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Ans:
Heat is the total kinetic energy of molecules of a body. But temperature is the
average kinetic energy of the molecules of a body. If we dip a red hot iron ball in the sea
,heat will flow from the ball to water (from high to low temperature),although the
amount of heat possessed by the ball is very small as compared to the greater amount of
heat contained by the sea.
Q.11.5 Is it correct that unit for specific heat capacity is m2s-2 C-1
Ans.Yes it is correct .because c=ΔQ / mΔT
Q.11.11 What are some factors that affect the efficiency of auto mobile
engines.
Ans. It depends upon (i) Temperature of hot reservoir (ii) temperature of cold reservoir
(iii) Heat losses
Q.12.2 Will a solid sphere hold a larger electric charge than a hollow sphere of the
same diameter ?Where does the charge resides in each case?
Ans.A solid metal sphere will hold the same amount of charge as is hold by a hollow sphere
of same diameter.Becaus in Both the cases the charge always resides on the suface so that
the hollow and solid sphere have the same surface area.
Q.12.3 Explain why it is so much easier to reove an electron from an atom of large
atomic mass than is to remove a proton?
Ans.When an atom has large atomic mass so that it will have more orbits which means
grater the distance from the nucleas where the proton is present to attaract it.Now if the
electron of large atomic mass is remove so that there is weaker force of attaraction with
proton therefore it is easy to remove.
Q.12.4 Why it is not crrect to say that the potential diffrence is work done in moving a
unit positive charge b/w the points concerned.
Ans.The potential diffrernce is the increase in electric potential energy per unit charge.and
as we know that the poteial energy is raised when a unit positive chrge is moved against the
electric field.so it is not correct to say that.
Q.12.5 Why is it logical to say thet the potential of an earth connected object is
zero.what can be said about charge on earth?
Ans.The earth is taken to be at zero potential.When a charged body is connected to the
earth,electron flow will take place such that the cherge of the body is neutralized.As earth is
a good conductor(netral body).So that we can say that it is a sink for the electron,electrons
flows to earth grately without changing its potential.
Q.12.6 Can an electric potential exists at a point where electric field is zero.Can the
potential be zero at a place where electric intesity is zero,Give examples
Ans.Electric potential can exists where the elctric feld is zero.Because the charge resides
on the surface ,inside the body the field line cancels each other so that there is no electric
intesity and neverthless it do have a potetial difference.
For example :-The point in the middle of the two equal but opposite chrges.But still the
electric intesity is towards negetive charge.
Both the potential and intsities are zero for a point at infinity.
Q.12.9. Four similar capacitors are connected in series and joined to 36 volt battery
.The mid point of the group is earthened.What is the potential of the terminal of the
group?
Ans.If two similar capacitors are connected in series joined to a 36 V battery and if mid point
is connected to earth then there is no transfer of charges.Hence the potential difference will
remain same because the mid point is b/w the oppositely charged plates of C2 and
C3
Q.12.10.A point charge is placed at the centre of spherical Gaussian surface. Is the
Flux Changed?(i)If the guassian surface is replaced by the cube of the same
volume(ii) If the sphere is replaced by a cube of 1/10 of this volume.(iii)If the charge is
moved from from the centre in the sphere(iv)If the charge is moved outside
the sphere(v) If a second chrge is placed inside the sphere.
Ans.(i) No .(ii) No .(iii) No .(iv) Yes .(v) Yes
Q.12.11. Four capacitors each of 2µF connected in suh a way that the total
capacitance is also 2µF .Show what will be the combination.?
Ans. The capacitors should be joined in combinations
(i) Two pairs of parallel combination
Q.13.1 Electrons leave a dry cell and flow through a lamp back to cell. Which terminal
,the +ve or –ve,is the one which electrons leave the cell?In which direction is the
conventional current?
Ans.Electrons leave the negative terminal of the cell and move towards the positive
terminal. and the conventional current moves from positive to negative.
Q.13.2 Both PD and emf are measured in volts.What is the difference b/w these
concepts.
Ans.P.D is the work done per unit charge across a resistor in circuit. emf is the total P.D
across the external and internal resistance.i.e. E = V + IR
Q.13.3 Can you construct two wires of same length,one of copper and one of iron
,that would have the same resistance at same temperature?
Ans. Yes.Resistivity is proportional to the cross sectional area. The resistivity of iron is 7
times higher then that of copper.Hence the iron wire must be 7 times thicker than the
copper wire to have same resistance at same temperature.
Q.13.4. Why does the resistance of conductor rises with rise in temperature?
Ans.Due to the increase in temperature ,The amplitude of the vibration atoms in the lattice
increases,Which increases the probability of the collision of the atoms with electrons.So the
resistance increases
Q.13.6 When a metal object is heated both its dimension and resistivity increases. Is
the increase in resistivity likely to be consequence of the increase in length?
Ans.The Resistivity is equal to RA/L .The increase in resistivty of conductor due to heat is
the consequence of increase in resistance,and not a consequence of increase in length.
Q.13.7 It is sometimes said that electrical appliance uses up electricity.What does
such actually use in its operation?
Ans.A electrical appliance,in it operation,uses the kinetic energy carried by the moving
electrons and not their quantity of charge.
Q.13.9 Resistance of 10Ω, 30Ω and 40Ω are connected in series.If the current in
10Ω resistance is 0.1 A ,What is the current in other resistances?
Ans.The flow of current is always same when they are connected in series so same current
will flow from all resistances.
Q.13.10 Ten resistance of different values are connected parallel.If P.D across one of
them is 5V ,What is the P.D Across nine resistances?
Ans.The Potential difference is always same when they are connected Parallel so same
P.D Will be there from the remaining 9 resistances.
Q.13.11 For a given pd V,how will be the heat developed in resistor depand on its
resistance R?Will the heat be developed at higher rate in larger or smaller R?
Ans. The heat developed due to power dissipation is H=(V2/R) x t
So smaller the resistance larger the heat
Q.13.12 Is there any electric field inside a conductor carrying an electric current?
Ans.Yes,It is in the direction of current.
Q.13.13 How does the current flowing in a conductor depend on the number of
mobile charges per unit length ,on their average velocity and on the charged per
carrier?
Ans.Since I= q / t=Ne / t .If L’ is the number of charges per unit length.then
N’=N/L so N=N’ L now I=N’Le/t or we can write as I=N’ev
N’ is the number of charges per unit length , e is Charge per carrier and v is the average
velocity.
Q.13.14 Numerical(Solve it Yourself)
Q.14.2 Charged particles fired in vacuum tube hit a fluorescent screen. Will it be possible to
know whether they are positive or negative?
Ans. Yes it is possible .it can be found by applying magnetic field perpendicular to the motion of
particle and then the deflection can be observed. The positive charge in an inward filed will deflect
upward.
What is the function of concave pole pieces and the coaxial soft-iron cylinder in moving coil
galvanometer?
Ans. The function of concave pole pieces is to make the magnetic field radial and it also makes the
field stronger.
Q.2 Why is it necessary to have some form of controlling couple in Moving coil
galvanometer?
Ans.Yes it is necessary to make the cylinder back to its original position that is why we use the
spring connected to that soft-iron cylinder and also there is a reason that the controlling torque must
be equal to the deflecting torque.
Q.3 What is meant by Sensitivity of galvanometer? Write Factors? How the sensitivity of
galvanometer is increased?
Ans.A galvanometer is sensitive when it gives large deflection foe the small current. It depends on
c(Couple per twist),N(number of turns),A(area) and B(magnetic field)
The sensitivity is increased by the use of concave pole pieces and soft-iron cylinder.
Q.4 Which galvanometer usually has grater sensitivity, Aluminium pointer scale type or lamp
and scale type? Why?
Ans.Lamp and pointer type has the larger sensitivity nearly equal to 10-5 A/div (it means that it will
produce 100000 div when current of 1 ampere is passes through it)
Q.6 Why is it necessary for an ammeter to have zero or negligibly small resistance?
Ans.Because if we use the larger resistance it can alter the current which is being measured so w
have to use the resistance of zero ohms or a negligibly small resistance.
Q.7 What necessary condition must a voltage measuring device satisfy?
Ans.The voltage measuring device must have very large resistance so that it can not draw any
current from the circuit to which it is connected parallel .It can be really helpful for the measurement
of potential difference.
Q.8 Why must an ammeter be connected to a circuit in series and voltmeter in parallel?
Ans.As we know that the current remains same in series with the circuit so to measure it correctly we
have to connect the ammeter in series while the Voltage remains same parallel with the circuit so to
measure it correctly we have to connect the voltmeter parallel to it.
Q.9 An ammeter and a voltmeter of just suitable ranges are to be used by circuit. What might
happen if their positions are interchanged?
Ans.There will be two different effects or that .First if the ammeter is connected parallel its coil will be
burnt because it has small resistance and the current will be heavy.
While if the voltmeter is connected in series it will give the wrong reading because of its high
resistance it will alter the current.
Q.10 The terminals of ammeter are usually made of thick and bare wire while those of
voltmeters are quite thin and well insulated. Explain Why?
Ans. For ammeter we need small resistance so its coil are usually thick and bare metal while to
avoid sparking the voltmeter should have high resistance is its coil is very thin and insulated.
Q.11 Why is a potentiometer considered one of the most accurate voltage measuring device?
Ans.Because it can measure the potential difference accurately with out drawing any current from
the circuit.
Q.12 Describe a circuit that gives a continuously varying potential difference b/w zero and a
certain maximum value.
Ans.The arrangement as shown in the figure is known as Potential divider by using this arrangement
we can vary the potential difference by moving the pointer.
Q14 In a balanced wheat stone bridge, will the balance be affected if the positions of the cell
and the galvanometer are interchanged?
Ans.No effect because the principle of bridge is to connect the two ends with a battery and the
remaining two with the galvanometer.
Q.15 In a slide wire bride, is it absolutely necessary to have the bridge wire one meter long?
Ans.No it can be of any size.
Q.16 A Post office box is compact wheat stone bridge. Then why is it so named?
Ans.Because it was first used for the fault finding purpose in the Post office and for telegraph
problems.
Q.17 Which is the more accurate instrument a meter bridge or a P.O Box?
Ans.P.O Box is more accurate because the higher the ratio arm grater will be the accuracy.
Ch#16
Q.16.1 Under what circumstances does a charge radiate electromagnetic wave?
Ans.The Static charge will produce an electric field around it while the moving charge will produce a
magnetic field around it so to produce both filed that is electromagnetic field the charges should be
accelerated.
Q.16.2 In an electromagnetic wave, what is the relationship, if any b/w the variations in the
magnetic and electric fields?
Ans. Yes there is a big relationship between the electric and magnetic field because they propagates
at right angles in electromagnetic waves and to the direction of propagation.
Q.16.3 A radio transmitter has a vertical antenna. does it matter whether the receiving
antenna is vertical or horizontal?
Ans.The receiving antenna should be vertical because in this position it will receive more radiation
as it does in the horizontal position, because it increases the area to receive the waves.
Q.16.4 Explain why are light waves able to travel through vacuum, whereas sound waves
cannot?
Ans.Light waves are electromagnetic in nature having wavelength (400nm to 760 nm),sound waves
produce when the particles of any medium are disturbed .In vacuum there is no medium no particles
so they will not propagates from the vacuum and light will.
Q.16.5 Explain the condition under which radiation of electromagnetic waves takes place
from certain source.
Ans. transmitting antenna is coupled with an alternating source of potential called Oscillator,
Charges Like electrons are accelerated up and down to the antenna. This will fluctuates the electric
flux, which generates the magnetic flux, This will produce the E.M waves.
Q.16.9 Why does a semi conductor acts as an insulator at O K and why does its conductivity
rises with the temperature? Or Discuss the effect of temperature on semi conductors.
Ans.In semi-conductor at OK the valence band is completely filled and conduction band is empty.
Therefore it behaves like a perfect insulator. But at room temperature the electrons gain energy and
move through the forbidden gap to the conduction band so we can say that there conductivity
increases with the temperature.
Q.16.11 Why is light not seen in an ordinary diode but LED emits light?
Ans. As the silicon is opaque to light the energy is radiated only in the form of heat and when we use
gallium arsenide phosphate crystal it emits small amount of heat and larger amount of Photon so in
LED we see the light.
.
Ch#17
Q.17.8 Why Compton Effect not observable with visible light?
Ans. In Compton effect ,x rays of wave length =1 Ao equivalent to energy=140 ev , were directed on
the graphite block, where binding energies of bounded electrons are =100 ev .If visible light is used it
possesses low frequency and these photons have energies =0.1 ev, this energy is too small to be
given to loosely bound electrons to get them scattered.
Q.2 Why does the hydrogen gas produced in laboratory not glow and emit radiations?
Ans: A spectrum is given by the light emitted from an incandescent gas or vapors. For example
electric discharge through a gas or hydrogen filled discharge tube
Q.3 Why are the energy levels of the hydrogen atom less than zero?
Ans:The energy levels of hydrogen are negative. This shows that an electron must do that amount of
work to escape from electron or to over come the binding energy of that orbit.
Q.4 If hydrogen gas is bombarded by electrons of energy 13.6 eV, would you expected to
observe all the lines of hydrogen spectrum?
Ans:the Hydrogen will get ionized because 13.6 is the energy of ground state and is equal to the
ionization energy. As such no spectral lines will observed.
Q.5 Hydrogen gas at room temperature absorbs light of wave length equal to the lines in the
Lyman series but not those of Ballmer series. Explain
Ans: Hydrogen gas at room temperature contains electron in the ground state so the energy it will
absorbed must be equal to the difference of energy in the first orbit and excited state .so the
radiations are related to the Lyman (n=1)
Q.7 What property of X-ray makes them so useful in seeing otherwise invisible internal
structures?
Ans:In solids atoms are arranged in a manner. which has distance in the order of X-rays. Hence
crystal is used as transmission grating to produce diffraction of X rays. This crystallography helps us
to locate the internal structure.
Q.8 Explain the difference between laser light and incandescent lamp(or bulb).
Q.4 Is it possible that fusion of two small nuclei may occur without collision at
extremely high energy?
Ans:No .Two nuclei must collide with sufficient kinetic energy to penetrate their mutual
columb barrir and coming with in the range of nuclear forces.
Q.6 What are benefits and risks of nuclear reactors? Which reactor is relatively
better from the point of safety?
Ans:
Benefits Risk
Produce Electricity Leakage of radioisotopes
Nuclear fuels Hazards for workers
Produce radioisotopes Damages the environment
Clean burning Limited supply of raw materials
Q.7 Both fission and fusion apparently produce energy. How can you reconcile this
with the law of conservation of energy?
Ans: In fission of U-235 with thermal neutrons, the loss of mass (0.2153u) is converted into
energy producing about 200 Mev per fission
In Fusion, four protons may be combined to produce one helium nucleus and two
positrons. here the loss of mass(0.027 u)is converted into energy producing about
26Mev.Thus in both the cases the mass-energy remains conserved
Q.8 When a photon disappears in producing an electron and positron, is the energy
of a photon equivalent to that of particles produced? Explain.
Ans:No,the energy of photon is always grater than the rest mass energy of electron –
positron pair(1.02Mev) The remaining energy is carried by the particles as their K.E.
Q.10 Why do most moderators used in nuclear reactors are light atoms
like 1H1, 1H2 or 6C12 to slow down the neutrons instead of using heavier atoms?
Ans:Fast moving neutrons can be stopped when they make elastic collision with stationary
particles of the same mass. Since mass of protons, deuteron and graphite nucleus is
comparable with the mass of neutrons, hence they slowed down.
Q.11 Can conventional fission reactors ever explode like a bomb does? Why?
Ans:In nuclear reactor ,a fission explosion is not possible, because the amount of fuel is of
sub critical mass and it can shut off control rods in emergency. Also liquid poison can be
inserted directly in to moderator if other safety devices fail.
Q.12 In a LMFBR why would you expect the radioactivity of sodium coolant to
increase with the life time of the reactor.
Ch#20
.20.1 Explain how would you test whether the radiation from a radioactive source are γ, β, α
Particles?
Ans. If the radiations are allowed to pass from a magnetic field then the radiations can be identified
because of the deflection the α and β particles changes their path and γ rays pass went un
deflected.
Q.20.3 It is said that α or β Particles carries an atom with out colliding with electrons. How
can each do so?
Ans. As we know tat the charge on α particle is positive while β has the negative charge. Therefore
the α particle ionizes the atom by attraction and β particle ionizes by repulsion.
Q.20.6 Name different electromagnetic radiations which are capable of producing ionization
of atoms. By what process do they ionize?
Ans. (i) Ultraviolet rays (ii) Gamma rays and (iii) X- rays .These rays can interact with the material in
elastically and remove electron from it.
Q.20.7 Why is lead better shield against γ, β, α particles than an equal thickness of water
column?
Ans. As we know that the alpha and beta particles have high ionization power so they losses more
energy in water than lead so water can be used for the protection against the alpha and beta
particles. But gamma rays has more penetrating power so lead (which has the more electrons than
water) is used.
Q.20.8 Lead is heavier than water. Yet what is more effective shield against neutrons?
Ans. If we want to stop a neutron it must collide with the nucleus of same size. When the neutron
collides with the water nucleus it stops or slows down but when it collides with the nucleus of lead it
bounces back with the same speed .so Water is the better shield.
Q.20.9 In an X ray photograph bones show up very clearly while the fleshy part shows very
faintly. Why?
Ans. Because the X-rays can stop by the bones but can penetrate through flesh.
Q.20.10 In a cloud chamber photograph, the path of an α –particle is thick and continuous
line where that of β -particle is a thin and broken line. Why?
Ans. α –particle is more ionizing than the β –particle so it will have a clear photograph in the
chamber.
Q.20.11 Why do γ-rays not give a line-track in the cloud chamber photograph?
Ans. As gamma rays don’t produces ionization directly, But it collides with the atom and eject out the
electrons or beta particle from it .This beta particle also have its own track. therefore their will be
many lines.
Q.20.12 A neutron can produce little ionization. is there any sure chance of getting a cloud
chamber track for it or a count in the Geiger counter?
Ans. It can ionize by colliding with a substance containing a large number of hydrogen atoms and
knocks out a proton. so there will be no such track on the Wilson cloud chamber and similarly it is
not detected by G.M tube.
Q.20.16 Which of the rays----α, β, or γ would you advise for the treatment of: (i) Skin cancer
(ii) The cancer flesh just under the skin (iii) A cancer deep inside the skin .Give reasons.
Ans. (i) For the treatment of skin cancer we use alpha particles .B/c their penetration is small
(ii) For the treatment of cancer flesh just under the skin we use Beta particles .B/c their penetration
is Medium.
(iii) For the treatment of cancer deep inside the skin we use gamma rays. B/c their penetration is
very high.
Q.20.17 Two isotopes are available one of long half life and one of shorter half life, Which
isotope is advisable for the treatment of patients why?
Ans. The isotope of shorter half life must be used so if some amount remains in the body must
decay quickly.
Q.20.19 Can radiocarbon dating be used to measure the age of stone walls of ancient
civilization?
Ans. No, radiocarbon dating is not used foe the measure of the age of stone walls. It is used only for
the organic remains. While for stone wall uranium must be used.
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