Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4@>6?DtB:@C
7#HA@C&D&F@C
H A G M N R BLWTHTKLX APHX DUVLX
&2NQIMSINR
2NLN QERNKUEQ CNMFKISNR MA 7GQEJA
GIEDFCHDF JJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
A
B D F ČBLWTHTKJX APHX DUVLX
&2NQ_MSINR
2NLN QERNKUEQ CNMFKISNR MA 7GQEJA
p '%%- 9Q^ZMZPQ_ 5UM_ =[\Q_
BQbU_j[
=VgV :\PTHYgLZ
4M\M
4[PZ 7LZPNU
2PM\`Mkj[ S^hRUOM
DHUKYH ASP]LPYH
8Q^QZ`Q QPU`[^UMX
=\HU 6HYSVZ ? HY[PULa
4[[^PQZMP[^ PQ \^[Pakj[
D[P[_ [_ PU^QU`[_ PQ_`M QPUkj[ ^Q_Q^bMP[_ \M^M/
?H\YV F& ELYYLUN\P
<Y^idgV ?V\cdh
3UNXU[S^MRUM
:C3? .,-"-*",,)'"%'("%
&# 3mNXUM# ?#D# 4[^UZ`U[_! &# 4[YQZ`h^U[_ '# :S^QVM " 5U_OU\XUZM
(# :S^QVM " >UZU_`l^U[_ )# FUPM O^U_`j :# Dm`aX[#
%-"%%(*& 4 5 5 "')-#)
8 9 8 =7 C 9GH9 Vd egZhWyiZgd
@ =J F C
A^QRhOU[
(# 2_ UYMSQZ_ PM US^QVM
"<6V +&)%*+#
Zb
G =B H C % A 9 ;; F 5 B 8 9 A 9 B H 9 < C B F 5 8 C
egZ[VX^Vg ZhiV dWgV Yd IZk' ?ZgcVcYZh%
eVhidg YZ cdhhV ^\gZ_V' <b eg^bZ^gd
aj\Vg% edg hZg d XdbZcirg^d YV Gg^bZ^gV
:VgiV YZ GVjad Vdh :dgyci^dh% ed^h hdj
VeV^mdcVYd eZadh ZhXg^idh Yd VWcZ\VYd
Vezhidad' <b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% edgfjZ
iZc]d eZad cdhhd eVhidg jbV \gVcYZ
VYb^gVvud edg hjV XVeVX^YVYZ Y^Yri^XV
Zb Zmedg V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh% Xdb
hVWZYdg^V Z [^YZa^YVYZ% cud hz Zb hZjh
a^kgdh% bVh iVbWwb Zb hZjh hZgb}Zh'
EZhiV dWgV% d IZk' ?ZgcVcYZh% Xdbd
jb X^gjg\^ud oZadhd fjZ gZheZ^iV Vh
iwXc^XVh X^g~g\^XVh% Y^hhZXV V XVgiV Z cdh
VegZhZciV V g^fjZoV Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid
Y^k^cd% V XZgiZoV YV ^che^gVvud Yd
<heyg^id JVcid YVYV Vd Vezhidad GVjad Z d oZad YZ ;;Zjh
Xdb V ]Vgbdc^V Ydjig^crg^V Z hdX^Va YZ JjV @\gZ_V' MZbdh
V gZaZktcX^V eVgV dh cdhhdh Y^Vh% V Z[^XrX^V Z Vea^XVW^a^YVYZ
Zb egdWaZbVh fjZ V @\gZ_V iZb Zc[gZciVYd% Xdbd V [VaiV YZ
oZad eZaV dgYZb cd Xjaid% V hZXjaVg^oVvud YV k^YV Xg^hiV Z d
a^WZgVa^hbd% YZcigZ djigdh' 8 @\gZ_V YZ :g^hid egZX^hV kdaiVg
sh hjVh dg^\Zch Z hZg \j^VYV eZaV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh% eVgV cVd
XdbZiZg dh bZhbdh Zggdh% iVcid Yd eVhhVYd fjVcid Yd
egZhZciZ% dcYZ Vh de^c^}Zh eZhhdV^h ZhiVkVb Z Zhiud VX^bV
YVh kZgYVYZh WyWa^XVh'
=^cVabZciZ% ZhiZ w jb a^kgd ZaVWdgVYd eZad egZ\VYdg Z
eVhidg ?ZgcVcYZh ;;^Vh CdeZh% Z hz YZed^h ZY^iVYd eZad Zhí
ijY^dhd ?ZgcVcYZh ;;^Vh CdeZh' <mea^Xd bZa]dg3 V Gg^bZ^gV
:VgiV YZ GVjad Vdh :dg^ci^dh [d^ egZ\VYV cd e~ae^id YV
cdhhV ^\gZ_V cdh Xjaidh YZ fjVgiV&[Z^gV% YjgVciZ Vegdm^bVí
YVbZciZ jb hZbZhigZ' @hhd idgcV ZhiV dWgV eZXja^Vg% ed^h
VegZhZciV XVgVXiZgyhi^XVh eVhidgV^h YZ Va\jwb fjZ iZb \gVcí
YZ ZmeZg^xcX^V cVd hz cd e~ae^id YZ jbV ^\gZ_V% bVh iVbí
Wwb Zb idYd d iZgg^izg^d cVX^dcVa Z% V^cYV% eZaV >gVvV YZ
;;Zjh% cd ZmiZg^dg' GdhiZg^dgbZciZ d IZk' ?ZgcVcYZh gZhdaí
kZj gZk^hVg ZhhZh hZgb}Zh% Z edg ^ciZgbwY^d YZ jb igVWVa]d
YZ Y^\^iVvud Z Y^V\gVbVvud% d a^kgd X]Z\V sh hjVh budh'
HjZ d JZc]dg edhhV VWZcvdVg \gVcYZbZciZ V kdXx%
egZoVYd Vb^\d% cV aZ^ijgV YZhiZ a^kgd% Yd bZhbd bdYd
fjZ <aZ VWZcvddj V b^c]V k^YV Z V k^YV YV b^c]V [Vbya^V'
< fjZ edhhVbdh XdadXVg Zb egri^XV Vh kZgYVYZh WyWa^XVh
VegZhZciVYVh cZhiZ a^kgd'
@:dgyci^dh
D 9H9F K 5 ;; B 9 F 8 =M E I 9
egdkVkZabZciZ iZb bV^h XdchZa]dh egrí
i^Xdh eVgV dh Xg^hiudh Yd cdhhd iZbed Yd
fjZ fjVafjZg a^kgd YV 9yWa^V'* <hijYVg
ZhhV XVgiV w [VoZg jb Y^V\czhi^Xd YV ^\gZí
_V XdciZbedgtcZV% w kZg hjVh kyhXZgVh Z
ZcigVc]Vh' < XdadXVg jb \gVcYZ ZheZa]d
Y^VciZ YZ czh bZhbdh'
F Vezhidad GVjad eaVcidj V ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid cd [^cVa YZ hjV hZ\jcYV k^V\Zb
b^hh^dcrg^V' <aZ eVhhdj jb Vcd Z hZ^h
bZhZh egZ\VcYd V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh cVí
fjZaV \gVcYZ X^YVYZ #8i *1'**$ Z% cZhhZ
iZbed% ZaZ \Zgdj ZhhZh XgZciZh Zb :g^hid
#-'*.$' ;;Zed^h% GVjad [d^ eVgV V X^YVYZ
YZ <[Zhd% cV çh^V DZcdg' ;;Z ar bVcYdj
ZhhV XVgiV eVgV V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid'
<hhV eg^bZ^gV XVgiV% XZgiVbZciZ% cVd [d^ V eg^bZ^gV XVgiV
fjZ GVjad ZhXgZkZj Vdh Xdgyci^dh' <aZ ZhXgZkZj djigV XVgiV%
edgwb% cud iZbdh Xdc]ZX^bZcid Yd hZj eVgVYZ^gd' GVjad
[Vo gZ[ZgxcX^V V ZhhV eg^bZ^gV XVgiV fjZ ZhXgZkZgV3 àAr Zb
XVgiV kdh ZhXgZk^ fjZ cVd kdh VhhdX^rhhZ^h Xdb dh ^bejgdhâ
#.'2$'
<hhV XVgiV fjZ iZbdh% @:dgyci^dh% w V gZhedhiV YZ GVjad V
jbV XdchjaiV fjZ V ^\gZ_V [^oZgV V ZaZ' àHjVcid Vd fjZ bZ
ZhXgZkZhiZh% w Wdb fjZ d ]dbZb cud idfjZ Zb bja]Zgâ
#0'*$'
8 egdWaZbri^XV fjZ V ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV k^kZcYd X]Z\dj Vd
Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ GVjad Zb <[Zhd% edg ^ciZgbwY^d YZ jbV
^gbu YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid X]VbVYV :adZ' < fjVcYd :adZ
k^h^idj GVjad Zb <[Zhd% ZaV aZkdj V ZaZ V ^c[dgbVvud YZ
fjZ% cV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid% ]Vk^V bj^iV Xd^hV fjZ ZhiVkV Zb
YZhVXdgYd Xdb d fjZ ZaZ Zch^cVgV% ed^h ]Vk^V Y^k^h}Zh Z
XdciZcYVh cV ^\gZ_V' <ciud% GVjad% ZhXgZkZ ZhiV XVgiV% Xdbd
fjZ igVoZcYd gZhedhiV Z hdajvud YZ ;;Zjh eVgV dh egdWaZbVh
fjZ V ^\gZ_V ZhiVkV k^kZcX^VcYd'
X NRǺWPHX KU
LÀHTNLROU
&4[ '#&"&+
[VaV hdWgZ V
B 9GG9 7 5 D ÅH I @ C D 5 I @ C
^\gZ_V' <aZ jhV igxh bZir[dgVh Y^[ZgZciZh3
[Vbya^V% XVbed Z iZbead' GVgV GVjad% V
^\gZ_V w jbV [Vbya^V% Xj_d Vakd w V bVijí
g^YVYZ4 jb XVbed Xj_d Vakd w V fjVcí
i^YVYZ Z jb iZbead% Xj_d egdezh^id i
V fjVa^YVYZ% V[^gbV NVggZc N^ZghWZ'-0
MVbdh ZmVb^cVg bV^h YZ eZgid ZhhVh [^í
\jgVh'
igxh ^bV\Zch
2 CC:> 4 @ > @ A 2 E = @ E C @ E
eVgV V ^\gZ_V cd XVeyijad ,% iVbWwb ji^í
a^oV igxh [^\jgVh eVgV YZhXgZkZg d b^c^hí
igd Xg^hiud' F dWgZ^gd w jb bdgYdbd
fjZ k^kZ Xdb [^YZa^YVYZ% jb ZheZirXjad
Vd bjcYd fjZ gZkZaV ]jb^aYVYZ Z jb
eV^ fjZ YZbdchigV VbVW^a^YVYZ'/2
< hdWgZ ZhhZh igxh VheZXidh fjZ kVbdh
Y^hXdggZg cZhiZ XVeyijad'
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ )
Ed 4 2 A uD E = @ .% A 2 E = @ 72 =2 hdWgZ V
Ydjig^cV YV Y^hX^ea^cV cV ^\gZ_V' <hhZ
cVd w jb Vhhjcid [rX^a cZb edejaVg%
bVh w cZXZhhrg^d' FcYZ cud ]r Xdgí
gZvud cZb Y^hX^ea^cV% cud ]r Vbdg gZhí
edchrkZa'
F [gVXVhhd YV Y^hX^ea^cV ]d_Z edYZ hZg
Zmea^XVYd Zb eVgiZ edgfjZ ZhiVbdh a^í
\VcYd d VaVgbZ XdcigV d ^cXxcY^d YZed^h
fjZ d [d\d _r hZ VaVhigdj' CZbWgV&hZ Yd
hVXZgYdiZ <a^% fjZ _ja\dj @hgVZa fjVgZciV
Vcdh6 <aZ w YZcjcX^VYd edg ]dcgVg bV^h
hZjh [^a]dh Yd fjZ V ;;Zjh #@Jb +'+2$'
F Vbdg YZ <a^ edg ?d[c^ Z =^cw^Vh% hZjh
[^a]dh% [d^% iVakZo% jb Vbdg ^ciZchd% bVh
cud gZhedchrkZa' Gdg ^hhd% hZjh [^a]dh hZ
eZgYZgVb'
CZbWgV&hZ YZ ;;Vk^6 <aZ VbVkV dh hZjh [^a]dh' <aZ [d^
XVeVo YZ X]dgVg VbVg\VbZciZ Xdb V bdgiZ YZ 8WhVaud% bVh
cVd i^c]V Y^hedh^vud YZ Y^hX^ea^cr&ad YZ bVcZ^gV XdggZiV'
Jdbdh ^c[dgbVYdh fjZ ;;Vk^ cjcXV XdcigVg^dj d hZj [^a]d
8Ydc^Vh #aIh *'/$'
Adud :Vak^cd X]Z\dj V Y^oZg fjZ jbV YVh bVgXVh YV
kZgYVYZ^gV ^\gZ_V w V XdggZiV Vea^XVvud YV Y^hX^ea^cV WyWa^XV'
GgZX^hVbdh da]Vg eVgV ZhhZ Vhhjcid Xdb bj^id Xj^YVYd
Z oZad% edgfjZ% k^V YZ gZ\gV% V fjZhiud YV Y^hX^ea^cV iZb
h^Yd bVa ZbegZ\VYV cV @\gZ_V YZ ;;Zjh' ?r Yd^h ZmigZbdh
eZg^\dhdh fjVcid s fjZhiud YV Y^hX^ea^cV cV ^\gZ_V3 <aV w
Vea^XVYV Xdb Y^hea^XxcX^V dj Xdb g^\dg YZhbZhjgVYd'
<b Va\jch aj\VgZh dh ayYZgZh [VoZb k^hiV \gdhhV Vd
eZXVYd% idaZgVcYd&d dj eVhhVcYd edg X^bV YZ h^ijVv}Zh fjZ
igVoZb YZhdcgV Vd cdbZ YZ ;;Zjh Z ZhXtcYVad Vdh da]dh Yd
bjcYd' <hhZ [d^ d Zggd YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid' DVh Zm^hiZ
iVbWwb d g^hXd YZ hZ Vea^XVg V Y^hX^ea^cV hZb Vbdg Z Xdb
g^\dg ZmXZhh^kd% egd^W^cYd Viw bZhbd Vfj^ad fjZ V GVaVkgV
YZ ;;Zjh cud XdcYZcV' Dj^id YV Y^hX^ea^cV fjZ w Vea^XVYV
cVh ^\gZ_Vh% ]d_Z% w Vea^XVYV Zb X^bV YZ jhdh Z XdhijbZh% Z
cud Zb fjZhi}Zh k^iV^h YZ YZhdWZY^xcX^V% YZ gZWZaY^V Z YZ
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ *
A 2 E = @ D B 2 D 2 ? 6 C C 6 4 2 A uD E = @ YZ [dgí
bV bV^h egd[jcYV hdWgZ dh Yd^h egdWaZí
bVh Wrh^Xdh fjZ kZb igViVcYd Viw V\dgV3
8h iZch}Zh Ydh gZaVX^dcVbZcidh ^ciZgeZhí
hdV^h Z Vh eV^m}Zh ^cigVeZhhdV^h'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZhiVkV hZcYd ^cí
[ajZcX^VYV eZad bZ^d Zb fjZ k^k^V Zb
kZo YZ ^c[ajZcX^r&ad' 8 ^\gZ_V [d^ XdadXVí
YV cd bjcYd eVgV ^c[ajZcX^r&ad Z cud
eVgV hZg ^c[ajZcX^VYV edg ZaZ' Gdgwb% cV
^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid d bjcYd ZhiVkV Y^iVcí
Yd Vh cdgbVh Z dh gjbdh Yd XdbedgiVí
bZcid YV ^\gZ_V'
<b :dg^cid dh XgZciZh ZhiVkVb hZcYd
^c[ajZcX^VYdh eZaV Xdhbdk^hud YVfjZaZh
fjZ k^k^Vb [dgV YV ^\gZ_V' 8 X^YVYZ YZ
:dg^cid ZgV X]Z^V YZ krg^dh eVgi^Ydh Z
iVbWwb egd[jcYVbZciZ egdbyhXjV' 8h Y^hejiVh VXVadgVYVh
Z V ^bejgZoV hZmjVa ZcigVgVb cV ^\gZ_V' <hhZ XVeyijad [d^
ZhXg^id eVgV Xdgg^\^g ZhhZ Zggd'
GVjad ZmdgiV V ^\gZ_V hdWgZ ZhhVh fjZhi}Zh jhVcYd hZ^h kZoZh
V ZmegZhhud3 àEud hVWZ^h'''â #/'+%,$2$*.%*/%*2$' GVjad hZ^h
kZoZh [VaV V bZhbV Xd^hV% Xdgg^\^cYd d bZhbd egdWaZbV% d
egdWaZbV YVh Y^hejiVh Z YVh Wg^\Vh YZcigd YV ^\gZ_V% WZb
Xdbd% d egdWaZbV YV ^bdgVa^YVYZ eZhhdVa'
8h igxh eg^bZ^gVh ZmdgiVv}Zh Zhiud a^\VYVh sh XdciZcYVh Z
Vh igxh ~ai^bVh s fjZhiud Yd Xdged'
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ +
FWPTJĂVPUX KL ALZX
VHWH U JHXHSLTYU
&4[ ,#&")%
C 75DÅHI@C / 89 w V
= 7 CFÅBH=CG
bV^h adc\V Y^hXjhhud hdWgZ hZmjVa^YVYZ
Z Vhhjcidh XdggZaVidh Zb idYVh Vh XVgiVh
YZ GVjad' <aZ Xdciwb ^c[dgbVv}Zh k^iV^h
hdWgZ d Vhhjcid% ^c[dgbVv}Zh ZhhVh cud
ZcXdcigVYVh Zb cZc]jbV eVgiZ YZ
hZjh ZhXg^idh'*). ;;ZhiVXd X^cXd edcidh
^bedgiVciZh3
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% BH\SV JVTLhH
H YLZWVUKLY HZ WLYN\U[HZ KH PNYLQH KL
6VYPU[V& GVjad cud hZ egde}Z V [VoZg
jb igViVYd iZdaz\^Xd XdbeaZid hdWgZ
XZa^WVid Z XVhVbZcid' F fjZ cV kZgYVYZ
ZaZ [Vo Vfj^ cZhhZ XVeyijad w gZhedcYZg V
Va\jbVh eZg\jciVh Y^gZiVh Z ZheZXy[^XVh
fjZ V ^\gZ_V a]Z ]Vk^V [Z^id' àHjVcid
Vd fjZ bZ ZhXgZkZhiZh'''â #0'*$' F fjZ
GVjad ZhXgZkZ cZhhZ XVeyijad w jbV gZhedhiV sh eZg\jciVh YV
^\gZ_V'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% BH\SV UgV LZNV[H ZL\ LUZPUV ZVIYL
JHZHTLU[V ULZZL JHWk[\SV& Dj^idh Xgyi^Xdh% Vd ZhijYVgZb ZhhZ
XVeyijad% ixb jbV k^hud eZhh^b^hiV Zb gZaVvud Vd XVhVbZcid'
:dcijYd% ZhhZ cud w idYd d Zch^cd WyWa^Xd hdWgZ d Vhhjcid
cZb bZhbd w idYd d Zch^cd YZ GVjad hdWgZ V bViwg^V'
CZbdh Zb >xcZh^h +'*13 àEud w Wdb fjZ d ]dbZb ZhiZ_V
hzâ' CZbdh Zb ?ZWgZjh *,'-3 à;;^\cd YZ ]dcgV ZcigZ idYdh
hZ_V d bVig^b|c^d% WZb Xdbd d aZ^id hZb brXjaVâ' GVjad
Zb <[wh^dh .'++&,, ZcVaiZXZ d XVhVbZcid V iVa edcid YZ
jhr&ad Xdbd ZmZbead YV gZaVvud byhi^XV ZcigZ :g^hid Z V
@\gZ_V'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% HSN\UZ JYk[PJVZ HJ\ZHT BH\SV KL UgV ZLY
\T H\[VY PUZWPYHKV #0'/%*)%*+%+.%-)$' F fjZ GVjad fjZg
Y^oZg% fjVcYd V[^gbV3 à8dh bV^h Y^\d Zj% cud d JZc]dg3'''â
#0'*+$' :dbd ZciZcYZg ^hhd6 JZgr fjZ GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd
jbV Xd^hV Z d JZc]dg djigV6 JZgr fjZ ZaZh Zhiud Y^kZg\^cYd
dj hZ XdcigVY^oZcYd6 FWhZgkZb d fjZ GVjad Y^o3 à:db
gZheZ^id sh k^g\Zch% cud iZc]d bVcYVbZcid Yd JZc]dg4
edgwb Ydj b^c]V de^c^ud% Xdbd iZcYd gZXZW^Yd Yd
JZc]dg V b^hZg^XzgY^V YZ hZg [^Zaâ #0'+.$' JZgr fjZ ZhhZ iZmid
w VeZcVh jbV de^c^ud YZ GVjad dj w jb iZmid ^che^gVYd
eZad <heyg^id JVcid Xdb Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV6 MZ_V V^cYV
d fjZ GVjad ZhXgZkZ3 àKdYVk^V% hZgr bV^h [Za^o hZ eZgbVcZXZg
k^~kV% hZ\jcYd V b^c]V de^c^ud4 Z eZchd iVbWwb fjZ Zj
iZc]d d <heyg^id YZ ;;Zjhâ #0'-)$'
HjVa w d h^\c^[^XVYd YZhhVh eVaVkgVh6 Fh a^WZgV^h ZmeadgVb
ZhhVh ZmegZhh}Zh eVja^cVh eVgV Y^oZg fjZ ZhhZ iZmid cud gZXZí
WZ d hZad YV ^che^gVvud Y^k^cV' JZgr fjZ w ^hhd fjZ GVjad Zhir
Y^oZcYd Vfj^6 Eud GVjad [Vo cZhhZ XVeyijad jbV Y^hi^cvud
ZcigZ d fjZ :g^hid Zch^cdj Z d fjZ ZaZ Zhir Zch^cVcYd' F
fjZ :g^hid Zch^cdj ZaZ cud kV^ igViVg cdkVbZciZ% ed^h% d
Vhhjcid _r Zhir YZX^Y^Yd' Gdgwb% Vfj^ad fjZ AZhjh cud Zcí
h^cdj% ZaZ kV^ igViVg% YVcYd dg^ZciVvud Vedhiza^XV Z ^che^gVí
YV eVgV V ^\gZ_V' Eud Zm^hiZ Xdc[a^id ZcigZ :g^hid Z GVjad%
cZb GVjad Zhir YVcYd VeZcVh jbV de^c^ud eZhhdVa hdWgZ d
Vhhjcid Zb iZaV' N^aa^Vb DVX;;dcVaY XdggdWdgV Xdb ZhiZ
eZchVbZcid3
Bqa baVW Wj[ef[d cgS^cgWd Vyh[VS SUWdUS VS [`eb[dSrqa Va cgW DSg^a
Wefn V[lW`Va `WefS badrqa& 9^W Wefn geS`Va [da`[S Scg[& GWg Sbaefa^SVa
W eWg W`e[`a f[`ZS_ WefSVa eaT SfScgW bad S^Yg`e W_ 7ad[`fa& 9^We
bdaXWeeShS_ fWd S _W`fW Va GW`Zad `Scg[^a cgW V[l[S_& DSg^a$ W`fqa$
SX[d_S2 |GW\S a cgW Xad cgW S^Ygs_ WefW\S XS^S`Va S _Wg dWebW[fa$
Wg bW`ea cgW Wg fS_Ts_ fW`Za a 9ebud[fa GS`fa VW 8Wge& 9^We
bdaXWeeS_ ft%^a$ _Se eWYgdS_W`fW `qa ft_ g_ _a`abv^[a eaTdW a
9ebud[fa GS`fa}&)(.
)(- K W ` Z S _ $ ;;& >& Wf S^[& @ L^ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& )11,2 b& ))/(&
)(. A S U 8 a ` S ^ V $ K[^^[S_& 5 LSPL]LYZ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& )11-2 b& )//*&
)(/ K [W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& //*%//.&
)(0 K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b& --$-.&
)(1 Fa_S`ae )&)0%+*3 =7adu`f[ae .&1%))3 @Whuf[Ua )0&**&
))( A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6VYkU[PVZ& 9V[fadS J[VS BahS& Gqa DSg^a$ G9 &.-./
\# -*#
))) < a V Y W $ 7ZSd^We& =` EIL JSHZZPJ 5 PISL JVT T LU[HY`& 9V& Tk CiW`
7a^^[`e& )1112 b& )*+)&
**+ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b & )*-&
))+ G f a f f $ >aZ`& :YHUKLZ X\LZ[nLZ ZVIYL V ZL_V& J[`VW 7a_g`[USrxWe&
B[fWdv[$ F>& )11+2 b& 00%1)&
)), D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b & )+)&
))- 6 S d d W f $ 7& ?& 4 JVT T LU[HY` VU [OL 9PYZ[ 8WPZ[SL [V [OL 6VYPU[OPHUZ&
6^SU]e BWi 7a__W`fSd[We& 5 7& 6^SU]& )1.02 b& ).-&
)). G f a f f $ >aZ`& :YHUKLZ X\LZ[nLZ ZVIYL ZL_V& )11+2 b& 00%1)&
))/ 7a`X[eeqa VW :s VW KWef_[`efWd$ USbufg^a *,$ eWrxWe J W J=&
))0 ;; W d e f ` W d $ >aZ` < & EOL LHYS` ^YP[PUNZ& Ja^& )& AadYS`$ DW``ek^hS`[S&
Ga^[ 8Wa ;;^ad[S DgT^[USf[a`e& )11/2 b& 1,&
))1 ;; W d e f ` W d $ >aZ` < & EOL LHYS` ^YP[PUNZ& Ja^& )& )11/2 b& 1.&
)*( D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& ),($),)&
)*) A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ& )1012 b& 1+&
)** K S Y ` W d $ DWfWd& DL UgV [P]LY HTVY& )10+2 b & .(&
USU RPKHW JUS H
RPILWKHKL JWPXYÄ
:4[ -#&"&(
GVjad Y^o fjZ% ZbWdgV d yYdad cVd hZ_V cVYV% jbV kZo
fjZ cVd iZb k^YV Zb h^ bZhbd Z w [Z^id YZ WVggd% \Zhhd%
eZYgV% djgd% bVYZ^gV% d fjZ Zhir edg igrh YZhhZ yYdad hud
YZb|c^dh' <bWdgV d yYdad hZ_V bViZg^Va% d fjZ Zhir edg igrh
YZaZ w Zhe^g^ijVa'
:dbZg XVgcZ% jb Vid VbdgVa% hZ idgcV ^bdgVa fjVcYd
w [Z^id cjb iZbead YZ yYdad' ;;ZeZcYZcYd YV h^ijVvud% d
bZhbd Vid edYZ iZg XdcdiVv}Zh Y^[ZgZciZh' :dbZg XVgcZ w
VbdgVa% bVh XdbZg XVgcZ XdchV\gVYV Vd yYdad% cd iZbead
Yd yYdad% hZ idgcV ^bdgVa' JZ d Xg^hiud eVgi^X^eV YZ jbV
[ZhiV cV egZhZcvV Yd yYdad% bZhbd hVWZcYd fjZ d yYdad w
cVYV cd bjcYd% ZaZ VigVkZhhdj V a^c]V fjZ hZeVgV jbV Vvud
VbdgVa #XdbZg XVgcZ$ YZ jb eZXVYd #^YdaVig^V$' <bWdgV%
d yYdad hZ_V cVYV% bVh fjZb Zhir Vigrh YZaZ hud YZb|c^dh
#*)'*2&++$'
F Zckdak^bZcid Xdb ^YdaVig^V w jb Zckdak^bZcid Xdb
YZb|c^dh #;;i ,+'*.&*0$' Gdg ^hhd% XdbZg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV
Vdh yYdadh% jbV Xd^hV VbdgVa eVgV GVjad% hZ idgcV ^bdgVa
cd iZbead eV\ud' <hhZ eg^cXye^d kVaZ eVgV dh [gVXdh Z eVgV
dh [dgiZh
@bV\^cZbdh fjZ jb XgZciZ Zb :dg^cid [dhhZ Xdck^YVí
Yd s XVhV YZ jb ^cXgwYjad eVgV jbV [ZhiV' GVjad Y^o fjZ d
XgZciZ edYZ ^g s [ZhiV cV XVhV YZ jb Vb^\d eV\ud' AZhjhZc&
igdj cV XVhV YZ ejWa^XVcdh Z eZXVYdgZh Z ^hhd ZhXVcYVa^odj
dh [Vg^hZjh' AZhjh Viw WZWZj k^c]d Z dh Xgyi^Xdh YZ eaVciud d
X]VbVkVb YZ WZWZggud' Fh bV^h gVY^XV^h Z aZ\Va^hiVh X]Zí
\VgVb V eZchVg fjZ AZhjh WaVh[ZbVkV Z Viw ZhiVkV ZcYZbd&
c^c]VYd' GVjad Y^o fjZ czh cud YZkZbdh XdgiVg dh cdhhdh
kycXjadh Xdb Vh eZhhdVh cud&Xg^hiuh' KZbdh YZ iZg Vb^\dh
[dgV YV ^\gZ_V iVbWwb' :dbd kVbdh ^c[ajZcX^Vg Vh eZhhdVh
hZ cud cdh gZaVX^dcVgbdh Xdb ZaVh6 :dbd kVbdh ZkVc\Z&
a^or&aVh hZ cud ZcXdcigVgbdh Xdb ZaVh6 GgZX^hVbdh hZg ajo
eVgV VfjZaZh fjZ V^cYV cud Xdc]ZXZb V ajo'
Eud edYZbdh hZg hVa VeZcVh YZcigd Yd hVaZ^gd' Gdg ^hhd%
GVjad Y^o fjZ dh XgZciZh edY^Vb ^g sh [ZhiVh Ydh Vb^\dh cud
XgZciZh Z XdbZg YZ ijYd fjZ [dhhZ XdadXVYd cV bZhV% hZb
[^XVg [VoZcYd ^ciZggd\Vizg^d VXZgXV YV egdXZYxcX^V YV XVgcZ'
Gdgwb% hZ d Vc[^ig^ud d ^c[dgbVhhZ fjZ VfjZaV XVgcZ [d^
hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh% d XgZciZ YZkZg^V hZ VWhiZg YZ XdbZg
eVgV cud hZg Xdc^kZciZ Xdb V ^YdaVig^V'
:dbZg XVgcZ ZgV VbdgVa% bVh V eVgi^g Yd bdbZcid
fjZ d XgZciZ idbVkV Xdc]ZX^bZcid fjZ V XVgcZ ZhiVkV
XdchV\gVYV Vd yYdad% d fjZ ZgV VbdgVa hZ idgcVkV ^bdgVa'
CZbWgV&hZ YZ ;;Vc^Za cV 9VW^a|c^V6 <aZ cud ZgV kZ\ZiVg^Vcd%
bVh gZhdakZj [^gbZbZciZ cd hZj XdgVvud cud hZ XdciVb^cVg
Xdb Vh ^\jVg^Vh YV bZhV Yd gZ^ #;;c *'1$' Gdg fjZ ZaZ cud
fj^h XdbZg Vh ^\jVg^Vh YV bZhV Yd gZ^6 GdgfjZ ZhhVh ^\jVg^Vh
ZgVb d[ZgZX^YVh Vdh yYdadh' <ciud% ZhiV YZkZ hZg V edhijgV
Yd Xg^hiud3 hZ Zj hZ^% Zj cud Xdbd'
+$ HjVcYd XdbegVg Z fjVcYd cud XdbegVg6 FjigV X^gí
XjchitcX^V fjZ Zm^\^V XVjiZaV ZgV ^g Vd bZgXVYd' GVgiZ YV XVgí
cZ hVXg^[^XVYV cd iZbead k^c]V eVgV dh Vvdj\jZh' KVakZo V
bZa]dg XVgcZ% eZad egZvd bV^h WVgVid' GVjad dg^ZciV3 à:dbZ^
YZ ijYd d fjZ hZ kZcYZ cd bZgXVYd% hZb cVYV eZg\jciVgYZh
edg bdi^kd YZ XdchX^xcX^Vâ #*)'+.$' F XgZciZ edYZ ^g Vd
bZgXVYd% XdbegVg V XVgcZ Z Xdbx&aV6 GVjad gZhedcYZ3 J^b%
cud Z iVakZo :dbZg YZ ijYd fjZ kZcYZ cd bZgXVYd6 J^b'
Ed iZbead Yd yYdad6 Eud' EV XVhV Yd Vb^\d6 J^b dj cud'
;;ZeZcYZ YV ^c[dgbVvud fjZ kdXx i^kZg' JZ [dg s XVhV Yd
Vb^\d% cud eZg\jciZ V egdXZYxcX^V YV XVgcZ #*)'+0$' JZ
hdjWZg fjZ w hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh% cud XdbV #*)'+1$'
Ed bZgXVYd e~Wa^Xd ]Vk^V XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV V yYdadh
cdh \VcX]dh Yd Vvdj\jZ Z XVgcZ cud hVXg^[^XVYV #*)'+.$'
8 VeVgxcX^V YV XVgcZ ZgV V bZhbV' :g^hiudh [gVXdh Y^o^Vb
fjZ cud hZ YZk^V XdbegVg XVgcZ YZ ZhewX^Z Va\jbV edgfjZ
hZbegZ ]Vk^V V edhh^W^a^YVYZ YZ XdbegVg XVgcZ hVXg^[^XVYV'
GVgV GVjad% ZaZh ZhiVkVb aZkVcYd hZjh ZhXg~ejadh adc\Z YZí
bV^h #*)'+.$' <hiVcYd cd bZgXVYd% d h^bWda^hbd gZa^\^dhd
YV XVgcZ cud i^c]V bV^h ^bedgitcX^V' 8 iZdad\^V YZ GVjad
cud ZhiVkV cZjgdi^oVYV eZad YZbdc^hbd' GVjad cud k^V YZí
b|c^dh Zb ijYd' :VgcZ cd bZgXVYd w VbdgVa Z dh [gVXdh
i^c]Vb YZ eVgVg YZ Y^oZg fjZ ZgV ^bdgVa'
,$ HjVcYd XdbZg Z fjVcYd cud XdbZg3 F XVhd fjZ
GVjad igViV V\dgV w YZcigd Yd XdciZmid YZ jb XgZciZ hZcYd
Xdck^YVYd eVgV XdbZg XVgcZ cV XVhV YZ jb Vb^\d eV\ud'
<hhV ZgV V h^ijVvud bV^h XdbeaZmV' LbV Xd^hV VbdgVa edYZ
hZ idgcVg ^bdgVa YZeZcYZcYd YV h^ijVvud' MdXx edYZ XdbZg
YZ ijYd fjZ hZ XdadXV cV bZhV' AZhjh Y^hhZ fjZ cud w d fjZ
ZcigV eZaV WdXV fjZ XdciVb^cV d ]dbZb% bVh d fjZ hV^ Yd
hZj XdgVvud #DX 0'*1&+,$' 8\dgV hZ kdXx hVWZ V egdXZYxcí
X^V Yd fjZ a]Z w d[ZgZX^Yd% hZ a]Z w eVhhVYd d fjZ [d^ [Z^id
Xdb VfjZaV Xdb^YV% Zciud% _r YZ^mdj YZ hZg VbdgVa eVgV hZg
^bdgVa'
@g Vd X^cZbV w VbdgVa' 8\dgV% ^g Vd X^cZbV eVgV kZg jb
[^abZ edgcd\gr[^Xd w ^bdgVa' 9ZWZg k^c]d w VbdgVa% bVh%
[Vox&ad cjb WVg edYZ ZhXVcYVa^oVg bj^iV \ZciZ' 8 eZhhdV
fjZ eVhhV cV gjV cVd hVWZ hZ kdXx Zhir WZWZcYd jb Xded%
jbV \VggV[V dj jb WVgg^a' < V wi^XV Xg^hiV w ZhhV3 Xj^YVYd
àMZYZ% edgwb% fjZ ZhiV kdhhV a^WZgYVYZ cVd kZc]V% YZ Va\jb
bdYd% V hZg igdeZvd eVgV dh [gVXdhâ #1'2$' MdXx iZb YZ gZ\Zg
V hjV XdchX^xcX^V cVd VeZcVh eZad !Zj Xdc]ZX^bZcid% bVh
iVbWwb% Z% hdWgZijYd% eZad Vbdg' < egZX^hd Y^hXZgc^bZcid'
F Vbdg Xg^hiud iZb egZ[ZgxcX^r hdWgZ d Xdc]ZX^bZcid
Xg^hiud'
Fh Vg\jbZcidh jhVYdh edg GVjad #1'2&*,$ hdWgZ V
a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu cdh Zch^cVb Va\jch eg^cXye^dh egri^Xdh3
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ -
*+, A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )((&
*+- A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& )((& h
*+. K [ W d e T W $ K S d d W ` K & 6 VT LU[dYPV IkISPJV L_WVZP[P]V& Ja^& -& *((.2
b& //0&
*+/ G[TTWe$ F[UZSdV& 6 VT T LU[HY` VU *6VYPU[OPHUZ& 6S``Wd a X HdgfZ&
9V[_TgdYa& )10)2 b& *)($*))&
*+0 A S U 5 d f Z g d > d & $ >aZ`& DVJPLKHKL ZLT WLJHKV& 9V[fadS 7g^fgdS 7d[efq&
Gqa DSg^a$ GD& *((*2 b& ,)&
RPILWKHKL KH
NWHĀH
:4[ .#&"',
Ar 9 L 5 A =B 5 A C G C 7 5 D ÅH I @ C 1 fjZ [VaV
hdWgZ V a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' M^bdh fjZ V
5a^WZgYVYZ Yd Xg^hiud cud w gZ\^YV edg hZjh
% Y^gZ^idh% bVh eZad Vbdg Vd egzm^bd'
Ed XVeyijad 2% GVjad VegZhZciV d hZj
sP% ZmZbead% igVoZcYd s WV^aV V fjZhiud Yd
hjedgiZ [^cVcXZ^gd Ydh dWgZ^gdh' <b
eg^cXye^d eVgZXZ fjZ ZaZ Zhir ^ciZggdbí
eZcYd d iZbV fjZ XdbZvdj cd XVeyijad
1% hdWgZ Xdb^YV hVXg^[^XVYV Vdh yYdadh'
:dcijYd% adc\Z YZhhZ XVeyijad hZg jbV
^ciZggjevud Yd iZbV igViVYd cd XVey&
4 ijad VciZg^dg% w jbV ^ajhigVvud eZhhdVa
YZaZ'*+1 Ed XVeyijad 2% GVjad ^ajhigV
d fjZ egZ\dj cd XVeyijad 1% YVcYd d
hZj ZmZbead% ZajX^YVcYd d fjZ w V a^í
WZgYVYZ YV \gVvV' 8egZhZciVcYd d hZj
iZhiZbjc]d% GVjad bdhigdj s ^\gZ_V fjZ egVi^XVkV Vfj^ad
fjZ egZ\VkV'
F XVeyijad 2 a^YV Xdb d Zch^cd YZ GVjad hdWgZ d hjedgiZ
[^cVcXZ^gd Ydh dWgZ^gdh' 8fj^% GVjad Yr jb ZmZbead edh^i^í
kd% ZcfjVcid cd XVeyijad *) VedciV jb ZmZbead cZ\Vi^kd'
@hgVZa jhdj bVa V hjV a^WZgYVYZ'
GVjad Zch^cdj hdWgZ d hZj Y^gZ^id YZ gZXZWZg d hjhiZcid
[^cVcXZ^gd YV ^\gZ_V' F hjhiZcid [^cVcXZ^gd ZgV Y^gZ^id hZj Z
gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V' <bWdgV hZ_V eg^cXye^d XaVgd YVh
<hXg^ijgVh fjZ d igVWVa]VYdg w Y^\cd Yd hZj hVarg^d% GVjad
VWg^j bud YZhhZ Y^gZ^id% edg jb egdezh^id bV^h ZaZkVYd'
;;ZhhV bVcZ^gV% ZaZ ^ajhigV Xdbd hZ igVWVa]V Xdb V a^WZgYVYZ
Xg^hiu' IZXZWZg hVarg^d YV ^\gZ_V ZgV jb Y^gZ^id hZj% bVh ZaZ
VWg^j bud YZhhZ Y^gZ^id'
GVjad VegZhZciV Yd^h Vg\jbZcidh Zb YZ[ZhV YV hjV
edayi^XV hdWgZ d hjhiZcid [^cVcXZ^gd YVfjZaZh fjZ igVWVa]Vb
cV dWgV YZ ;;Zjh3 d Y^gZ^id YZ gZXZWZg hjhiZcid YV ^\gZ_V
#2'*&*-$ Z d Y^gZ^id YZ gZXjhVg ZhhZ bZhbd hjhiZcid #2'*.&
+0$'*+2
?K
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ .
F M \ n _ ` [ X [ A M a X [ \ ^ [ _ _ Q S a Q C hZj
Zch^cVbZcid% XdcXaj^cYd ZhhV hZvud
hdWgZ a^WZgYVYZ Xg^hiu' Ed XVeyijad 1%
ZaZ Zc[Vi^odj fjZ egZX^hVbdh WVaVcXZVg
d Xdc]ZX^bZcid Xdb d Vbdg% jbV kZo
fjZ d Xdc]ZX^bZcid ZchdWZgWZXZ% bVh d
Vbdg ZY^[^XV' Ed XVeyijad 2% d Vezhidad
ZmZbea^[^XV V fjZhiud YV a^WZgYVYZ Xdb
V egzeg^V k^YV% ZkdXVcYd d iZbV Yd
hjhiZcid eVhidgVa% gZkZaVcYd fjZ ZbWdgV
[dhhZ jb Y^gZ^id hZj gZXZWZg hVarg^d YV
^\gZ_V% kdajciVg^VbZciZ VWg^j bud edg
gVo}Zh bV^h cdWgZh3 Vbdg Vd ZkVc\Za]d%
Vdh eZXVYdgZh Z V h^ bZhbd'
Ed XVeyijad *)% XdcXaj^cYd ZhhV
hZvud% GVjad Yr jb ZmZbead cZ\Vi^kd'
<aZ VegZhZcidj jb ZmZbead edh^i^kd cd
XVeyijad 2% d ZmZbead YV egzeg^V k^YV' 8\dgV% cd XVeyijad
*)% ZaZ Yr jb ZmZbead cZ\Vi^kd% d ZmZbead Yd edkd YZ
@hgVZa' JZ\jcYd NVggZc N^ZghWZ% GVjad cdh Zch^cV YjVh
\gVcYZh a^v}Zh cZhhZ XVeyijad3 cdhhV ZmeZg^xcX^V gZa^\^dhV
YZkZ hZg WVaVcXZVYV Xdb V egZXVjvud% Xj^YVYd Z k^\^atcX^V
Z iVbWwb YZkZ hZg WVaVcXZVYV Xdb V gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ
Xg^hiu'*,.
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A :D E = @ & %
E VWUVǺXPYU KL
ALZX VHWH UX KUTX
LXVPWPYZHPX
:4[ &'#&"(&
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ & '
F 7 5 D ÅH I @ C *, 8 9 = 7 C F ÅB H =C G w Xdcí
h^YZgVYd V dWgV bV^h \gVcY^dhV% bV^h k^í
\dgdhV Z bV^h egd[jcYV fjZ GVjad ZhXgZí
kZj'*02 GVjad [VaV hdWgZ V hjeZg^dg^YVYZ
Yd Vbdg hdWgZ dh Ydch% Vh ZmXZaxcX^Vh
bV\cy[^XVh Yd Vbdg Z V eZgZc^YVYZ Yd
Vbdg'
KdYVk^V% d fjZ w Vbdg6 Dj^iVh eZhhdVh
gZaVX^dcVb d Vbdg Xdb V Zbdvud' F
XdgVvud WViZ [dgiZ% Vh budh [^XVb \ZaVYVh%
eZgeVhhV jb XVaV[g^d eZaV Zhe^c]V' <ciud%
Vh eZhhdVh eZchVb3 @hhd w Vbdg
Fjigdh gZaVX^dcVb d Vbdg Xdb jb
hZci^bZcid gdbtci^Xd Z eaVi|c^Xd' C^b^í
iVb d Vbdg V Va\d ejgVbZciZ hZci^bZcí
iVa% [^adhz[^Xd% Z gdbtci^Xd' GVgV djigdh%
V^cYV% d Vbdg i jbV VigVvud ^ggZh^hiykZa
dj jb ^bejahd eVhh^dcVa' KgViV&hZ VeZcVh YZ jbV eV^mud
^c[aVbVYV Z ^cYdbrkZa'
8 eVaVkgV HTVY Zhir egd[jcYVbZciZ YZh\VhiVYV' Ad]c
DVX`Vn V[^gbV fjZ jbV YVh eg^cX^eV^h Vgi^bVc]Vh Yd
bVa^\cd w ZhkVo^Vg d XdciZ~Yd YVh eVaVkgVh' JZ Zm^hiZ jbV
eVaVkgV fjZ [d^ ZhkVo^VYV% Y^hidgX^YV% Z VYjaiZgVYV Zb hZj
h^\c^[^XVYd w V eVaVkgV Vbdg' 8bdg idgcdj&hZ hybWdad YZ
eV^mud% YZ hZmd% hdWgZijYd% YZ ^ciZgXjghd hZmjVa [dgV Yd XVí
hVbZcid' <hhZ i^ed YZ Vbdg iZb igVo^Yd zY^d% YZh\gVvVh%
Y^k^h}Zh% aVgZh Vggj^cVYdh Z Zc[Zgb^YVYZh'
< zWk^d fjZ fjVcYd d Vezhidad GVjad [VaV Zb Vbdg% jhV
jbV eVaVkgV ZheZXy[^XV% dNHWL& F Vbdg dNHWL w d egzeg^d
Vbdg YZ ;;Zjh' < d Vbdg hVXg^[^X^Va% \Zcjycd% ejgd' < d
Vbdg hVcid% fjZ cud WjhXV hZjh ^ciZgZhhZh' < d Vbdg fjZ hZ
ZcigZ\V' q d Vbdg fjZ w bV^h Yd fjZ Zbdvud' < Vi^ijYZ% w
Vvud' < VbVg d ^cY^\cd' < VbVg Viw sh ~ai^bVh XdchZfÄxcí
X^Vh' < VbVg Xdbd :g^hid Vbdj' :g^hid Vbdj V @\gZ_V Z V h^
bZhbd hZ ZcigZ\dj edg ZaV' ;;Vk^Y Gg^dg Y^o fjZ dNHWL i V
Vbdg eZadh idiVabZciZ ^cY^\cdh' Ggdkwb VciZh YV cVijgZoV
YVfjZaZ fjZ VbV% fjZ YZ fjVafjZg bwg^id Yd hZg VbVYd'*1)
<mVb^cVgZbdh ZhhZ XVeyijad YZcigd YZhhZ XdciZmid'
HjVcYd kdXx ZhijYV Vh XVgiVh Yd Vezhidad GVjad sh ^\gZ_Vh
YZ <[Zhd% =^a^edh% :dadhhdh Z KZhhVa|c^XV% dWhZgkV fjZ ZaZ
V\gVYZXZ V ;;Zjh eZad Vbdg Zm^hiZciZ ZcigZ VfjZaZh ^gbudh'
GVjad Zad\^V VfjZaVh ^\gZ_Vh eZad Vbdg fjZ i^c]Vb' Gdgwb%
GVjad cud Zad\^V V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid cZhhZ eVgi^XjaVg' 8d
Xdcigrg^d% GVjad Zad\^V V ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid eZadh Ydch% bVh
cud eZad Vbdg' :dg^cid ZgV jbV ^\gZ_V X]Z^V YZ Ydch' Eud
[VaiVkV sfjZaV ^\gZ_V cZc]jb Ydb #*'0$% ZcigZiVcid% [VaiVkV&
a]Z V egri^XV Yd Vbdg'
EV kZgYVYZ ZhhZ ZgV d edcid kjacZgrkZa YVfjZaV ^\gZ_V'
<gV jbV ^\gZ_V ig|eZ\V Z [gr\^a cV egri^XV Yd Vbdg [gViZgcVa'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid ZgV ^bVijgV Z XVgcVa #,',$' Gdg ZhhV gVoud%
GVjad ZhXgZkZ d XVeyijad *,% d \gVcYZ XVeyijad Yd Vbdg'
@c[Za^obZciZ% XdhijbVbdh aZg ZhhZ XVeyijad hZb Xdch^YZgVg
d XdciZmid YV XVgiV'
F XVeyijad *, Zhir ZcigZ Yd^h XVeyijadh igViVcYd YZ Ydch
Zhe^g^ijV^h' Eud [d^ XdX]^ad Yd Vezhidad GVjad XdadXVg ZhhZ
iZmid hdWgZ d Vbdg àhVcYj^X]VYdâ ZcigZ Yd^h XVeyijadh fjZ
igViVb YZ Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ idYdh dh
Ydch bV^h YgVbri^Xdh Z bV^h bVgVk^a]dhdh fjZ edYZbdh
^bV\^cVg hud ^c~iZ^h% hZ cud ]djkZg Vbdg'*1* :dbd Y^o =' ='
9gjXZ3 àF ZmZgXyX^d bV^h \ZcZgdhd Ydh Ydch Zhe^g^ijV^h cud
edYZ XdbeZchVg V [VaiV YZ Vbdgâ'*1+Eud edYZbdh ZciZcYZg
V bZchV\Zb YZhhZ XVeyijad V cud hZg fjZ d ^ciZgegZiZbdh s
ajo YZhiZ XdciZmid'
GVjad Zhir XdcYZcVcYd V XVgcVa^YVYZ YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cí
id Z bdhigVcYd fjZ V ~c^XV hVyYV eVgV jbV ^\gZ_V XVgcVa Z
^bVijgV w d gZbwY^d Yd Vbdg' GVjad Y^o fjZ V k^YV Xdbjí
c^irg^V hZb Vbdg cud w cVYV #*,'*&,$4 V hZ\j^g% ZaZ YZhXgZkZ
d fjZ d Vbdg w% d fjZ d Vbdg cud w% Z d fjZ d Vbdg [Vo
#*,'-&0$' =^cVabZciZ% GVjad YZhXgZkZ V cVijgZoV YjgVYdjgV
Z ZiZgcV Yd Vbdg #*,'1W&*,$' ;;^k^Y^gZbdh ZhhZ ZhijYd Zb
igxh eVgiZh Y^hi^ciVh3 8 hjeZg^dg^YVYZ Yd Vbdg% Vh k^gijYZh
Yd Vbdg Z V ZiZgc^YVYZ Yd Vbdg'
)/1 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)*#
)0( D d [ a d $ 5MbUP# 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& &..(/ b& ')'#
)0) D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,*&
)0* 6 d g U W $ :& :& ) H U K *6VYPU[OPHUZ& )1/)2 b& )*,&
)0+ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,+%*,-&
)0, D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,+&
á> 1. 6 S d U ^S k $ K [ ^^[S _ & < ` < < 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )*1&
*1/ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,,&
*10 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)+#
)00 D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,,&
)01 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-#
)1( A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-#
)1) 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )+)&
)1* A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-#
)1+ 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )+*&
)1, A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-#
)1- > @ B B :C ! @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-#
)1. A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-#
)1/ A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-#
)10 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &)-#
)11 A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 b& &).#
*(( A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV2 )10+2 b& &).
*() A a d d [ e $ @Wa`& <6 VYkU[PVZ2 <U[YVK\hgV L JVT LU[dYPV& )10+2 W& ),1&
*(* D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2b& *,.%*,1&
*(+ D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L <6 VYkU[PVZ& )11+2 b& *,1&
*(, D d [ a d $ 8Sh[V& 4 T LUZHNLT K L )6VYkU[PVZ&)11+2 b& *,1&
*(- 6 S d U ^S k $ K[^^[S_& < ` << 6VYkU[PVZ& )1/+2 b& )+/&
GHWPLKHKL KL
RĂTNZHX L VWUMLJPHX
TH PNWLQH
&4[ &)#&")%
9 DNL DE OQNFECIA
;;ZhiVXVbdh Va\jch edcidh ^bedgiVciZh eVgV cdhhV gZí
[aZmud'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% V X\L i KVT KL WYVMLJPH3 q bj^id ^bí
edgiVciZ ZciZcYZg ZhhZ Ydb' KZbdh YZ [VoZg jbV Y^hi^cvud
ZcigZ d d[yX^d YZ egd[ZiV cd 8ci^\d Z Edkd KZhiVbZcidh
Xdb d Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V' F fjZ iZbdh ]d_Z w Ydb YZ egd[Zí
X^V Z cud d[yX^d YZ egd[ZiV' :dbd _r Y^hhZbdh% VijVabZciZ
cud iZbdh bV^h cZc]jb egd[ZiV Z cZc]jb Vezhidad cd
hZci^Yd WyWa^Xd' Fh egd[ZiVh Z Vezhidadh gZXZW^Vb jbV gZkZí
aVvud cdkV Z ^che^gVYV YV eVgiZ YZ ;;Zjh eVgV [VoZg eVgiZ Yd
Xtcdc YVh <hXg^ijgVh' F Xtcdc YVh <hXg^ijgVh Zhir [ZX]VYd'
;;Zjh cud gZkZaV bV^h cVYV cdkd s JjV @\gZ_V s eVgiZ Yd fjZ
_r Zhir cV JjV GVaVkgV' KjYd d fjZ ;;Zjh fj^h gZkZaVg eVgV
V JjV ^\gZ_V Zhir cV JjV GVaVkgV' Eud edYZbdh VXgZhXZciVg
cZb i^gVg bV^h cVYV Yd fjZ Zhir ZhXg^id' GVjad X]Z\V V Y^oZg
fjZ àQ'''R V^cYV fjZ czh dj bZhbd jb Vc_d k^cYd Yd Xwj
kdh egZ\jZ ZkVc\Za]d fjZ kr Vawb Yd fjZ kdh iZbdh egZ\Ví
Yd% hZ_V VcriZbVâ #>* *'1$'
<ciud% d fjZ w Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V6 < V ZmeaVcVvud% V
Zmedh^vud% Z V Zmea^XVvud [^Za YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh Xdc[dgbZ
Zhir cVh <hXg^ijgVh' GVjad Y^o fjZ hZ Va\jwb egd[Zi^oV hZ_V
hZ\jcYd V egdedgvud YV [w #Ib *+'/$' F fjZ w V egdedgvud
YV [w6 < d XdciZ~Yd YVh <hXg^ijgVh JZ kdXx egd[Zi^oV% kdXx
iZb YZ egd[Zi^oVg YZ VXdgYd Xdb d XdciZ~Yd YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
F Vezhidad GZYgd ZhXaVgZXZ3 àJZ Va\jwb [VaV% [VaZ YZ VXdgYd
Xdb dh dgrXjadh YZ ;;Zjhâ #aGZ -'**$' HjZb egd[Zi^oV
egZX^hV hZ bVciZg YZcigd YZhhVh WVa^oVh YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh'
F fjZ w egZ\Vg YZ VXdgYd Xdb dh dgrXjadh YZ ;;Zjh6 <
egZ\Vg ZmViVbZciZ d fjZ Zhir cV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh' GVjad Y^o V
K^bziZd3 àQ'''R egZ\V V GVaVkgVâ #+Kb -'+$' 8 eVaVkgV w idYd
d XdciZ~Yd YV egZ\Vvud' F fjZ w egd[ZX^V6 < V egZ\Vvud YV
GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh' 8iZciZ fjZ egd[ZX^V cud w jbV [jcvud dj
edh^vud fjZ jbV eZhhdV dXjeV' GVjad Y^o fjZ ZaZ \dhiVg^V fjZ
idYdh cV ^\gZ_Vegd[Zi^oVhhZb' Gdg fjx6 <hz d eVhidg fjZ egZ\V
V GVaVkgV6 q hz d eVhidg fjZ iZb XdcY^v}Zh YZ XdbegZZcYZg
Vh <hXg^ijgVh Z igVchb^i^&aVh6 8WhdajiVbZciZ cud 8 GVaVkgV
Zhir Vd VaXVcXZ YZ idYd VfjZaZ fjZ [d^ hVakd edg AZhjh' 8hh^b%
idYVh Vh kZoZh fjZ kdXx ax V 9yWa^V% V ^ciZgegZiV [^ZabZciZ Z V
egdXaVbV Xdb [^YZa^YVYZ% kdXx Zhir egd[Zi^oVcYd'
?d_Z% cud ]r bV^h egd[ZiVh"cd hZci^Yd YVfjZaZh egd[ZiVh
eg^bZ^gdh% fjZ hZ idgcVgVb d [jcYVbZcid YV ^\gZ_V #<[
+'+)$' ;;Zjh cud gZkZaV bV^h Va\d cdkd' Eud ]r jbV hZ\jcYV
ZY^vud YV 9yWa^V' F Xtcdc YV <hXg^ijgV _r Zhir [ZX]VYd' KdYd
Zch^cd cV ^\gZ_V YZkZ hZg hjWbZi^Yd s Ydjig^cV Vjidg^oVYV
Ydh Vezhidadh Z egd[ZiVh #@:d *-',0%,1$'
< WZb Xdc]ZX^YV V ZmegZhhud YZ 9^aan >gV]Vb3 à?d_Z%
;;Zjh cud gZkZaV bV^h kZgYVYZh cdkVh4 V 9yWa^V iZb jbV XVeV
YZ[^c^i^kVâ' ;;db YZ egd[ZX^V w Zmedg V kZgYVYZ gZkZaVYV YZ
;;Zjh Xdc[dgbZ Zhir gZ\^higVYV cVh JV\gVYVh <hXg^ijgVh #>*
*'1%2$ Z cud igVoZg bZchV\Zb cdkV YV eVgiZ YZ ;;Zjh'
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% V KVT KLWYVMLJPH i ZLN\UKV HWYVWVYhgV
KH Mi& :dbd _r Xdch^YZgVbdh% ZhhV [w w d XdciZ~Yd YVh
<hXg^ijgVh #Ib *+'/4 aG Z - '* ) %aa4AY , $'F Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V
egZX^hV ZhiVg hjWdgY^cVYd s Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV #*-',0$'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% LYYVZ X\HU[V HV L_LYJkJPV KV KVT KL
WYVMLJPH& F Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V cud w Zmiri^Xd #*-'+2%,*&,,$'
<aZ cud w egdXaVbVYd Zb ZhiVYd YZ xmiVhZ' àKgViVcYd&hZ YZ
egd[ZiVh% [VaZb VeZcVh Yd^h dj igxh% Z dh djigdh _ja\jZbâ
#*-'+2$' GVjad V^cYV Xdci^cjV3 àGdgfjZ idYdh edYZgZ^h
egd[Zi^oVg% jb Vezh djigd% eVgV idYdh VegZcYZgZb Z hZgZb
XdchdaVYdh' Fh Zheyg^idh Ydh egd[ZiVh Zhiud hj_Z^idh Vdh egzí
eg^dh egd[ZiVh4 edgfjZ ;;Zjh cud i YZ Xdc[jhud% Z h^b YZ
eVo' :dbd Zb idYVh Vh ^\gZ_Vh Ydh hVcidh'''â #*-',*&,,$' 8
egd[ZX^V cud edYZ hZg VcjcX^VYV Zb ZhiVYd YZ xmiVhZ cZb
V bZchV\Zb w ZcigZ\jZ cV eg^bZ^gV eZhhdV' F egd[ZiV cud
[VaV àbZj hZgkdâ% bVh àVhh^b Y^o d JZc]dgâ'
<b fjVgid aj\Vg% V KVT KL WYVMLJPH WYLJPZH ZLYWYV]HKV& F
Ydb YZ egd[ZX^V cud Zhir VX^bV Yd _ja\VbZcid YV Xdc\gZí
\Vvud' GVjad dg^ZciV dh XgZciZh V hZgZb djk^ciZh Xg^iZg^dhdh'
<aZ Y^o3 àQ'''R Z dh djigdh _ja\jZbâ #*-'+2$' F fjZ w _ja\Vg6
GdgkZcijgV% h^\c^[^XV fjZ kdXx YZkZ ^g eVgV V ^\gZ_V Xdb d ew
Vigrh% Xdb jb Zheyg^id Xgyi^Xd6 Eud HjZ VheZXidh% Zciud%
egZX^hVbdh _ja\Vg6
V$ 8 bZchV\Zb \adg^[^XV V ;;Zjh6 F Vezhidad GZYgd
dgYZcV3 àJZgk^ jch Vdh djigdh% XVYV jb Xdc[dgbZ d Ydb
fjZ gZXZWZj% Xdbd Wdch YZheZchZ^gdh YV bjai^[dgbZ \gVvV
YZ ;;Zjh' JZ Va\jwb [VaV% [VaZ YZ VXdgYd Xdb dh dgrXjadh YZ
;;Zjh4 hZ Va\jwb hZgkZ% [VvV&d cV [dgvV fjZ ;;Zjh hjegZ% eVgV
fjZ% Zb idYVh Vh Xd^hVh% hZ_V ;;Zjh \adg^[^XVYd% edg bZ^d YZ
AZhjh :g^hid% V fjZb eZgiZcXZ V \azg^V Z d Ydbyc^d eZadh
hwXjadh Ydh hwXjadh' 8bwb â #aGZ -'*)%**$' MdXx egZX^hV
fjZhi^dcVg hZ V bZchV\Zb Zhir hZcYd jb ^chigjbZcid eVgV
V \adg^[^XVvud YZ ;;Zjh dj eVgV V ZmVaiVvud Yd egZ\VYdg' JZ
;;Zjh cud Zhir hZcYd \adg^[^XVYd% Zciud% ZhhV egd[ZX^V cVd w
kZgYVYZ^gV'
W$ 8 bZchV\Zb Zhir YZ VXdgYd Xdb Vh <hXg^ijgVh6 F
Vezhidad GZYgd ZhXgZkZj3 àJZ Va\jwb [VaV% [VaZ YZ VXdgYd
Xdb dh dgrXjadh YZ ;;Zjhâ #aGZ -'**$' Ezh cud edYZbdh
hZg djk^ciZh hZb Y^hXZgc^bZcid Zhe^g^ijVa' GVjad Zad\^dj
V ^\gZ_V YZ 9Zgw^V% fjZ ZmVb^cVkV Vh <hXg^ijgVh eVgV kZg hZ
d fjZ ZaZ ZhiVkV [VaVcYd ZgV YZ [Vid V kZgYVYZ #8i *0'**$'
:VWZ Vdh bZbWgdh YV ^\gZ_V djk^g d egZ\VYdg Xdb V 9yWa^V
VWZgiV% ZmVb^cVcYd Vh <hXg^ijgVh eVgV hVWZg hZ YZ [Vid d egZí
\VYdg Zhir Zch^cVcYd YZ VXdgYd Xdb V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh'
X$ 8bZchV\Zb ZY^[^XV V ^\gZ_V6 #@:d *-',%-%.%*+%*0%+/$'
8 egd[ZX^V iZb Xdbd [^cVa^YVYZ V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V'
F Vezhidad GVjad w XaVgd3 àDVh d fjZ egd[Zi^oV [VaV Vdh
]dbZch% ZY^[^XVcYd% ZmdgiVcYd Z XdchdaVcYdâ #*-',$'
Y$ F egd[ZiV hZ hjWbZiZ Vd _ja\VbZcid Ydh djigdh6 #*:d
*-'+2$' F egZ\VYdg hZ hjWbZiZ Vd _ja\VbZcid Ydh djigdh6
<aZ w ]jb^aYZ eVgV VegZcYZg Xdb dh djigdh6
Z$ F egd[ZiV Zhir cd XdcigdaZ YZ h^ bZhbd6 #@:d *-',+$'
Lb egZ\VYdg YZkZ hjW^g Vd e~ae^id cV YZeZcYxcX^V Yd
<heyg^id% bVh _VbV^h hZb Ydbyc^d egzeg^d' åmiVhZ cVd w
h^cVa YZ Y^gZvud Yd <heyg^id4 Vd Xdcigrg^d% w VjhxcX^V YZ
Ydbyc^d egzeg^d% fjZ w [gjid Yd <heyg^id #>a .'+,$'
<b fj^cid aj\Vg% VZWYVWlZP[VZ KV KVT KLWYVMLJPH #*-',%-$' @
F egd[ZiV [VaV Vdh ]dbZch eVgV V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V' GVjad p
ZbegZ\V igxh eVaVkgVh cd kZghyXjad ,3 <Y^[^XVcYd% ZmdgiVcYd
Z XdchdaVcYd' <hhZh hud dh bZhbdh egdezh^idh YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
àKdYV <hXg^ijgV w ^che^gVYV edg ;;Zjh Z ~i^a eVgV d Zch^cd%
eVgV gZegZZchud% eVgV XdggZvud% eVgV ZYjXVvud cV _jhi^vV%
eVgV fjZ d ]dbZb YZ ;;Zjh hZ_V eZg[Z^id Z eZg[Z^iVbZciZ
]VW^a^iVYd eVgV idYV WdV dWgVâ #+Kb ,'*/%*0$' EV bZY^YV
Zb fjZ kdXx Zme}Z Vh <hXg^ijgVh% Vh eZhhdVh hud ZY^[^XVYVh%
ZmdgiVYVh Z XdchdaVYVh' < ^hhd d fjZ GVjad Zhir Zch^cVcYd%
8 egd[ZX^V iVbWwb egdYjo XdckZcX^bZcid YZ eZXVYd'
GVjad Y^o3 àGdgwb% hZ idYdh egd[Zi^oVgZb% Z ZcigVg Va\jb
^cXgwYjad dj ^cYdjid% w ZaZ edg idYdh XdckZcX^Yd Z edg
idYdh _ja\VYd4 idgcVb&hZ&a]Z bVc^[Zhidh dh hZ\gZYdh Yd
XdgVvud% Z% Vhh^b% egdhigVcYd&hZ Xdb V [VXZ Zb iZggV%
VYdgVgr V ;;Zjh% iZhiZbjc]VcYd fjZ ;;Zjh Zhir% YZ [Vid% cd
bZ^d YZ kzhâ #*-'+-%+.$'
HjVcYd V GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh w ZmedhiV Xdb [^YZa^YVYZ%
ZaV bZhbV kV^ eZcZigVcYd cd XdgVvud YVh eZhhdVh Xdbd
ZheVYV YZ Yd^h \jbZh% ^ajb^cVcYd Vh gZ\^}Zh hdbWg^Vh YV
VabV% Xdbd ajo WZcY^iV' 8 eZhhdV% Zciud% [^XV eZgeaZmV%
eZchVcYd3 JZgr fjZ ZhhZ egZ\VYdg Xdc]ZXZ V b^c]V k^YV6
JZgr fjZ Va\jwb Xdcidj eVgV ZaZ d fjZ Zj Zhidj eVhhVcYd6
F fjZ VXdciZXZ w fjZ d <heyg^id JVcid YZ ;;Zjh Vea^XV V
kZgYVYZ YZ ;;Zjh s cZXZhh^YVYZ YZhhV eZhhdV Z d XdgVvud
YZaV w YZhXdWZgid' 8hh^b% ZhhZ djk^ciZ w Xdc[gdciVYd Xdb
V kZgYVYZ YZ ;;Zjh Z XdckZcX^Yd YV eVgiZ YZ ;;Zjh' JjV
XdcXajhud ^cZfjykdXV w fjZ YZ [Vid ;;Zjh Zhir cd bZ^d YV
hjV ^\gZ_V' <hhZ w d egdezh^id YV egd[ZX^V
NVggZc N^ZghWZ Y^o fjZ edYZbdh XdcXaj^g ZhhZ XVeyijad
h^ciZi^oVcYd&d Zb igxh kZgYVYZh Wrh^XVh3 <Y^[^XVvud #*-'*&
.%+/W$% ZciZcY^bZcid #*-'/&+.$ Z dgYZb #*-'+/&-)$'+)1
V$ <Y^[^XVvud #*-'*&.$' GVjad Y^o fjZ d egdezh^id Ydh
Ydch w V ZY^[^XVvud YV ^\gZ_V' HjZb [VaV Zb djigV ayc\jV
ZY^[^XV V h^ bZhbd% ZcfjVcid fjZb egd[Zi^oV ZY^[^XV V ^\gZ_V'
GVjad Xdgg^\Z dh ZfjykdXdh YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid fjZ YVkV
bV^h kVadg Vd Ydb YZ kVg^ZYVYZ YZ ayc\jVh Yd fjZ Vd YZ
egd[ZX^V4 bV^h kVadg s ZY^[^XVvud eZhhdVa Yd fjZ s ZY^[^XVvud
YV ^\gZ_V% bdhigVcYd fjZ V egd[ZX^V w hjeZg^dg sh ayc\jVh%
ed^h VfjZaV ZY^[^XV V ^\gZ_V% ZcfjVcid fjZb [VaV Zb ayc\jVh
ZY^[^XV VeZcVh V h^ bZhbd'
W$ <ciZcY^bZcid #*-'/&+.$' GVjad eVhhV V\dgV V [VaVg
hdWgZ V fjZhiud Yd ZciZcY^bZcid Zhe^g^ijVa' Ed Xjaid e~í
Wa^Xd w egZX^hd iZg Y^hXZgc^bZcid' MdXx egZX^hV hV^g Yd Xjaid
e~Wa^Xd Z edYZg Y^oZg3 <j ZciZcY^' 8 b^c]V bZciZ [d^ XaVí
gZVYV'
X$ FgYZb #*-'+/&-)$' Ed Xjaid YV ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid cud
Zm^hi^V dgYZb' ?r YjVh Xd^hVh [jcYVbZciV^h fjZ egZX^hVb
hZbegZ ZhiVg _jciVh cd Xjaid e~Wa^Xd3 hZ_V ijYd [Z^id eVgV
ZY^[^XVvud #*-'+/W$% Z iVbWwb ijYd hZ_V [Z^id Xdb YZXxcX^V
Z dgYZb #*-'-)$' ;;ZkZ ]VkZg dgYZb cd Xjaid' 8aZ\g^V Z \dod
cV egZhZcvV YZ ;;Zjh cud hud V bZhbV Xd^hV fjZ xmiVhZ'
F Xjaid fjZ V\gVYV V ;;Zjh cud w Zmiri^Xd% bVh jb Xjaid
Zb fjZ V hjV bZciZ Zhir Zb eaZcV Vi^k^YVYZ% hjVh Zbdv}Zh
Zhiud hZcYd VaXVcvVYVh% Z hjV kdciVYZ w YZhV[^VYV' GVjad Yr
krg^Vh dg^ZciVv}Zh YZ dgYZb s ^\gZ_V'
*' KVcid d [VaVg fjVcid d ^ciZgegZiVg cd Xjaid e~Wa^Xd
egZX^hV hZg [Z^id Xdb dgYZb #*-'+0&,,$' FcYZ d <heyg^id
YZ ;;Zjh Zhir V\^cYd% ]r VjidXdcigdaZ' åmiVhZ w Zk^YxcX^V YZ
fjZ d Xjaid cud Zhir hZcYd Y^g^\^Yd eZad <heyg^id JVcid'
+' 8h bja]ZgZh cud edY^Vb fjZWgVg V dgYZb Yd Xjaid
e~Wa^Xd #*-',-%,.$' 8h bja]ZgZh dgVkVb Z egd[Zi^oVkVb
cV ^\gZ_V #**'.$% bVh cd XVhd Vfj^ Vh bja]ZgZh ZhiVkVb
^bedgiVcYd hjVh egri^XVh YVh gZa^\^}Zh YZ b^hiwg^d Z
XdckZghVcYd YjgVciZ d Xjaid dj ^ciZggdbeZcYd% Zb ZhiVYd
YZ xmiVhZ% VfjZaZh fjZ egZ\VkVb'
,' GVjad VaZgiV dh XgZciZh hdWgZ dh eZg^\dh YZ cdkVh
gZkZaVv}Zh fjZ X]Z\Vb s ^\gZ_V Vawb YV GVaVkgV YZ ;;Zjh
#*-',/&-)$' <hhZ ZgV jb \gVcYZ eZg^\d fjZ dXdgg^V cV ^\gZ_V
YZ :dg^cid Z w jb \gVcYZ eZg^\d V^cYV ]d_Z' 8 ^\gZ_V YZ
:dg^cid fjZhi^dcVkV V Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV YZ GVjad' <aZh
_ja\VkVb fjZ cud egZX^hVkVb YZ jb eVhidg% ed^h VX]VkVb
fjZ ;;Zjh [VaVkV Y^gZid Xdb ZaZh'
<ciud% GVjad dh dg^ZciV% Y^oZcYd3 àGdgkZcijgV% V eVaVkgV
YZ ;;Zjh hZ dg^\^cdj cd bZ^d YZ kzh dj kZ^d ZaV ZmXajh^kVí
bZciZ eVgV kzh djigdh6 JZ Va\jwb hZ Xdch^YZgV egd[ZiV dj
Zhe^g^ijVa% gZXdc]ZvV hZg bVcYVbZcid Yd JZc]dg d fjZ kdh
ZhXgZkdâ #*-',/%,0$' GVjad Zhir Y^oZcYd fjZ hZ Va\jwb hZ
_ja\V egd[ZiV iZb YZ hZ hjWbZiZg s Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV'
Lb egd[ZiV kZgYVYZ^gd hZ XdadXV YZWV^md YV ^chigjvud Z YV
Vjidg^YVYZ YVh <hXg^ijgVh'
HjVcYd Va\jwb fjZhi^dcV V Vjidg^YVYZ YVh <hXg^ijgVh%
Y^oZcYd fjZ ;;Zjh [VaV Y^gZid Xdb ZaZ% ^hhd w jbV egdkV YZ
fjZ hZ igViV YZ jb [Vahd egd[ZiV' 8 Vjidg^YVYZ Yd \Zcjycd
egd[ZiV w hZ XdadXVg hdW V Vjidg^YVYZ Vedhiza^XV' ;;^o GVjad3
à<% hZ Va\jwb d ^\cdgVg% hZgr ^\cdgVYdâ #*-',1$' LbV YVh
bVgXVh Yd kZgYVYZ^gd egd[ZiV w V hjV dWZY^xcX^V Vd Zch^cd
Vedhiza^Xd'
F Vgi^\d M YV :dc[^hhud IZ[dgbVYV YV =gVcvV% VYdiVYV
Zb *..2% ZmegZhhV WZb ZhhV Vjidg^YVYZ YV <hXg^ijgV3 àEud
w ayX^id Vdh ]dbZch% cZb bZhbd Vdh Vc_dh% [VoZgZb% cVh
JVciVh <hXg^ijgVh% fjVafjZg VXgwhX^bd% Y^b^cj^vud dj bjí
YVcvV' Gdg XdchZ\j^ciZ% cZb V Vci^\j^YVYZ% cZb dh Xdhí
ijbZh% cZb V bjai^Yud% cZb V hVWZYdg^V ]jbVcV% cZb
dh _jgVbZcidh% cZb Vh hZciZcvVh% cZb ZY^idh% cZb dh YZí
XgZidh% cZb dh XdcXya^dh% cZb Vh k^h}Zh% cZb dh b^aV\gZh hZ
YZkZb XdcigVedg Vh JVciVh <hXg^ijgVh4 bVh% Vd Xdcigrg^d%
edg ZaVh i fjZ idYVh Vh Xd^hVh hZ YZkZb ZmVb^cVg% gZ\jaVg Z
gZ[dgbVgâ'
? @ D 2 C 5 @ 4 2 A uD E = @ & ) LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
8 B 6 C C E B B 6 :g r @ 5 6 4 B :C D @ w d bV^dg
b^aV\gZ YV ?^hizg^V dj w d bV^dg ZbWjhí
iZ' :g^hid kZcXZj V bdgiZ% iZbdh egdkVh
Y^hhd% edgwb% hZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj%
hdbdh jb WVcYd YZ eZhhdVh Zc\VcVYVh'
AZhjh hV^j Yd i~bjad% dj Zciud% jbV
bZci^gV iZb igVch[dgbVYd d bjcYd'
:db V gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid% d Xg^hi^Ví
c^hbd hZ bVciwb Zb ew dj XV^'
8 Xgjo hZb V gZhhjggZ^vud w hybWdad
YZ [gVXVhhd Z cud YZ k^izg^V' JZ :g^hid
cud i^kZhhZ gZhhjhX^iVYd% <aZ cud edYZg^V
hZg JVakVYdg' JZ :g^hid cud i^kZhhZ gZhhjhí
X^iVYd% <aZ hZg^V d bV^dg ZbWjhiZ^gd YV
?^hizg^V' JZ :g^hid cud gZhhjhX^idj jb
Zc\Vcd hVakdj d bjcYd' <' D' 9djcYh
XdggZiVbZciZ V[^gbV3 à8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ
:g^hid w V eZYgV [jcYVbZciVa YV Vgfj^iZijgV YZ ;;Zjh% i d
XdgdVbZcid Yd h^hiZbV WyWa^Xd% d b^aV\gZ Ydh b^aV\gZh' 8
gZhhjggZ^vud hVakV Yd ZhXrgc^d V XgjX^[^XVvud Z ^beg^bZ s
Xgjo \azg^V ^cY^oykZaâ'+)2
<b cZc]jb aj\Vg cV 9yWa^V ZhhV Ydjig^cV w igViVYV YZ
bVcZ^gV iud egd[jcYV% ZmVjhi^kV Z XdbeaZiV fjVcid cZhhZ
XVeyijad' GVjad h^ciZi^oV d ZkVc\Za]d Zb igxh [Vidh ZhhZcX^V^h3
:g^hid bdggZj eZadh cdhhdh eZXVYdh4 <aZ [d^ hZejaiVYd Z
<aZ gZhhjhX^idj YZcigZ dh bdgidh Xdbd Y^o Vh <hXg^ijgVh
#*.',%-$'
8 ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid XdbZvdj V VWVcYdcVg V hjV [w Z V
hjWhi^ij^g V iZdad\^V eZaV [^adhd[^V \gZ\V' 8 [^adhd[^V \gZ\V
VXgZY^iVkV cV ^bdgiVa^YVYZ YV VabV% bVh cud cV gZhhjggZ^í
vud Yd Xdged' <aV VXgZY^iVkV cV k^YV [jijgV% bVh cud cV
gZhhjggZ^vud' Fh \gZ\dh VXgZY^iVkVb cd YjVa^hbd [^adhz[^Xd'
GVgV ZaZh d Zheyg^id ZgV ZhhZcX^VabZciZ Wdb% bVh V bViwg^V
ZhhZcX^VabZciZ br' GVgV dh \gZ\dh% d Xdged ZgV jb XaVjhigd%
jbV eg^hud YV VabV' EVYV ]Vk^V YZ Wdb cd Xdged' <ciud dh
\gZ\dh hZ ^cXa^cVkVb eVgV d VhXZi^hbd dj eVgV d ]ZYdc^hbd'
<aZh VYdiVkVb d ZcXaVjhjgVbZcid dj V a^XZcX^dh^YVYZ'
HjVcYd GVjad egZ\dj hdWgZ V gZhhjggZ^vud cV X^YVYZ
\gZ\V YZ 8iZcVh% d edkd ZhXVgcZXZj YZ GVjad #8i *0',+$T
GVgV dh \gZ\dh V gZhhjggZ^vud ZgV Va\d ^cidaZgrkZa Z VWhjgYd'
GVgV bj^idh V gZhhjggZ^vud ZgV Va\d ^cXgykZa #8i +/'1$' 8
Ydjig^cV YV gZhhjggZ^vud ZgV jbV Xd^hV ZmZXgrkZa Z VWdb^& 5
crkZa eVgV V bZciVa^YVYZ \gZ\V' Fh hVYjXZjh% dh iZzad\dh
a^WZgV^h YZ AZgjhVawb% ^c[ajZcX^VYdh eZaV [^adhd[^V \gZ\V% cud
VXgZY^iVkVb cV gZhhjggZ^vud Yd Xdged' GVjad% YjgVciZ hjV
eg^hud Zb AZgjhVawb% Y^hhZ Vd h^cwYg^d _jYZj fjZ ZhiVkV hZcí
Yd _ja\VYd edg XVjhV YV Ydjig^cV YV gZhhjggZ^vud Ydh bdgí
idh' àQ'''R ]d_Z hdj Zj _ja\VYd edg kzh VXZgXV YV gZhhjggZ^vud
Ydh bdgidhâ #8i +,'/4 +-'+*$'
GZiZg NV\cZg V[^gbV fjZ GVjad YZhiVXV igxh VheZXidh [jcí
YVbZciV^h YV Ydjig^cV YV gZhhjggZ^vud3 8 gZhhjggZ^vud cd
eVhhVYd% Xdbd jb [Vid ]^hizg^Xd #*.'*&**$4 V gZhhjggZ^vud
cd egZhZciZ% Xdbd jb Vgi^\d YZ [w #*.'*+&*2$ Z V gZhhjggZ^í
vud cd [jijgd% Xdbd jbV ZheZgVcvV WZcY^iV #*.'+)&.0$'+*)
=VgZbdh V Vcra^hZ YZhhZ iZmid Xdb Va\jbVh eZg\jciVh'
9R LNQSNR QERRTRCISAL0
F Vezhidad GVjad bZcX^dcV igxh egdkVh YV gZhhjggZ^vud
YZ :g^hid' JZ kdXx eZg\jciVhhZ eVgV jb \gZ\d hZ dh bdgidh
gZhhjhX^iVb% ZaZ gZhedcYZg^V Xdb jb àcudâ gdijcYd Z eZí
gZbeizg^d' <cigZiVcid% GVjad Y^o s ^\gZ_V YZ :dg^cid fjZ
dh bdgidh gZhhjhX^iVb' EV kZgYVYZ% V gZhhjggZ^vud w V bV^h
g^XV _z^V Yd ZkVc\Za]d'+** < GVjad d[ZgZXZ igxh egdkVh YZhhV
kZgYVYZ ^cXdcigdkZghV'
<b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg% H ZHS]HhgV KVZ JVYkU[PVZ #*.'*%+$' Lb
JVakVYdg bdgid cud edYZg^V hVakVg c^c\jwb' JZ :g^hid
cud gZhhjhX^idj% <aZ cud iZb cZc]jbV XgZYZcX^Va eVgV
hVakVg' Lb gZYZcidg bdgid w ^bediZciZ Z cVYV edYZ [VoZg
eVgV gZY^b^g d eZXVYdg' GVja 9ZVhaZn&DjggVn ZhXaVgZXZ3 à8
hVakVvud w jb egdXZhhd egZhZciZ% Xdb hjVh gVyoZh cd eVhhVYd
Z hjV XdchjbVvud hdbZciZ cd [jijgdâ'+*+
<b hZ\jcYd aj\Vg% HZ 8ZJYP[\YHZ KV 4U[PNV ELZ[HTLU[V
#*.',%-$' :g^hid bdggZj eZadh cdhhdh eZXVYdh Xdbd Y^o V <hí
Xg^ijgV' JjV bdgiZ cud [d^ jb VX^YZciZ cZb JjV gZhhjggZ^vud
jbV hjgegZhV' KjYd _r ZhiVkV egd[Zi^oVYd' AZhjh gZhhjhX^idj
Xdc[dgbZ Y^oZb Vh <hXg^ijgVh' 8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid [d^
jb VXdciZX^bZcid ]^hizg^Xd% egd[Zi^oVYd eZad egzeg^d ;;Zjh'
<b iZgXZ^gd aj\Vg% 6YPZ[V MV P ]PZ[V W V Y ]dYPHZ [LZ[LT\UOHZ
#*.'.&**$' 8 gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid [d^ jb [Vid ]^hizg^Xd
^cXdcigdkZghd% Xdb krg^Vh egdkVh ^cXdciZhirkZ^h' GVjad Y^o
fjZ AZhjh :g^hid gZhhjggZid [d^ k^hid edg krg^Vh iZhiZbjc]Vh%
# bj^iVh YVh fjV^h V^cYV ZhiVkVb k^kVh' =d^ k^hid edg GZYgd%
edg K^V\d Z eZadh YdoZ' =d^ k^hid edg bV^h YZ fj^c]Zcidh
^gbudh YZ jbV hz kZo' < bj^idh YZaZh V^cYV ZhiVkVb k^kdh'
JZ GVjad Zhi^kZhhZ [VaVcYd jbV ^ckZgYVYZ% dWk^VbZciZ hZg^V
XdciZhiVYd Z XV^g^V cd g^YyXjad' < YZed^h GVjad Y^hhZ3 :g^hid
[d^ k^hid iVbWwb edg b^b% d ~ai^bd Ydh Vezhidadh'
<hhVh hud Vh egdkVh ]^hizg^XVh YV gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid' 8
gZhhjggZ^vud cud w jb [Vid X^Zciy[^Xd' GdgfjZ [Vid X^Zciy[^Xd
w VfjZaZ fjZ kdXx edYZ aZkVg eVgV jb aVWdgVizg^d Z gZegdí
Yjo^&ad fjVciVh kZoZh fj^hZg' 8 gZhhjggZ^vud w jbV egdkV
_jY^X^Va' Eud iZb Xdbd gZeZi^g ZhhV egdkV' KdYVk^V% ZaV iZb
Zk^YxcX^Vh ^cXdciZhirkZ^h #CX *',$' DVh Vh egdkVh YV gZhhjgí
gZ^vud YZ :g^hid cud hud VeZcVh egdkVh ]^hizg^XVh Z _jY^X^V^h%
bVh iVbWwb egdkVh bdgV^h% ZbdX^dcV^h Z Zm^hiZcX^V^h' @hhd
edYZ hZg kZg^[^XVYd VigVkwh YV igVch[dgbVvud cV k^YV Ydh
Y^hXyejadh' 8fjZaZh ]dbZch [^XVgVb igVcXVYdh Xdb bZYd
VciZh YV gZhhjggZ^vud% bVh YZed^h fjZ :g^hid hZ aZkVcidj
YZcigZ dh bdgidh% ZhhZh bZhbdh ]dbZch hZ idgcVgVb VjYVí
X^dhdh% djhVYdh% Z XdgV_dhdh' 8ciZh ZaZh ZhiVkVb igVcXVYdh
edg bZYd4 V\dgV% ZaZh hud egZhdh hZb bZYd Va\jb'
Fh Xwi^Xdh ixb ViVXVYd ZhhV Ydjig^cV bV\cV Y^oZcYd fjZ
:g^hid cud X]Z\dj V bdggZg% dj fjZ dh Y^hXyejadh [jgiVgVb
d JZj Xdged% dj fjZ dh Y^hXyejadh [dgVb cd i~bjad ZggVYd'
Gdgwb% V kZgYVYZ ^cXdciZhiZ eZgbVcZXZ Zb ew Z idYV V
^ckZhi^YV XdcigV V Ydjig^cV YV gZhhjggZ^vud YZ :g^hid hZ
XdWgZ YZ ez'
? [ `M _ 5 @ O M \ m`a X[ &*
USU ZXHW
XHIPHSLTYL H
SUWKUSPH JWPXYÄ
&4[ &+#&"')
3 3 3 3 3 3 8 7 7 4@>6?DtB:@C
# + ' & ( $ ) * & (
61589=
:C3? .,-"-*",,)'"%'("%
",5/0341,! %1./4,26,