -0.02
73 -0.06 74 0.00 75 0.01 76 -0.08 77 0.03 78 0.00 79 0.06 80 0.01 81 0.01 82 0.08 83 -0.06 84 0.07 85 0.06 86 -0.03 87
P
10 -0.11 11 -0.06 12 -0.09 13 -0.10 14 -0.08 15 -0.04 16 -0.03 17 -0.05 18 0.03 19 -0.01 20
0.01 -0.10 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.03 -0.14 0.01 -0.03
0.00
-0.07
-0.05
-0.07
-0.14
-0.08
-0.01
-0.05
-0.35
-0.07
-0.08
-0.03 -0.01 -0.04 -0.01 -0.02 0.07 -0.05 -0.01 -0.18 0.01
East
32 -0.05 33 -0.05 34 -0.03 35 0.01 36 -0.07 37 0.00 38 -0.20 39 -0.01 40 -0.12 41 -0.03 42 -0.03 43 -0.03 44
0.00 -0.04 0.08 -0.07 -0.05 0.08 0.07 0.02 0.17 -0.02 0.02 -0.03
0.02
0.01
-0.01
-0.06
-0.03
-0.09
-0.11
-0.36
-0.04
-0.05
-0.04
-0.04
-0.20
0.00 0.03 -0.01 0.04 -0.18 0.18 -0.04 -0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00
58 -0.01 59 0.01 60 -0.06 61 -0.03 62 0.07 63 -0.06 64 -0.03 65 -0.03 66 0.01 67 -0.07 68 -0.04 69 -0.08 70 -0.53 71 -0.37 72
-0.11 0.05 -0.01 -0.01 -0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.00 -0.02
0.10
0.02
0.01
-0.07
-0.08
-0.07
-0.11
-0.05
-0.31
-0.08
-0.10
-0.05
-0.05
-0.01
-0.09
-0.02 0.06 0.01 -0.01 -0.16 0.08 0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.00 0.03 -0.03 -0.36 -0.02
86 -0.03 87 0.16 88 0.03 89 -0.01 90 -0.01 91 0.03 92 -0.04 93 0.01 94 -0.06 95 -0.09 96 -0.09 97 -0.03 98 -0.05 99 -0.24 100
309
Specimen: JB7
Load Stage 2
Total Load = 100 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.12 2 -0.05 3 -0.13 4 -0.03 5 -0.01 6 -0.06 7 -0.12 8 -0.06 9 -0.11 10 -0.17 11
-0.01 0.06 -0.04 0.00 -0.18 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.06 -0.03
0.13
0.02
0.00
0.01
-0.02
-0.01
-0.03
-0.21
-0.09
-0.05
-0.04
West 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.05 -0.25 -0.02 0.06 -0.04 -0.01
21 -0.05 22 -0.01 23 -0.07 24 0.02 25 -0.19 26 0.15 27 -0.07 28 0.13 29 -0.21 30 0.01 31 -0.02 32 -0.05 33
-0.09 -0.27 -0.04 -0.02 -0.13 -0.14 0.01 0.02 -0.04 0.01 -0.03 -0.03
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.04
-0.03
-0.24
-0.02
-0.08
-0.07
-0.02
-0.03
0.01 0.07 0.03 0.06 -0.02 0.03 0.06 0.08 -0.03 -0.02 0.00 0.01
45 -0.07 46 0.00 47 0.00 48 0.07 49 0.13 50 -0.02 51 -0.27 52 0.24 53 0.05 54 0.09 55 0.00 56 0.09 57 0.01 58 0.00 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.09 0.09 -0.27
0.12
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.25
-0.02
-0.04
-0.05
-0.06
-0.05
-0.10
-0.04
-0.02
-0.08
-0.03 -0.03 -0.09 -0.04 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.04 0.05 -0.03 0.00 0.04 -0.01
73 -0.08 74 0.00 75 -0.05 76 -0.13 77 0.05 78 0.00 79 0.04 80 -0.02 81 0.07 82 0.18 83 -0.09 84 0.12 85 0.18 86 -0.11 87
P
10 -0.17 11 -0.11 12 -0.13 13 -0.09 14 -0.10 15 -0.06 16 -0.04 17 -0.06 18 -0.03 19 0.00 20
-0.03 -0.14 -0.07 -0.03 -0.07 -0.03 -0.06 -0.17 -0.01 -0.06
0.14
-0.05
-0.04
-0.06
-0.14
-0.04
-0.05
-0.02
-0.27
-0.04
-0.09
-0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.05 0.02 0.13 -0.02 0.03 -0.11 0.08
East
32 -0.05 33 -0.01 34 -0.02 35 0.00 36 0.26 37 0.11 38 -0.14 39 0.03 40 -0.12 41 0.00 42 -0.01 43 0.00 44
-0.03 -0.06 0.04 -0.07 0.04 -0.04 0.04 -0.01 0.14 0.00 -0.04 -0.04
0.03
0.12
0.18
0.05
0.05
-0.02
-0.03
-0.05
-0.08
-0.05
-0.05
-0.03
-0.16
0.01 0.03 0.01 0.08 -0.16 0.10 -0.07 0.00 -0.02 0.02 0.05 0.08
58 0.00 59 -0.02 60 0.01 61 0.01 62 0.09 63 -0.03 64 -0.01 65 0.11 66 0.05 67 -0.04 68 -0.02 69 -0.01 70 -0.49 71 -0.37 72
-0.27 0.04 -0.03 0.00 -0.07 -0.02 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.04 -0.04
0.01
0.13
0.01
0.02
0.12
0.08
-0.02
-0.08
-0.04
-0.06
-0.29
-0.04
-0.06
-0.07
-0.03
-0.01 0.22 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.07 -0.02 0.06 0.03 -0.05 -0.29 -0.01
86 -0.11 87 0.25 88 0.01 89 0.10 90 -0.02 91 0.09 92 0.00 93 0.04 94 -0.02 95 0.00 96 -0.07 97 -0.04 98 -0.02 99 -0.21 100
310
Specimen: JB7
Load Stage 3
Total Load = 200 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.15 2 -0.09 3 -0.14 4 -0.09 5 -0.13 6 -0.14 7 -0.22 8 -0.17 9 -0.24 10 -0.26 11
-0.03 0.04 -0.03 -0.09 -0.18 -0.05 -0.04 -0.05 -0.08 -0.05
0.11
0.01
0.01
0.02
-0.10
-0.07
-0.01
-0.20
-0.08
-0.04
-0.04
West -0.04 -0.03 -0.15 -0.05 -0.07 -0.29 -0.05 -0.05 -0.12 -0.08
21 -0.03 22 0.00 23 -0.10 24 0.03 25 -0.24 26 0.19 27 -0.10 28 0.12 29 -0.14 30 -0.01 31 -0.02 32 -0.01 33
-0.03 0.13 0.07 -0.01 -0.11 -0.01 0.00 0.30 0.01 -0.02 0.10 -0.02
0.02
0.08
0.08
0.03
-0.01
-0.01
-0.25
-0.03
-0.07
-0.29
-0.10
-0.05
-0.07
-0.03 0.02 0.06 0.00 -0.06 -0.05 0.03 -0.02 -0.05 0.02 0.00 -0.05
45 -0.06 46 -0.02 47 -0.01 48 0.03 49 0.07 50 -0.01 51 -0.21 52 0.22 53 0.05 54 0.11 55 -0.08 56 0.23 57 0.28 58 -0.06 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.26 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 -0.04 0.03 0.21 0.06 0.03 0.16 -0.01 0.15 0.25 -0.11
0.25
0.00
-0.01
-0.01
-0.04
-0.02
-0.08
-0.04
-0.01
-0.08
-0.03
-0.13
-0.06
-0.01
-0.04 -0.03 -0.10 -0.06 -0.06 -0.03 0.01 -0.11 0.07 0.05 -0.08 0.05 0.14 -0.05
73 -0.08 74 0.03 75 -0.02 76 -0.08 77 0.12 78 0.01 79 0.10 80 0.00 81 0.12 82 0.31 83 -0.15 84 0.30 85 0.52 86 -0.05 87
P
10 -0.26 11 -0.23 12 -0.22 13 -0.24 14 -0.19 15 -0.13 16 -0.09 17 -0.12 18 -0.08 19 -0.05 20
-0.05 -0.20 -0.12 -0.06 0.05 -0.09 -0.06 -0.20 0.00 -0.07
0.09
0.06
0.00
-0.04
-0.04
-0.08
-0.08
-0.04
-0.33
-0.05
-0.13
-0.08 -0.04 -0.09 -0.03 -0.06 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 -0.17 0.00
East
32 -0.01 33 -0.01 34 -0.04 35 0.01 36 0.17 37 -0.19 38 -0.17 39 0.01 40 -0.11 41 -0.02 42 -0.03 43 -0.03 44
-0.02 -0.02 0.07 -0.08 0.08 0.07 0.09 -0.02 0.13 -0.03 -0.04 -0.08
0.02
0.09
0.10
0.02
0.04
-0.05
-0.07
-0.02
-0.07
-0.36
-0.10
-0.05
-0.17
-0.05 0.07 -0.05 0.04 -0.14 0.09 -0.12 -0.02 -0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00
58 -0.06 59 0.29 60 0.02 61 -0.04 62 0.20 63 -0.07 64 -0.02 65 0.00 66 -0.01 67 -0.02 68 -0.04 69 -0.01 70 -0.51 71 0.15 72
-0.11 0.20 0.01 -0.04 0.02 -0.05 -0.02 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.13 0.02 -0.04
0.00
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.08
-0.01
-0.06
-0.08
-0.02
-0.27
-0.04
-0.05
-0.02
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05 0.32 -0.01 0.03 0.08 0.14 0.00 0.07 -0.01 0.02 -0.02 -0.06 -0.32 0.23
86 -0.05 87 0.44 88 0.15 89 0.02 90 0.18 91 0.15 92 0.01 93 0.09 94 0.07 95 -0.02 96 0.03 97 -0.06 98 0.00 99 -0.10 100
311
Specimen: JB7
Load Stage 4
Total Load = 350 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.15 2 -0.23 3 -0.15 4 -0.23 5 -0.21 6 -0.22 7 -0.30 8 -0.32 9 -0.33 10 -0.37 11
-0.02 0.24 0.03 -0.09 -0.19 -0.10 -0.03 -0.07 -0.04 -0.09
0.02
0.23
0.21
0.06
0.12
0.08
0.02
0.04
-0.05
-0.12
-0.06
West -0.04 -0.01 -0.04 -0.06 -0.05 -0.32 -0.11 -0.06 -0.16 -0.14
21 -0.03 22 0.04 23 -0.10 24 0.28 25 -0.28 26 0.16 27 0.01 28 0.14 29 0.01 30 0.01 31 0.12 32 0.01 33
-0.06 -0.21 0.02 0.35 -0.06 -0.06 0.07 0.22 0.12 0.02 0.27 0.03
0.08
0.10
0.19
0.04
0.01
0.12
0.01
0.22
0.00
0.07
0.04
-0.25
-0.22
-0.04 0.04 0.08 0.13 -0.01 0.00 0.07 0.04 0.10 0.05 0.08 -0.05
45 -0.04 46 0.03 47 0.01 48 0.02 49 0.06 50 0.68 51 -0.22 52 0.25 53 0.38 54 0.30 55 0.30 56 0.27 57 0.85 58 0.16 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.03 0.16 0.04 0.05 0.66 0.53 0.15 0.04 0.25 0.33 0.13 0.21 0.55 0.12
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.26
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.11
0.23
0.07
0.02
0.12
-0.10
-0.38
-0.02 0.01 -0.12 -0.12 -0.26 -0.06 0.04 -0.08 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.18 0.41 0.03
73 -0.02 74 0.08 75 0.08 76 0.00 77 0.94 78 0.09 79 0.42 80 0.05 81 0.43 82 0.83 83 0.39 84 0.56 85 1.33 86 0.45 87
P
10 -0.37 11 -0.35 12 -0.33 13 -0.29 14 -0.26 15 -0.20 16 -0.16 17 -0.21 18 -0.13 19 -0.05 20
-0.09 -0.23 -0.12 -0.06 0.05 -0.03 -0.07 -0.17 -0.07 -0.08
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.13
0.07
0.07
0.03
0.00
-0.15
-0.14 -0.04 -0.11 -0.03 -0.07 -0.02 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.03
East
32 0.01 33 0.14 34 0.00 35 0.11 36 0.15 37 0.01 38 -0.07 39 0.03 40 0.06 41 0.03 42 0.02 43 -0.01 44
0.03 0.04 0.17 -0.08 0.12 -0.02 0.03 0.01 0.23 -0.01 -0.02 -0.07
0.07
0.04
0.09
0.02
0.07
0.21
0.07
0.02
0.11
0.10
0.05
-0.14
-0.07
-0.05 0.26 0.09 0.06 0.12 0.08 -0.09 0.02 0.23 -0.03 0.01 -0.02
58 0.16 59 0.70 60 0.54 61 0.06 62 0.76 63 0.17 64 -0.03 65 0.11 66 0.78 67 -0.08 68 -0.01 69 -0.03 70 -0.53 71 -0.21 72
0.12 0.37 0.34 0.10 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.19 -0.02 0.02 0.13 -0.03 -0.03
0.02
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.23
0.10
0.05
0.37
0.21
0.10
0.28
0.09
0.08
-0.03
-0.27
0.03 0.65 0.35 0.11 0.37 0.31 0.04 0.19 0.53 0.45 0.03 -0.02 -0.26 0.03
86 0.45 87 1.18 88 0.79 89 0.43 90 0.72 91 0.68 92 0.18 93 0.38 94 0.63 95 0.62 96 0.18 97 0.10 98 0.11 99 -0.06 100
312
Specimen: JB7
Load Stage 5
Total Load = 500 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.20 2 -0.23 3 -0.19 4 -0.27 5 -0.35 6 -0.31 7 -0.44 8 -0.46 9 -0.49 10 -0.58 11
-0.02 1.98 1.23 0.50 -0.04 -0.17 0.05 -0.12 -0.02 -0.14
0.19
2.78
1.32
0.33
0.15
0.01
-0.03
-0.09
-0.10
-0.08
-0.07
West -0.01 0.00 0.69 0.17 0.02 -0.29 -0.14 -0.05 -0.17 -0.15
21 -0.07 22 -0.02 23 -0.15 24 1.26 25 -0.31 26 0.17 27 0.01 28 0.18 29 0.08 30 -0.10 31 0.22 32 -0.04 33
-0.09 -0.34 1.98 2.55 -0.09 -0.09 0.21 0.37 0.40 0.03 0.44 0.07
0.03
0.15
2.67
0.04
0.20
-0.01
-0.04
-0.26
-0.06
-0.13
-0.10
-0.08
-0.07
0.00 0.05 0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.03 0.13 0.16 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.01
45 -0.03 46 0.01 47 -0.05 48 -0.05 49 1.44 50 1.15 51 -0.16 52 0.32 53 0.48 54 0.57 55 0.52 56 0.23 57 1.05 58 0.14 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.03 0.06 0.01 2.37 3.39 1.26 0.18 0.24 0.40 0.69 0.45 0.29 0.87 0.24
0.02
2.80
0.91
0.03
0.02
0.07
0.23
0.08
0.02
-0.03
-0.01
-0.09
-0.07
-0.19
-0.05
-0.02 -0.02 -0.06 -0.13 -0.04 0.23 0.08 0.07 0.23 0.30 0.25 0.22 0.60 0.16
73 -0.07 74 -0.02 75 -0.02 76 1.67 77 1.37 78 0.62 79 0.40 80 0.42 81 0.58 82 1.40 83 0.69 84 0.68 85 1.78 86 0.68 87
P
10 -0.58 11 -0.56 12 -0.49 13 -0.46 14 -0.39 15 -0.34 16 -0.24 17 -0.22 18 -0.08 19 -0.01 20
-0.14 -0.28 -0.16 -0.07 -0.04 -0.14 0.07 0.40 -0.06 -0.10
0.03
0.07
0.14
1.09
2.08
-0.08
-0.07
-0.06
-0.09
-0.08
-0.12
-0.15 0.05 -0.02 -0.04 0.02 0.09 0.43 1.07 1.64 0.03
East
32 -0.04 33 0.27 34 0.06 35 0.04 36 0.23 37 -0.08 38 -0.15 39 -0.09 40 1.08 41 0.01 42 -0.02 43 -0.04 44
0.07 0.09 0.15 -0.11 0.07 -0.13 -0.01 -0.06 -0.10 0.48 -0.05 -0.07
0.06
0.05
1.85
2.25
-0.08
-0.07
-0.10
-0.03
-0.17
-0.04
-0.11
-0.20
-0.05
0.01 0.46 0.37 0.11 0.33 0.39 0.01 0.08 2.45 1.51 1.74 0.11
58 0.14 59 0.88 60 0.80 61 -0.03 62 0.74 63 0.44 64 0.03 65 0.12 66 1.64 67 -0.12 68 1.11 69 -0.04 70 -0.51 71 -0.24 72
0.24 0.48 0.19 0.00 0.18 0.05 0.05 0.12 0.45 -0.04 -0.52 0.11 0.02 -0.04
0.02
0.16
1.71
0.01
0.00
0.34
0.14
-0.05
-0.05
-0.11
-0.01
-0.25
-0.03
-0.03
-0.01
0.16 0.89 0.79 0.21 0.54 0.75 0.26 0.25 1.66 1.66 1.84 -0.04 -0.19 0.16
86 0.68 87 1.40 88 1.28 89 0.53 90 0.86 91 0.98 92 0.42 93 0.53 94 0.93 95 1.51 96 1.37 97 -0.07 98 -0.02 99 -0.14 100
313
Specimen: JB7
Load Stage 6
Total Load = 558 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.17 2 -0.17 3 -0.13 4 -0.32 5 -1.25 6 -0.54 7 -0.39 8 -0.47 9 -0.55 10 -0.66 11
-0.02 15.65 18.68 15.19 17.64 2.77 1.59 0.49 0.10 -0.20
0.17
6.07
2.97
1.52
0.16
-0.09
-0.08
-0.07
28.02
28.05
29.44
-0.04 -0.06 12.58 19.15 1.27 1.26 0.58 0.05 -0.24 -0.21
West
21 -0.07 22 0.01 23 -0.10 24 1.54 25 -0.29 26 0.19 27 1.29 28 -0.04 29 0.11 30 -0.03 31 0.40 32 -0.02 33
-0.06 -0.12 13.18 16.18 0.00 3.36 3.35 0.31 0.48 0.19 0.61 0.07
0.06
0.18
0.07
4.64
0.25
0.01
-0.01
-0.03
-0.04
-0.09
-0.04
-0.05
28.25
-0.08 -0.03 -0.02 -0.11 -0.06 -0.04 -0.06 0.07 0.05 -0.11 0.12 -0.02
45 -0.05 46 -0.01 47 -0.01 48 0.00 49 3.44 50 1.22 51 -0.23 52 2.09 53 0.37 54 0.62 55 0.61 56 0.40 57 1.14 58 0.26 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
-0.03 0.04 -0.07 14.93 15.70 2.13 2.55 3.56 0.38 0.70 0.55 0.44 0.95 0.20
0.06
1.31
1.41
3.84
0.38
0.13
0.40
0.04
-0.05
-0.05
-0.29
-0.09
-0.04
-0.07
28.06
-0.06 -0.07 -0.17 -0.22 -0.11 0.28 0.57 -0.16 0.37 0.35 0.11 0.24 0.60 0.14
73 -0.11 74 -0.04 75 -0.07 76 5.90 77 1.46 78 0.94 79 1.01 80 1.00 81 0.80 82 1.62 83 0.79 84 0.82 85 1.94 86 0.64 87
P
10 -0.66 11 -0.65 12 -0.62 13 -0.51 14 -0.44 15 -0.35 16 -0.25 17 -0.19 18 -0.13 19 -0.06 20
-0.20 -0.31 -0.18 -0.01 0.17 -0.03 0.68 1.54 -0.08 -0.14
0.04
0.59
1.43
1.04
2.89
4.71
-0.08
-0.07
-0.05
-0.07
-0.15
-0.21 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.48 1.51 1.14 2.10 3.14 -0.01
East
32 -0.02 33 0.33 34 0.21 35 0.01 36 -0.21 37 0.80 38 -0.17 39 -0.03 40 1.22 41 -0.02 42 -0.02 43 -0.01 44
0.07 0.07 0.08 -0.10 0.05 -0.16 0.02 -0.04 -0.13 1.86 -0.07 -0.09
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.88
0.09
4.93
5.65
-0.04
-0.05
-0.02
-0.06
-0.08
-0.08
-0.02 0.46 0.56 0.22 -0.03 1.38 0.86 0.11 4.13 3.30 3.67 -0.02
58 0.26 59 0.91 60 0.93 61 0.21 62 0.60 63 0.54 64 0.69 65 0.15 66 1.78 67 -0.16 68 1.68 69 -0.05 70 -0.49 71 -0.32 72
0.20 0.49 0.20 0.03 0.14 0.08 -0.28 0.08 0.57 -0.05 -1.99 0.08 -0.02 -0.06
0.04
0.10
0.32
0.11
2.04
0.06
0.12
0.21
0.11
-0.07
-0.03
-0.10
-0.14
-0.04
-0.05
0.14 0.88 0.95 0.44 0.62 1.07 1.18 0.20 1.87 1.89 3.93 -0.10 -0.32 0.02
86 0.64 87 1.58 88 1.51 89 0.58 90 0.95 91 1.35 92 0.91 93 0.37 94 1.15 95 1.70 96 2.27 97 -0.09 98 -0.11 99 -0.12 100
314
315
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
P = 200 kN
P = 350 kN
P = 500 kN
P = 600 kN
P = 676 kN
After failure
316
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB8
Readings of LVDTs
800 800
700 700
600 600
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
800
700
600
Baldwin Load (kN)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20
800 800
700 700
600 600
Baldwin Load (kN)
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
319
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
Specimen: JB8
Readings of LVDTs
800 800
700 700
600 600
Baldwin Load (kN)
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
800 800
700 700
600 600
Baldwin Load (kN)
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Specimen: JB8 Test Data for Figure 4.25
P
1 -0.01 2 -0.05 3 0.00 4 -0.03 5 0.01 6 -0.04 7 -0.08 8 -0.03 9 0.04 10 -0.35 11
-0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.11 -0.05 -0.01 -0.04 0.05 -0.04 -0.02
0.11
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.16
0.12
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.10
West 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.00 -0.01 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.03 0.00
21 -0.02 22 -0.12 23 0.11 24 -0.06 25 -0.09 26 -0.03 27 0.05 28 -0.01 29 0.17 30 -0.08 31 -0.13 32 0.05 33
0.01 -0.02 0.00 -0.37 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.02 -0.02 0.02
0.05
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.03
-0.04
-0.05
-0.07
-0.02
-0.13
-0.01
-0.08
-0.14
0.04 0.07 0.02 0.08 0.11 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.06 0.07
45 0.05 46 -0.03 47 -0.08 48 -0.09 49 -0.01 50 -0.02 51 0.03 52 0.10 53 -0.04 54 0.03 55 0.04 56 0.01 57 0.10 58 -0.07 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.04 0.01 -0.09 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.00 -0.01
0.05
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.05
0.02
0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.03
-0.01
-0.03
0.02 -0.02 -0.03 0.03 -0.01 0.02 -0.03 -0.04 0.00 0.02 -0.01 -0.03 0.03 0.07
73 -0.04 74 0.00 75 0.04 76 0.02 77 -0.01 78 -0.06 79 0.06 80 0.09 81 -0.13 82 0.09 83 0.11 84 -0.01 85 0.05 86 0.08 87
P
10 -0.35 11 0.01 12 -0.09 13 -0.14 14 -0.06 15 -0.05 16 -0.01 17 0.04 18 0.00 19 -0.03 20
-0.02 -0.07 -0.02 -0.07 -0.04 -0.04 -0.07 -0.11 0.01 -0.02
0.02
0.07
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.05
-0.01
-0.10
-0.02
-0.01
0.00 0.00 0.05 0.23 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00
East
32 0.05 33 0.02 34 0.00 35 -0.07 36 0.00 37 -0.04 38 -0.01 39 0.00 40 0.12 41 0.01 42 0.05 43 -0.05 44
0.02 -0.04 -0.01 0.03 -0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.05
-0.08
-0.14
-0.02
-0.06
-0.02
0.07 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.05
58 -0.07 59 0.01 60 0.01 61 0.01 62 -0.01 63 -0.01 64 -0.04 65 -0.04 66 0.02 67 -0.03 68 0.03 69 -0.03 70 0.00 71 -0.05 72
-0.01 0.02 0.05 0.05 -0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.15 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.03
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.02
-0.03
-0.01
-0.04
-0.03
0.07 0.03 0.03 0.13 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.06
86 0.08 87 -0.01 88 0.05 89 -0.05 90 0.06 91 -0.01 92 0.09 93 0.07 94 0.06 95 0.12 96 0.00 97 -0.09 98 0.02 99 0.03 100
321
Specimen: JB8
Load Stage 2
Total Load = 100 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.01 2 -0.03 3 -0.03 4 -0.04 5 -0.02 6 -0.10 7 -0.07 8 -0.03 9 -0.11 10 -0.10 11
-0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.04 -0.01 -0.07 0.05 -0.05 -0.03
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.17
0.01
0.02
0.09
-0.02
-0.01
-0.03
-0.06
West -0.08 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.01 -0.13 0.00 -0.04
21 -0.02 22 -0.04 23 0.12 24 -0.04 25 -0.07 26 0.09 27 0.01 28 0.01 29 0.00 30 0.02 31 -0.14 32 0.10 33
0.00 0.00 -0.02 -0.47 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.04 -0.03 0.01
0.02
0.07
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.04
-0.06
-0.19
-0.06
-0.05
-0.07
-0.02
-0.16
-0.07 0.01 -0.02 0.01 0.03 -0.01 -0.04 -0.02 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04 -0.01
45 0.08 46 -0.01 47 -0.07 48 0.19 49 0.03 50 -0.01 51 0.08 52 0.04 53 -0.04 54 0.07 55 0.02 56 0.05 57 0.03 58 -0.04 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.03 0.02 -0.05 -0.01 0.03 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.01 -0.07 -0.02
0.07
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.06
-0.01
-0.04
-0.03
-0.01
-0.01
-0.03
-0.01 -0.05 0.00 -0.02 -0.03 0.00 -0.03 -0.06 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 0.00 -0.01 -0.01
73 0.02 74 -0.04 75 0.08 76 0.06 77 0.01 78 0.01 79 0.14 80 0.09 81 -0.09 82 0.18 83 0.10 84 0.09 85 0.07 86 0.10 87
P
10 -0.10 11 -0.04 12 -0.13 13 -0.19 14 -0.12 15 -0.10 16 -0.06 17 0.01 18 -0.04 19 0.01 20
-0.03 -0.13 -0.07 -0.09 -0.07 -0.07 -0.09 -0.11 -0.03 -0.06
0.08
0.03
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.09
0.01
0.04
-0.03
-0.06
-0.04
-0.04 0.00 -0.02 0.17 -0.03 -0.02 -0.04 -0.05 -0.02 -0.03
East
32 0.10 33 -0.06 34 0.03 35 -0.08 36 -0.07 37 -0.05 38 -0.03 39 0.01 40 0.10 41 0.01 42 0.08 43 -0.03 44
0.01 -0.07 -0.03 0.02 -0.05 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.03 0.00 0.00
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.04
-0.02
-0.16
-0.01
-0.08
-0.05
-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04
58 -0.04 59 0.00 60 -0.01 61 0.05 62 0.01 63 0.03 64 -0.04 65 -0.09 66 0.10 67 0.00 68 0.04 69 -0.02 70 0.00 71 0.01 72
-0.02 0.00 0.05 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04 -0.02 -0.03 0.01 0.00 -0.07 -0.05 -0.01 0.02
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.06
-0.01
-0.03
-0.03
-0.04
-0.03
-0.06
-0.01 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.02 -0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.06
86 0.10 87 0.06 88 0.20 89 -0.06 90 0.10 91 0.01 92 0.13 93 0.09 94 0.08 95 0.08 96 -0.02 97 -0.14 98 0.05 99 0.06 100
322
Specimen: JB8
Load Stage 3
Total Load = 200 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.11 2 -0.05 3 -0.11 4 -0.03 5 -0.08 6 -0.18 7 -0.17 8 -0.10 9 -0.24 10 -0.42 11
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.09 -0.04 -0.03 -0.09 0.00 -0.06 -0.09
0.07
0.00
0.09
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.00
-0.06
-0.04
West -0.08 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.05 -0.06 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.05
21 -0.03 22 -0.09 23 0.09 24 -0.07 25 -0.10 26 -0.03 27 0.07 28 -0.04 29 -0.08 30 -0.06 31 -0.14 32 0.06 33
0.00 -0.03 0.01 -0.47 0.02 0.03 -0.03 0.05 -0.03 0.07 0.09 -0.03
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.02
0.08
0.00
-0.07
-0.04
-0.27
-0.02
-0.01
-0.03
-0.15
-0.07 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 0.04 -0.04 -0.05 -0.04 -0.02 0.03 -0.03 -0.03
45 0.07 46 -0.05 47 -0.06 48 -0.03 49 0.03 50 -0.01 51 0.16 52 0.03 53 -0.02 54 0.04 55 0.00 56 0.18 57 0.24 58 -0.14 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.00 0.01 -0.10 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.18 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.11 0.11 -0.05
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.02
-0.05
-0.02
-0.03 -0.10 -0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.06 0.04 0.00 -0.01 0.08 0.10 -0.03
73 0.01 74 0.06 75 -0.07 76 0.09 77 -0.05 78 0.09 79 0.19 80 0.02 81 0.04 82 0.18 83 0.04 84 0.25 85 0.41 86 -0.02 87
P
10 -0.42 11 -0.17 12 -0.29 13 -0.25 14 -0.18 15 -0.14 16 -0.12 17 -0.04 18 -0.08 19 -0.08 20
-0.09 -0.16 -0.07 -0.13 -0.10 -0.10 -0.12 -0.15 -0.05 -0.08
0.00
0.06
0.03
0.10
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.01
0.02
-0.04
-0.02
-0.05 -0.01 -0.01 0.17 -0.03 -0.01 -0.03 -0.02 0.00 -0.02
East
32 0.06 33 -0.04 34 -0.01 35 -0.09 36 -0.13 37 -0.05 38 0.01 39 0.03 40 0.07 41 0.01 42 0.06 43 -0.07 44
-0.03 -0.07 -0.04 0.04 -0.05 -0.01 -0.02 -0.05 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.02
0.04
-0.15
-0.01
-0.04
-0.05
-0.05
-0.03 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.05 -0.03 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.07
58 -0.14 59 0.21 60 0.11 61 0.08 62 0.09 63 0.01 64 -0.03 65 -0.05 66 0.04 67 -0.02 68 0.02 69 -0.01 70 0.02 71 -0.03 72
-0.05 0.09 0.18 -0.05 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.01 -0.01 0.03 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.15
0.05
0.16
0.05
-0.02
-0.03
-0.05
-0.09
-0.09
-0.03 0.22 0.12 0.03 0.18 0.05 0.02 -0.06 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.07
86 -0.02 87 0.34 88 0.39 89 -0.14 90 0.24 91 0.11 92 0.19 93 0.04 94 0.06 95 0.12 96 0.07 97 -0.17 98 0.07 99 0.03 100
323
Specimen: JB8
Load Stage 4
Total Load = 350 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.10 2 -0.07 3 -0.17 4 -0.16 5 -0.20 6 -0.27 7 -0.28 8 -0.27 9 -0.44 10 -0.65 11
-0.02 -0.02 0.30 0.16 -0.05 -0.03 -0.08 -0.02 -0.10 -0.15
0.11
0.38
0.17
0.09
0.05
0.06
0.10
0.01
-0.04
-0.08
-0.10
West -0.05 -0.04 -0.07 -0.02 0.03 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.10 -0.02
21 0.00 22 -0.09 23 0.09 24 -0.05 25 0.31 26 0.10 27 0.05 28 -0.06 29 0.01 30 -0.01 31 -0.16 32 0.21 33
0.03 0.00 0.14 0.32 0.57 0.10 0.23 0.09 0.14 0.20 0.32 0.05
0.01
0.13
0.07
0.03
0.41
0.06
0.11
0.01
0.10
-0.01
-0.05
-0.01
-0.19
0.02 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.02 -0.02 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.02
45 0.13 46 -0.03 47 -0.03 48 -0.05 49 0.23 50 0.78 51 0.11 52 0.22 53 0.30 54 0.00 55 0.41 56 0.42 57 0.66 58 -0.19 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.03 -0.02 -0.10 0.48 0.35 0.99 0.40 0.20 0.39 0.30 0.43 0.64 0.38 -0.01
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.00
0.50
0.06
0.00
0.23
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.14
0.17
-0.01
-0.03
0.00 -0.09 0.02 0.00 -0.04 0.04 0.00 -0.05 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.18 0.20 0.08
73 0.07 74 -0.01 75 0.11 76 0.64 77 -0.10 78 1.12 79 0.62 80 0.06 81 0.44 82 0.63 83 0.36 84 1.04 85 0.56 86 0.36 87
P
10 -0.65 11 -0.36 12 -0.38 13 -0.41 14 -0.34 15 -0.26 16 -0.21 17 -0.16 18 -0.11 19 -0.16 20
-0.15 -0.21 -0.13 -0.14 -0.13 -0.13 -0.15 -0.12 -0.07 -0.10
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.14
0.01
0.08
0.03
0.21
0.04
-0.10
-0.02
-0.02 -0.05 0.03 0.20 -0.04 -0.02 -0.05 0.06 0.25 -0.02
East
32 0.21 33 0.05 34 -0.02 35 -0.03 36 -0.18 37 -0.14 38 -0.10 39 -0.04 40 0.29 41 -0.02 42 0.03 43 -0.09 44
0.05 -0.09 -0.02 -0.03 -0.05 0.01 0.02 -0.05 0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.03
0.08
0.04
0.22
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.07
-0.01
-0.19
-0.01
-0.05
-0.07
-0.01
0.02 0.28 0.22 0.15 0.44 0.11 0.12 0.02 0.47 0.00 0.08 0.10
58 -0.19 59 0.52 60 0.44 61 0.00 62 0.47 63 0.29 64 -0.01 65 -0.06 66 0.74 67 -0.02 68 0.02 69 -0.03 70 0.00 71 -0.01 72
-0.01 0.23 0.31 0.01 0.04 0.11 0.08 0.06 -0.04 -0.06 0.02 -0.03 -0.01 0.01
0.16
0.04
0.17
0.45
0.46
0.08
0.05
0.02
-0.01
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.14
-0.06
-0.14
0.08 0.41 0.55 0.07 0.48 0.48 0.14 -0.09 0.60 0.78 0.17 0.04 0.14 0.13
86 0.36 87 0.60 88 1.07 89 0.05 90 0.53 91 0.75 92 0.38 93 0.09 94 -0.03 95 0.92 96 0.29 97 -0.17 98 0.11 99 0.03 100
324
Specimen: JB8
Load Stage 5
Total Load = 500 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.13 2 -0.07 3 -0.20 4 -0.24 5 -0.29 6 -0.42 7 -0.46 8 -0.42 9 -0.67 10 -0.92 11
-0.05 1.84 2.34 1.60 0.69 0.15 0.03 0.04 -0.10 -0.17
0.04
2.71
3.25
1.88
0.45
0.02
0.11
0.16
-0.12
-0.14
-0.07
West -0.10 -0.07 0.79 0.71 0.09 -0.14 -0.12 -0.10 -0.20 -0.12
21 -0.11 22 -0.17 23 0.02 24 0.89 25 0.42 26 0.08 27 -0.02 28 -0.02 29 0.11 30 0.09 31 -0.10 32 0.24 33
0.02 0.00 2.66 3.39 1.26 0.08 0.41 0.17 0.42 0.32 0.52 0.13
0.03
0.03
0.07
3.58
1.57
0.13
0.51
0.07
0.06
-0.06
-0.03
-0.07
-0.17
-0.05 0.00 -0.07 0.01 -0.04 -0.09 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 -0.07 -0.04
45 0.05 46 -0.05 47 -0.12 48 0.10 49 1.67 50 1.17 51 0.06 52 0.23 53 0.50 54 -0.08 55 0.72 56 0.63 57 1.03 58 -0.23 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.04 0.07 -0.04 3.23 2.95 1.79 0.48 0.50 0.73 0.71 0.94 1.11 0.70 0.03
0.04
4.25
0.10
0.02
0.23
0.21
0.03
0.47
0.08
0.34
0.00
-0.03
-0.04
-0.03
-0.12
-0.03 -0.10 -0.06 -0.10 -0.09 -0.26 0.10 -0.06 0.05 0.00 0.07 0.22 0.29 0.16
73 0.03 74 -0.04 75 0.11 76 2.25 77 -0.16 78 1.95 79 0.92 80 0.40 81 0.57 82 0.91 83 0.69 84 1.62 85 0.74 86 0.55 87
P
10 -0.92 11 -0.49 12 -0.53 13 -0.50 14 -0.44 15 -0.37 16 -0.25 17 -0.17 18 -0.14 19 -0.04 20
-0.17 -0.25 -0.20 -0.16 -0.12 -0.13 0.27 0.96 -0.09 -0.12
0.28
0.01
0.06
0.06
0.79
2.24
3.99
0.00
-0.14
-0.07
-0.09
-0.12 0.06 0.20 0.15 -0.10 0.34 0.97 1.91 2.77 -0.03
East
32 0.24 33 0.12 34 0.21 35 0.01 36 0.03 37 0.02 38 0.02 39 0.00 40 1.70 41 -0.03 42 0.02 43 -0.11 44
0.13 -0.07 -0.04 -0.02 -0.10 0.01 0.02 -0.07 -0.35 0.31 -0.06 -0.05
0.06
0.00
0.52
0.00
3.96
1.75
0.28
0.04
-0.17
-0.03
-0.05
-0.07
-0.07
-0.04 0.43 0.62 0.14 0.50 0.20 -0.10 -0.04 3.69 3.14 1.38 0.04
58 -0.23 59 0.79 60 1.08 61 -0.03 62 0.59 63 0.40 64 0.07 65 -0.14 66 1.15 67 1.32 68 0.92 69 -0.10 70 -0.03 71 0.00 72
0.03 0.33 0.39 -0.04 -0.02 0.15 0.24 0.08 -0.03 -0.05 -0.03 -0.11 -0.05 0.00
0.00
0.24
0.52
0.13
0.44
0.07
1.14
2.92
2.37
0.03
0.05
-0.12
-0.06
-0.01
-0.15
0.16 0.68 1.39 0.60 0.91 0.95 0.20 -0.10 1.35 3.56 3.78 1.86 0.06 0.08
86 0.55 87 0.89 88 1.61 89 0.49 90 0.70 91 1.40 92 0.70 93 -0.07 94 0.40 95 1.74 96 1.44 97 1.08 98 0.11 99 0.02 100
325
Specimen: JB8
Load Stage 6
Total Load = 600 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.13 2 -0.10 3 -0.21 4 -0.22 5 -0.36 6 -0.47 7 -0.48 8 -0.58 9 -0.82 10 -1.02 11
-0.06 3.79 3.93 2.77 1.46 1.07 0.53 0.20 -0.13 -0.24
0.12
6.31
6.22
3.84
1.42
0.73
0.67
0.15
0.00
-0.07
-0.14
West -0.09 -0.09 2.35 1.99 0.72 -0.14 0.02 -0.04 -0.23 -0.12
21 -0.10 22 -0.12 23 0.03 24 1.20 25 0.29 26 0.04 27 -0.06 28 0.26 29 0.29 30 0.04 31 -0.13 32 0.40 33
0.01 -0.01 5.03 5.76 1.29 0.04 1.32 0.92 0.74 0.36 0.69 0.20
0.00
0.07
0.07
7.64
1.79
0.01
1.52
0.04
0.01
0.14
-0.01
-0.03
-0.13
-0.21 -0.07 -0.11 -0.02 -0.03 -0.10 -0.09 -0.10 -0.14 0.04 -0.03 -0.04
45 0.07 46 -0.05 47 -0.12 48 -0.10 49 2.39 50 1.45 51 0.06 52 0.13 53 1.08 54 -0.08 55 0.95 56 0.68 57 1.38 58 -0.13 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.05 -0.03 -0.12 6.02 5.53 2.15 0.63 1.35 1.75 0.97 1.39 1.40 0.95 0.06
0.05
8.74
0.07
0.10
0.53
1.49
0.18
0.96
0.24
0.50
-0.01
-0.06
-0.03
-0.04
-0.08
-0.04 -0.12 -0.05 -0.12 -0.06 -0.22 0.00 0.01 -0.03 0.05 0.10 0.26 0.33 0.15
73 0.03 74 -0.10 75 0.13 76 3.35 77 -0.15 78 2.39 79 1.05 80 0.82 81 0.66 82 1.23 83 0.98 84 1.95 85 0.94 86 0.67 87
P
10 -1.02 11 -0.66 12 -0.61 13 -0.49 14 -0.45 15 -0.38 16 -0.26 17 -0.14 18 -0.10 19 -0.05 20
-0.24 -0.22 -0.16 -0.20 -0.07 0.06 0.93 2.03 -0.11 -0.13
0.00
0.64
0.30
0.09
0.27
1.95
4.23
6.68
0.03
-0.14
-0.03
-0.12 0.19 0.57 0.36 -0.01 0.76 1.82 3.14 4.36 -0.02
East
32 0.40 33 0.11 34 0.50 35 0.17 36 0.01 37 -0.07 38 -0.04 39 -0.02 40 2.20 41 -0.05 42 0.04 43 -0.03 44
0.20 -0.06 -0.23 -0.01 -0.14 -0.01 0.01 -0.08 -0.43 0.91 -0.11 -0.06
0.14
0.01
1.30
0.02
0.07
7.23
4.06
0.08
-0.13
-0.03
-0.08
-0.07
-0.01
-0.04 0.51 1.10 0.63 1.28 0.17 0.03 -0.05 5.59 5.28 3.04 0.05
58 -0.13 59 1.01 60 1.47 61 0.04 62 1.24 63 0.37 64 0.19 65 -0.04 66 1.12 67 1.28 68 1.90 69 -0.03 70 0.00 71 -0.03 72
0.06 0.37 0.44 0.01 -0.07 0.06 0.28 0.00 0.00 -0.09 -0.05 -0.14 -0.07 -0.03
0.35
1.15
0.31
1.68
1.14
4.01
4.54
0.00
0.04
-0.04
-0.08
-0.02
-0.07
-0.13
-0.09
0.15 0.84 2.03 1.05 2.10 1.93 0.25 -0.11 1.43 4.24 5.98 3.27 0.06 0.07
86 0.67 87 1.13 88 1.96 89 0.64 90 0.95 91 2.14 92 0.84 93 -0.10 94 0.61 95 2.02 96 1.73 97 1.79 98 0.09 99 -0.03 100
326
Specimen: JB8
Load Stage 7
Total Load = 676 kN Vertical, Lateral and Diagonal Strains of Zurich Gauges [mm/m]
P
1 -0.08 2 -0.03 3 -0.17 4 -0.19 5 -0.41 6 -1.39 7 -0.04 8 -0.62 9 -1.08 10 -1.41 11
-0.07 9.24 8.65 6.73 4.63 8.08 4.41 2.84 0.62 -0.34
0.09
7.46
8.62
6.48
2.29
-0.10
-0.22
-0.01
17.54
15.95
11.66
West -0.02 -0.09 8.11 6.86 4.51 -0.11 3.22 1.32 -0.15 -0.13
21 -0.03 22 -0.15 23 -0.03 24 0.88 25 0.32 26 0.08 27 -0.01 28 1.46 29 0.22 30 0.06 31 -0.19 32 0.46 33
0.01 0.01 11.75 11.87 1.31 0.04 6.67 6.00 0.76 0.41 0.86 0.31
0.00
0.03
0.12
0.11
2.15
0.02
0.15
-0.08
-0.01
-0.08
-0.26
20.23
10.67
-0.02 -0.04 -0.11 0.06 0.07 0.07 -0.10 -0.10 -0.11 0.06 0.03 0.01
45 0.09 46 -0.05 47 -0.11 48 -0.08 49 3.33 50 1.55 51 0.06 52 0.07 53 2.75 54 -0.09 55 0.97 56 0.80 57 1.61 58 -0.16 59
Appendix II - Summary of test results for JB series
0.01 -0.09 -0.09 13.95 12.82 3.73 4.29 6.80 7.26 1.08 1.56 1.65 1.17 0.08
0.03
0.04
2.42
6.42
0.09
1.03
0.35
0.56
-0.02
-0.11
-0.10
-0.02
-0.08
22.54
10.71
-0.04 -0.15 -0.12 -0.15 -0.05 -0.20 1.11 2.13 -0.07 0.12 0.10 0.26 0.38 0.24
73 -0.01 74 -0.12 75 0.11 76 5.64 77 -0.19 78 3.06 79 2.16 80 0.94 81 0.86 82 1.45 83 1.08 84 2.16 85 1.03 86 0.76 87
P
10 -1.41 11 -0.89 12 -0.81 13 -0.66 14 -0.62 15 -0.43 16 -0.34 17 -0.13 18 -0.17 19 -0.06 20
-0.34 -0.20 0.07 0.55 0.07 1.69 3.96 5.99 -0.14 -0.14
1.43
1.98
3.48
2.98
7.12
0.05
-0.22
-0.01
-0.07
10.75
14.41
-0.13 0.57 1.64 2.24 3.45 2.97 4.59 6.35 7.98 -0.03
East
32 0.46 33 0.24 34 0.75 35 0.36 36 1.14 37 -0.29 38 -0.03 39 -0.05 40 1.61 41 -0.14 42 0.00 43 -0.10 44
0.31 -0.05 -0.35 0.18 -0.11 1.85 -0.05 -0.03 -0.31 2.44 -0.10 -0.07
0.15
0.13
0.53
2.83
5.50
7.08
0.12
7.94
0.03
0.20
-0.26
-0.08
16.09
0.01 0.61 1.81 1.72 5.57 4.32 5.03 0.03 9.60 9.77 5.32 0.08
58 -0.16 59 1.19 60 1.66 61 0.02 62 1.59 63 0.12 64 2.77 65 -0.10 66 1.01 67 0.62 68 2.54 69 -0.16 70 -0.05 71 -0.06 72
0.08 0.45 0.49 0.08 -0.12 0.08 0.98 1.37 -0.04 -0.07 -0.03 -0.15 -0.10 -0.03
0.40
1.60
0.47
2.92
8.34
4.93
1.34
8.12
0.03
-0.02
-0.08
-0.08
-0.01
-0.09
10.37
0.24 0.99 2.48 1.37 3.12 2.63 5.49 5.21 4.78 7.06 11.68 5.26 0.09 0.06
86 0.76 87 1.26 88 2.19 89 0.76 90 1.09 91 2.47 92 1.90 93 -0.04 94 2.22 95 1.82 96 2.58 97 2.12 98 -0.06 99 -0.05 100
327
Width of loading plate 250 mm Self-weight per unit length 7.95 kN/m
Width of support plate 150 mm Compressive strengh of concrete: f' c 37.2 MPa
Yield stress of stirrup: f y_trans 494 MPa Yield stress of 25M bar: f y_longi 460 MPa
Spacing of strirup: s 300 mm Elastic modulus of 25M bar: E s_longi. 197 GPa
2
Area of stirrup: A v 142.5 mm Development length of 25M bar: ℓ d 855 mm
κ ε ·ε x
0.40 ⋅ rα _ ave
β = 0.230 0.230 0.230 0.206 0.188 0.172 0.159 0.155
1 + 1500 κ ε ε x
θ = 29 + 7000 κ ε ε x deg 32.5 32.5 32.5 33.4 34.3 35.2 36.0 36.4
Vc kN 370 370 370 332 303 278 257 250
Vs kN 217 217 217 209 202 196 189 187
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 587 587 587 542 505 473 446 437
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 130 88 53 24 0
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 1754 3088 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 807 1421 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300
Tension due to M_total : M _total /d v kN 179 434 517 779 1034 1287 1537 2074
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 553 549 548 530 514 498 483 0
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 732 983 1065 1310 1548 1785 2020 2074
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s MPa 237 197 213 262 310 357 404 415
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 1.203 0.998 1.081 1.330 1.571 1.812 2.050 2.106
328
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 689 1317 1235 990 752 515 280 226
Width of loading plate 250 mm Self-weight per unit length 7.95 kN/m
Width of support plate 150 mm Compressive strengh of concrete: f' c 35.2 MPa
Yield stress of stirrup: f y_trans 494 MPa Yield stress of 25M bar: f y_longi 460 MPa
Spacing of strirup: s 300 mm Elastic modulus of 25M bar: E s_longi. 197 GPa
2
Area of stirrup: A v 138.8 mm Development length of 25M bar: ℓ d 879 mm
0.40 ⋅ rα _ ave
β = 0.219 0.219 0.219 0.197 0.180 0.166 0.153 0.149
1 + 1500 κ ε ε x
θ = 29 + 7000 κ ε ε x deg 32.316 32.316 32.3 33.2 34.1 34.9 35.7 36.1
Vc kN 344 344 344 310 282 260 240 234
Vs kN 212 212 212 205 199 192 186 184
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 556 556 556 515 481 452 427 418
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 118 80 49 22 0
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 1706 3009 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 785 1384 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300
Tension due to M_total : M _total /d v kN 172 434 496 747 990 1232 1471 1986
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 529 525 524 508 492 478 464 0
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 701 959 1020 1254 1483 1710 1935 1986
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s MPa 233 192 204 251 297 342 387 397
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 1.183 0.973 1.035 1.273 1.505 1.736 1.964 2.016
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 683 1341 1280 1046 817 590 365 314
329
Width of loading plate 250 mm Self-weight per unit length 7.95 kN/m
Width of support plate 150 mm Compressive strengh of concrete: f' c 35.3 MPa
Yield stress of stirrup: f y_trans 494 MPa Yield stress of 25M bar: f y_longi 460 MPa
Spacing of strirup: s 300 mm Elastic modulus of 25M bar: E s_longi. 197 GPa
2
Area of stirrup: A v 138.8 mm Development length of 25M bar: ℓ d 1756 mm
Strain concentration factor : κ ε 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
-3
κ ε ·ε x x10 0.843 0.843 0.789 0.758 0.749 0.822 0.939 0.982
Appendix III – Details of calculations for JB series in Table 5.13
0.40 ⋅ rα _ ave
β = 0.155 0.155 0.160 0.164 0.165 0.157 0.145 0.142
1 + 1500 κ ε ε x
θ = 29 + 7000 κ ε ε x deg 34.9 34.9 34.5 34.3 34.2 34.8 35.6 35.9
Vc kN 243 243 252 257 259 246 228 222
Vs kN 192 192 195 197 197 193 188 186
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 435 435 447 454 456 440 416 408
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 9 23 33 36 21 0
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 854 1466 2740 3702 4641 5000 5000 5000 5000
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 393 675 1260.4 1702.8 2135 2300 2300 2300 2300
Tension due to M_total : M _total /d v kN 157 483 728 965 1055 1201 1434 1935
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 478 473 474 473 472 464 450 0
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 636 957 1202 1438 1528 1665 1884 1935
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s MPa 433 349 325 310 306 333 377 387
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 2.200 1.772 1.648 1.573 1.551 1.690 1.913 1.964
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 39 304 501 697 772 635 416 365
330
Width of loading plate 250 mm Self-weight per unit length 7.95 kN/m
Width of support plate 150 mm Compressive strengh of concrete: f' c 30.8 MPa
Yield stress of stirrup: f y_trans 494 MPa Yield stress of 25M bar: f y_longi 460 MPa
Spacing of strirup: s 300 mm Elastic modulus of 25M bar: E s_longi. 197 GPa
2
Area of stirrup: A v 138.8 mm Development length of 25M bar: ℓ d 1137 mm
Strain concentration factor : κ ε 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
-3
x10 0.540 0.540 0.520 0.579 0.697 0.814 0.930 0.972
Appendix III – Details of calculations for JB series in Table 5.13
κ ε ·ε x
0.40 ⋅ rα _ ave
β = 0.202 0.202 0.205 0.195 0.178 0.164 0.152 0.148
1 + 1500 κ ε ε x
θ = 29 + 7000 κ ε ε x deg 32.8 32.8 32.6 33.1 33.9 34.7 35.5 35.8
Vc kN 296 296 301 287 262 241 224 218
Vs kN 208 208 210 206 200 194 188 186
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 504 504 510 493 462 435 412 404
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 82 89 73 45 21 0
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 1319 2316 4231 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 607 1065 1946 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300
Tension due to M_total : M _total /d v kN 164 479 604 721 956 1189 1420 1916
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 499 494 493 486 472 458 445 0
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 663 972 1097 1207 1428 1647 1865 1916
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s MPa 286 230 219 241 286 329 373 383
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 1.454 1.166 1.114 1.225 1.449 1.673 1.893 1.945
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 402 974 1203 1093 872 653 435 384
331
Width of loading plate 250 mm Self-weight per unit length 7.95 kN/m
Width of support plate 150 mm Compressive strengh of concrete: f' c 37.2 MPa
Yield stress of stirrup: f y_trans 494 MPa Yield stress of 25M bar: f y_longi 460 MPa
Spacing of strirup: s 300 mm Elastic modulus of 25M bar: E s_longi. 197 GPa
2
Area of stirrup: A v 142.5 mm Development length of 25M bar: ℓ d 855 mm
Strain concentration factor : κ ε 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
-3
κ ε ·ε x x10 1.344 1.344 1.344 1.344 1.654 1.468 0.861 0.764 0.804 0.841
Appendix III – Details of calculations for JB series in Table 5.13
0 .40 ⋅ rα _ ave
β = 0.133 0.133 0.133 0.133 0.115 0.125 0.175 0.186 0.181 0.177
1 + 1500 κ ε ε x
θ = 29 + 7000 κ ε ε x deg 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 40.6 39.3 35.0 34.3 34.6 34.9
Vc kN 224 224 224 224 194 206 288 300 292 285
Vs kN 182 182 182 182 169 172 201 202 200 198
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 407 407 407 407 363 379 489 502 492 483
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 41 41 0 18 128 145 136
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 877 1336 2500 2500 2500 2500 3401 3430.3 5000 5000 5000
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 403 614 1150 1150 1150 1150 1564.5 1577.9 2300 2300 2300
Tension due to M_total : M _total /d v kN 94 332 413 413 595 796 803 1149 1229 1657
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 352 348 346 346 326 336 371 374 370 0
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 445 679 759 759 921 1132 1174 1523 1600 1657
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s Mpa 333 272 304 304 368 333 342 305 320 331
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 1.693 1.380 1.541 1.542 1.870 1.690 1.737 1.546 1.624 1.682
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 169 471 391 391 229 432 404 777 700 643
332
Width of loading plate 250 mm Self-weight per unit length 7.95 kN/m
Width of support plate 150 mm Compressive strengh of concrete: f' c 35.2 MPa
Yield stress of stirrup: f y_trans 494 MPa Yield stress of 25M bar: f y_longi 460 MPa
Spacing of strirup: s 300 mm Elastic modulus of 25M bar: E s_longi. 197 GPa
2
Area of stirrup: A v 138.8 mm Development length of 25M bar: ℓ d 879 mm
Strain concentration factor : κ ε 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0
-3
κ ε ·ε x x10 1.293 1.293 1.293 1.293 1.591 1.421 1.417 0.742 0.773 0.809
Appendix III – Details of calculations for JB series in Table 5.13
0.40 ⋅ rα _ ave
β = 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.111 0.120 0.120 0.178 0.174 0.169
1 + 1500 κ ε ε x
θ = 29 + 7000 κ ε ε x deg 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 40.1 39.0 38.9 34.2 34.4 34.7
Vc kN 210 210 210 210 182 192 192 278 272 266
Vs kN 180 180 180 180 167 170 170 198 196 194
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 390 390 390 390 349 362 363 476 468 460
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 38 38 0 15 16 133 127
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 853 1302 2500 2500 2500 2500 3376.5 3404.9 5000 5000 5000
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 392 599 1150 1150 1150 1150 1553 1566 2300 2300 2300
Tension due to M_total : M _total /d v kN 91 333 397 397 573 765 772 1119 1182 1593
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 340 336 335 334 315 324 324 359 356 0
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 431 669 732 732 888 1089 1096 1477 1538 1593
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s MPa 331 267 293 293 355 323 322 295 308 319
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 1.679 1.358 1.486 1.486 1.803 1.638 1.634 1.500 1.561 1.617
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 168 481 418 418 262 464 470 823 762 707
333
Width of loading plate 250 mm Self-weight per unit length 7.95 kN/m
Width of support plate 150 mm Compressive strengh of concrete: f' c 35.3 MPa
Yield stress of stirrup: f y_trans 494 MPa Yield stress of 25M bar: f y_longi 460 MPa
Spacing of strirup: s 300 mm Elastic modulus of 25M bar: E s_longi. 197 GPa
2
Area of stirrup: A v 138.8 mm Development length of 25M bar: ℓ d 1756 mm
Strain concentration factor : κ ε 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
-3
κ ε ·ε x x10 1.952 1.952 1.952 1.952 1.831 1.488 0.871 0.818 0.833 0.698
Appendix III – Details of calculations for JB series in Table 5.13
0.40 ⋅ rα _ ave
β = 0.089 0.089 0.089 0.089 0.093 0.108 0.152 0.157 0.156 0.171
1 + 1500 κ ε ε x
θ = 29 + 7000 κ ε ε x deg 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.7 41.8 39.4 35.1 34.7 34.8 33.9
Vc kN 147 147 147 147 154 176 246 254 248 269
Vs kN 153 153 153 153 157 169 197 199 196 200
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 300 300 300 300 311 345 444 453 443 469
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 0 0 14 50 149 160 154
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 427 634 854 1412 1412 1851 2729 2757 3149 3906 4920
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 196 292 393 649 650 851 1255 1268 1449 1797 2263
Tension due to M_total : M _total /d v kN 71 147 339 339 488 646 651 721 992 1353
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 247 246 242 242 244 256 279 280 276 0
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 318 393 581 581 732 902 930 1001 1267 1353
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s MPa 502 460 412 412 396 331 337 318 325 275
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 2.548 2.336 2.090 2.090 2.009 1.678 1.713 1.613 1.647 1.395
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN -27 0 68 68 119 353 338 448 529 911
334
Width of loading plate 250 mm Self-weight per unit length 7.95 kN/m
Width of support plate 150 mm Compressive strengh of concrete: f' c 30.8 MPa
Yield stress of stirrup: f y_trans 494 MPa Yield stress of 25M bar: f y_longi 460 MPa
Spacing of strirup: s 300 mm Elastic modulus of 25M bar: E s_longi. 197 GPa
2
Area of stirrup: A v 138.8 mm Development length of 25M bar: ℓ d 1137 mm
Strain concentration factor : κ ε 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
-3
κ ε ·ε x x10 1.437 1.437 1.437 1.390 1.543 1.460 0.857 0.800 0.792 0.784
Appendix III – Details of calculations for JB series in Table 5.13
0.40 ⋅ rα _ ave
β = 0.116 0.116 0.116 0.118 0.110 0.114 0.160 0.166 0.167 0.168
1 + 1500 κ ε ε x
θ = 29 + 7000 κ ε ε x deg 39.1 39.1 39.1 38.7 39.8 39.2 35.0 34.6 34.5 34.5
Vc kN 178 178 178 182 170 173 241 244 245 246
Vs kN 174 174 174 176 169 169 197 195 195 195
Calculated shear resistance V r =V c + V s kN 352 352 352 358 339 342 438 439 440 441
Surplus shear capacity V r – V _total kN 11 11 18 0 6 102 109
2
Effective area of longitudinal bars : A s mm 660 1001 2180 2181 2500 2500 3178 3200 4672 5000 5000
Tension at effective yielding of longitudinal bars: F lty kN 303 460 1003 1003 1150 1150 1462 1472 2149 2300 2300
Tension due to M_total : M _total /d v kN 86 385 385 466 555 739 745 1142 1230 1544
Tension due to shear : (V _total – 0.5V s ) cotθ kN 319 313 313 314 305 308 339 338 337 0
Tension of longitudinal bars : F lt kN 405 699 699 780 860 1047 1084 1480 1567 1544
Effective stress in longitudinal bars : σ s MPa 405 320 320 312 344 330 339 317 313 309
-3
Effective strain in longitudinal bars : ε s x10 2.055 1.626 1.626 1.584 1.747 1.673 1.720 1.608 1.591 1.567
Surplus tension capacity of longitunal bars : F lty – F lt kN 55 304 304 370 290 414 388 669 733 756
335