IEEE

 PES  Dis)nguished  Lecture  

Vancouver,  Canada  
Aug  26,  2010  

Saifur  Rahman    
Virginia  Tech  –  Advanced  Research  Ins)tute  

A residental customer daily load curve

Source: G. Celli at all (University of Cagliari, Italy)
Impact of Load Curves in the Distributed Generation Optimal Siting and Sizing
sg.cier.org.uy/cdi/cier-zeus.nsf/.../$FILE/307.pdf
 Source: BPA www.bpa.gov

2,500.0
2,500.0

2,000.0
2,000.0

1,500.0
1,500.0

Series1
1,000.0 Series1
1,000.0

500.0
500.0

0.0
0.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

01 Jan 2008 02 Jan 2008

Installed Capacity 4,541 MW

4
•  According to United States Department of Energy’s modern
grid initiative, an intelligent or a smart grid integrates advanced
sensing technologies, control methods and integrated
communications into the current electricity grid.

Demand response:
A reduction in the consumption of electric energy by customers from their
expected consumption in response to an increase in the price of electric
energy, or to incentive payments designed to induce lower consumption of
electric energy
  Dispatchable DR: Planned change in consumption agreed to by the
customer (e.g. direct control of HVAC)
  Non-dispatchable DR: Customer decides whether and when to reduce
consumption based on retail rate (e.g. dynamic pricing program)
 Demand Response
A broader definition

Demand Response is a customer action to control load

to meet a certain target. Here the customer chooses
what load to control and for how long.

This is different from DSM where the load is controlled

by the electric utility and the customer has no control
beyond the initial consent.
 This National Action Plan is designed to meet three
objectives:

1. Identify “requirements for technical assistance to states to

allow them to maximize the amount of demand response
resources that can be developed and deployed.”

2. Design and identify “requirements for implementation of a

national communications program that includes broad-based
customer education and support.”

3. Develop or identify “analytical tools, information, model

regulatory provisions, model contracts, and other support
materials for use by customers, states, utilities, and demand
response providers.”

Why demand response?

Benefits & potential
Some major benefits of DR are:
  Saving in generation investment, deferring T&D upgrades
  Energy efficiency
  Facilitating renewable energy integration
  Better equipment use (e.g. increase in load factor)
  DR and Smart Grid: Smart Grid technologies (e.g. smart meter) facilitate DR

Potential (FERC):
  Existing DR capability: Can reduce 4% of US peak demand (810,000 MW in 2009)
  DR could shave about 32,000 MW off US peak load in 2010
  Based on current industry best practices: 9% US electricity demand can be saved
  With improved DR: peak shaving could reach 14-20% of the peak
 11

The proposed DR scheme

  Offers customers flexible participation in DR program

  Is an intelligent program, i.e. at any time the system operator

knows with certainty how much load reduction can be achieved
(active two-way communication with customers)

  Lets customers control their end-use appliances according to their

need (except under grid emergency situations)

  Encourages customer participation by enabling automatic in-home

power consumption management, along with real-time pricing and
power-use information display/alert
 4-phase scheme:
Phase 1: Determination of amount
of demand reduction desired by
the grid
Phase 2: Allocation of desired
demand reduction to substations
Phase 3: Each substation
distributes requests to its
customers to achieve the demand-
reduction quota
Phase 4: Each customer decides
on reducing his/her consumption &
manages power reduction process
using Home Management System
(HMS)

The amount of load reduction is determined for the

entire network based on a set of criteria:
  Voltage
  Frequency
  Generation cost
  Transmission constraints
  Renewable energy contribution
  Environmental factor, etc.
 System operator allocates the amount of load to be
shed to substations

Criteria for allocation:

  Substation load factor
  Network topology and loading condition
  Distribution power loss
  Other criteria

The process is carried out in the form of request and

response
  Each substation selects feeder(s) where load-reduction is
to be performed
  It then sends messages to the target customers via the
smart meter
  Message content: Load reduction amount and price/
incentive
  It collects customer responses to determine if the desired
load reduction is achievable and reports to the grid operator
Upon receiving the message from grid substation
  Customer decides whether to accept the substation offer
  Customer sends a reply to the substation and performs
load reduction in the house (if the offer is accepted)
  Reply content: YES/NO, if yes – achievable load
reduction amount
  This is performed automatically using a power
management system called Home Management System
(HMS)

Home Management System:

  Is an intelligent device that manages power

consumption of end-use appliances at the
customer property (house, building)
  Has a two-way communication capability
  Is equipped with certain sensor and control
devices
  Has an user-friendly interface (a display and
input options)
Home Management System
1)  Calculates a satisfactory
power consumption plan
for the house
2)  Communicates with the
substation during load-
control process
3)  Controls major household
appliances to achieve the
agreed level of power
consumption amount
4)  Controlled appliances:
HVAC, PHEV, water
heater, clothes dryer
(240V loads)

HMS operation aims to meet three objectives:

  To ensure the end user’s comfort
  To achieve a target load saving and ensure
effective operation of the controlled appliances
  To minimize end user discomfort during grid
emergency
Source: http://www.geconsumerproducts.com/pressroom/press_releases/company/company/smart_meter_pilot09.htm

Possible communication protocols for HMS and controlled appliances are:

Wi-fi
  Based on the IEEE 802.11 standards
  Most widespread WLAN (wireless local area network) class today
Zigbee
  A suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital
devices
  Based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for WHAN (wireless home area
network)
  Examples: wireless light switches with lamps, electrical meters with in-home-
displays, consumer electronics equipment via short-range radio
Sources:
1) IEEE Standards Association: http://standards.ieee.org
2) Wi-fi Alliance: http://www.wi-fi.org
3) Zigbee Alliance: http://www.zigbee.org
 ZigBee HAN
ZigBee Network Connections
Digital Home Design Line
Venture Beat
http://www.digitalhomedesignline.com/
http://venturebeat.com/2009/04/07/ember-lands-8m-for-a-hefty-slice-
212200388%3Bjsessionid=4NSYMR40EYQKKQSNDLRCKH0CJUNN
of-the-smart-grid/
2JVN?printableArticle=true

Infrastructure support necessary for the flexible DR

scheme include:

  Controlled appliances to have two-way communication

capability

  If smart appliances: may already have

  Other appliances: need upgrade

  Cost issues need to be considered

  Upgrade cost could be lower with wide-spread use

4-phase scheme: Grid  Substation  Customer
 End-use equipment control by HMS

Saifur  Rahman  
Professor  and  Director  
Virginia  Tech  –  Advanced  Research  Ins)tute  
srahman@vt.edu