EVALUATING THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF VALUES EDUCATION

TO THE BEHAVIOR OF STUDENTS OF PABLO ROMAN NATIONAL

HIGH SCHOOL THROUGH CASE STUDIES

____________________

A Dissertation
Presented to the
Faculty of the Graduate School
Bataan Peninsula State University
Balanga City, Bataan

___________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Education
Major in Educational Management

__________________

by:

VIOLA TANADA DE GUZMAN

April 2016
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Throughout history, education has had two primary goals: to educate people intellectually

and to teach them to be morally good. The educators believe that students had a need for values

education because the people must develop democratic virtues Lickona (2005). These virtues

included respect for individual rights, respect for law,participation in public life voluntarily, and

a concern for the common good of the country.

Historically, the Bible was the source in public schools for moral instruction. When

differences arose over which Bible to use, the McGuffey Reader was introduced as a way to

teach the virtues of honesty, hard work, thriftiness, kindness, patriotism, and courage. Lickona,

(2005).

Character education remained a part of public education in the Philippines until the 1960s

through stories, and teacher example,and discipline. According to Field (2006), in the 1960s and

1970s character education changed dramatically when value clarification, moral dilemma

discussions, and decision-making processes replaced the traditional emphasis on learning right

from wrong and acting right. These programs failed to distinguish between the personal

references of students and true moral values. Today, with the increased problems that society

faces, more traditional character education is becoming commonplace in public schools Lickona,

(2005).
 During the lastdecade, this trend of neglecting to teach character has changed with the

introduction of values education programs by the Department of Education (DepED) People are

now talking about the importance of character and personal integrity Ryan &Bohlin.(2005)

According to Covey (2006), there is a shifting of paradigms from a concern for a person’s

personality to a concern for a person’s character.

During the last decade, this trend of neglecting to teach character has changed with the

introduction of values education programs by the Department of Education (DepED) People are

now talking about the importance of character and personal integrity (Ryan &Bohlin).

According to Field (2006), in the 1960s and 1970s character education changed

dramatically when value clarification, moral dilemma discussions, and decision-making

processes replaced the traditional emphasis on learning right from wrong and acting right. These

programs failed to distinguish between the personal preferences of students and true moral

values. Today, with the increased problems that society faces, more traditional character

education is becoming commonplace in public schools.

The purpose of this multiple-case study is to determine how values education affects

students' behavior. Many principals spend a significant amount of time dealing with

inappropriate student behavior. Character education programs are proactive approaches to

improve discipline in the schools, but do they make a difference? If character education reduces

disciplinary problems, instills compassion and caring, promotes citizenship, and develops a

moral conscience in students, it would be a worthwhile endeavor in terms of time and money

spent. If values education does not affect the manner in which students behave, then resources

can and should be reallocated to other programs. This multiple-case study was conducted at
Pablo Roman National High School and included (a) interviews with teachers responsible for

values education instruction, (b) interviews with students, (c) interviews of the parents of

students, and (d) a review of disciplinary records.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of this study is: What are the Mediating Effects of the Values

Education to the Students’ Behavior at Pablo Roman National High School during the school

year 2016-2017?

Specifically, the researcher will seek to answer the following questions:

1. How may the respondents be described in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 sex;

1.3 monthly family income:

1.4 Parents’ marital status and

1.5 Parents’ highest educational attainment

1.2 Study Habits

2. Is there a significant relationship between Values Education and student’s behavior based

on the following?

2.1 Teacher’s Observation

2.1.1 positive/negative change of students’ behavior;

2.1.2 description of students’ behavior;

2.1.3 person, or situation you attribute these changes, and

2.1.4 description of teacher’s style/approach in teaching?

 2.2 Student’s Behavior

2.2.2 positive/negative change in yourself or as reported by teacher person/situation

that influence student’s behavior,and

2.2.3 description of students’ behavior reasons why you do this?

3. Parents’Observation

3.1.1 positive/negative change in behavior;

3.1.2 description of student’s behavior;

3.1.3 person or situation you attribute these changes, and

3.1.4 disciplinary problems of your child, if any?

Significance of the Study

The results and findings of this study may be of value to the following:

Department of Education. Findings of this study will be beneficial to the DepEd. It

may help in establishing changes in the community and family partnership, Values Education is

not new; it is as old as education itself. It is central to education in general. Likewise, Values

Education is at theheart of teacher’s preparation programs. Through this agency,all schools must

be designed to train a new breed of teachers for the increasing number of public schools with

the“development of public virtue” a central theme.

School Administrator. Results of this study will help the school principals in some

aspects of disciplinary problems. He/She can discuss the negative and positive sides of
students’ behavior. He findings of this study may help the school principal to lead changes in

family and community partnership

Teachers.Findings of this study will make the teacher to facilitate students’ reasoning,

resolving moral conflicts,cognitive development. Teachers may focus on students’ behavior as

their central objective. This may be a chance for parents and teachers to collaborate on students’

behavior.

Students.The results of this study would provide the students with valuable information

that could be used as basis for improving their character, attitudes, values and learning skills.

This may also give the understanding on why they conduct themselves in a particular manner

when dealing them to understand

Parents. It is hoped that parents and soon to be parents would be able to use the findings

of the study in obtaining a deeper understanding of how children’s behavior is affected by their

values. Findings of this study will help parents to be aware of the resolution of some moral

conflicts or dilemma of their children. Optimistically, it is hoped that such understanding would

enable them to recognize their role in the development of their children’s academic behavior that

would ultimately lead to an improved character, attitude and academic performance.

Future researchers. Findings of this study will help future researchers to gain insights

and at the same time they can use this study as reference material

Scope and Delimitation

Students and their parents who will be selected to participate in the study will be chosen

based on teachers ‘perceptions of positive and negative behavioral changes over time and on the

willingness of those students and parents identified to participate in the study. This purposeful
selection process greatly limited the range and variety of cases examined in the study. The

researcher is also the teacher of Grade 8 where the study will be conducted therefore, the biases

and preconceptions of the researcher must be taken into consideration. No other limitations were

identified.

Case studies of ten students will be analyzed and evaluated for the purpose of this study.

The purpose of this study is toestablish uniform values for its diverse population by introducing

universally accepted values.

This qualitative, multiple-case study was conducted over a period of one school year. The

researcher observed and described student behavior throughout the school setting and

interviewed teachers, students, and parents to determine their perceptions of the effectiveness of

the Values Education program. Case studies of ten students will be analyzed and evaluated for

the purpose of this study. Additionally, the researcher reviewed the disciplinary records of the

students included in the study. The information was collected by making descriptive field notes

of observations along with reflective information, taking notes during interviews using a general

interview guide, audio-recording student and parent interviews, grouping similar responses

together, and coding the responses. The data were analyzed and the researcher attempted to

identify constructs, themes, and patterns through reflective analysis. No other limitations were

identified.
 Notes in Chapter 1

Lickona, T. (2005). Promoting character education through the center for the 4th and 5th R's
(respect and responsibility). Moral Education Forum, 20, 26-34.
CA: Corwin P

.Ryan, K. (2003).Mining the values in the curriculum.Educational Leadership, 51, 16-18.

Ryan, K., &Bohlin, K. (2009).Values, views, or virtues?Education Week on the Web, 18, pp.
49
IMPACT OF LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION ON PRESCHOOLERS’ ACQUISITION
OF LITERACY SKILLS IN THE DIVISION OF BATAAN SY 2016-2017

____________________

A Dissertation
Presented to the
Faculty of the Graduate School
Bataan Peninsula State University
Balanga City, Bataan

___________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Education
Major in Educational Management

__________________

by:

VIOLA TANADA DE GUZMAN

April 2016
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

As stipulated in the Department of Education (Dep Ed) Order No 31 s.2012, otherwise

known as Implementing Guidelines and Policy on the Basic Education Program of the K to 12 of

2012, the language of instruction to be used for the Kindergarten is their Mother Tongue, which

includes Tagalog, Kapampangan, Ilocano, Bicolano, Waray, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, and other

local vernaculars. After three months English language will be used.Adescriptive investigation

of the different components of preschool education in the Philippines found that majority of

preschools used a mixture of English, Filipino and the local vernacular. This study will also

investigate the effects of developing literacy skills in two or more languages among preschool

children. This study will also study the effects of language of instruction on preschoolers on

preschoolers acquisition of literacy skills. Particularly, it investigated the effects of monolingual

Filipino instruction on preschool children’s acquisition of literacy skills in English; also, the

effects of monolingual English instruction on preschool children’s acquisition of literacy skills in

Filipino, then the effects of bilingual instruction, i.e., the use of both Filipino and English, on

preschool children’s acquisition of literacy skills in Filipino and in English.

This study will also compare the effects of monolingual instruction in either Filipino or

English to those of bilingual instruction, and will try to determine which of the literacy skills

would be strongly affected by a particular language of instruction

There have been several studies on bilingualism and biliteracy that address different

concerns.. Some studies, for instance, have taken into account the effects of first language (LI)
or mother tongue on second language (L2) oral language development. The old notion is that L1

interferes with L2, but this has not been supported by research evidence, instead, research clearly

shows that L1serves a supportive rather than a negative role as far as L2 oral development is

concerned (Ovando and Collier(2008). Children’s proficiency in L1 appears to predict their

success of learningL2Hoff (2006). This is particularly true of language proficiency required by

academic settings: proficiency in decontextualized language use,i.e., children’s academic skills

in L2. Cummins (2010) Studies clearly show that a learners L1 influences the acquisition of L2

children acquiring English, for example, make different errors depending on what their L1 is

Hoff, (2011)

Another concern in biliteracy research is the effect of L2 orality on L2 literacy. A

mounting body of research suggests that orality in L2 is not a prerequisite in reading

development in this new language. Fitzgerald (2006). Reading in the new language may even

assist L2 oral development and it is possible at least in the earliest stage, some children’s reading

in the new language may outpace their L2 oral language development. Anderson (2006).

Another important issue in biliteracy research is the role of L1 literacy in L2 literacy- whether

transfer happens from L1 to L2. Koda(2006) asserts that certain conditions distinguish L2

literacy, limited linguistic knowledge, and cross-linguistic effects. These conditions defrinitely

have their effects on L2 literacy because many studies have shown that cognitive and academic

development in L1 has a strong, positive effect on L2 development for academic purposes.

Academic skills, literacy development, subject knowledge, and learning strategies all transfer

from L1 to L2 as the vocabulary and communicative patterns are developed in L2 to express that

academic knowledge. This is why L1 literacy is considered a crucial base for L2 literacy

development. Many studies have found that a wide variety of skills and learning strategies
developed in L1 reading and writing can positively transfer to L2 reading and writing. One of the

more controversial issues in bilingual literacy is the initial medium of instruction to use. Tucker

(2009) in his comprehensive review of research in the use of L1 and L2 in education yielded the

conclusion that children most easily develop literacy skills and cognitive skills and likewise

master content material in a familiar language. For instance, among language minority students

in the United States, research indicates that the most successful long-term academic achievement

occurs where students’ primary language is the initial language of literacy; in contrast, language

majority students who are taught to read initially in L2 show negative consequences Genesee,

(2007).

Statement of the Problem

The general aim of this study is to investigate the effects of language of instruction on the

acquisition of literacy skills in preschool children.

Specifically the following questions will also be answered by the researcher:

1. What is the relation between the language of instruction of preschoolers to the acquisition

of literacy skills?

2. What are the effects of monolingual Filipino instruction on preschool children’s

acquisition of literacy skills in English?

3. What are effects of monolingual English instruction on preschool children’s acquisition

of literacy skills in Filipino and in English?

Significance of the Study

Results of this study may be of value to the following:

School Administrator.In the advent of the use of the Mother Tongue and the second

language to the Kindergarten pupils as stipulated in the K to 12 Basic Education Program, the
results of this program will be necessary for the school, since the curriculum is only on its fifth

year of implementation, results and findings will be the basis for a better implementation of the

use of language for our preschoolers.

Teachers.The results of this study can be used by the teacher as a basis for determining

the benchmarks for early literacy instruction among Filipino preschool children. They will easily

determine which language of instruction, the L1 or L2 will be appropriate for the preschoolers

because doing so helps the children literacy skills faster and better

Parents. Through the results of this study, parents will help their children to love reading

different stories and realize the importance of literature in general, in motivating children to

attend class but also to learn various literacy skills. They will also realized that among literacy-

developing activities, listening to stories is the most outstanding in its relationship to literacy

skills. They will also learn the importance of home and family in providing the children with a

literary-rich environment and giving them support and encouragement in learning literary skills.

Future Researchers.Results of this study,may help researchers oflanguage instruction

and literacy skills. They may determine the appropriateness of native, second and bilingual

language and may use the in future language study.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aimed to investigate the effects of bilingual instruction on preschool children’s

acquisition of literacy skills. To meet this goal, a quasi experimental design will be used, whichis

a form of experimental research which is used extensively in the social sciences and socio-

linguisticsthe method is, nevertheless, a very useful method for measuring social variables. The

inherent weaknesses in the methodology do not undermine the validity of the data, as long as
they are recognized and allowed for during the whole experimental process. Five-year old

children in the 12 Central Elementary Schools in the Division of Bataan will served as the

respondents. They will be grouped into three: the Monolingual Filipino (MF), the Monolingual

English(ME) and the Bilingual(BL). The independent variable is the language of instruction:

Filipino, English and both English and Filipino. MF and ME will serve as the control groups and

will have monolingual instruction while BL will serve as the experimental group.
 Notes in Chapter I

Dep Ed Order No. 31s.2012. Implementing Guidelines and Policy of the K to 12 Basic
Education Program of 2012
Fitzgerald.J. How will bilingual/ESL programs in literacy change in the next
millennium? Reading Research Quarterly,35(3) 520-523.
EXAMINING PARENT-TEACHERS PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE PRACTICE OF INCLUSION IN THE CENTRAL PUBLIC ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS IN THE DIVISION OF BATAAN SCHOOL YEAR 2016-2017

____________________

A Dissertation
Presented to the
Faculty of the Graduate School
Bataan Peninsula State University
Balanga City, Bataan

___________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Education
Major in Educational Management

__________________

by:

VIOLA TANADA DE GUZMAN

April 2016
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) always exists in school and its progress depends on

the favorable attitudes of teachers as well as the active participation of the parents. It is devoted

to the educational welfare, interest and protection of children and youth through the cooperative

efforts of the parents, teachers and community members.

The Parent-Teacher Association is considered the most influential organization because it

operates in accordance with the constitution and by- laws of the school and the Department of

Education. It is an organization that would protect the rights and interest of the parents, teachers

as well as the pupils; moreover, it focuses in the improvement of the school as well as in

promoting quality education.

If properly organized and directed, the Parent -Teacher Association can be a very potent

organization in the improvement, development and welfare of children, not only in the school but

in the community as well. The Parent-Teacher Association is a vital force in linking the school

to the public and in communicating the concerns to the schools. The Parent-Teacher Association

does not only provide financial support but also brings the school and the home closer so that

parents and the teachers may cooperate intelligently in the development of the child. It will

secure for every child the highest advantage in physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual

aspects.
 It has been observed that parents today have become rather detached from school affairs

because they are deeply involved in other pursuits brought about by society, beset by such

problems as urbanizations and automation. However, this should not in any sense mean that

parents are no longer interested in school affairs. There are still many cases in which parents

show their cooperation lively and intelligently in school. Undoubtedly, though the quality of

relationship between parents and the school has changed because the teacher is a part-time

parent, there is a need for cooperative planning of school- home relationship. The attitude of

parents towards their children is not extreme importance in this connection. Parents should know

about their children’s conditions in school, their performance and activities. So it is of outmost

importance that parents should be involved in child education in school through the Parent-

Teacher Association.

The increasing emphasis on the need of improving the quality of education especially in

the elementary level makes it an imperative demand to determine the effectiveness of the Parent-

Teacher Association of twelve public central elementary schools in the Division of Bataan in

terms of aforementioned dimensions, the active participation of parents and community members

greatly affect the effectiveness of the Parent Teachers Association in this division.

The study is hoped to be beneficial to the school administrator, parents, teachers, pupils,

and other researchers. Findings of this research study can give the association the flexibility to be

responsive enough to the needs of the children. To the school administrators and teachers, the

result of the study can put into effect the plan to encourage every parent of the pupils to support

the association for the welfare and goodness of their children. To the parents of the pupils in their

school, statistical results can guide parents in extending help and assistance to their study. It may
be used as inputs to other researchers who may conduct subsequent studies related to the present

study.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of the study is: What is the level of effectiveness of the Parent-

Teacher Association in the Public Central Elementary Schools in the Division of Bataan during

SY 2016-2017?

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of effectiveness of the PTA as perceive by parents and teachers

themselves in terms of:

1.1 projects;

1.2 programs;

1.3 involvements in school activities;

1.4 teacher- parent relationship;

1.5 parents -pupil relationship;

1.6 follow-up on pupil performance, and

1.7 meeting/visitation?

2. Is there any significant difference between the perception of the respondents on the level

of effectiveness of the Parent-Teacher Association and the academic performance of

pupils?

2. How may the PTA collaboration factors affect the effectiveness of Parent- Teacher

Association of publiccentral elementary schools in the Division of Bataan?

Significance of the Study

The results and findings of this study may be of value to the following: entities:

Pupils. Findings of this study will be beneficial to pupils, because the main objectives

and goals of this study are focused and centered for them. This will provide them harmonious

relationship with their parents and teachers, healthy environment in school and great effort from

their parents and teachers in providing quality education for them. With this regards, the pupils

will fully realize and understand that their parents and teachers are doing great effort in molding

and shaping them as a good person. This would somehow lead them to strive hard in studying

their lessons diligently, participate and cooperate actively in the classroom discussion and such

school activities and bring fame and honor to their school. In conclusion with this, the pupils will

have a healthy mind and sound body.

Parents. The parents will be able to see their children from a proper perspective. Knowing

their effectiveness in the association will help them provide quality education for their children.

Parents will become more aware and sensitive about their children’s needs. It gives them clearer

comprehension of good parenting through their involvement in all aspects of their child’s needs

regarding their studies.

Teachers. To the teachers, the significance of the outcome of this research will help them

to be more efficient and competent in the field of teaching. Being able to identify and realize by

the parents the ways on how to be effective in promoting quality education for their children will

help the teacher attain and achieve the teaching learning objectives. The teachers will realize,

understand, and appreciate better cooperation, help and support of PTA. Moreover, the

elementary school teachers may find this investigation a means for self-evaluation with regards

to their duties and responsibilities as an educator

 School Administrator. The administrator should be able to take insights from the study

on how they could achieve the objectives of the school in a fashion which is the most effective

way and at the same on to the teachers. It may serve as a springboard in maximizing the

effectiveness of the PTA in providing quality education.

Future Researcher. Data that will be gathered will also be beneficial to future

researchers. These will serve and make easy reference in the information of relevant research

endeavors.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study aims to determine the level of the effectiveness of the Parent -Teacher

Association of twelve public central elementary schools in the Division of Bataan as perceive by

parents and teachers in terms of project, programs, involvement of school activities, teacher-

parent relationship, parent-pupil relationship, follow-up pupil performance and

meetings/visitation for the school year 2015-2016. This study is limited to teachers and parents

of the twelve central public elementary schools in the Division of Bataan. The study involves one

hundred twenty- six parents and seventy teachers.

 Notes in Chapter 1

C. U. Cruz. Simplified Approach Principles of Methods of Research MELSON Publishing

Company Quezon City. (2005)
DepEd Order No. 23 Series, 2003

PTA - School by Laws and Constitution 2005

www.schooldays.ie/articles/role of the parents association

www.pbs.org/parents/going to school/parents role html

Toledo S E 2005 be a part of creating in your child’s new school

Retrieved July 26, 2012 from World Wide Web

 (3)

CONNECTING CODE-SWITCHING PRACTICES IN MATHEMATICS‘

CLASSROOM TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECONDARY
SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE DIVISION OF BATAAN SY 2016-2017

(Regression Analysis Design)

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
The most beautiful gift of God to human being is language. This is the major tool used by

an individual in communicating with other human beings, in different associations, institutions

and even to our Lord Almighty. Language plays a great role in creating a good communication

and good human relationship.

If there is no language, how can an individual understand each other clearly? It cannot be

pure sign language only, or sketches and drawing, color, smoke or creation of noise, or else there

will be no complete communication. In any form, oral or written, native or foreign, language is

the most powerful channel in maintaining either short or long happenings, events, activities and

other insights and experiences, historical or literary, political or social, religious, economics and

even in the field of science. Even the culture of a country can be relived or recorded through

language.

Through language, we can feel the intensity or passion of ones feelings, the depth of

sorrow, the magnitude of joy, the significance of reason, the goodness of reason, the truth in an

intention, the sincerity of gratitude, and other purpose that a person wants to convey.
 To facilitate learning, the general linguistics is the basis for scientific study of language.

Its focus is given to human language which is considered as universal, although we do not have a

language which can be considered as a common language of human kind.

Communication is the primary purpose why we use language, through this; persons can

exchange information, ideas, opinions and beliefs. This is the greatest part that a person

performs in a society.

In language studies, every now and then, the question, “What is the origin of language?”

is frequently asked. Any research about the origin of language always go back to nothing..

In many years, many innovations in curriculum planning have been proposed that offer

both novice and veteran teachers an array of alternatives. Games, yoga, juggling, and jazz have

been proposed as aids to language and other forms of learning, although the rapidly increasing

opportunities for computer-mediated communication hold promise for further integration of

communicative opportunities for learners.

Celce-Murcia (2006) on the use of mother tongue in the classrooms claims that” learners

who are accustomed to being taught exclusively in their mother tongue may at first be

uncomfortable if the teacher speaks to them in English, expecting them not only to understand

but perhaps to respond when this happens; teachers need to take special care. It help learners to

realize that they are not expected to understand every word any more than they are expected to

express themselves in native like English.

As stipulated in the Department Order No 31,s 2012, otherwise known as Policy

Guidelines on the Implementation of Grades 1 to 10 of the K to 12 basic Education Curriculum

(BEC) Effective school year 2012-2013, that “schools are challenged to implement the

guidelines in creative and innovative ways, for the curriculum can be localized without
compromising the philosophy of the total learner’s development.” Nevertheless Mathematics

teachers who frequently find themselves in a quandary; asking themselves if they are producing

students who perceive mathematics as an incomprehensible learning area, will hopefully have a

ray of hope through the results of this study.

This study will investigate the efficacy of the use of code-switching practices or from the

English language to the Filipino language use in teaching Mathematics. The researcher will

attempt to investigate the effects of deviating from the usual teaching of mathematics in the

English language, the real medium of instruction in teaching math.

Statement of the Problem

There has been a tremendous growth of problems in teaching different subjects in the

secondary school arising from lessons or concepts being taught in English as the medium of

instruction. One of this is Mathematics which is taught in English but teachers and students tend

to divert to the use of native language or mother tongueto understand more the lesson being

explained

According to Dearholt& Valdes-Fallis (2008), one of the major issues beingfaced in the

classroom, concerns language development and use of code switching by both teachers and

students. Code-switching, or the alternation of two languages within a single clause, sentence or

turn is a complex, rule-governed use of language which offers a unique opportunity for studying

some of the more complicated aspects of bilingual speech. While some teachers believe that

students should only speak in the target language or the assigned medium of instruction, others

are indifferent or flexible with regard to the language students’ use in the classroom. Many of

these teachers do not know to handle the situation or haven’t received adequate training to

understand this process. This research project investigated the teachers and students’ knowledge
about code switching and how they deal with it in the classroom with the purpose to identify the

need of further understanding of the subject being learned.

The general problem of this study is: What is the connection between code-switching

practices in teaching mathematics and the academic performance of students in the public

secondary school in the Division of Bataan SY 2015-2016?

Specifically this study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the students in terms of

1.1 age;

1.2 sex, and

1.3 monthly family income?

2. How may the code-switching of teachers and learners be described in terms of:

2.1 intersentential switching which occurs outside the sentence or the clause level

2.2 intrasentential switching occurs within a sentence or a clause

2.3 tag switching occurs within a sentence or a clause in the beginning, middle or the

end of a sentence.

3. How may code switching affect learning mathematics in terms of Grade Point

Average (GPA)?

4. Is there a significant relationship between code-switching and students performance

in Mathematics?

5. What is the implication of code switching to the performance in Mathematics of

students?

Significance of the Study

This study will be deemed significant to the following:

 Teachers. The findings of this study will help teachers to better understand the

importance of language development among students in mathematics via small and big group

activities on oral language for extensive use and deeper understanding of the interaction of

students during math class discussion. Moreover, they can better find ways to help students to

understand and enhance their mathematical abilities.

Students. Through the results of this study, students will be able to improve their lingua

franca and also the native language. They will also try their best to improve their English

language since this is the medium of instruction in mathematicsand mostly in other subjectsand

to have good opportunities to use the language for participation in natural communication.

Parents. Findings in this study will make parents to be aware of the situations in math

class of their children when it comes to interaction in different math activities. They can help

their children to understand assignments through proper language used.

School Administrator. Results of this study will serve as the baseline for other language

concerns related to math. Administrators will find ways to improve the Mathematics Remedial

Program. Improvement of students performance in mathematica will help raise the school’s

achievement.

Future Researcher. Results of this study will help future researcher of related topic to

use this as basis or reference for their study.

Scope and Delimitationof the Study

This study will investigate the code-switching practices of teachers and students in

teaching and learning method in mathematics to grade 9 students of Pablo Roman National High

School during the school year 2016-2017.

 The study will be limited to the profile of the learners in terms of age, sex and monthly

family income. The academic performance of the respondents will be described based on their

Grade Point Average (GPA). Tha code=switching practices will be classified according to:

Intrasentential, Intersentential and Tag switching.

The population of the study includes a sample of 92 male and 108 female with a total of

200 Grade 9 students at Pablo Roman National High School , School Year 2015-2016.

The respondents were selected through the use of Fish Bowl Technique to give chance to

the grade 9 students to be included in the selection process.

Moreover, the combination of regression analysis design will be used in this study.

In the attempt to determine the use of code-switching in teaching mathematics to grade 9

students, data will be obtained through class observations, survey questionnaire and unstructured

interview.. Implication of the use of code-switching to the academic performance of the students

will also be investigated.

 Notes in Chapter I

Dep Ed Order No. 31, s, 2012 Policy Guidelines on the Implementation of Grades 1 to
10 of the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) Effective School Year 2012-2013.
Celce-Murcia.Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language Thomson Asia ltd. 2006.

Dearholt&Valdes-Fallis,