Assembling Bevel Gears: American National Standard

ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11
Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2008--C01
American National Standard
Assembling Bevel Gears

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ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11
Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Order Number: W1773308

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American ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11
National [Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2008--C01]
Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require-
ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the
standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily una-
nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not
in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpre-
tation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear Manufacturers
Association.
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,

revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the
Association on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be referenced. Citations should read: See
ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11, Assembling Bevel Gears, published by the American Gear
Manufacturers Association, 1001 N. Fairfax Street, 5th Floor, Alexandria, Virginia 22314,
http://www.agma.org.]
Approved August 29, 2011
ABSTRACT
This Standard was prepared for the assembly man in the factory and for the service man in the field. Each
definition, explanation, and instruction is directed toward the physical appearance of the gears as they are
inspected and assembled by these personnel. The definitions are simple. The explanations are thorough. An
Annex provides detailed instructions on performing contact pattern checks.
Published by
American Gear Manufacturers Association

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1001 N. Fairfax Street, 5th Floor, Alexandria, Virginia 22314

Copyright  2011 by American Gear Manufacturers Association
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 978--1--55589--998--1
ii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3.1 Back angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2 Backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3 Backlash, normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.4 Backlash, transverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.5 Bevel gear testing machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.6 Concave side of the tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.7 Convex side of the tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.8 Crossing point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.9 Diametral pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.10 Face hobbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.11 Face milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.12 Flank of the tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.13 Heel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.14 Hypoid offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.15 Miter gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.16 Module, transverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.17 Mounting distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.18 Pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.19 Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.20 Pressure angle, normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.21 Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.22 Shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.23 Spiral angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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3.24 Toe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.25 Tooth contact pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.26 Top of the tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.27 Top land of the tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.28 Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.29 Whole depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.30 Working depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Application of bevel gear types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1 Straight bevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2 Spiral bevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 Zerol bevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.4 Hypoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 General considerations for proper assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1 Tooth contact pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2 Axial position adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.3 Significance of backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6 Examination of parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1 Mounting distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.2 Backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.3 Matched teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.4 Set number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.5 Part number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved iii

ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
6.6 Other markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

6.7 Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7 Positioning bevel gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1 Positioning the pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.2 Positioning the wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.3 Positioning the pinion by setup gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.4 Positioning the pinion by measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.4.1 90 degree measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.4.2 Angular assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.5 Positioning the pinion by flush surfaces of the back angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8 Backlash check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.1 Backlash correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.1.1 Adjusting backlash when at mounting distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.1.2 Adjusting backlash when gears are flush ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.2 Amount of axial movement for a limited backlash change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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8.3 Endplay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.4 Contact pattern movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9 Tooth contact patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.1 Tooth contact pattern at light load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.2 Full load pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.3 High or low contact pattern corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.3.1 High pinion/low wheel tooth contact (both sides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.3.2 Low pinion/high wheel tooth contact (both sides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.3.3 Lame pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.4 Cross contact pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.5 Toe tooth contact pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.6 Heel tooth contact pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10 Suggested assembly check list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.1 Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.2 Pinion and wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.3 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Annexes
A Recommended backlash tolerances using diametral pitch and AGMA 390.03a quality grades . . . . 32
B Contact pattern testing of bevel gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figures
1 Bevel gear nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Bevel gear mounting distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Bevel gear tooth nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Pitch plane of gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5 Straight bevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6 Spiral bevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7 Zerol bevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8 Hypoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9 Measurement of normal backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
10 Typical gear marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
11 Hypoid pinion mounting gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
12 Pinion setup gage for angular bevel gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
iv  AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved

13 Photograph of pinion setup gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

14 Mounted bevel gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
15 Gears shown in 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
16 Shimming procedure for bevel pinion with 90 degree shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
17 Typical gear box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
18 Housing--vertical mounting distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
19 Vertical sub--assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
20 Housing--horizontal mounting distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
21 Horizontal sub--assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
22 Shimming procedure for bevel pinion with other than 90 shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
23 Angular bevel gear box housing mounting distance measurements and calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
24 Positioning of bevel gears with flush surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
25 Bevel gear backlash, normal and transverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
26 Axial movement per 25 mm (0.001 in) change in backlash for 90 shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
27 Typical contact patterns at correct mounting positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
28 High tooth contact on pinion -- low tooth contact on wheel (pinion axial position error) . . . . . . . . . . . 23
29 High tooth contact on wheel -- low tooth contact on pinion (pinion axial position error) . . . . . . . . . . . 24
30 Lame tooth contact (improper machining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
31 Cross contact offset error, case 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
32 Cross contact offset error, case 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
33 Cross contact improper positioning of one member . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
34 Toe contact shaft angle error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
35 Heel contact shaft angle error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Tables
1 Suggested normal backlash tolerance at tightest point of mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

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 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved v

Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for informational purposes only and
are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA Standard 2008--D11, Assembling Bevel Gears.]
Information pertaining to recommended practice in the assembling of bevel gears is not new in the published
literature of the American Gear Manufacturers Association. In 1927, the Recommended Practice of the
American Gear Manufacturers Association of Adjustment of Bevel Gears in Assembly was adopted and
published.
This practice was revised in 1940 by the Bevel Gear Committee, but no further revision was undertaken until
1967.
Since the satisfactory performance of bevel gears is closely related to proper installation, it was decided by the
Bevel Gearing Committee that it was important to maintain information on this subject in the literature of the
Association.
This manual brings up to date and reflects the present thinking on the information given in the original practice.
This manual was prepared for the assembly personnel in the factory and for the service personnel in the field.
Each definition, explanation, and instruction is directed toward the physical appearance of the gears as they are
inspected and assembled. The definitions are simple. The explanations are thorough.
Each section devoted to the tooth contact pattern of a particular type of gear is intended to be complete in itself
for use as a separate shop manual if desired. For this reason, when the manual is read in its entirety, these
sections seem repetitious.
In contrast, the sections devoted to angular gears are brief and general. The committee concluded that each
angular configuration requires separate treatment, and that a complete coverage of all of the possible
combinations would be impractical if at all possible.
The first draft of AGMA 331.01 was prepared by the Bevel Gearing Committee in October, 1967. It was
approved by the AGMA membership and became an official AGMA manual as of August 2. 1969. The manual
was reaffirmed in 1976.
ANSI/AGMA 2008--B90 is a revision of AGMA 331.01. It was approved by the AGMA membership on
November 10, 1989, and as an American National Standard on May 4, 1990.
An errata was issued in June, 1995 that changed the denominator of the equation for “Transverse Backlash, Bt”
in figure 7--1, to reflect the product of the cosine terms, rather than their difference.
ANSI/AGMA 2008--C01 was a correction of ANSI/AGMA 2008--B90. In 2000 an errata revision of clauses 7.2,
8.3.1 and 8.3.2 was balloted. This was approved by the AGMA membership in June 2001 and as an American
National Standard on November 20, 2001.
ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11 is an update to ANSI/AGMA 2008--C01, converting to metric. Backlash
recommendations were revised to reflect current accuracy standards. An Annex was added to detail the
procedures used in contact pattern checking.
The first draft of ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11 was made in April, 2008. It was approved by the AGMA membership in
April, 2011. It was approved as an American National Standard on August 29, 2011.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the American Gear
Manufacturers Association, 1001 N. Fairfax Street, 5th Floor, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.
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vi  AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Bevel Gearing Committee

Chairman: Robert F. Wasilewski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arrow Gear Company
Vice Chairman: George Lian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amarillo Gear Company LLC
ACTIVE MEMBERS
W. Bradley, III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consultant

S.R. Davidson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boeing Rotorcraft -- Philadelphia
L. Fravert, III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caterpillar, Inc.
T. Guertin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Klingelnberg--Oerlikon Tec Center, Inc.
D.R. Houser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ohio State University
E.O. Hurtado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FLSmidth, Inc.
J. Kolonko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rexnord Gear Group
T.J. Krenzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consultant, The Gleason Works
K. Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dana Spicer Off Highway Products
C.E. Morgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FLSmidth, Inc.
W. Tsung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dana Corporation
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 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved vii

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11
American Gear Manufacturers Association --
1 Scope
This standard applies to the assembly of all bevel gears.

The term bevel gears is used to mean straight, spiral, and hypoid gear designs. If data pertain to one or more but
not all, the specific forms are identified.
The standard provides the following:
-- A better understanding of the need for correct positioning of bevel gears.
-- Information necessary for correct assembly and positioning of bevel gears in their respective housings.
-- Information for methods personnel in establishing detailed assembly procedures for specific applications.
-- Information for tooling personnel responsible for equipping an assembly department with the tools and
gages necessary for proper assembly.
-- Instruction to assembly personnel for obtaining tooth contact patterns, for interpreting the tooth contact
patterns, and for adjusting the position of the members to change the tooth contact patterns.
This standard applies to the assembly of all bevel gears. While certain design considerations and development
techniques are mentioned to clarify different aspects, this standard is not intended as a design guide. It is
prepared on the assumption that gears and mountings are designed in accordance with ANSI/AGMA
2005--D03, Design Manual for Bevel Gears.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the
standard. At the time of publication, the editions were valid. All publications are subject to revision, and the
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users of this standard are encouraged to apply the most recent editions of the publications listed.
ANSI/AGMA 1012--G05, Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols
ANSI/AGMA 2005--D03, Design Manual for Bevel Gears
ANSI/AGMA ISO 17485--A08, Bevel Gears -- ISO System of Accuracy
3 Terms and definitions
The terms defined in this clause are used in subsequent sections of this standard. The definitions are provided
for the assembly or service personnel as an aid in the assembly and visual inspection of the parts. Therefore,
they may differ somewhat from the gear engineering definitions which appear in Standard ANSI/AGMA
1012--G05, Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols.
 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved 1

Bevel gear nomenclature used throughout the standard is illustrated in Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, and
Figure 4.
3.1 Back angle
The angle between the back cone element and a perpendicular to the gear axis. See Figure 1.
R F
J
E
Q
N
PINION
H K
I
L G
T U
P D
A
WHEEL
S
O
C
B
A Back angle H Face angle O Outside diameter

B Back cone angle I Face width P Pitch angle
C Back cone distance J Front angle Q Pitch cone apex
D Clearance K Mean cone distance R Pitch cone apex to crown
E Crown point L Midface S Pitch diameter
F Crown to back M Mounting distance T Root angle
G Dedendum angle N Outer cone distance U Shaft angle
Figure 1 -- Bevel gear nomenclature
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2  AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved

Mounting distance
of pinion
Gage distance
of pinion to front of flat Wheel axis
Pinion axis Crossing point
Mounting
distance
of wheel
Figure 2 -- Bevel gear mounting distances
3.2 Backlash
The clearance or play between the teeth of the meshing gears in an assembled gear set. Backlash may be
determined by holding the shaft of one member fixed and rotating the shaft of the mate in each direction. This is
usually measured at the pitch diameter at the heel of the wheel as a linear distance.
3.3 Backlash, normal
The backlash measured along a line perpendicular to the tooth surface.
3.4 Backlash, transverse
The backlash measured in the direction of the rotation of the tooth.
3.5 Bevel gear testing machine
A machine used to check the tooth contact pattern of a pair of bevel gears while operating at light load at any
specific mounting position. If necessary, the gears can be displaced in the machine from their mounting
position, the amount of displacement can be measured, and the effect of the displacement on the contact can be
evaluated.
3.6 Concave side of the tooth
The hollowed or rounded inward side produced by the outer edge of a circular cutter or grinding wheel. See
Figure 3.
3.7 Convex side of the tooth
The curved or rounded outward side produced by the inner edge of a circular cutter or grinding wheel. See
Figure 3.
3.8 Crossing point
The point of intersection between the axes of the mating members as viewed along a common perpendicular.
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See Figure 2.
3.9 Diametral pitch
The number of teeth per unit of pitch diameter with the exception of hypoid pinions. (see module, transverse)
3.10 Face hobbing
A continuous index cutting method where the root is parallel to the face angle.

Convex side
of tooth
Outer end Inner end
of tooth of tooth
Concave side
of tooth
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Figure 3 -- Bevel gear tooth nomenclature
3.11 Face milling
A single index cutting method where the root is not parallel to the face angle.
3.12 Flank of the tooth
The lower portion of the tooth surface. See Figure 3.
3.13 Heel
The outer end of the tooth. See Figure 3.
3.14 Hypoid offset
The distance between two parallel planes; one containing the wheel axis, the other containing the pinion axis of
a pair of hypoid gears.
3.15 Miter gears
Bevel gears where each member of the pair has the same number of teeth.
3.16 Module, transverse
The number of units of pitch diameter per tooth with the exception of hypoid pinions (see diametral pitch).
3.17 Mounting distance
The distance from the plane defined by the mounting surface to the axis of the mating part as measured along
the axis of the part. See Figure 2.
3.18 Pinion
The element of a mating pair of gears with the fewer number of teeth.
3.19 Pitch diameter
The diameter of the theoretical circle on which all of the teeth are spaced. On a bevel gear it is the heel end. On
a hypoid, it is calculated on the wheel only.
3.20 Pressure angle, normal
The angle at the pitch point between the line of pressure that is normal to the tooth surface and the plane tangent
to the pitch surface.

3.21 Profile
The available contacting surface of a gear tooth.
3.22 Shaft angle
The angle that includes the mesh between the axes of the pinion shaft and the wheel shaft, on the side of the
gear mesh. See Figure 1.
3.23 Spiral angle
The angle between the tooth trace and an element of the pitch cone, specified at the mean cone distance. See
Figure 4.
3.24 Toe
The inner end of the tooth. See Figure 3.
3.25 Tooth contact pattern
The area of a tooth surface that contacts the corresponding tooth surface of a mating gear.
3.26 Top of the tooth
The upper portion of the tooth surface. See Figure 3.
3.27 Top land of the tooth
The surface of the top of the tooth between the sides. See Figure 3.
3.28 Wheel
The element of a mating pair of gears with the greater number of teeth.
3.29 Whole depth
The depth of the tooth space when measured on the back cone surface.
3.30 Working depth
The nominal depth of engagement with the mating gear at the back cone surface.
4 Application of bevel gear types
It is important in any general design employing gears to first make a study of all the conditions under which the
gears must operate. This includes the anticipated loads and speeds and any special operating conditions
which may affect the design of the gears.
Transverse
plane
Normal
plane
Crossing point
Spiral
Centerline
angle
of gear
Centerline
of pinion
Figure 4 -- Pitch plane of gear
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5
Bevel gears are suitable for transmitting power between shafts at practically any angle or speed. However, the
particular type of gear best suited for a specific application is dependent upon the mountings, available space,
and operating conditions.
4.1 Straight bevels
Straight bevel gears, see Figure 5, have teeth which are straight and tapered, and if extended inward, would
intersect in a common point at the axis. Contact on the driven gear begins at the top of the tooth and progresses
toward the root.
4.2 Spiral bevels
Spiral bevel gears, see Figure 6, have curved oblique teeth on which contact begins at one end of the tooth and
progresses smoothly to the other end. They mesh with contact similar to straight bevels but as the result of
additional overlapping tooth action, the motion will be transmitted more smoothly than by straight bevel gears.
This reduces noise and vibration especially noticeable at high speeds.
4.3 Zerol bevels
Spiral bevels with zero spiral angle, see Figure 7, have curved teeth which are in the same general direction as
straight bevel teeth. They produce the same thrust loads on bearings and can be used in the same mounting.
Gears with spiral angles less than 10 degrees are sometimes referred to by the term Zerol.
4.4 Hypoids
Hypoid gears, see Figure 8, are similar to spiral bevel gears except that the pinion axis is offset above or below
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the gear axis. If there is sufficient offset, the shafts may pass one another, and a compact straddle mounting can
be used on the pinion and wheel.
Figure 5 -- Straight bevel
Figure 6 -- Spiral bevel
Figure 7 -- Zerol bevel

Figure 8 -- Hypoid
5 General considerations for proper assembly
Bevel gears are generally manufactured as matched sets. Therefore, individual members are not
interchangeable between sets.
The quality of performance that is designed and manufactured into a set of bevel gears can only be achieved by
the correct mounting of the gears at assembly. Each wheel and its pinion must be positioned relative to the other
to provide proper tooth contact pattern and backlash. This is typically specified by the engineering and
manufacturing organization at the time the gears are made. It is the responsibility of the assembler to position
the gears for the proper tooth contact and backlash and to understand all markings on the bevel gear set.
It is important that gears be assembled to meet the tooth contact pattern specifications. Gears assembled with
the improper mounting will wear excessively, operate noisily, score and possibly fail.
5.1 Tooth contact pattern
As load is applied to a gear set varying deflections develop in the teeth, blank and mountings of the set causing a
shift and spread of the tooth contact. In extreme cases these deflections may create excessive wear, noise,
scoring and tooth breakage.
It is possible to alleviate such load concentrations by accurately controlling the tooth contact pattern during
manufacturing. This will compensate for the deflections at the operating conditions..
The shape, size, and location of the required tooth contact pattern at light load condition is determined as a
result of experience, engineering calculations, deflection testing and operation in service. Generally the tooth
contact pattern at light load will be quite different from the pattern that the teeth will exhibit under operating
conditions. Once the desired tooth contact pattern has been established, it should be specified on the detail
drawings of the wheel or pinion and as a part of service assembly manuals to assure that it is obtained at
assembly.
5.2 Axial position adjustment
Generally the only adjustments the assembler can control are those which axially position the pinion and wheel
members. In certain designs there are no means of shimming or other methods for properly locating the axial
positions of the members. The assemblies resulting from such designs will be affected by tolerance
accumulations and may not exhibit a good tooth contact pattern.
Gear sets with marked mounting distances and provisions for shimming should be shimmed to achieve these
mounting distances. These adjustments eliminate the effects of axial tolerance accumulations in both the gears
and mountings. Shimming cannot correct for shaft angle or offset errors.
5.3 Significance of backlash
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Bevel gears are designed and manufactured to provide a specific amount of backlash. This backlash is
necessary for proper operation.
Table 1 provides recommended values of backlash in reference to module, but in many applications these may
have been altered to meet specific operating instructions. Unless otherwise specified, backlash is assumed to
be normal backlash and cannot be measured in the plane of rotation. See clause 8, Table 1 and Figure 9.

Table 1 -- Suggested normal backlash tolerance at tightest point of mesh1)

Outer normal backlash, jen, mm
Outer transverse module,
met, mm Accuracy grades B2 Accuracy grades B6
through B52) through B112)
1.00 < 1.25 0.03 -- 0.05 0.05 -- 0.08
1.25 < 1.50 0.03 -- 0.05 0.05 -- 0.10
1.50 < 2.00 0.05 -- 0.10 0.08 -- 0.13
2.00 < 2.50 0.05 -- 0.10 0.08 -- 0.13
2.50 < 3.00 0.08 -- 0.13 0.10 -- 0.20
3.00 < 4.00 0.10 -- 0.15 0.13 -- 0.25
4.00 < 5.00 0.13 -- 0.18 0.15 -- 0.33
5.00 < 6.00 0.15 -- 0.20 0.20 -- 0.41
6.00 < 8.00 0.20 -- 0. 28 0.25 -- 0.46
8.00 < 10.00 0.25 -- 0.33 0.33 -- 0.56
10.00 < 12.00 0.30 -- 0.41 0.41 -- 0.66
12.00 < 16.00 0.38 -- 0.51 0.51 -- 0.81
16.00 < 20.00 0.51 -- 0.66 0.69 -- 1.07
20.00 < 25.00 0.61 -- 0.76 0.81 -- 1.17
NOTES:
1) See annex A for backlash versus diametral pitch and previous AGMA quality numbers.
2) Accuracy grades per ANSI/AGMA ISO 17485--A08.
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Figure 9 -- Measurement of normal backlash

The amount of required backlash, measured at the tightest point of mesh, is usually marked on one or both
members of a set of gears. When a value of backlash is marked on only one member of the gear set, this is the
total backlash requirement for the gear set. When total backlash is marked on both members to insure visibility
of the number after assembly in the gear housing, the value should then be designated on each member as total
backlash so they will not be added during assembly.
6 Examination of parts
Before installing a set of bevel gears, examine and understand all the markings on the parts (Figure 10) and on
any tags that may be attached. If no markings appear on the gears, the necessary information must be obtained
from the design specifications.
6.1 Mounting distance
The mounting distance is usually shown as “MD” followed by the actual dimension. This is the linear dimension
from the axial locating surface of the given member to the crossing point of its axis with that of its mate. See
Figure 2. The locating surface is usually the back of the given member or a bearing shoulder.
6.2 Backlash
The minimum amount of total backlash of a pair of bevel gears is measured at the tightest point of mesh with a
dial indicator on a bevel gear testing machine, see Figure 9. This value is usually marked on the wheel. The
amount of backlash is denoted by the markings, for example B/L 0.15 (mm). Unless otherwise specified,
backlash (B/L) is assumed to be normal backlash and cannot be measured in the plane of rotation. See
clause 8.
6.3 Matched teeth
Some gear sets require special markings to assure proper assembly. These sets are marked with an ‘X’ on the
tooth of one member which is to be engaged between the two teeth marked with an ‘X’ on the mating member.
This marking is necessary on gear sets where the pinion and wheel tooth numbers have a common factor and
they have been lapped as a set. This provides for optimum assembly based on the lapped position.
Also this marking method may indicate the position where the gear teeth are to be engaged when the backlash
is checked.
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Figure 10 -- Typical gear marking

6.4 Set number

Pinions and wheels are usually mated as sets during the lapping and testing operations. These matched sets
are then marked with a serial or set number and assembled as a pair. Gear sets marked in this manner should
always be assembled as a set to achieve the desired operating conditions.
6.5 Part number
Most gears are identified by the part number. It usually appears in an area away from the markings previously
mentioned.
6.6 Other markings
Other markings may appear which may or may not affect the assembly procedure. Among these are
manufacturer’s trademark, material identification, date of manufacture, country of origin, inspector’s or
operator’s symbols, head distance and gaging distance. Manufacturer’s instructions should be provided to
explain these markings.
6.7 Damage
All gears, especially hardened gears, should be examined to be sure that the teeth and mounting surfaces have
not been damaged prior to assembly. Dents and nicks usually cause irregularities on teeth that will produce
noisy operation and load concentration. Nicks on the mounting surfaces cause excessive runout and backlash
variations at assembly. If possible, irregularities should be carefully removed prior to assembly.
7 Positioning bevel gears
Bevel gear positioning is important to achieve optimum life at minimum noise. Many positioning methods are in
use; some examples are shown below.
7.1 Positioning the pinion
It is recommended that the pinion be positioned first to its correct mounting distance when installing a pair of
bevel gears. Methods for positioning the pinion include but are not limited to:
-- A setup gage assembled in the housing in place of the pinion.
-- Measurements from the locating surface on the pinion to the axis of the mating wheel.
-- Flush surfaces ground on the back cone faces (back angles) of the wheel and pinion when in the correct
position on the testing machine.
NOTE: When flush ground surfaces are required they must be specified in the design. A flush surface is not normally in-
cluded during manufacture.
7.2 Positioning the wheel
The same procedure should be used for positioning the wheel member. When the wheel mounting distance is
not marked, its correct axial position is determined at the point where the proper backlash is measured at the
tightest point of mesh between the mating members.
7.3 Positioning the pinion by setup gage
The correct mounting distance can be determined using a gage assembled in the housing in place of the pinion. --``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
A mounting gage used to locate a hypoid pinion is shown on Figure 11. This mounting gage is generally made
shorter than the gaging distance to provide space for using feeler gages when assembling the pinions. A similar
gaging method would apply to the wheel member when the shaft angle is 90 degrees.
For ease of assembly, it may be necessary to mount the pinion and/or wheel member from a front locating
surface. The thickness of the wheel blank is subtracted from the conventional mounting distance to obtain the
more convenient locating surface. See Figure 11.
A setup gage used for locating the pinion of a bevel set for other than 90 degree shaft angle designs is shown on
Figure 12 and Figure 13. This setup gage is used for assembling the gears shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15.
In this gage, a spring loaded shaft bears against a conical surface ground on the gaging members. A direct
reading between the gaging surfaces determines the thickness of the spacing collar necessary to position each
member properly.

Front mounting
distance Set to front mounting
distance with gaging
Gaging blocks or feelers
distance
Less feeler
thickness
Figure 11 -- Hypoid pinion mounting gage

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Gaging surfaces
Gaging surfaces
Thickness of
Thickness of spacing collar
spacing color
Figure 12 -- Pinion setup gage for angular bevel gears

Figure 13 -- Photograph of pinion setup gage
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Figure 14 -- Mounted bevel gears
Figure 15 -- Gears shown in Figure 14

7.4 Positioning the pinion by measurements

Another method for positioning the pinion accurately is by direct measurement of all components that affect its
location.
7.4.1 90 degree measurement
A typical assembly procedure for mounting a pinion with a 90 degree shaft angle is shown on Figure 16. The
upper portion shows the measurements necessary to determine the distance from the pinion mounting face of
the housing to the center line of the wheel axis. The lower portion shows the measurements and calculations
necessary to determine the shim thickness required to position the pinion. In order to minimize any possible
accumulation of errors in measurements, the least number of measurements necessary to calculate the shim
should be made. For example, for the gear box shown in Figure 17, detailed measurements are shown on
Figure 18 through Figure 21. Care must be taken to ensure that the bearings are seated as they would be under
normal operating conditions.
SHIM X DIM B
2 1/2 1
DIA 1
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DIM DIM DIM*

A D E
PINION
AXIS
M.D.
MARKED ON PINION
B = 1/2 1 + 2
C = M.D. + A + D + E WHEEL
AXIS
SHIM X = C -- DIM B
TYPICAL EXAMPLE
M.D. = 45.67 DIA 1 = 86.92 C = 88.29
+ DIM A = 14.68 -- B = 86.34
+ DIM D = 13.13 1/2 1 = 43.46 1.95

SHIM X =
+ DIM E = 14.81 + 2 = 42.88
C = 88.29 B = 86.34
*NOTE: DIM E taken between inner and outer race with axial bearing clearance removed
Figure 16 -- Shimming procedure for bevel pinion with 90 degree shaft angle

Pinion subassembly measurements

are shown on Figure 19
SHIM SHIM
Housing measurements are

shown on Figure 18 and Figure 20
M DP
Wheel subassembly
measurements are
shown on Figure 21
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
M DG
Figure 17 -- Typical gear box
BORE
VMD
SHIM = MDa -- VMD SURFACE
Figure 18 -- Housing--vertical mounting distance
If the wheel shaft extends in front of the pinion, or if a dummy shaft can be accurately fitted in place of the wheel
shaft, a direct measurement may be made from the front face of the pinion to the shaft. The measurement may
be made by means of a micrometer, gage block, or a special gage made for the purpose as shown in Figure 11.
7.4.2 Angular assembly
A typical assembly procedure for mounting a pinion with a shaft angle other than 90 degrees is shown in
Figure 22. When the shaft angle is other than 90 degrees, the distance from the pinion mounting face of the
housing to the crossing point is not easily measured. This dimension can, however, be easily obtained during

the machining of the housing and either the actual dimension or the deviation from the mean can be marked on
the housing. A method to calculate the mounting distance is illustrated in Figure 23. By using this dimension,
the necessary shim is determined in a manner similar to a pinion with 90 degree shaft angle.
SHIM
HERE
ma
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
Wp
MDa MDp
MDa = MDp -- Wp + ma
Figure 19 -- Vertical sub--assembly
BORE
HMD
SURFACE SHIM = MDa -- HMD
Figure 20 -- Housing--horizontal mounting distance

MDa
ma
Hsg
CL
Wg
MDg
MDa = MDg -- Wg + ma
Figure 21 -- Horizontal sub--assembly
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
C WHEEL
AXIS
X MARKED
SHIM DIM B
ON HOUSING
PINION
AXIS
DIM DIM DIM* M.D.

A D E MARKED ON PINION
TYPICAL EXAMPLE
C = M.D. + A + D + E SHIM X = C -- DIM B
M.D. = 83.94
+ DIM A = 14.71
C = 126.49
+ DIM D = 13.03
-- B = 124.00
+ DIM E = 14.81
C = 126.49 SHIM X = 2.49
*NOTE: DIM E TAKEN BETWEEN INNER AND OUTER RACE WITH AXIAL BEARING CLEARANCE REMOVED
Figure 22 -- Shimming procedure for bevel pinion with other than 90 shaft angle
7.5 Positioning the pinion by flush surfaces of the back angle

In the case where measurement of the mounting distance is difficult, a flush surface may be ground on the back
cone face (back angle) of the pinion and wheel when they are in the correct position in a test machine. When the
gears are assembled they must be positioned so that the ground areas on the back cone surfaces are flush.
See Figure 24.

MD
X H2
HOUSING MOUNTING Y
E DISTANCE 2 MD H2
D
Z F
D
G α
α
Gi MD H1
1. MEASURE D, G, E b = BALL DIAMETER
D = D -- b
G = G′ + b
2
E = E′ + b
G = SIN X2 E = SIN Z = SIN Y
2.
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
D D
3. α=X+Y
HOUSING MOUNTING 
4. F = D2 − E2
DISTANCE 1 MD H1
5. MD = F
H2 sin α
6. MD −G
MD = H2
H1 cos α
Figure 23 -- Angular bevel gear box housing mounting distance
measurements and calculations
Figure 24 -- Positioning of bevel gears with flush surfaces

8 Backlash check
Normal backlash of a pair of bevel gears is measured with a dial indicator. The stem of the indicator should be
mounted perpendicular to the gear tooth surface at the extreme heel. Backlash is then measured by rotating the
wheel member back and forth, making certain that the pinion member is held motionless. see Figure 9. The
backlash measured at the tightest point of mesh or at the matched teeth (see 6.3) should be held within the
values in Table 1 if not specified.
To calculate backlash in the plane of rotation, divide the normal backlash by the product of the cosine of the
outer spiral angle and the cosine of the pressure angle as specified, see Figure 25.
8.1 Backlash correction

If the backlash does not fall within the recommended limits, one of the following procedures may be used
depending on the original method of assembly.
8.1.1 Adjusting backlash when at mounting distance

If the pinion and wheel are assembled to the marked mounting distance, and the required backlash is not
obtained, the individual components should be thoroughly evaluated to determine the cause.
jn Normal backlash
(normal to the tooth surface)
jet Transverse
backlash
Wheel PINION
pitch PITCH
radius RADIUS
jet Transverse
backlash
αn
jn
jn cos α n jn
jt ≅
βe cos α n cos β e
jet Transverse backlash 2 R m r c0 sin β m − R 2m + R 2e
measured at the pitch β e ≅ arcsin
2 R e r c0
radius of wheel or pinion
jn = Normal backlash
ψo jet = Transverse backlash
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
Re = Outer cone distance

βe = Spiral angle at Re
Rm = Mean cone distance
βm = Spiral angle at Rm
αn = Normal pressure angle
rc0 = Cutter radius
Figure 25 -- Bevel gear backlash, normal and transverse

8.1.2 Adjusting backlash when gears are flush ground

If the pinion and wheel were assembled so that the back cone angles are flush, it will be necessary for the axial
position of both members to be adjusted to satisfy backlash requirements.
8.2 Amount of axial movement for a limited backlash change
The amount of axial movement for either pinion or wheel member necessary to obtain a unit change in backlash
may be approximated by the applicable graph in Figure 26, or by the following formulas:
Δj = Δj 1 + Δj 2 (1)
Δj tan δ 1
Δj 1 = (2)
tan δ 1 + tan δ 2
Δj tan δ 2
Δj 2 = (3)
tan δ 1 + tan δ 2
Δj 1
Δa 1 = (4)
2 tan α n sin δ 1
Δj 2
Δa 2 = (5)
2 tan α n sin δ 2
where
Δj is total change in backlash;
Δj1 is change in backlash for pinion;
Δj2 is change in backlash for wheel;
Δa1 is axial movement of pinion
Δa2 is axial movement of wheel;
z2 is number of wheel teeth;
z1 is number of pinion teeth;
αn is pressure angle;
δ1 is pinion pitch angle;
δ2 is wheel pitch angle.
NOTE: These formulas are for bevel gears but may also be used for hypoid gears as a first approximation. For higher
ratios the effect of pinion axial movement on backlash is small.
When adjusting backlash for lower ratios, it might be necessary to move both wheel and pinion members to maintain
acceptable tooth contact. Calculate the amount of axial movement for each member using the above formulas. If the
shaft angle is 90, the ratio of wheel and pinion mounting distance change is equal to the gear ratio, z2/z1.
Example of the use of Figure 26:
A 20 × 40 combination 2:1 ratio bevel gear set with 20 degree normal pressure angle and a 90 degree shaft
angle has been assembled with the pinion at its proper mounting distance, but the measured normal backlash
exceeds the allowable limit by 0.10 mm.
The pinion pitch angle is 26 degrees 34 minutes and the wheel pitch angle is about 63 degrees 26 minutes.
Since the pinion was mounted properly, the wheel will have to be moved axially until the backlash is reduced by
0.1 mm. From Figure 26, for a 2:1 ratio wheel, an axial movement of 38 micrometers is required to get 25
micrometer change in backlash. Therefore, the total inward axial movement of the wheel must be 4 × 38 = 152
micrometers or 0.15 mm. After this movement is made, the pattern and backlash should both be checked to see
that they meet the required specifications.
8.3 Endplay
If either member of a pair of bevel gears is assembled with allowance for bearing end play, and not held to a fixed
position, it will be necessary to check for minimum backlash when the floating member is moved axially to its
foremost position toward the crossing point.
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---

90 Ratio
6:1
80 5:1
4:1
3:1
Wheel
70
2.5:1
αn = 14 1/2 2:1
Pitch angle, degrees
60
αn = 20 1.5:1
αn = 22 1/2
50
αn = 25
1:1
40
1.5:1
30
2:1
Pinion
2.5:1
20 3:1
4:1
5:1
10
6:1
0
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275
(0.001) (0.002) (0.003) (0.004) (0.005) (0.006) (0.007) (0.008) (0.009) (0.010) (0.011)
Axial movement per 25 mm change in backlash, mm (in)
Figure 26 -- Axial movement per 25 mm (0.001 in) change in backlash for 90 shaft angle
8.4 Contact pattern movement
After any corrections in backlash have been made, the tooth contact pattern should be checked for compliance
with specifications.
9 Tooth contact patterns
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
A commercially available marking compound should be applied to the profile surfaces of the gear teeth to permit
visual determination of the tooth contact pattern. Although the gear marking compound can serve as minimum
lubricant, care must be taken when checking the contact pattern without lubricants to prevent scoring in the
assembly, particularly with hypoid gears. The marking compound should be removed after its use unless
otherwise specified.
Apply marking compound to the gear teeth. Slowly rotate the gears a few revolutions in both directions with a
light load. The tooth contact pattern should be similar to that obtained in the bevel gear testing machine during
the inspection operation.
9.1 Tooth contact pattern at light load
Unless otherwise specified, typical tooth contact patterns for straight and Zerol spiral bevel gears at light load
are depicted in Figure 27a. Typical patterns for spiral bevel and hypoid gears are shown in Figure 27b. The
actual contact pattern observed will depend on the specific manufacturing technique employed.
It is important to note on certain applications that light load patterns will differ markedly from the typical patterns
shown in Figure 27 as a result of the particular deflections under operating conditions. In these cases, the
applicable light load pattern must be specified.
A tooth contact pattern that varies in shape, position or intensity from tooth to tooth on a given member is
indicative of possible assembly and/or manufacturing discrepancies. This condition generally requires further
evaluation.

Toe Heel
a) Typical straight and Zerol spiral bevel contact patterns

--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
Toe Heel Toe Heel
Face milling and face hobbing, Face hobbing

consult the manufacturer
b) Typical range of spiral and hypoid bevel contact patterns
Figure 27 -- Typical contact patterns at correct mounting positions
9.2 Full load pattern

Under full load, unless otherwise specified, the tooth contact pattern should utilize virtually the total tooth length,
without heavy concentration at the ends or tops of the teeth of either member.
9.3 High or low contact pattern corrections
The two above conditions of tooth contact pattern can usually be corrected by axially repositioning the pinion
and/or wheel during the assembly operation. If the proper pattern cannot be obtained then all components
(housing, cage, pinion, wheel, etc.) should be reinspected to determine the necessary corrective action.

9.3.1 High pinion/low wheel tooth contact (both sides)

If the contact pattern is high on the profile of the pinion and low on the profile of the wheel, the pinion should be
moved axially out of mesh. It may be necessary to move the wheel axially into mesh until the required backlash
and tooth contact pattern are obtained. See Figure 28. Except for straight bevel gears, the movement of the
contact pattern up and down the profile is accompanied by a movement along the length of the tooth. This
lengthwise movement is a function of the lengthwise curvature of the tooth.
Generally, the contact pattern will be near the heel on the convex side of the wheel tooth and near the toe on the
concave side. The contact pattern on the pinion is the reverse. See Figure 28.
9.3.2 Low pinion/high wheel tooth contact (both sides)
If the contact pattern is low on the profile of the pinion and high on the profile of the wheel, the pinion should be
moved axially into mesh. It may be necessary to move the wheel axially out of mesh until the required backlash
and tooth contact pattern are obtained. See Figure 29.
Except for straight bevel gears, the movement of the contact pattern up and down the profile is accompanied by
a movement along the length of the tooth. This lengthwise movement is a function of the lengthwise curvature of
the tooth.
Generally, the contact pattern will be near the toe on the convex side of the wheel tooth and near the heel on the
concave side. The contact pattern on the pinion is the reverse. See Figure 29.
9.3.3 Lame pattern
When the contact pattern appears to be high on one side of the tooth and low on the other side, this is known as
a lame condition. If the pinion is positioned to the proper mounting distance and the gear set has the proper
amount of backlash, then the teeth of the pinion, wheel or both, have been improperly manufactured and the
gear set should be replaced. See Figure 30. If, however, the set of gears is to operate in only one direction it
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
may be possible to axially reposition the pinion to correct the tooth contact pattern on the drive side and to ignore
the pattern on the opposite side.
9.4 Cross contact pattern
When the contact pattern appears at the toe on one side of the tooth and at the heel on the other, an offset error
exists. See Figure 31 and Figure 32. Generally, this condition cannot be corrected during assembly. All
components (housing, cage, pinion, wheel, etc.) should be reinspected to determine the necessary corrective
action.
For Zerol spiral bevel gears, a contact pattern at the toe of one side of the tooth and at the heel of the other side
may be indicative of improper positioning of one of the members. If the contact is at the toe on the concave side
of the tooth of a member and at the heel of its convex side, that member should be moved axially into mesh. If
the contact is opposite, that member should be moved axially out of mesh. See Figure 33. If this movement
does not correct the cross contact pattern, a pinion offset error exists.
9.5 Toe tooth contact pattern
If the contact pattern appears at the toe of both sides of the teeth on both members and if the gears are
positioned to the proper amount of backlash then the shaft angle is too large. See Figure 34. Generally, this
condition cannot be corrected during assembly and all components (housing, cage, pinion, wheel, etc.) should
be reinspected to determine the necessary corrective action.
9.6 Heel tooth contact pattern
If the contact pattern appears at the heel of both sides of the teeth on both members and if the gears are
positioned to the proper mounting distance then the shaft angle is too small. See Figure 35. Generally, this
condition cannot be corrected during assembly and all components (housing, cage, pinion, wheel, etc.) should
be reinspected to determine the necessary corrective action.

Low contact
High contact
Error Straight bevel
Low heel contact
High toe contact
Error Zerol spiral

bevel
High heel contact

Low toe contact
Low heel contact
High toe contact
Error Spiral bevel
High heel contact
Low toe contact
Low heel contact
High toe contact
Error
Hypoid
High heel contact

Low toe contact
Figure 28 -- High tooth contact on pinion -- low tooth contact on wheel

(pinion axial position error)
 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved --``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---

23
High contact
Low contact
Error Straight bevel
High toe contact
Low heel contact
Error Zerol spiral

bevel
Low toe contact
High heel contact
High toe contact
Low heel contact
Error Spiral bevel
Low toe contact
High heel contact

High toe contact
Low heel contact
Error
Hypoid
Low toe contact

High heel contact
Figure 29 -- High tooth contact on wheel -- low tooth contact on pinion

(pinion axial position error)
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---

High contact
(one side of tooth)
Straight bevel
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
Low contact
(other side of tooth)
High contact
(one side of tooth)
Zerol spiral
bevel
Low contact
High contact
(one side of tooth)
Spiral bevel
Low contact
High contact
(one side of tooth)
Hypoid
Low contact
Figure 30 -- Lame tooth contact (improper machining)

Heel contact
Error
Straight bevel
Toe contact
Heel contact
Error
Zerol spiral
bevel
Toe contact
Heel contact
Error
Spiral bevel
Toe contact
Toe contact
Error
Hypoid
Heel contact
Figure 31 -- Cross contact offset error, case 1

--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---

Toe contact
Straight bevel
Error
Heel contact
Toe contact
Zerol spiral
bevel
Error
Heel contact
Toe contact
Spiral bevel
Error
Heel contact
Toe contact
Hypoid
Error
Heel contact
Figure 32 -- Cross contact offset error, case 2
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---

Heel contact
Error
Toe contact
Toe contact
Error
Heel contact
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
Zerol spiral bevel
Figure 33 -- Cross contact improper positioning of one member

Straight bevel
Error
Toe contact
Zerol spiral
bevel
Error
Toe contact
Spiral bevel
Error
Toe contact
Toe contact
Hypoid
Error
Figure 34 -- Toe contact shaft angle error
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---

Heel contact
Error
Straight bevel
Heel contact
Error Zerol spiral

bevel
Heel contact
Error
Spiral bevel
Error
Hypoid
Heel contact
Figure 35 -- Heel contact shaft angle error
30 --``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---  AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved

10 Suggested assembly check list
A recommended listing of items to be verified or accomplished during the assembly procedure is shown below.
10.1 Housing
-- Bore sizes
-- Should be free of machining debris, dirt and other foreign objects
-- Should be free of mounting surface irregularities
10.2 Pinion and wheel
-- The pinion and wheel teeth should be free of nicks, burrs or other irregularities
-- Pinion and wheel identification markings
S part numbers
S set number
S mounting distance
S backlash
S match marks
10.3 Assembly
-- Align match marks if present
-- Properly seat/position pinion and wheel subassemblies
-- Set bearings for proper preload or end play
-- Torque all fasteners
-- Properly seat all retaining rings
-- Check for free rotation
-- Verify assembled backlash
-- Evaluate tooth contact pattern and record (if required)
-- Visually inspect entire assembly for foreign objects
-- Check lubricating system and verify that the unit has been properly lubricated

--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---

Annex A
(informative)
Recommended backlash tolerances using diametral pitch
and AGMA 390.03a quality grades
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11, Assembling Bevel Gears.]
Table A.1 -- Suggested normal backlash tolerance at tightest point of mesh

Outer normal backlash
Diametral pitch Module AGMA quality numbers Q4 AGMA quality numbers Q10
through Q9 in (mm)1) through Q13, in (mm)1)
1.00 to 1.25 (25.00 to 20.00) 0.032 -- 0.046 0.024 -- 0.030
(0.81 -- 1.17) (0.61 -- 0.76)
1.25 to 1.50 (20.00 to 16.00) 0.027 -- 0.040 0.020 -- 0.026
(0.69 -- 1.07) (0.51 -- 0.66)
1.50 to 2.00 (16.00 to 12.00) 0.020 -- 0.032 0.015 -- 0.020
(0.51 -- 0.81) (0.38 -- 0.51)
2.00 to 2.50 (12.00 to 10.00) 0.016 -- 0.026 0.012 -- 0.016
(0.41 -- 0.66) (0.30 -- 0.41)
2.50 to 3.00 (10.00 to 8.00) 0.013 -- 0.022 0.010 -- 0.013
(0.33 -- 0.56) (0.25 -- 0.33)
3.00 to 4.00 (8.00 to 6.00) 0.010 -- 0.018 0.008 -- 0.011
(0.25 -- 0.46) (0.20 -- 0.28)
4.00 to 5.00 (6.00 to 5.00) 0.008 -- 0.016 0.006 -- 0.008
(0.20 -- 0.41) (0.15 -- 0.20)
5.00 to 6.00 (5.00 to 4.00) 0.006 -- 0.013 0.005 -- 0.007
(0.15 -- 0.33) (0.13 -- 0.18)
6.00 to 8.00 (4.00 to 3.00) 0.005 -- 0.010 0.004 -- 0.006
(0.13 -- 0.25) (0.10 -- 0.15)
8.00 to 10.00 (3.00 to 2.50) 0.004 -- 0.008 0.003 -- 0.005
(0.10 -- 0.20) (0.08 -- 0.13)
10.00 to 12.00 (2.50 to 2.00) 0.003 -- 0.005 0.002 -- 0.004
(0.08 -- 0.13) (0.05 -- 0.10)
12.00 to 16.00 (2.00 to 1.50) 0.003 -- 0.005 0.002 -- 0.004
(0.08 -- 0.13) (0.05 -- 0.10)
16.00 to 20.00 (1.50 to 1.25) 0.002 -- 0.004 0.001 -- 0.002
(0.05 -- 0.10) (0.03 -- 0.05)
20.00 to 25.00 (1.25 to 1.00) 0.002 -- 0.003 0.001 -- 0.002
(0.05 -- 0.08) (0.03 -- 0.05)
NOTE:
1) Quality numbers per AGMA 390.03a.
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---

Annex B
(informative)
Contact pattern testing of bevel gears
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11, Assembling Bevel Gears.]
B.1 Purpose
To define general requirements for performing, evaluating, and documenting contact tests on assembled bevel
gears.
B.2 General information
It is recommended to perform the contact testing described in both the forward and reverse directions, even if
the gear box operates in only one direction.
B.3 Preparation before contact pattern testing
The pinion and wheel should be positioned at their designed mounting distance. Verify this using the
procedures of clause 6. Be sure the mounting distances are correct before performing the backlash and contact
pattern tests.
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
Clean the gear set thoroughly with a lint--free towel and a general surface cleaner. Be sure that all dirt, debris,
and oil are removed.
B.4 Checking backlash
It is important to note before checking the backlash, at least one of the gears, preferably the pinion, must be
installed and positioned at its marked mounting distance. However, it is best to position both members
whenever possible. The reason is simple: Because bevel gears are conical in shape, they can be assembled in
an almost infinite number of positions, most of which cause poor performance while still having the desired
backlash value.
B.4.1 Checking normal backlash
Position a dial test indicator on the largest diameter of the wheel tooth at its heel. It is important to keep in mind
that the orientation of the tooth to the dial test indicator is essential for obtaining an accurate backlash reading.
Refer to Figure 9 for proper orientation. The pinion member should then be locked so it will not rotate. Rock, the
wheel member lightly back and forth. The amount of indicator movement is considered to be the backlash
reading. It should agree with the value marked on the gear set. Refer to clause 6 and Figure 10.
For critical applications where backlash is small, it is a good idea to check the backlash in several areas. Also,
runout from the gear box’s bearings and shafts can change the location of the tightest point of mesh from the
matched teeth to another location.
B.4.2 Backlash in the plane of rotation
Sometimes it is not possible to locate the indicator normal to the tooth surface and the backlash measurement
must be made in the plane of rotation. Refer to clause 8 and Figure B.1 for a description.
Measuring backlash in the plane of rotation will provide a reading that is called transverse backlash. However,
this value can be as much as 40% larger than “normal backlash”. The value should be calculated using the
method in clause 8.
B.5 Contact pattern
The true purpose behind the parameters of mounting distance, matched teeth and backlash is to ensure that the
teeth are contacting each other properly as designed. By following the manufacturer’s mounting distance
during installation, the tooth contact should be as manufactured. However, it may be necessary to verify the
contact pattern of the gears once they are installed in a gear box. On gear ratios greater than one, the pinion
position controls the contact pattern more than the wheel. The wheel position controls the backlash more than
the pinion. As the ratio increases, the effect becomes more dramatic. For one--to--one ratio sets, pinion and
wheel position both control pattern and backlash.

Figure B.1 -- Measuring backlash in the plane of rotation is sometimes required
The process of checking and interpreting the contact pattern will be described in this section.
B.5.1 Material for checking the contact pattern
The following items are required: brush, marking compound, a piece of cardboard, standard clear adhesive
tape and cotton swabs or toothpicks, see Figure B.2.
Use a small paint brush and trim the bristles to about 13 millimeters (1/2 in) in length. When trimming the brush,
it is a good idea to make the cut with a slight angle or bevel. A transfer of media between the mated components
should be interpreted as contact. The best transfer media is gear marking compound. However, gear marking
compound is typically only available in bulk so it is not a good option for the occasional user. As an alternative to
this marking compound, you can use Prussian blue. It can be obtained from a number of industrial supply
distributors or at many automotive parts stores. It may also be referred to as high spot marking paste.
The use of two colors of transfer media is suggested, but not mandatory. Typically, this consists of applying
Prussian blue to the wheel and a red or other contrasting color gear marking compound or another transfer
media, of similar consistency, to the pinion. The two colors selected should provide sufficient contrast to
facilitate conclusive evaluation of results. A single color is used in the illustrations.
B.5.2 Preparation of the marking compound
To begin the process of checking the parts, apply a small amount of marking compound to a piece of cardboard,
see Figure B.3.
Spread out the compound on the piece of cardboard with the brush. This is done to achieve the proper
consistency – not too thick and not too thin. Figure B.4 shows an comparison of not enough marking
compound, the proper consistency and too much.
Next apply a uniform coating on the teeth, see Figure B.5.
34 --``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---  AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved

Figure B.2 -- Materials required for checking and documenting the contact pattern.
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
Figure B.3 -- Apply marking compound to cardboard.

--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---
Figure B.4 -- Spread compound to achieve the proper consistency
Figure B.5 -- Apply compound to gear teeth
The coating should be just thick enough to cover the surface. There should not be any lumps or bare spots.
Transfer media should be applied as a thin and uniform coating. Typically, the thickness of the coating is 13 mm
to 19 mm (0.0005 inch to 0.00075 inch). Too much marking compound is shown in Figure B.6.

Figure B.7 shows how too little gear marking compound looks.
Figure B.8 shows the desired amount.
Figure B.6 -- Too much marking compound
Figure B.7 -- Not enough marking compound
--``,``,,,,```,``````,,-`-``,```,,,`---

Figure B.8 -- Desired amount of marking compound
B.5.3 Transfer media performing the contact pattern test

Once the marking compound has been applied to the tooth surfaces, roll the parts together in both directions.
The resistance applied to the wheel’s shaft, and number of revolutions the wheel is run through mesh with the
pinion, is left to the discretion of the person(s) performing the test. Five to ten rotations in each direction should
be sufficient. It is suggested to apply a light drag load to the driven shaft. This load acts as a constant to be sure
each test is performed with consistent results. While the gears are in motion, listen for irregularities in the sound
of the gear set mesh. Repetitive taps or clicks may indicate damage to the teeth.
The resulting contact pattern is shown in Figure B.9.
B.5.4 Documenting the contact pattern
It may be necessary to document the contact pattern. The easiest method with Prussian blue is to shoot a
close--up photograph using a digital camera. Another method of documenting the contact pattern is achieved
by pulling a tape of the pattern. While Prussian blue is readily available and suitable for a visual indication of the
contact pattern, it does not always work well for pulling contact pattern tapes. If your chosen method for
documenting the contact pattern is the pulling of contact pattern tapes, it is recommended that you obtain gear
marking compound. Because of this, gear marking compound is used in the following illustrations.
To pull a tape of the pattern, place the tape on the tooth surface, see Figure B.10. Smooth the tape with a cotton
swab (see Figure B.11), being careful not to smear the marking compound. Remove the tape, and place it on a
piece of paper (see Figure B.12). You will need to do this for both the concave and convex sides of the wheel
tooth.
B.6 Analyzing the contact pattern
When assessing the contact pattern, it is important to look at both the concave and convex sides of the pinion
and wheel. For the most part, the pattern on both sides of the teeth should be about the same. Typical no load
contact patterns are described in Figure 3. Often specific pattern requirements are necessary that may not be
as described in Figure 3. Final print requirements should always be used. If you find that the contact pattern is
incorrect, most likely the pattern will be wrong on both sides. Refer to clause 9 for a description of possible
errors and the necessary corrections.
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 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved
Figure B.9 -- Resulting contact pattern

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Figure B.10 -- Place tape on tooth surface

Figure B.11 -- Smooth tape
Figure B.12 -- Remove tape and place on paper

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B.6.1 Additional considerations

When reviewing the contact pattern note any areas of bridge contact along the patterns’ length, depth or both,
as well as areas of localized hard contact called a hard line. A contact pattern with a hard line would look like
Figure B.13. Instead of an elliptical shape, the bottom of a pattern with a hard line ends abruptly. This condition
would indicate that the gears are not making proper contact and are causing an area of high stress. This area of
high stress can cause pitting and subsequently failure of the gear.
Once you are done with the Prussian blue marking compound, it will have to be removed with a solvent such as
lacquer thinner, or as directed by the manufacturer.
B.7 The contact pattern under load
When the gears are under load, the contact pattern will be different than when tested at no load. The area of
contact will expand on the surface of the tooth. If you need to check the pattern under load, the following method
can be used. First, obtain some layout bluing. This material is similar to a thin paint, and it is available from most
industrial supply distributors. Layout bluing can be either sprayed or brushed onto the tooth surface. Apply the
layout bluing in a very thin layer as was done with the gear marking compound. After running the gears under
load with lubrication, the loaded contact pattern will be visible. If you find the contact pattern is not acceptable
under load, it may be required to make adjustments to the gears in the no--load condition.
Figure B.13 -- Hard line area of high stress

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Published By:
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www.agma.org


Assembling Bevel Gears: American National Standard

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Assembling Bevel Gears: American National Standard

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ANSI/AGMA 2008--D11

Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2008--C01

American National Standard

Assembling Bevel Gears

Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Order Number: W1773308

CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,

American Gear Manufacturers Association

1001 N. Fairfax Street, 5th Floor, Alexandria, Virginia 22314

 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved iii

6.6 Other markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1 Bevel gear nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

iv  AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved

13 Photograph of pinion setup gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1 Suggested normal backlash tolerance at tightest point of mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved v

vi  AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Bevel Gearing Committee

W. Bradley, III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consultant

 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved vii

American Gear Manufacturers Association --

Assembling Bevel Gears

This standard applies to the assembly of all bevel gears.

3 Terms and definitions

 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved 1

3.1 Back angle

A Back angle H Face angle O Outside diameter

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Pinion axis Crossing point

Figure 2 -- Bevel gear mounting distances

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4  AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved

4 Application of bevel gear types

Figure 4 -- Pitch plane of gear

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Figure 5 -- Straight bevel

Figure 6 -- Spiral bevel

Figure 7 -- Zerol bevel

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5 General considerations for proper assembly

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Table 1 -- Suggested normal backlash tolerance at tightest point of mesh1)

Figure 9 -- Measurement of normal backlash

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Figure 10 -- Typical gear marking

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6.4 Set number

7 Positioning bevel gears

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Figure 11 -- Hypoid pinion mounting gage

Figure 12 -- Pinion setup gage for angular bevel gears

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Figure 13 -- Photograph of pinion setup gage

Figure 15 -- Gears shown in Figure 14

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7.4 Positioning the pinion by measurements

DIM DIM DIM*

M.D. = 45.67 DIA 1 = 86.92 C = 88.29

+ DIM A = 14.68 -- B = 86.34

+ DIM D = 13.13 1/2 1 = 43.46 1.95

 AGMA 2011 ---- All rights reserved 13

Pinion subassembly measurements

Housing measurements are

Figure 17 -- Typical gear box