2.

Properties of industrial wastewater

Major contents of pollutants in the industrial wastewater include heavy metals such
as Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn; grease, Total N, Total P, Fluoride, Cyanide, BOD5 and COD.
The analytical results of wastewater after treatment in December, 2017 presented in table
2.9 and in the appendix showing that the output of the wastewater treatment system with a
capacity of 10.000 m3/day was within the permissible limits.
(2). Domestic wastewater
The main contents of pollutants in domestic wastewater include: sediment, suspended
solids (SS), organic compounds (BOD/COD), nutrients (N, P) and microorganism.
1. Wastewater flow
2.300 people x 120 L/ person/ day = 276 m3/day.
2. Quality of domestic wastewater
Domestic wastewater is passed through the preliminary treatment system at the
company before being transferred to the concentrated wastewater treatment system of the
Industrial park.
c. Solid wastewater
(1). Industrial solid wastewater
Specifically, the amount of industrial solid waste produced by the current project is
shown in the following table:
Table 3.1. Type and amount of industrial solid waste generated at the factory
Currently
No. Category Unit generated
volume
1 Copper (Copper leaf, copper foil....) Kg/month 12.118
2 Aluminum board (Aluminum foil....) Kg/month 13.484
Synthetic board (plastic craps, plastic bavia 101.509
3 Kg/month
....)
Circuit board (Damaged PCB circuit
4 board....), edge, powder without electronic Kg/month 38.075
components
5 Paper (carton. Stationary paper.....) Kg/month 38.999
6 Domestic waste Kg/month 22.020
7 Non-hazardous scrap metal Kg/month 5.528
8 Waste wood Kg/month 22.912
9 Non-hazardous plastic waste Kg/month 5.858
 Total Kg/month 260.503

(Source: data of the 5 last months of 2017 provided by Meiko Electronics Co., Ltd.)
These solid wastes are less toxic to the environment, and if they are properly
collected, reused and treated, they will do no harm to the environment.
(2). Hazardous waste
The amount and type of hazardous waste generated at the current phase are shown
in the following table:
Table 3.2. Type and amount of hazardous waste generated at the factory
HW Amount
No. Category State
code (kg/month)
Absorbent materials, adhesive materials
1 contain hazardous compounds (rags, Solid 18 02 01 38.452
gloves, masks, activated carbon, filters)
Solvent waste (alcohol, n-propanol
2 Liquid 17 08 03 4
solvent…)
3 Electronic components Solid 19 02 06 376
4 Waste oil Liquid 17 06 01 342
Solid/
5 Waste grease 16 01 08 0
Liquid
6 Fluorescent lamps and waste glass Solid 16 01 06 198
7 Waste batteries Solid 19 06 01 78
Waste ink cartridges contain hazardous
8 Solid 08 02 04 54
compounds
9 Saturated and used ion-exchange resin Solid 12 06 01 1
10 Used oil filters Solid 15 01 02 7
Solid/
11 Paint residue, paint waste 08 01 01 889
Liquid
Soft packaging contains hazardous
12 Solid 18 01 01 5.350
compounds
13 Hard metal plastic packaging Solid 18 01 02 506
Chemical plastic containers (chemical
14 Solid 18 01 03 27.490
cans, solder paint cases, paint cans)
Hard packaging made of other materials
15 Solid 18 01 04 165
(glass, composite...)
 Inorganic waste chemicals (lead-free Solid/
16 19 05 03 3.706
solder, other inorganic chemicals...) Liquid
Disposal organic chemicals
Solid/
17 (photosensitive filter, photosensitive 19 05 04 43.652
Liquid
residues, other organic chemicals)
Sludge from industrial wastewater
18 Sludge 12 06 06 362.492
treatment system
19 Waste disposal slag Solid 07 04 02 5
Adhesive materials contain hazardous
20 Solid 08 03 01 59
compounds
Contaminated medical wastes (including Solid/
21 13 01 01 0
sharp wastes) Liquid

22 Insulators contain hazardous components Solid 11 06 02 3.577

23 Waste detergents Liquid 07 01 06 750.455

Other wastes containing inorganic and
24 organic hazardous substances (hazardous Solid 19 12 03 1.395
latex gloves ...)
Total 1.239.253

(Source: data of the 5 last months of 2017 provided by Meiko Electronics Co., Ltd)
Due to the hazardous properties (flammable, explosive, ecotoxic, ...) of wastes, and
at the same time, the large amount of wastes arising, if not being properly collected,
preserved or treated will cause serious damage to the ecological environment in the area.
3.1.2.3. Factors not related to waste
a. Spreadable disease between staff and local people
Due to the good hygienic and health conditions in the surrounding area of the
project, diseases such as diarrhea (diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid), infectious diseases (viral
hemorrhagic fever) rarely occurs even in the rainy season. However, it does not exclude
the possibility of spreading disease that may occur between workers at the project and local
people.
This impact is considered to be small because communes in the project area have
commune health stations and all staffs of the facility are aware of disease prevention.
b. Traffic activities in the area
 Transportation of goods, raw materials, products as well as transportation of staff to
the project area will increase traffic density in the area, resulting in more traffic accidents
in the area.

c. Health and safety

Major health and safety issues in the current phase of the project related to
occupational accidents, and there are many types of occupational accidents that may occur:

- Electric shock;
- Accidents occur when transporting goods or contact with chemical,
- Accidents caused by falling, pouring materials, construction structures, walls;
- Falling;
- Food poisoning.
3.1.3. Assess the impact of the construction phase during the second phase of the
project
Construction activities will generate a number of environmental pollutants such as:
Table 3.3. Activities and sources of environmental impact during the construction
phase

No. Activities Sources

- Dust, noise, vibration, emissions (CO, NOx,

SO2, HC) generated from trucks transporting
construction materials, sand, stone, iron,
Construction and machinery, ...
1 installation of - Dust, noise, vibration, emissions (CO, NOx,
workshops SO2, HC) generated from machines
- Dust, noise, vibration, emissions (CO, NOx,
SO2, VOC) generated from the welding machine,
cutting, painting, …

2 Construction and - Dust, noise, vibration, emissions (CO, NOx,

installation of auxiliary SO2, HC) generated from trucks transporting
 No. Activities Sources
works (water supply and construction materials, sand, stone, iron,
drainage, machinery, ...
communication station - Dust, noise, vibration, emissions (CO, NOx,
...), environmental SO2, HC) generated from machines
protection items of new
workshops (toilets, - Dust, noise, vibration, emissions (CO, NOx,
wastewater treatment SO2, VOC) generated from the welding machine,
systems, gas treatment cutting, painting, …
systems)

- Dust, noise, vibration, emissions (CO, NOx,

SO2, HC) generated from transportation vehicles,
Construction of construction materials such as paint, gasoline, oil
temporary storage, ...
3
storage of raw materials, - Steam gasoline, solvent derived from petroleum
construction vehicles containers, paint;
- Dust generated from the training grounds, raw
materials.
Activities of workers at - Water and solid waste generated from daily life
4
the construction site activities of workers at the construction site.

3.1.3.1. Impacts from waste generated by construction activities

1. Pollution from vehicles transporting construction materials and construction
equipment
a) Pollution caused by excavation
- During the excavation process to build new foundation, dust will be generated (
suspended dust and sedimentation).
As mentioned in Chapter 1, according to the company's design specifications, the
volume of rock to be excavated is 9.670 m3 which is equivalent to 14,505 tons. With an
average dust emission coefficient of 0,134 kg/ton ( According to WHO), the total amount
of dust generated by digging is about 1.943,67 kg.
 The preliminary estimation of surface dust emission and dust concentration in
affected surface volume suggested by the rapid assessment method of the World Health
Organization (WHO) is presented as follows:
Input data:
- According to the construction progress, the number of construction days for the
whole system of workshops in 2018 is 03 months (90 days).
- Total area of construction is 14.745 m2;
-
The volume of impact on the project surface V= S x H with S = 14.745m2 and H =
10m (since the height of meteorological parameters is 10m).
Calculation table:
Table 3.4. Prediction of dust concentration generated from excavation

Surface dust Average dust QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT

Load
emission coefficient concentration during (µg/m3)
(kg/day)
(g/m2/day) 24h (µg/m3)

21,60 1,46 146,47 200

Note:
- Load (kg/day) = Total amount of dust (kg)/Days of construction (days);
- Surface dust emission coefficient (g/m2/day) = Load (kg/day) x 103/Area (m2);
- Average dust concentration during 24h (µg/m3/day) = Load (kg/day) x 106/ V(m3);
Thus, surface dust emission and average concentration are 1.46 g/m2/day and
146,47µg/m3. Compare to QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT (average 200 µg/m3), the average dust
concentration on the project site during excavation is within the permitted level. Moreover, the
maximum suspended solids concentration in the project area will be much lower due to
sedimentation and wind carriage.
b) Pollution from vehicles transporting construction materials, transportation of
machinery and equipment
 When operated with diesel or petrol, transportation vehicles will emit some
pollutants such as hydrocarbons (CxHy), NOx, CO, SO2, ... The level of pollutant emissions
depends on many factors such as air temperature, vehicle speed, trip length, composition
of fuel used,... To estimate the amount of pollutant load, we use the pollution coefficient
method set by WHO, which will be presented as follows:
Table 3.5. The amount of pollutants generated from transportation vehicles
Unit TSP SO2 NOx CO VOC
Vehicles
(u) (kg/u) (kg/u) (kg/u) (kg/u) (kg/u)
1. Gasoline Truck
Running on 1.000 km 0,4 4,5S 4,5 70 7
municipal area Tons of material 3,5 20S 20 300 30
Running on 1.000 km 0,6 3,3S 7,5 50 3,5
highway Tons of material 20S 45 300 20
2. 3,5-16T Diesel Truck
Running on 1.000 km 0,9 4,29S 11,8 60 2,6
municipal area Tons of material 4,3 20S 55 28 12
Running on 1.000 km 0,9 4,15S 14,4 2,9 0,8
suburban road Tons of material 4,3 20S 70 14 4
3. Car
1.400 – 2.000 cc 1.000 km 0,07 1,62S 1,78 15,73 2,23
engine Tons of material 0,86 20S 22,02 194,7 27,65
1.000 km 0,07 1,85S 2,51 15,73 2,23
>2.000cc engine
Tons of material 0,76 20S 27,11 169,7 24,09
(Source: Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution, WHO Genneva
1993)
Note: S is the percentage of sulfur in the fuel, taken as 0,2%.
The amount of pollutants in the exhaust gases of vehicles generated during the
construction and transportation for the project can be estimated in the table above. The
amount of pollutant load depends on the temperature (season), the speed as well as the
distance traveled, whether the engine is equipped with exhaust gas filter or not.
According to the information in Table 1.3, the total volume of raw construction
materials in 2018 and 2019 is 309.264 tons and the total volume of machinery needed to
be installed is 106 tons. According to the construction progress, the construction period
will be during 8 months (from May 2018 to January 2019) equivalent to 240 days. Thus,
the average volume of raw materials to be transported is ≈ 1289 tons/day. The vehicles
used for transportation of construction materials are 25T heavy trucks, the number of daily
trips is 52 trips.
The new boiler system was designed and assembled completely before moving to
the installation site at the company's energy sector. Therefore, the volume of installation is
the volume of 06 boilers, which is equivalent to 19.448 kg. Due to the large size of the
boiler, together with accessories such as pumps, racks; each boiler will be transported on a
container car. Therefore, it is necessary to have 06 container trucks to transport these 06
new boilers.
Consider the distance of the truck in the project area is 1.0 km, with the estimated
number of 52 turns per day and 06 new boiler transport, the total distance is 1.0 x (52 + 6)
= 58 km. The volume of impact on the project surface V = S x H with S = 14.745m2 and H
= 10m (since the height of meteorological parameters is 10m).
Therefore the concentration of pollutants generated by this activity is:
Table 3.6. Concentration of pollutants from traffic activities

Pollutants Unit TSP SO2 NOx CO VOC

Coefficient of kg/
0,9 4,29S 11,8 60 2,6
emission/1000km 1000km
Amount of waste
transported during kg/day 0,05 0,01 0,68 3,48 0,15
the day

Concentration of
pollutants µg/m3 354 84 4642 23.601 1023

QCVN
µg/m3 300 350 200 30.000 -
05:2013/BTNMT

Estimated results showed that TSP and NOx values are above National Standards
limit. In fact, the concentration of pollutants will be much smaller than calculated since the
air in the project area will be blown away by wind.
 However, with the high frequency of daily transportation truck in the long term, if
the company does not have reasonable layouts and distribution schedule, the transportation
process will have an impact on the plant's current production activities, as well as putting
pressures on the region's transporting infrastructure.
c) Impact of emissions from the operation of welding machines

During the construction phase of the project, along with the source of emissions
from transportation vehicles, construction machines such as welding machines, metal
cutting machines... is also a sources of gas pollution. The coefficient of contamination
during welding process of metal materials is given in the table below:
Table 3.7. Coefficient of contamination during welding process of iron and steel
Welding rod diameter, mm
No. Pollutants
2,5 3,25 4,0 5,0 6,0
Welding smoke
1 288 508 706 1.100 1.578
(mg/1 rod)
2 CO (mg/1 rod) 10 15 25 35 50
3 NOx (mg/1 rod) 12 20 30 45 70
(Source: Pollution of the air environment, Pham Ngoc Dang, NXBKHKT 2004)
With an average use of welding rod 0,45 kg/m2 and a total floor area of 14.745m2
=> the total amount of welding rod is 6.635,25 kg.
Assuming the average welding rod diameter is 4mm, the number of welding rods is
25 rods/kg => the total number of welding rods used will be 165.881 rods.
The duration of construction phase of the plant is about 300 days, we can calculate
the amount of toxic gases generated during the construction phase of the plant as follows:
- Welding smoke : 390,37 kg/day
- CO : 13,82 kg/day
- NOx : 16,59 kg/day
It can be seen that the amount of pollutants generated in the welding process of iron
and steel is quite large.
d) Impact of exhaust gases from machinery operation
 The machine and equipment used in the construction phase of the project use Diesel
oil as fuel and electricity to operate and work. In terms of Diesel types, we have the
following pollution coefficients:
Table 3.8. Pollution coefficient of Diesel machines
Items SO2 NOx CO VOC
Pollution
coefficient (kg/tons 20*S 70 14 4
of material)
(Source: World Health Organization (WHO))
According to the Decision No. 1134/QD-BXD dated October 8, 2015 announcing
the norms of expenses for determination of machine and construction equipment price
quotas, the amount of fuel used for the operation of the machine and equipment are
calculated as follows:

Table 3.9. Estimated total fuel used for the operation of equipment and machine
during the construction phase of the project

Total fuel used

Name of machine Fuel quota (L
No. Amount (diesel)
and equipment diesel/ca)
L/ca Kg/ca
Crawler excavator,
1. 65 02 130 110,17
bucket 0,80m3
Wheeled excavators,
2. 57 03 171 144,92
bucket 0,75m3
3. Tower crane Electricity 03 - -
4. Concrete pump trucks 53 03 159 134,75
5. Static concrete pumps Electricity 03 - -
6. 25T Road Roller 55 02 110 93,22
7. Watering vehicles 27 01 27 22,88
8. Pile pressing machines Electricity 06 - -
9. Cutting machines Electricity 06 - -
10. Welder Electricity 03 - -
11. Winches, hoists Electricity 01 - -
12. Water pumps 5 05 25 21,19
13. Compressor 55 05 275 233,05
14. Drill Electricity 05 - -
 Total fuel used
Name of machine Fuel quota (L
No. Amount (diesel)
and equipment diesel/ca)
L/ca Kg/ca
15. Bulldozers 59 02 118 100
16. Screw driving machine Electricity 05 - -
17. Container 86* 05 430 364,41
18. 25T dump truck 81 20 1620 1372,89
Total 3065 2597
Note: 1L of 0,05% S Diesel oil weighs 0,8465kg
“*” – Not specified in Decision No. 1134/QD-BXD, therefore the maximum
consumption limit of Road Transport Group was selected.
As such, it is estimated that the amount of toxic gases generated by machinery used
in the construction phase of the project is as follows:
Table 3.10. Load generated by construction machines

Items
Đơn vị SO2 NOx CO VOC
Content
Kg/kg of
Pollution coefficient 0,02*S 0,07 0,014 0,004
material)
Amount of fuel used per ca Kg of material 2579
Amount of pollutants kg 2,56 180,53 36,11 10,32
3
Concentration of pollutants µg/m 175 1224 245 70
3
QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT µg/m 350 200 30.000 -
Note: The S ratio in the oil is 0,05%.
Amount of pollutants = Pollution coefficient x Amount of fuel used per ca
Concentration of pollutants = Amount of pollutants /Affected volume
Where: Affected volume V= S x H with S = 14.745m2 and H = 10m
Therefore, when all the equipment and machine are running, contamination will
occur in the project area. In fact, the concentration of pollutants will be much smaller than
calculated since the air in the project area will be blown away by wind. However,
appropriate management measures are still needed to minimize the amount of waste.
2. Water environment
Factors causing water pollution during the construction phase of the project are:
- Domestic wastewater from workers;
- Rain water runoff in the whole project area;
 - Dust, soil, sand, stone, raw materials such as cement, gasoline leaks.
(1) Pollution from domestic wastewater of construction workers
Water environmental impacts due to the construction process of the project mainly
due to domestic wastewater of construction workers. The composition of the main
pollutants in domestic effluents are: residues, suspended solids (SS), organic compounds
(BOD/COD), nutrients (N, P) and pathogenic microorganisms (Coliform, E.Coli). Daily
waste water can pollute surface water and groundwater if not being properly treated.
According to the construction standard TCVN 33-2006, the water supply quota for
daily life is 120 liters/person/day and according to the regulation in Decree 80/2014/ND-
CP, it is estimated that the amount of wastewater generated will reach 100% of water
demand, corresponding to 120 liters/person/day. Thus, with 204 workers working on the
site, the total amount of domestic wastewater generated during the construction process of
the project is about 24,5 m3/day.
The composition of the main pollutants in domestic effluents are: residues,
suspended solids (SS), organic compounds (BOD/COD), nutrients (N, P) and pathogenic
microorganism (Coliform, E. coli, helminth eggs). Daily waste water can pollute surface
water and groundwater if not treated properly.

Table 3.11. Composition and amount of major pollutants in wastewater generated

by construction activities
Coefficient Number of Amount of
Pollutants
(g/people/day) people pollutant (kg/day)
BOD5 45 - 54 9,2 – 11
COD 72 - 103 14,7 – 21
TSS 70 - 145 204 14,3 - 29,6
Tổng N 6 - 12 1,2 – 2,4
Tổng P 0,6 - 4,5 0,1 – 0,9
Amoni (N-NH4) 3,6 - 7,2 0,7 – 1,5
Source: Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution, WHO Genneva,
1993.
The total amount of domestic wastewater generated during the construction process
of the project is about 24,5 m3/day. In general, the impact of domestic wastewater during
construction is not great, but if they are not properly managed and collected, they can cause
bad, discomfort odor affecting the health of construction workers and spread diseases.
(2) Impact of rainwater runoff in the project area
During the rainy season, rain water will flow throughout the whole surface of the
construction site and the amount rainfall depends on the rainfall regime of the area.
According to meteorological data of hydrology, heavy rainfall only occurs during a few
months of the year, and this will be one of the polluting sources in the construction process.
Moreover, the amount of sands and soils, solid waste, grease residues, household wastes in
a construction site is considerable. Therefore, rainfall overflows with these pollutants,
causing clogging in the drainage pipes that blocks the surface water and underground water
of the surrounding area. The concentration as well as the type of pollution depends on the
nature of the coating. The effects of rainwater include:
- Waste oil and sludge in rain water can contaminate underground water and soil;
- The erosion of the surface will cause sedimentation to occur in drainage and
irrigation canals in the area;
- Concentration of nutrients and organic matter in the water runoff is significant,
and can easily cause eutrophication and organic pollution in the canals.
The rainfall that fall directly to the site is calculated using the formula:
Qrain = A x (F-D) (m3/day)
Where:
A: Average rainfall over the years from 1.500 ÷ 1.600 mm (taken A = 1.600 mm).
F: Area of the whole project (150.027 m2).
D: Area of construction up to phase 2 (75.505,2 m2).
The results are as follow:
Qaverage annual rainfall= 1,6 x (150.027-75.505,2) = 119.234,9 (m3/year)
Compare to wastewater, rainwater is quite clean, the estimated concentrations of
pollutants in storm water runoff are as follows:
Total phosphorus : 0,004 - 0,03 mg/l.
COD : 10 - 20 mg/l.
TSS : 10 - 20 mg/l.
(Source: Rapid inventory technique in environmental control, WHO 1993)
Rainwater will be collected through the drainage system of the project area and then
drained to the general drainage system of the industrial zone.
The amount of rainwater is significant, therefore if drainage sewers are heavily
deposited, it can cause flooding. Pollutants that swept away by rainwater, sewage spills
flowing along the surface can pollute the surrounding environment. In the beginning of
rainy season, the surface usually contains large amounts of waste such as oil, grease, dust,
... from previous days without rain.
The amount of impurities (insoluble matter) accumulates over a period of time is
calculated as follows:
G = Mmax [1 - exp (-kz.T)]. F (kg)
Where:
Mmax- The amount of maximum accumulation after T day without rain. Mmax value
depends on the urban level, in this project we assume that Mmax = 30 kg/ha.
kz- The accumulation coefficiency of the project area, depends on the urban level,
can be choose from 0,2-0,5 (we take the value of 0,35 for this project).
T- Accumulation time (T=15 days).
F- Area of the project (ha) F=15 ha
G = 30 [1 – exp (-0,35x15)] x 15= 450 (kg)
Therefore the amount of accumulation during 15 days will be 450 kg, the amount of
accumulation will be carried away by rainwater to the project area, affecting the water quality
of the receiving ditch of the industrial zone.

In general, flow rate, concentration of toxic substances in this source is not significant.
On the other hand, rainwater runoff will be collected into the storm water collection system
and then deposited into the general drainage system of the industrial zone. In addition, the
project area has been concretized so the impact will be significantly reduced.
3. Solid waste
Construction solid waste: With a total volume of construction materials of 309,264
tons, based on the data of waste from the same construction activities for the old workshop,
the amount of solid waste generated from the construction process is calculated as follows:
- Steel scrap: average amount of 500 kg/month.
- Concrete, construction materials (sand, stone, brick...): average amount of 12.000
kg/month.
- Carton packaging: Generated from packaging containing building materials
(mostly cement bags) with an average of 250 kg/month.
 (Source: Emissions data from the construction of old workshops, copper stations and
boilers – Meiko Electronics Co., Ltd)
Daily solid waste: generated from daily activities of construction workers. It is
estimated that each worker at the site emits about 0.5 kg of waste per day (Source: National
Environment Report 2011 - Solid Waste). With 204 workers at the site, the total amount of
domestic waste generated during the construction process is estimated to be 102 kg/day.
Hazardous waste: During the construction of the project, the machine must be
maintained regularly with grease and oil. Based on solid waste data from the construction
of similar items (PCB plant No. 1, copper waste recovery station No.1, No. 2, energy sector
No.1), the amount of hazardous wastes is estimated as follow: The amount of grease
generated is about 120 kg/month and the amount of waste oil is about 120 liters/month,
mop oil: 40 kg/month.
During the construction of the workshop, the amount of paint residues and paint
tanks (for painting the workshop) will increase. The amount of paint residue is estimated
to be 60 kg/month and the paint container is about 90 kg/month. Generally, this amount of
waste is generated only during certain periods of time, especially during the painting of
workshop.

Due to the hazardous properties (ecotoxicity, flammability), these wastes can create
harmful effect to the ecological environment if they are not properly collected and treated.
3.1.3.2. Factors not related to waste
1. Spreadable disease between staff and local people
Due to the good hygienic and health conditions in the surrounding area of the
project, diseases such as diarrhea (diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid), infectious diseases (viral
hemorrhagic fever) rarely occurs even in the rainy season. However, it does not exclude
the possibility of spreading disease that may occur between workers at the project and local
people
This impact is considered to be small because communes in the project area have
commune health stations and all staffs of the facility are aware of disease prevention.
2. Traffic activities in the area
During the construction phase, the transportation of goods, raw materials, products
will increase traffic density in the area, affecting traffic activities on these roads.
 3. Health and safety
Major health and safety issues in the current phase of the project related to
occupational accidents, and there are many types of occupational accidents that may occur:

- Electric shock;
- Accidents occur when transporting goods or contact with chemical,
- Accidents caused by falling, pouring materials, construction structures, walls;
- Falling;
- Traffic accidents, ...
Workers are the main subject to the risk of occupational accidents at construction
sites since working with large machines, electrical lines, cranes, ... is risky. The severity
and frequency of occupational accidents will be higher if the regulations on occupational
safety are not implemented, construction vehicles are not maintained regularly or when
construction workers are not trained with measures to ensure labor safety.

4. Impact caused by noise and vibration

Noise and vibration pollution generated from:
o Construction activities (concrete mixing, piling, leveling, power generator in
case of power failure).
o Operation of machines and equipments.
o Transportation vehicles.
a) Noise levels in construction activities are assessed as follows:
- Concrete mixing operation: The maximum noise level at a distance 15m away
from concrete mixing station is 90dBA.
- Piling operations: Noise caused by piling operations can reach 100dBA.
- Power generator: The noise generated by generators can reach 82dBA at a distance
10m away.
For the surrounding area:
 To evaluate the effect of noise on the area around the reporting group using the noise
propagation equation as follows:
Li = Lp - Ld - Lc (dBA)
Where:
Li : Noise level at a distance d from the source.
Lp : Noise level at the source
Ld : Noise reduction with distance d at frequency i
Ld = 20lg [(r2/r1)1+a ] (dBA)
r1 : Distance to source corresponds to Lp (m)
r2 : Calculation of noise reduction by distance with respect to Li(m)
a : The coefficient of the specific noise absorption of the terrain (take a=0)
Lc : Reduction of noise level through obstructions (trees, walls…)
With the formula above we can calculate the noise reduction Ld to the surrouding
environment:

Table 3.12. Maximum noise level to the surrounding area

Maximum noise level
QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT
No. Sources (dBA)
(dBA)
20 m 50 m 300 m
1 Concrete mixer 84 76 60 70
2 Piling machine 94 86 70 70
From the results in the table above, it can be seen that without the noise reduction
by obstruction, it is necessary to maintain a minimum distance of 300 m to ensure that the
noise caused by the construction activities of the project does not affect the surrounding
residential areas.
For construction area:
 The noise level in the working area is evaluated according to TCVN 7878:2 - 2010.
The overall noise level or common noise allowed during the labor hours of 8 hours must
not exceed 85 dBA, the maximum value must not exceed 115dBA. If the total time exposed
to noise in the day is not exceed:
 4 hours, allowable noise level is 90 dBA
 2 hours, the allowed noise level is 95 dBA
 1 hour, the allowed noise level is 100 dBA
 30 minutes, the allowed noise level is 105 dBA
 15 minutes, the allowed noise level is 110 dBA
 The maximum level must not exceed 115 dBA
The allowed noise level during the rest of the day must be below 80 dBA. Thus, the
noise level in the project area during the construction of construction items will be greater
than the allowed limits. The noise level will directly affect the workers. However, this
effect is considered as negative but localized and temporary effects as this noise level
decreases rapidly when transmitted through distance. Impacts caused by noise during the
project implementation only exist in the construction phase and will disappear when the
project is completed
In addition, during the construction phase, the transportation of construction
materials also cause a lot of noise. However, compared to the noise from construction
activities, the impact of these facilities is negligible.

b. Impact of vibration
In general, compared to noise, vibration effects are less visible and more difficult
to perceive. The vibrations generated from some typical construction machines are shown
in the following table:
Table 3.13. Vibration levels of some typical construction machiner
10m* away 30m away 60m away
No. Name of machine
from source from source from source
1 Máy đào bánh xích 79 69 59
2 Máy đào bánh lốp 77 67 57
3 Tower crane 75 65 55
 10m* away 30m away 60m away
No. Name of machine
from source from source from source
4 Concrete pump trucks 81 71 61
5 Static concrete pumps 88 78 68
6 25T Road Roller 76 66 56
7 Watering vehicles 68 58 48
8 Pile pressing machines 82 72 62
9 Cutting machines 90 80 70
10 Welder 82 72 62
11 Winches, hoists 74 64 54
12 Water pumps 86 76 66
13 Compressor 77 67 57
14 Drill 90 80 70
15 Bulldozers 77 67 57
16 Screw driving machine 86 76 66
QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT (khu vực thông thường, 6h – 21h) : 70dB
(Source: US Environmental Protection Agency)
The results in the table above show that at a distance of less than 10m, the vibration
limits do not meet the stardard limits in accordance with QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT, therefore,
the Contractor and Investor shall take mitigation measures for the workers working directly
with the construction machine and on the site. The vibration at a distance of 60m is within the
standard limits (according to QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT - for normal areas), so impacts from
vibration to the surrounding environment are negligible as residential areas quite far from the
project area.
d. Impacts caused by preparation activities of raw material storage and construction
equipment
Preparation of storage facilities: Due to the large volume of construction materials,
the process of construction use a variety of equipment and machinery, so to preserve
materials, equipment, machinery, projects will build a temporary storage of 3000 m2,
located in the vacant land near the PCB No. 3 area – this site is separate from the current
factory of the plant, therefore it should not affect the current production activities of the
plant. Environmental issues during the construction of storage are mainly noise and solid
waste from the assembly of sheet metal, however, since the temporary storage is simply
encircled by pre-loaded sheets, the time needed to build is short, estimated time is only 5-
7 days so the impact is considered to be low.
 Collection of materials and construction equipment will also be arranged by the
project owner at the temporary storage facility near the PCB No. 3 site as mentioned above,
thereby avoiding the spreading of waste to the surrounding area, ensuring minimal impact
to the existing normal activities. Since the production activities of the factory take place in
the factory area, the impact of material gathering mainly comes from the process of
transporting solid waste into the storage area. This transportation is not usual during the
day and the existing road network is sufficiently large so that these activities do not
interfere with the daily operation of the plant. However, this will have an impact on current
production activities if the project owners do not have any reasonable transportation plan.
e. Impact on the current production activities of the project
With a large amount of construction workload, the construction period lasts for about
12 months and the construction activities will have a great impact on the current production of
the plant including:
Impact from the transportation of raw materials: the frequency of material
transportation is 52 times per day by 25T trucks with a total time of about 240 days, this activity
will affect the operation of the plant along the road from the factory to the collection sites. This
impact includes: traffic, dust, noise and emissions as well as spillage of materials...
Impact from material gathering: with large volume of raw materials, if the project
owner do not have any transportation plan and reasonable construction measures, this scheme
will affect the current production activities such as traffic obstruction, labor accidents ...
Impact on the production of PCB Factory No. 1: In the area of PCB Factory No. 1, the
project owner will install additional equipments to increase the production capacity of the BU
board, and this installation process will have an impact on the current production of PCB No.
1. Therefore, the project owner should have a reasonable plan to avoid production shutdown
due to conflicts derived from construction activities in the area.
Table 3.14. A summary of the impacts of the construction phase and the
corresponding operation phase during construction

Kind of impact Pollutants Amount

Gas emissions
Emissions from the 22 chimneys of the HCl, H2SO4, n- Based on the results of
current 22 gas treatment systems propanol periodic environmental
Emissions from 4 boiler exhaust pipes Dust, CO, SO2, NOx monitoring, these
 Kind of impact Pollutants Amount
emission activities give
Other waste (from centralized Metylmercaptan,
the value within the
sewerage system) NH3, H2S
standard limits.
Pollutants generated
Emissions from transportation Dust
are diffused in the air
activities
CO during transportation
Emissions from transportation of SO2 of vehicles throughout
construction materials NOx the route
Construction activity (excavation) Dust 21,60 kg/day
NOx 13,82 kg/day
Operation of welding machines
CO 16,59 kg/day
CO 12,04 kg/ca
SO2 4,30 kg/ca
Operation of construction machines
NOx 60,21 kg/ca
VOC 3,44 kg/ca
Wastewater 5379,5 m3/day
Cu, Fe, Ni, COD,
BOD, sulfur,
Wasterwater from production activities 5.079 m3/day
cyanide, grease,
mineral…
Daily-life wastewater generated from
BOD, COD, TSS,
current production activities
total N, total P, 300,5 m3/day
Domestic wastewater of construction
microorganisms,…
workers
Solid waste 1.499.756 kg/month
Solid waste generated from current production activities
260.503 kg/month
Solid waste generated from construction activities
Hazardous waste generated from construction activities
1.239.253 kg/month
Hazardous waste generated from current production activities
3.1.4. Impact assessment of the project during operation phase
3.1.4.1. Impacts related to waste
When the second phase of the project is completed and under operation, the waste
volume will also increase and the waste composition will change compared to the first
phase due to changes in the production technology. The sources of waste generated during
the stable operation of the project are summarized below:
Table 3.15. A summary of the impacts during operation phase
Kind of
Source Pollutant Amount
impact
- Waste water from the PCB, FPC product
line, copper waste recovery station 01, 02,
Nước thải sản
3A and 3B, auxiliary works of wastewater Grease, Ni,
xuất:
treatment system. Cu2+, HCl,
9.227,9m3/ngày
Wastewater - Domestic wastewater: generated from the H2SO4,
Nước thải sinh
activities of the factory's staffs through the cyanide,
hoạt: 564
preliminary treatment system of the COD, BOD...
m3/ngày
company and then leading to the
wastewater treatment station of the IZ
Emissions from PCB, FPC product line are
taken to the capture system for treatment
and exit through 37 exhaust gas pipes;
The exhaust gas from copper waste
HCl, H2SO4,
recovery station 01, 02, 3A and 3B are
n-propanol,
taken to the capture system for treatment <20.000
Gas emissions acetic acid,
and release through 3 exhaust pipes; m3/h/pipe
dust, CO,
Emissions generated from 14 boilers are
SO2, NOx
taken and exit through 6 exhaust gas pipes;
Emissions generated from 03 exhaust pipes
from 11 dust treatment systems integrated
in the equipment;
Broken
Regular solid waste generated from the circuit
Ordinary 517.515
production process and daily activities of boards,
solid waste kg/month
staffs paper,
cardboard ...
Sludge,
Hazardous waste generated from the
Hazardous waste oil, 2.461.898
production process and from the wastewater
waste grease, light kg/month
treatment system
bulb...
1. Air environment
- Acid vapor (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3):
 During phase 1, acid vapors are mainly HCl and H2SO4 generated from the process
of forming inner and outer layers, laminating, plating, painting, and surface treatment and
SOP line washing of the PCB manufacturing process; and generated from 2 copper waste
recovery station number 1 and 2.
During phase 2, the acidic vapor from the production process is not different from
the first stage, mainly HCl and H2SO4 with an addition of HNO3 derived from the
aluminum surface treatment process during the production of aluminum heat sink. The
amount of acidic vapors generated there will also be greater than phase 1 due to PCB
factory 3 and two 3A and 3B copper recovery stations also come into operation.
- Solvent vapor: Solvent vapors derived from the production process of the project
include n-propanol (derived from surface welding of EMS assembly technology and
surface treatment of PCB manufacturing technology), acetic acid, formic acid, naphtha
solvent,... (derived from flux coating and component printing process of PCB
manufacturing technology). The main effects of these solvent vapors are: eye injury and
drowsiness, dizziness, direct effects on workers and, if dispersed in the surrounding
environment at sufficiently high levels, may affect the residents living in the area.
Without suitable handling measures such as ventilation, suction, protective
equipment as well as the knowledge of occupational safety for employees, exposure to
even the smallest amount of solvent vapor can accumulate and cause serious long term
effects such as neurotoxicity, impaired fertility, liver and kidney damage, respiratory
failure, cancer, and dermatitis. The amount of solvent vapor generated will also increase
during phase 2 compared to phase 1 due to the additional work of PCB Factory No. 3.
According to the data provided in Table 1.9, the amount of acids and solvent vapors
used are largest during Phase 2, which include:
- HCl: 368 tons/month
- H2SO4: 298 tons/month
- HNO3: 0,48 tons/month
- n-propanol: 2 tons/month
- Acetic acid: 3,39 tons/month
Assuming that all of the acid and solvent vapors are converted into gas emissions
and released into the environmental, the discharge load of these pollutants is calculated as
follow:
- HCl: 368 tons/month equivalent to 511 kg/h
- H2SO4: 298 tons/month equivalent to 413,89 kg/h /s
- HNO3: 0,48 tons/month equivalent to 66,67 kg/h
- n-propanol: 2 tons/month equivalent to 2,78 kg/h
 - Acetic acid: 3,39 tons/month equivalent to 4,71 kg/h
Accordingly, consider the plant as the only high point source with a chimney
emission D = 1m in diameter, chimney height H = 25m.
Other input data are:
 The factory works 24/24h.
 Temperature: 25oC
 Wind direction: North West (towards the residential area of Phung Xa
commune)
 Wind speed: 1,6m/s
 Objects affected at: 6m.
 Acid Vapor Emission Load: select HCl due to the largest amount used and
easy to evaporate, with an emission load of: 511kg/h
 Solvent Vapor Emission Load: select n-propanol due to the largest amount
used and easy to evaporate, with an emission load of: 2,78kg/h
The model for predicting the spread of pollutants is shown below:

Figure 3.1: Prediction model on the transmission of HCl generated from the project
Figure 3.2: Prediction model on the transmission of n-propanol generated from the
project

Figure 3.3: : Prediction model on the transmission of acetic acid generated from the
project
The results from the models show that:
 For HCl: without proper treatment measures, the HCl concentration over the whole
residential area of Phung Xa commune with exceed standard limits (> 60µg/m3) according
to QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT.
Direct impact on worker at the factory: due to the high corrosive nature, long term
exposure to acidic vapors can cause coughing, choking, rhinitis, sore throat and damage
the upper part of the respiratory system. In severe cases it can cause pulmonary edema,
paralysis or even death.
Impacts on surrounding organisms: For the surrounding organism, HCl reduces the
leaf shininess, damages the plant, damages the animal, reduces the amount of milk.
Thus, it can be seen that, with the high level of HCl emission, the impacts of
untreated emission to the environment is very high, especially harmful to inhabitants of
Phung Xa commune.
For solvent vapor n-propanol: It can also spread to the residential area around the
plant, however, the concentration is very low (within the range <1mg/m3), so it does not
have negatively affect on the residential area.
The results show that the maximum n-propanol concentration is only 0,11 mg/m3,
and when it reaches the nearest residential area (Phung Xa commune), the concentration
dropped to less than 0,005 – 0,05 mg/m3. As there is no n-propanol concentration regulation
on the surrounding environment, we use the permitted value in Decision No.
3733/2002/BYT for an 8-hour working - 350 mg/m3 as comparison to the vapor
concentration in the nearest residential area (less than 3000 times). Therefore, impact on
surrounding objects is negligible
For acetic acid: It can also spread to the residential area around the plant, however,
the concentration is very low (within the range <1mg/m3), so it does not have negatively
affect on the residential area.
As there is no acetic acid concentration regulation on the surrounding environment,
we use the permitted value in Decision No. 3733/2002/BYT for an 8-hour working - 25
mg/m3 as comparison to the vapor concentration in the nearest residential area (less than
25 times). Therefore, impact on surrounding objects is negligible.
 Dust: Generated from NC drilling and cutting materials. The amount of dust
generated is quite large and contains high content of copper (Cu), which can cause a
harmful effect to the health of workers if not thoroughly collected. This type of dust has
high density and weight, so it settles quickly, spreadable area is not large. Based on current
technology the factory is using, which is the integrated synchronous dust collecting and
splitting equipment at the cutting machine and drilling machine, the amount of dust
generated in these areas is very small 0,241-0,811 mg/m3 (based on the test results of
working environment in these areas), much smaller than the environmental standard of
Decision No. 3733/2002/QD-BYT of 8 mg/m3.
(2). Gas emissions from boiler operations
The company is currently using 08 boilers, however in the second phase, 6
additional boilers will be installed for the energy sector 1, increasing the total number to
14 boilers. The specific amount of fuel used for the stages is shown in the following table:
Table 3.16. The amount of DO used for the phases of the project
The amount of oil used Giai đoạn 2
Phase 1 (currently)
(accumulated)
Unit Liters/h 560 980
Kg/h 672 1.176
To calculate the load and concentration of pollutants in the exhaust gases released
at the chimney, we used the formula provided by Prof. Dr. Tran Ngoc Chan (Air pollution
& Exhaust Gas - Science and Technology Publishing House 2004)
Table 3.17. Table of gas emission calculation formulas
No. Object Unit Formula
The amount of dry air required for the Vo = 0,089Cp + 0,264Hp
1 m3/kgNL
combustion process - 0,0333(Op - Sp)
The amount of humid air required for
2 combustion (at t =30oC ; µ =65% => m3/kgNL Va = (1+ 0,0016d)Vo
d=17g/kg)
Actual humidity air with excess air
3 m3/kgNL Vt = αVa
factor α = 1,2 – 1,6; take α = 1.5
SO2 content in products m3/kgNL VSO2 = 0,683×10-2 Sp
The amount of CO in products with
4 incomplete combustion coefficient of
m3/kgNL VCO = 1,865×10-2×η×Cp
chemical and mechanical η (η = 0,01 -
0,05); take η = 0,03
VCO2 = 1,853×10-2(1- η)
6 CO2 content in products m3/kgNL
× Cp
VH2O = 0,111Hp +
7 Water vapor content in products m3/kgNL
0,0124Wp + 0,0016 dVt
VN2 = 0,8×10-2×Np +
8 N2 content in products m3/kgNL
0,79×Vt

9 O2 content in excess air m3/kgNL VO2 = 0,0021(α - 1) ×Va

10 Amount of NOx created m3/kgNL VNOx = MNOx /B x ρNOx

No. Object Unit Formula
VSPC = VSO2 + VCO +
Total SPC at standard conditions m3/kgNL VCO2 + VH2O + VN2 +
11
VO2 - VNOx
Smoke (SPC at standard conditions) m3/ s Lc = VSPC x B / 3600
Smoke flow (SPC) at actual conditions LT = Lc x
12 m3/ s
(tsmoke= 1600C) (273+tsmoke)/273
MSO2 = VSO2 x B x ρSO2
13 SO2 load with ρSO2 = 2,926 kg/m3 g/s
x 1000/3600
MCO = VCO x B x ρCO x
14 CO load with ρCO = 1,25 kg/m3 g/s
1000/3600
MCO2 = VCO2 x B x
15 CO2 load with ρCO2 =1,977 kg/m3 g/s
ρCO2 x 1000/3600
MNOx = 1,723 x 10-3 x
16 NOx load with ρNOx = 2,054 kg/m3 g/s
B1,18x1000/3600
Ash load with the flying ash Mdust = 10 x a x Ap x
17 g/s
coefficient a = 0,1 – 0,85; take a = 0,9 B/3600
18 Concentration of pollutants in smoke:
SO2 CSO2 = MSO2 / LT
CO CCO = MCO / LT
CO2 3 CCO2 = MCO2 / LT
g/m
NOx CNOx = MNOx / LT
Dust Cdust = Mdust / LT
Where:
B: Fuel, raw materials consumption (kg/h)
Cp: Carbon content involved in the combustion of fuel (%)
Hp: Hydrogen content involved in the combustion of fuel (%)
Np: Nitrogen content in fuel (%)
Op: Oxygen content in fuel (%)
Sp: Sulfur content involved in the combustion of fuel (%)
Ap: Ash content in fuel (%)
Wp: Water content in fuel (%)
Calculated results are as follows:
Table 3.18. Results of pollutant load in boiler exhaust gas
The amount of pollutant in the exhaust gas (g/s)
Pollutants
Phase 1 (currently) Phase 2 (accumulated)
Dust 0,04 0,07
CO 3,61 6,32
 SO2 0,08 0,15
NOx 1,04 2,01
CO2 550,55 963,47
For the first phase, with 8 boilers under operation, the company installed 4 exhaust
pipes with a designed capacity of 15.000m3/h for each pipe. During the second phase, with
the addition of 06 boilers, the project owner will install 2 more exhaust pipes with the same
capacity, one of which is for 02 oil pressing boilers and one for 04 hot gas supply boilers.
Thus, the estimated pollutant load of each exhaust pipe is as follow:
Table 3.19. Pollutant load at boiler exhaust pipes
Pollutant load (g/s)
Pipe
Dust CO SO2 NOx
PCB boiler pipe 0,014 1,35 0,03 0,27
EMS boiler pipe 0,005 0,45 0,01 0,09
Oil pressing boiler pipe 0,009 0,90 0,02 0,18
Oil pressing boiler pipe No. 2 0,009 0,90 0,02 0,18
Oil pressing boiler pipe No. 3 0,009 0,90 0,02 0,18
PCB boiler pipe No. 2 0,019 1,81 0,04 0,36
Estimated concentrations at the pipes when running at full capacity are as follow:
Table 3.20. Estimated concentrations at the pipes when running at full capacity
Concentration (mg/Nm3)
Pipe
Dust CO SO2 NOx
PCB boiler pipe 5,34 515,59 11,85 101,93
EMS boiler pipe 1,78 171,86 3,95 33,98
Oil pressing boiler pipe 3,56 343,72 7,90 67,95
Oil pressing boiler pipe No. 2 3,56 343,72 7,90 67,95
Oil pressing boiler pipe No. 3 3,56 343,72 7,90 67,95
PCB boiler pipe No. 2 7,11 687,45 15,80 135,90
QCTĐHN 01:2014/BTNMT C value 200 1.000 500 850
QCTĐHN 01:2014/BTNMT Cmax value 180 1.000 450 850
Note:
QCTĐHN 01:2014/BTNMT: Technical standard for industrial emissions of dust
and other inorganic substances in Hanoi.
Where, Cmax = C x Kp x Kv
Cmax: Maximum allowable value for the industrial emissions of the facility
 C: Base value to calculate the maximum allowable value for industrial emissions
Kp: Coefficient of waste flow, at the facility, Kp = 1
Kv: Coefficient of location for the branch in Thach That district, Kv = 0,9 for dust
and SO2 parameters; and Kv = 1,0 for NOx and CO parameters.
As a result, the estimated concentration in the gas emissions reached the allowed
standard, therefore, the impact of gas emissions from the boilers on ambient air is
negligible.
(3). Pollution caused by emissions from transportation activities
With the current capacity of the factory, the frequency of transportation is 40 turns
per day, including: 08 vehicles used for waste transportation, 16 vehicles used for worker
transportation and 16 vehicles used for material transportation and other transactions.
a. Emissions from transportation of raw materials, products and waste.
Based on the estimated production output and the estimated amount of waste, the
number of vehicles transporting materials and products and waste to the plant in two phases
is as follows:
Table 3.21. Amount of vehicles transporting materials and products into and
out during the project
Vehicles transporting materials and
No. Unit Phase 1 Phase 2
products
1. Amount Vehicle 40 80

2. Distance travelled (Average 20km/turn) km 800 1.600

(Source: Meiko Electronics Co., Ltd)

Based on the pollution coefficient provided the World Health Organization (WHO)
for vehicles using DO oil with a capacity of 3,5 - 16,0 tons, it is possible to estimate the air
pollutants load caused by the transportation of materials and products into and out of the
factory:
Table 3.22. Air pollutants load caused by the transportation of materials and
products into and out of the factory
Total load (kg/day)
Pollution coefficient
No. Pollutant Phase 1 Phase 2
(kg/1.000km)
(currently) (Accumulated)
1 Dust 0,9 0,7 1,4
2 SO2 4,2 0,2 0,4
 Total load (kg/day)
Pollution coefficient
No. Pollutant Phase 1 Phase 2
(kg/1.000km)
(currently) (Accumulated)
3 NOx 11,8 9,4 18,8
4 CO 60 48,0 96,0
5 VOC 2,6 2,1 4,2
(Source: KTMT & ATHC, 10/2017)
Note:
- S: Sulfur content in DO oil is 0,05%S
- The average distance for a trip is estimated to be 20km.
The concentration of dust and pollutants is calculated according to the diffusion
model on 1km of travel distance and based on the Sutton formula as follows:

    z  h 2     z  h 2  

exp    exp  
  2 z   2 z  
2 2

C  0,8 E  
 z .u (mg/m3)
(Source: Air Environment - Pham Ngoc Dang, Science and Technology Publishing
House)
Where:
- C is the concentration of the pollutant in the air (mg/m3).
- E is the amount of pollutant load from the source (mg/m/s).
E = Et x 103/(86400 x 103) (mg/m/s) – with Et: total load (g/day/km) equal to the
total load corresponds to each pollution parameter (provided in table 3.28) divided by the
distance travelled (provided in Table 3.27) corresponds to each phase (Phase 1 has a total
travelled distance of 800 km, Phase 2 is 1.600km.
- z is the height of the calculation point (m); take z = 2 m.
- h is the height of the pavement compare to the surrounding ground( m); h = 0,5 m.
- u is the average wind speed in the area (m/s); assume that the weather is sunny and
light wind, u = 1,5m/s.
- x is the distance from the road to the sidewalk (m), x is choosen as 10m, 20m, 30m,
40m, 50m for calculation.
-  z  0,53x is the vertical diffusion coefficient of the pollutant (m).
0, 73

The results are calculated as follows:

Table 3.23. Predicting the raise in dust and gas emissions concentration from
transportation activities during phase 1
 Pollutant
Object
Dust SO2 NO2 CO VOCs
Raise in concentration at a distance 10m from
the road (µg/m3) 50 14 223 3409 149
Raise in concentration at a distance 20m from
the road (µg/m3) 25 7 113 1728 76
Raise in concentration at a distance 30m from
the road (µg/m3) 18 5 80 1231 54
Raise in concentration at a distance 40m from
the road (µg/m3) 14 4 64 979 43
Raise in concentration at a distance 50m from
the road (µg/m3) 12 3 54 824 36
3
QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT (µg/m ) 300 350 200 30.000 -
Note: - QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT National technical standard for ambient air quality.
During the second stage, the pollutant load doubled due to the increase in the
number of vehicles transported, and the travel distance also doubled, so the concentration
of pollutants increased compare to the first stage.