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cq;fis te;jilfpwJ.
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nfhe;jspg;gpidaLj;J vOe;j Mopg;Nguiyfs;
flw; f iuNahuq; s py; trpj; j gy; y hapuf; f z-
f; f hNdhhpd; caph; f isf; fhT nfhz; l J
khj; j pukd; w p mNj vz; z pf; i fapyhNdhhpd;
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tplhky; vkJ ehl;L murhq;fj;jpd; murpaypYk;
jhf; f j; i j Vw; g Lj; j paJ. Mopg; Nguiyahy;
ghjpf; f g; g l; l tlf; F fpof; F kf; f Sf; F
epthuzq;fis toq;Fk;nghUl;L murhq;fk; vy;. hp.
hp. < ,dUld; Ghpe;Jzh;it Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lik
fhuzkhf mjw;F vjpuhf epd;w murhq;fj;jpd;
gpujhd gq; f hspf; f l; r pahd kf; f s; tpLjiy
Kd;dzp murhq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpaJ. rhpj;jpuk;
KOtJk; ,lk;ngw;W te;jijg;Nghy kPz;Lk; xU
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rig Mtzj; i jf; n fhz; L eP j pkd; w k; nrd; w
ehl;Lg;gw;Wilath;fs; 50 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf
,e;ehl;L murpay; rhpj;jpuj;jpy; njhlh;e;Jk; rpq;fs
Nghpdthjj; j pd; Nghf; i f kP z ; L k; xU Kiw
ep&gpj;Jf;fhl;bdhh;fs;.
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mbjbfs; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhdNj xopa
Njh;jYf;fhdjy;y. Mopg;Nguiyahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kf; f spy; ngUk; g hd; i kahNdhh; ,d; d Kk;
eph; f ; f jpahf tplg; g l; L s; s dh; . ,th; f spilNa
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kj;jpapYk; ngUk; Jauj;ij mDgtpf;f Nehpl;Ls;sJ.
gps;isf;F fpilf;Fk; ghy;khitNaDk; tpw;W
kJTz; L vy; y hf; ftiyfisAk; kwe; J tpl
mNefkhd Mz; f Sf; F Kbe; J s; s NghJk; >
,g;ngz;fs; mth;fsJk; mth;fs; gps;isfsJk;
1 ;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
vjph; f hyj; i j kyur; n ra; a ghLgl; L k;
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khjq;fshf ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fSf;F tp[ak;
Nkw;nfhz;L mq;Fs;s ngz;fSld; fye;Jiu-
ahbajd; gadhf ,tw;iw mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
vJ vt; t hwhapDk; > murpay; t hjpfSf; F
thf;Ffisf; Nfhhp ,k;kf;fspd; fhybfSf;Fr;
nry;y mjpH\;lk; fpl;Ltjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kf;fSf;F VjhtJ fpilf;ff;$Lk;. cz;ikapy; ,J
thf;Ffis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Xh; Vkhw;W
eltbf; i fNa xopa mth; f is kP z ; L k;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd cjTf;fuk; my;y vd;gjw;F
vd;d cj;juthjk;?
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njhlh; g py; NkYk; NkYk; fijg; g jw; F k;
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murpay; t hjpfSf; F tha; g ; G f; fpilj; J s; s J.
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chpikfis ntd; n wLg; g jw; f hd Xh; cd; d j
tha; g ; g hf mikj; J f; n fhs; t hh; f shdhy; mJ
,t;turpay;thjpfs; mth;fsJ nray;ghLfis
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g;gjhfTk; mikAk;. ,J njd;dpyq;if kf;fis
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kf;fl;njhFjpahf epd;W tYthf ,ij vjph;nfhs;s
KbAkh? mjw;fhf mth;fSf;F topfhl;lf;$ba
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,dthj rf; j pfspDila gpbapy; rpf; f hk-
ypUg; g jw; F k; ,dthjk; Njhw; f bf; f g; g lTk;
Ntz;Lkhapd; me;j tha;g;gpid rptpy; r%fq;fs;
jdjhf;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gy ,dj;Jt kf;fs;
tho;fpd;w gy nkhopfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w
gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fSf;F chpikNfhUk; kf;fs;
trpj; J tUk; xU ehl; b y; khw; w j; i j
nghWikAlDk; khw; w j; j pw; F kjpg; g spj; J jk;
rkj;Jtj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ cz;ikapNyNa
fbdkhdnjhU gzpah? ,e; j fbdkhd
gzpiaj; n jhlu ehk; jahuhfTs; N shnkd
vk;kplNk Nfl;Lg;ghh;gN ; ghk;.
 ÿƒV_ tpLf;Fk;
miw$ty;!
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e; j Mz; b y; vk; midthpdJk;
f ; i fg; gazj; j py; tYthd
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa flw;NfhshdJ ,yq;if
jpUehl; i lj; jhf; f p miuahz; L fle; J s; s
,r; r e; j h; g ; g j; j py; nrhy; vdg; g Lk; ,t; t pjo;
cq;fis ehbtUfpd;wJ. ,f;fhy vy;iyf;Fs;
mNeftpjkhd Jd;gq;fis mDgtpj;Jj; jk;
tho; f ; i fia kP z ; L k; fl; b naOg; G tjw; F
Kaw;rpf;fpd;w flw;Nfhshy; eph;f;fjpahf;fg;gl;l
njw;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fisr; Nrh;e;j
kf; f s; n jhFjpapdUld; ehq; f s; gy; N tW
nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;Nlhk;. tho;tpd; Vida
midj;Jj; Jiwfisg;Nghd;W ,q;Fk; ngz;fs;
njhlh;gpy; epyTk; nksdKk; ftdkpd;ikAk;
kPz;Lk; vkf;Fj; njl;lj;njspthf czh;j;jg;
gLfpd;wJ. jdJ kidtpiaAk;> gps;isiaAk;
mr; R Wj; j p flw; N fhs; epthuzq; f is tpw; W
kJtUe; J k; je; i jkhh; kw; W k; kidtpia
,oe;jjd; fhuzkhf jw;NghJ gps;isfSf;Fj;
jha; je;ij vd;w ,UNtWgl;l ebgq;ifAk;
epiwNtw;wg; ghLgLk; tpuy;tpl;L vz;zf;$ba
je;ijkhh;fisAk; vk;khy; mtjhdpf;fKbe;jJ.
kf; f s; neUf; f b kpf mjpfkhfTs; s
Kfhk;fspy;$l jdpj;Jtk; gw;wp fLfsNtDk;
rpe; j pf; f hJ jd; kidtpf; F my; y J NtnwhU
ngz; Z f; F clYwT nraw; g hLfspy;
<LgLkhW typAWj;Jk; Mz;fs;> jd;Dila
vz;zj;jpd;gb tise;JnfhLf;fhj ngz;fis
Jd; G Wj; j pg; gyhj; f huq; f is VW; g Lj; J k;
Mz; f s; gw; w pAk; ehkwpNthk; . Kfhk; f spy;
Vw; g Lk; ghypay; gyhj; f hu rk; g tq; f s;
njhlh;ghd nghyp]; Kiwg;ghLfs; gjpag;g-
l;Ls;s mNjrkak; Kfhk;fspypUe;Jk; jw;fhypf
tP l ; L j; njhFjpfspypUe; J k; ntspNaWk;
ngz; f spd; ghJfhg; g pw; F ghhpa mr; R Wj; j y;
epyTfpd;wik njspthfpd;wJ. rpy Kfhk;fspy;
Fspg; g jw; F Kfhiktpl; L ntspNawpr;
nry; y Ntz; b apUg; g ij vz; Z k; N ghJ>
,e; e piyapd; mghaj; j d; i k njspthf; f g; g l
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
Ntz;Lk;. jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ngz;fSk;
,y; y j; j urpfSk; rhpepfuhf Nehf; f g; g Lfp-
d; w hh; f sh ,y; i yah vd; w gpur; r id
,JtiuAk; vk; i ktpl; L mfytpy; i y.
epiyahd FbapUg; G fSf; f hd fhzpfisj;
njhpTnra; A k; NghJk; FbapUg; G f; f is
eph; k hzpg; g jw; F cjtpfis toq; F k; N ghJk;
njhopy; f is kP s fl; b naOg; G tjw; F f;
flDjtpfis toq;Fk;NghJk; ngz;fSf;Fg;
ghugl; r k; fhl; L khW ,yq; i fr; rl; l g;
Gj; j fj; j py; vt; t plj; j pNyDk; vOjg; g lhjp-
Ug;gpDk; ,lh; nfhLg;gdTfis eph;zapf;Fk;
gytPdkhd cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; kj;jpapy; ,t;thW
ngz; f is ghugl; r khf Nehf; F k; jd; i k
fhzg; g LtJ Fwpj; J ehk; Mr; r hpakil-
tjw; f py; i y. mth; f Sk; rKjhaj; j py; epyTk;
jpl;lq;fis kjpg;gth;fshfTs;sdh;. mjdhy;
RahjP d khd ]; j puj; j d; i k njhlh; g py;
ngz; f Sf; F s; s chpikfs; gw; w p mth; f s;
ek;gpf;if nfhs;tjpy;iy.
flw;NfhSf;F gpd;duhd Gdh;eph;khd kw;Wk;
kP s ; F bakuT nraw; g hl; b Ds; NghplUf; F
Kfk; n fhLj; J s; s kf; f Sld; vt; t pj
fye; J iuahly; f isNah tpthjq; f isNah
Nkw;nfhs;s tha;g;Gf;fs; mw;Wg;NghapUg;gjd;
gadhf ,t;thwhd gy rpf;fy;fs; vOe;Js;sd.
midj; J KbTfisAk; Nkw; n fhs; S k;
nraw; g hLfs; nfhOk; i g ikakhf
nfhz;bUj;jy; kw;Wk; mr;nraw;ghLfs; mur
cj;jpNahfj;jh; my;yhj jug;gpdhplk; nrd;wil-
e;Js;sik fhuzkhf gpur;ridfs; nkd;NkYk;
rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. mur ,ae;jpuj;jpd;
nraw;ghl;il NkYk; [dehafg;g+h;tkhf;fy;>
kjpf;fj;jf;f kdpj chpikahf;fy; jw;fhy rKjha
KiwikapdJk; eph; t hfj; j pdJk; gpujhd
neUf; f bahfTk; rthyhfTk; cs; s J. mur
gzpapy; murpay;kakhf;fy;fspd; nry;thf;F kpf
mjpf gq; f spg; i g nrYj; j pAs; s ,yq; i f
2
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$h;ikahdJ. Nehf;FNthk;. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwr;
rk;gtq;fs; ehSf;Fehs; mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;tjhf
jw;NghJ ehq;fs; flw;Nfhs; Gdh;eph;khzk;
nghyp]; mwpf;iffs; njspthf Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;w
gw; w pa GjpaNjhh; mj; j pahaj; j pw; F s;
NghjpYk;> jdJk; jd; gps;isapdJk; tho;f;if
gpuNtrpj;Js;Nshk;. ehl;by; kpfg;nghpa murpay;
ghjpf;fg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; td;Kiwf;F ,yf;fhFk;
neUf; f bia Vw; g Lj; j p ehl; L kf; f s;
xU egh; nghyp]; epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W ePjthd;
rkhjhdj;jpy; gw;Ws;sth;fsh my;yJ Nghh;ntwp
xUthpD}lhf ghJfhg;ig ehLthuhapd; vkJ
nfhz; l th; f s; vd; w FOf; f shfg; gphpj; J
czh; T fs; mbg; g ilapy; mJ tho; t jw; F
[dhjpgjp mth; f s; tlf; F kw; W k; fpof; f py;
ghJfhg; i gj; N jLk; xU eltbf; i fahFk; .
flw;Nfhshy; mopTz;l MW khtl;lq;fis
vdpDk; vq; f s; ghuhSkd; w mq; f j; j th; f s;
cs; s lf; F k; tifapy; flw; N fhs; epthuzr;
,JthdJ Nkiyj;Nja ehLfspy; tpje;Jiuf;-
rignahd;iw mikg;gjw;Fg; ghpe;Jiu nra;Ak;
fg; g l; l rpe; j idfis gug; G tjw; f hdJk;
tpjj;jpy; ‘nghJf;fl;likg;G” gw;wpa cld;gb-
mj;NjhL FLk;gq;fis gpsTgLj;j mwpKfg;
f;ifia vy;.hp.hp.< ,dUld; ifnahg;gkpLtjhf
gLj; j pa xU rl; l %ynkd tiutpyf; f zk;
njhptpj;jhh;.
nra;jdh;.
jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;if
FLk; g j; i j th; z pg; g th; f s; mf; F Lk; g -
rdehafkakhf;fYf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
j; j pDs; Vw; g Lfpd; w ghypay; ,k; i rfs;
kw; W k; Nguoptw; F Kfk; n fhLj; J s; s
gyhj;fhuq;fs;> td;Kiwfs; gw;wp mwpahjpU;f;f
kf;fSila fUj;Jf;fSf;F Kd;Dhpik toq;fp
tha; g ; g py; i y. njhpe; J njhpe; J k; me; j f;
flw; N fhSf; F g; gpd; d uhd kP s ; f l; L khd
nfh^uj; i j jhq; f pf; nfhz; L vg; g bahtJ
eltbf;iff;Fg; gpuNtrpj;jpUg;gJ cz;ikapy;
tho; e hs; KOtJk; FLk; g mikg; i g
ghuhl; l j; j f; f J. flw; N fhs; epthuzk;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mth;fs; Nfh\k; vOg;gpathW
njhlh;ghd gpNuuiz tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;ifr;
cs;sdh;fs;.
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tpUg; g pDk; mjD}lhf cUthf; f g; L k; mNjrkak; ,d; D nkhU jug; g pdh;
Kd; D jhuzq; f s; ,Uf; F khapd; mit ngz;fsJ chpikfs; njhlh;ghd rl;l%yj;-
njw; f pYk; nry; t hf; F r; nrYj; J nkd; g jpy; jpD}lhf fUr; r pijthdJ rl; l g+h; t khf; -
Iag;ghby;iy. flw;Nfhs; fhuzkhf kpfTk; fg; g Ltnjd njhptpj; J mr; r l; l %yj; j pw; F
mjpfkhf ghjpg;Gw;w gpuNjrq;fspy; (Vw;gl;Ls;s vjpuhf kf; f s; fUj; j wpa Kaw; r pg; g ij
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khfhzq; f spy; ,lk; n gw; w pUg; g jhf Gs; s p kfg; N gw; W r; Rfhjhuk; kw; W k; Foe; i jg;
tpguq; f s; njspTgLj; j pAs; s d) thOk; > gy gpurtj; j y; njhlh; g hd jP h ; k hdq; f is
tUl fhykhf epytpa Aj;jk; fhuzkhf gy vLg;gjw;F chpikAs;snjd mr;rl;l%yj;jpy;
f\;lq;fSf;Fk; jho;Tf;Fk; ,yf;fhd ,yq;ifg; Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s J. ,J midj; J yf
gpui[fis kP z ; L k; xUikg; g hl; L murpd; kl;lj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; kdpj chpik
mutizg;gpw;Fs; nfhz;LtUtjhFk;. rl; l jpl; l khFk; . 21Mk; E}w; w hz; b y; cyf
r%fj;jpdUld; rhpepfuhf mku Ntz;Lkhapd;
ngz;fs; vd;w hPjpapy; ehq;fs; midtUk;
vkf; F ,e; j r; rh; t Njr rl; l jpl; l q; f is
rkhjhd tpUk;gpfshf nraw;gLfpd;Nwhk;. mJ
Vw; W f; n fhs; s Ntz; b apUf; f pd; w J. vdpDk;
xU rpWghd; i kapdhpd; rpe; j idahf
Jujp\;ltrkhf vkJ rpy murpay;thjpfs; ,d>
Nehf; f g; g Lk; fhyj; i jg; Nghd; N w mJ
Fy Ngj eltbf;iffSf;Fk; kpNyr;rj;jdkhd
ngUk; g hd; i kapdhpd; rpe; j idahftpUe; j
nray;fSf;F mg;ghy; nry;y tpUk;ghjth;fs;
fhyj; j pYk; ehq; f s; Vfkdjhf Aj; j j; j pw; F
NghYk; . kP z ; L k; kP z ; L k; Aj; j j; j pw; F k; >
Ngr;Rthh;j;ij mbg;gilapyike;j jPh;nthd;-
mopTf;Fk; ,uj;jk; rpe;jTk; miog;G tpLf;Fk;
Wf; f hf Kd; d pd; W nraw; g l; L s; N shk; .
mth;fis Njhw;fbj;J kdpjNeaKs;s rKjha-
fl;lhaj;jpd;Nghpy; ehq;fs; clyhy; Jauj;ij
nkhd;iw Nehf;fp vk;ikAk; vkJ Njrj;ijAk;
mDgtpg; g jd; fhuzkhf ehq; f s; fl; l ha
,l;Lr;nry;y Ntz;ba jPh;f;fkhd re;jh;g;gk;
murpaiyAk; td;KiwfisAk; vjph;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
,J. ,f;ifq;fhpaj;jpw;F Kfk;nfhLg;gjw;fhf
vkJ tho; f ; i fg; ghlkhdJ vq; f sJ
ehL KOtjpYk; thOk; gy; y pd kw; W k;
fUj; J f; f is epuhfhpf; F k; tpjk; F wpj; J
kjq;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; rkhjhdj;jpy;
fw;Wj;jUtjhy; ehq;fs; [dehafj;jpw;fhff; Fuy;
gw; W s; s [dehafthj FOtpdiu vk; k hy;
vOg; G fpd; N whk; . vkf; n fjpuhf jiyJ}f; F k;
xd;Wjpul;l KbAkh vd;gJ ,d;W vk;kj;jpap-
rf;jpfs; gy. mit kpfTk; tYthdit.
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Xh; cjhuzkhf ehq; f s; ,y; y j; J
Rdp y h mNgNrfu
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3 ;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
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rl;ltiuT
md;idia MuhjpfF; k;
kidtpia
mbj;JnehUf;Fk;
fyhrhuj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf
FLk;gj;jpd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
midtiuAk; nfsutpf;Fk; xU
rl;l%yk;.
FKjpdp rhKNty;
xU ngz;zpay;thjpadh ,th;
kdpj chpikfis ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhfTk;
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eP q ; f s; ,y; y j; J td; K iwia vt; t hW
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tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ehq;fs; kfsph;
,af;fj;jpYk; kdpj chpikfs; ,af;fj;jpYk;
jiyaP L nra; t jD}lhf nghJthdnjhU
tiutpyf;fzj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;Nshk;. mjw;Nfw;g xU tPl;bDs;
trpf; F k; FLk; g j; j pd; Xh; mq; f j; j tuhy;
kw; w tUf; F Vw; g lf; $ ba ,k; i rfs; my; y J
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;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
re; j p g ; G
cly; cs hPjpapyhd my;yJ ghypay; ,k;ir-
fshfTk; ,Uf; f yhk; . clYf; F vjpuhf
eilngWk; nray;fisAk;> cly; cs hPjpapyhd
td; K iwr; n ray; f isAk; ehd; cly; > cs
hPjpapyhd njhy;iyfnsd;Wk; cs hPjpapyhd
njhy; i yfnsd; W k; njhptpj; J s; N sd; . ,it
rpwpastpyhd jhf; F jy; f spypUe; J kP z ; L k;
kP z ; L k; njhlUk; ghuJ}ukhd jhf; F jy; f s;
tiu cf; f pukilayhk; . mNjNghy ehd;
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czh; e ; J ,jw; F NkYk; rpy fhuzpfis
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neUq;fpa njhlh;Gfis itj;Js;s ,UtUf;-
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jpUkznkhd; w pDs; ghypay; gyhj; f huq; f s;
,lk; n gwyhk; . jd; tpUk; g hj Kiwapyhd
ghypay; nray; g hl; b y; <LgLkhW
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4
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ifahs Kbahj gl;rj;jpy; tPl;Lr; nryTfis
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mit eilngw;WtpLnkd;w mr;rk; fhzg;gL-
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tpjpfs; Nfhitapy; gy; N tW ge; j pfs;
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sg;gLk; midj;Jr; nray;fSk;
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vdf;fUjp mtw;wpYs;s jPh;Tfis ,tw;Wf;F
5 ;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f KbahJ. ,y;yj;J td;Kiwfs;
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rl; l nkhd; W my; y J rl; l hP j papyhd
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,y;iynad ePq;fs; fUJfpwPh;fsh?
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NghJkhditahf ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhNyNa
kfsph; ,af;fk; ,t;thwhdnthd;wpd; mtrpaj;ij
typAWj; j paJ. eP j p mikr; R > kfsph; tptfhu
mikr;R Nghd;w mur mikg;Gf;fs; Nghd;W
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spypUe;Jk; itj;jpaj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwapd;
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Nehf; F k; NghJ ,J ghhpanjhU gpur; r id
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td;KiwfSf;F ,yf;fhfp ngz;fs; kuzpj;j
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ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd ngz;fs; td;Kiw-
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mspg; g jw; F r; Rfhjhu Nritf; F ghhpa epjp
xJf;fPl;il Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
,y;yj;J td;Kiw rKjhaj;jpy; rhpahd
kl;lj;jpYs;s ngz;fis ghjpf;Fk; xU
gpur;ridah?
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kpf ,yFthf mtjhdpf;ff;$ba xU tplak;.
,J rKjhaj; j pd; midj; J kl; l q; f spYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vio th;f;fj;jpdUs; ,jid
kpf mjpfstpy; mtjhdpf;f KbAnkd;w fUj;J
epytpdhYk; ,J gzf;fhu> eLj;ju> Vio vd;w
th;f;fg;ghFghbd;wp midj;J juhjuj;jpYKs;s
ngz;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; xU tplak;. mNjNghy;
,ij xU FLk; g j; j pDs; ,lk; n gWk;
jdpg;gl;lnjhU tplankd fUjp ngUk;ghYk;
ntspf; f hl; l hjpUf; f Kaw; r p nra; A k;
epiyikAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ngz;fs;
mth; f sJ tP L fspy; jpdKk; Kfk; n fhLj; J
tUfpd; w epiyikfNs xopa XhpU Kiw
elf; F k; tplaky; y . ngz; f s; ngUk; g hYk;
,JFwpj; J fijg; g jpy; i y. ,jd; fhuzkhf
tP l ; b Ds; Fiwe; j mjpfhuj; J ld; ,Uf; F k;
ngz;fSf;F ,ilA+W tpistpf;f> jhf;Fjy;
njhlu KbAnkd Mz;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTk;
rpe; j idapy; cWjpg; g hL Vw; g Lk; . ,J
,r; n raw; g hLfSf; F vjph; g ; i gf; fhl; l hj
gl;rj;jpNyNa Njhd;Wk;.
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mikg; i gf; > $l; l ikg; i g rP h ; F iyf; f
tpUk;ghik> gps;isfSf;Fk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk;
,jdhy; mtJ}W Vw;gl;LtpLnkd;w rpe;jid>
tYthdnjhU nghUshjhukpd;ik (jq;fptho;g-
th; f shf ,Uj; j y; ) kw; W k; td; K iwahf
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fhuzkhf gphpe;Jnry;tjpy; tpUg;gkpd;ik Mfpa
tplaq;fs; fhuzkhf ,J kiwe;Js;s Fw;wkhf
khwpAs;sJ.
jw;NghJ xU rl;ltiuthf rkh;g;gpf;fg;g-
l;Ls;s ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;
gpujhdkhd tpilaq;fs; vit?
jw;NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fr; rkh;g;gpf;fg;-
gl; L s; s ,y; y j; J td; K iwfSf; n fjpuhd
rl; l k; tpNrlkhf ,y; y j; J td; K iwfis
jLg; g jw; f hf Kd; i tf; f g; g l; L s; s xU
rl;ltiuntdyhk;. mJ xNu jd;ik tha;ej ; xU
rl; l ky; y . ehq; f s; kfsph; mikg; G f; f shf
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cs; s lf; f g; g ltpy; i y. ,e; j rl; l j; j py;
tiuaWf; f g; g l; l xU Jiw kl; L Nk
cs; s lf; f g; g l; L s; s J. ,jd; % yk; xU
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;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
tpz;zg;gnkhd;iw rkh;g;gpj;J ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
jdJ ghJfhg;igf;fUjp ,ilf;fhy ghJfhg;Gf;
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fl;lisapd;%yk; vjph;ghh;ff ; g;gLtJ ahnjdpy;
Fwpj; j td; K iwr; nraypy; <LgLk; egiu
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kPwg;gLkhdhy; mLj;jgbahf 12 khjq;fSf;F
nry;YgbahFk; epiyahd fl;lisnahd;iw
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. epiyahd fl;lisia
kPwp me;j egh; njhlh;eJ ; k; td;Kiwr; nray;fspy;
<Lgl; l hy; nghyprhhpd; jiyaP l ; b D}lhf
tof;Fj; njhluTk;> jz;lid mDgtpf;fTk;
tha;g;Gz;L. Vw;fdNt njspTgLj;jpa tpjj;jpy;
,e; j ,ilf; f hy kw; W k; epiyahd
fl; l isfspd; %yk; ghjpf; f g; g l; l egUf; F
tP l ; b Ds; njhy; i yfSf; F > ,k; i rfSf; F
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tha;gg ; spf;f vjph;ghh;ff; g;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid xU
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Mshd egUf;F khj;jpukpd;wp> ,k;ir ghjpg;G
,lk;ngWk; jUthapYs;s epiyikapypUf;Fk;>
mJ njhlh;gpy; mr;rj;JldpUf;Fk; xUtUf;Fk;
eP j thd; kd; w nkhd; W f; F r; nrd; W ghJfhg; G
fl;lisnahd;iw ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
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fl;lis vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;F
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elf;Fk;?
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,U thuq; f Sf; F s; tprhuiz nra; a g; g l
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jz; l id tpjpfs; Nfhitapd; 16tJ
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vd njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik> ,d;W ghuhSk-
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rl; l j; j pd; rpwg; g k; r khFk; . mj; N jhL
,r;rl;lj;jpy; xU egh; cly; my;yJ cs hPjpapy;
Jd;gg;gLtjhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ td;Kiwahd
nranyd tiutpyf; f zg; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s J.
cs hP j pahd ,k; i r xU tUj; J k; nranyd
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6
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td;Kiwahf fUjg;gLk;.
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7 ;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
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;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
murhq; f k; khw; w k; ngw; w jhy; ghuhSk-
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tpNrlkhf kf; f s; tpLjiy Kd; d zp
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9 ;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002

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;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002 01

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q ePz;l fhykhf Njitapy; y hj mj; N jhL Fzg; g Lj; j Kbahj xU
fhzg;gLk; ,Uky; Neha;j;jd;ik my;yntd;gJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l kUj;Jtf;
my;yJ Fuypy; Vw;gLk; fUj;jhFk;.
khw;wk; ,e;epiyapYk;$l Nehapd; Muk;gf;fl;lj;ij ,dk;fz;L
q Fzkilahj Gz; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L nraw;gLjy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. vdpDk;
q nfhg;Gsq;fs; gUf;fs; tpsf;fkpd;ik my;yJ ftdk; nrYj;jhik ngUk;ghYk;
my;yJ ghYz;zpfspy; eilngWfpd; w xU tplakhFk; . xU Kiy kw; i wa
jpBnud;W Vw;gLk; khw;wk; Kiyiatpl mstpy; nghpjhf ,Uj; j y; my; y J xU
my;yJ Jhpj mjpfhpg;G Kiyf;fhk;ghdJ kw;iwa Kiyf;fhk;Gld; xg;gpLk;NghJ
q khh;gfq;fspy; my;yJ tpj; j pahrkhf ,Uj; j y; kw; W k; ntt; N tW tpjkhf
iffspy; nfhg;Gsk; mike;jpUj;jy; nghJthd jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wNghJk;
my;yJ fzkhjy; mNefkhd ngz;fs; ,t;tp;lak; njhlh;gpy; kpfTk; Fiwthd
q Nahdp Jthuj;jpypUe;J
tpsf; f j; J lDs; s hh; f s; . mNjNghd; W ,aw; i fahf
,ay;G epiyf;F khwhf epfof;$ba khw;wq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;Jitj;jpUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
FUjp my;yJ rPjk; ngz;fSf;F mth;fsJ clypy; Vw;gLk; ,aw;iff;F khwhd
ntspahjy; jd; i kfs; Fwpj; J ,dk; f hZtjw; F s; s tha; g ; G f; f s;
mjpfkhfpd;wd.
q rpWePh; my;yJ kyk;
fopf;Fk;NghJ toikf;F khh; g fg; Gw; W Neha; f ; f hd mwpFwpfs;
khwhd NtWghL my;yJ
kyj;Jld; FUjp q khh;gfq;fspy; nfhg;Gsq;fs; Vw;gly; my;yJ rh;kj;jpd;
ntspahjy; cl;Gwj;jpy; fdkhjy;
q neLq;fhykhf fhzg;gLk; q Kiyf;fhk;gpypUe;J FUjp my;yJ ahNjDNkhh; jputk;
mrPuzk; my;yJ ntspahjy;
tpOq;Ftjpy; rpukk; q khh; g fr; rh; k j; j py; Vw; g Lk; khWjy; f s; ; (rh; k khdJ
cs;Nehf;fp RUf;Fjy;> Njhlk;goj;jpd; Njhy; Nghd;w
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;jy;)
nghJthf epfof;$ba eltb-
f; i ffspy; NtWghl; i l q fkh;fl;Lg;gFjpapy; epzePh;f; fl;Lf;fs; cUthjy;
mtjhdpj; j gpd; cldbahf q Kiyf;fhk;igr; Rw;wpAs;s rh;kj;jpy; khw;wk; njd;gly;
itj;jpaiu ehbj; Njitahd q %d;W khjfhyj;jpDs; vt;tpj fhuzq;fSkpd;wp cly;
rpfpr; i rfisAk; mLj; j fl; l epiw 10% My; Fiwtiljy;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhuzj;ij
eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfh- Vfkdjhf $wKbahj NghjpYk; nghJthf
s;tjd;%yk; rpwe;j ngWNgW- khh;gfg;Gw;WNeha;fSf;F gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.
fisg; ngw; W f; nfhs; s
q kugZj;jhf;fk; - jhaplkpUe;J kfSf;F> rNfhjhpfS-
KbAk; . nghJthdJk;
f; f pilapy; my; y J ,ul; i lr; rNfhjhpfSf; f pilapy;
ntt; N twhd Gw; W Neha;
Jhpjkhf tsh;e;JtUk; mghak; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
tiffSf; f hd NtWgl; l
NehawpFwpfisAk; jd; i kf- q czTj;jhf;fk; - mjpfstpy; khkprk; kw;Wk; nfhOg;G
isAk; ,dk; f hz KbAk; . vd;gtw;iw cztpy; Nrh;j;jy;
mNjNtis ,tw; W s; q cl;Rug;gp (N`hh; N khd; jhf; f k; ) - Fiwe; j tajpy;
ngz;fSf;Nf chpj;jhd Neha;- gUtkiljy; fhuzkhf mjpfstpy; <];u[d vdg;gLk;
j; j d; i kfnsd khh; g fg; cl; R ug; g p cUthFjy; . ,jd; jhf; f k; fhuzkhf
Gw; W Neha; kw; W k; fUg; i g Kiyfspy; nfhg; G sq; f s; cUthjy; kw; W k; mit
Gw; W Neha; tiffisf; tsh;r;rpailtjd; fhuzkhfTk; tajhd gpd;dh; mit
Fwpg;gplyhk;. guTtjd; tpisthfTk; mjpfsT cl;Rug;gpfspd; jhf;fk;.

11 ;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002

q rpy re; j h; g ; g q; f spy; Kiyfspy; ,lk; k hwpkhwpj; fUg; i gg;
Njhd; W k; nfhg; G sq; f s; my; y hj capuZf; f s;
Gw;WNeha;f;fhd Kjy; epiy mwpFwpfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. Gw; W Neha;
q khh;gfg; Gw;WNeha; Vw;gLtjw;fhd mjpf mghaKs;s
,e;Nehia mNefkhNdhh;
ngz; f s; ,Uf; f pd; w NghJk; nghJthf Vidath; -
ntl;fj;jpdhy; my;yJ rKjha-
fSld; mth;fis xg;gPL nra;Ak;NghJ mth;fSf;F
j; j pypUe; J vOk; Fuy; f Sf; F
Gw;WNeha; Vw;gLtjw;F mjpf tha;g;Gf;fs; cs;sd.
mQ; r p Muk; g f; f l; l q; f spy;
q Kg; g J taJ g+h; j ; j paile; j gpd; d h; tpthfk; kiwj; J tpLk; Nghf; F
nra; J nfhs; s hj ngz; f Sf; F mt; t anjy; i yapd; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt xU
gpd;dh; KjyhtJ gpurtk; ,lk;ngWk; ngz;fSf;Fk; ngz; z hdts; ,t; t hW
q NtW VjhtnjhU tifahd Gw;WNehahy; gPbf;fg;gl;L- mQ; r j; N jitapuhj xU
s;sth;fSf;F my;yJ gPbf;fg;gl;bUe;j ngz;fSf;F Nehnad; g ij Fwpg; g pl
kw;Wk; Ntz;bAs;sJ.
q xU Kiyapy; Gw;WNeha;j;jhf;fk; cs;sth;fSf;F xU ngz; z pd; ,dg;
khh;gfg; Gw;WNeha; Vw;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij vt;thW ngUf; f j; n jhFjpapy; xU
,dk;fhZtJ vd;w Nfs;tpf;F 'khHgfq;fis RakhfNt mq; f khd fUg; i gapd;
ghprPypj;jy;" kpfr;rpwe;jJk; ,yFthdJkhd tpilakhFk;. fOj; J g; g Fjp fUg; i gapd;
ngUk; g hyhd khh; g fg; Gw; W Nehahsh; f spd; Neha; j ; j - fP o ; g Fjpapy; mike; J s; s
d;ikfis Muk;g fl;lq;fs; (mz;zsthf 50%) mth;f- mNjNtis mJ jirfshy;
shNyNa ,dk;fhzg;gl;Ls;sik rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. Mf; f g; g l; L s; s J. khjtplh-
apd; NghJ FUjp FUjpf;
jq; f isg; g w; w p jhq; f Ns mf; f iwAld; ,Uj; j y; fyq; f spd; $Wfs; vd; g d
fbdkhd xU tplaky;y. ngz;fs; vd;wtifapy; khjj;jpw;F ,t; t opapD}lhfNt ntspNa
xUKiw cq;fs; Neuj;jpy; Kg;gJ epkplq;fis ,jw;fhfNt tUfpd;wd. gpurtKk; ,t;top-
xJf;f tha;g;G fpilf;Fkhdhy; mJ NghJkhdNj. ,jw;fhd apD}lhfNt ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.
Neuj;ij xJf;f Kbahnjd vtNuDk; xUth; njhptpg;gjh- nghJthf ,uz;L jPf;Fr;rpfs;
ftpUe;jhy; cz;ikapNyNa mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj xU msTila xU Foha; .
tplak; . Vndd; w hy; vkf; F vkJ Njitapd; nghUl; L ,e;Neha;ff ; hd Neha; mwpFwpfs;
vt;thNwDk; Neuj;ij xJf;f KbAk;. vdNt ePq;fNs mjd; vd tpNrlkhf vijAk;
mghak; vj; j ifanjd rpe; j pAq; f s; . Rakhd ghprP y id Fwpg;gpLtjw;fpy;iy. toikf;F
xd;Wf;fhf ePq;fs; fz;zhbapd; vjpNu epy;Yq;fs;. ,uz;L khwhd tpjj;jpy; Nahdpf; Foha;
iffisAk; jiyf; F Nkyhf cah; j ; j pagb (mt; t hNw topapy; FUjp ntspahjy;
iffis ,Lg; g py; itj; J k; ) ghprP y id nra; a yhk; . gpujhdkhd mwpFwpahFk; .
mNjNghd; W eP u hLk; N ghJ Kiyfspd; jd; i kfis vdNt khjtplha; epd;w gpd;dh;
ghprPypf;fyhk;. ,uz;L iffspdJk; tpuy;fspd; cjtpAld; Vw;gLk; rpwpasT ,uj;jf;frpT
Kiyfis Nja; j ; J (tyJif tpuy; f shy; ,lJgf; f njhlh; g hfTk; njspTlDk;
KiyiaAk; ,lJ iftpuy;fshy; tyJgf;f KiyfisAk;) mtjhdj; J lDk; ,Uj; j y;
fkf;fl;L gFjpiaAk; ghprPyid nra;aKbAk;. ngUtpuy; Ntz;Lk;.
kw;Wk; Rz;Ltpuypd; cjtpAld; Kiyf;fhk;ig nkJthf
gpope;J ,uj;jk; my;yJ NtW VjhtJ jputk; ntsptUfpwjh mNjNghd; W
vd;gij ghprPypAq;fs;. epj;jpiuf;Fr; nry;yKd; tyJgf;f q clYwtpd; gpd;dh; ,uj;jk;
NjhSf;F fPohf jiyaiznahd;iw itj;J tyJifapy; ntspahjy; (kpfr;rpwpa
rpuiritj; J ,lJ ifahy; tyJgf; f KiyiaAk; msNtahapDk; tpopg;Gld;
mNjNghd;W ,lJgf;f KiyiaAk; ghprPyid nra;Aq;fs;. ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;)
,t;thW xt;nthU khjj;jpw;Fk; xUKiw khjtplha; q khjtplha; ,lk;ngw;w
Kbtile; J xU thuj; j pd; gpd; d Uk; . khjtplha; gpd;dh; Nkyjpfkhf Nahdp
epd;WNghAs;sth;fs; khjj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l xU jpdj;jpy; FohapypUe;J FUjp (xU
jq;fs; Kiyfis ghprPyid nra;aNtz;ba mNjNtis JspNaDk;) ntspahjy;.
NkNy Fwpg; g pl; l VjhtnjhU NtWghL ,Uf; F khdhy;
kUj; J th; xUtiu ehb Njitahd MNyhridfisg; q NahdpapypUe;J rPjk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; cq;fSf;F mD$ykhf mikAk;. ntspahjy; (FUjp fye;J-
s;s Jh;ehw;wKila rPjk;

;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002 21

 mjpf Jh;ehw;wKila rPjk;>
FUjp fye;j rPjk;)
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lit Nghd;w
Neha; mwpFwpfis mtjh-
dpj; j hy; mij Muk; g
fl; l j; j pNyNa Fzg; g Lj; -
jptplyhk; vdNt cldbahf
itj; j pah; xUtiu ehl
Ntz;Lk;. typ> epiwFiwjy;>
fisg;G Nghd;w NehawpFwpfs;
NehahdJ Muk;g fl;lj;ijj;
jhz;b Fzg;gLj;j Kbahj-
gl; l rj; j py; Njhd; W k; .
mNefkhd ngz;fs; ntl;fk;
fhuzkhf nksdj; i jf;
filg;gpbj;jhYk; ghJfhg;gw;w
epiyapypUe; J kP s Ntz; L -
khdhy; cq; f spd; ftdKk;
mf; f iwAk; kpfkpfj; Njit-
ahdJ vd; g ij epidtpy;
itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
khh;gfg; Gw;WNeha;
Vw;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij
vt;thW
,dk;fhZtJ vd;w
Nfs;tpfF ;
'khHgfq;fis
RakhfNt ghprPypjj ; y;'
kpfr;rpwe;jJk;
,yFthdJkhd
tpilakhFk;.
ngUk;ghyhd
khh;gfg;
Gw;WNehahsh;fspd;
Neha;jj; -d;ikfis
Muk;g fl;lq;fs;
(mz;zsthf 50%)
mth;fshNyNa
,dk;fhzg;gl;Ls;sik
rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.
31
fUg; i gg; Gw; W Neha; Vw; g Ltjw; f hd
fhuzq; f s ;
q gyUld; clYwT itj;jpUf;Fk; nraw;ghL ,J kpf
ghuJ}ukhd tpisit cz;lhf;Fk;. gy;NtW egh;fSld;
clYwT itj; j pUf; F k; ngz; f Sf; F mt; t hwy; y hj
ngz;fistpl Nkyhd ghJfhg;gw;wjd;ik fhzg;gLk;.
mNjNeuk; ngz;dhdts; mg;gbapy;yhj gl;rj;jpYk; Mzpd;
nraw; g hL mt; t hwpUg; g pd; mt&lhf mg; n gz; Z f; F
ghJfhg;gw;wjd;ik Njhd;Wk;.
q rl; l tpNuhjkhd Kiwapy; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Lk; fUf;
fiyg;Gf;fshy; Vw;gLfpd;w mnrsfhpaq;fshy; vw;gLk;
jhf;fk;
q ghYWg; G rhh; e ; j ,lq; f spy; fhzg; g Lk; njhw; W f; f s;
fhuzkhfTk; mRj;jk; fhuzkhfTk;
NkNy Fwpg; g plg; g l; l fhuzq; f shy; Vw; g lf; $ ba
fUg; i g Gw; W Neha; Vw; g l; L s; s J vd; g ij vt; t hW
,dk; f hz; g J vd; w gpur; r id ,Uf; f yhk; . ,e; N ehapd;
Muk;gfl;lj;jpy; mjid ,dk;fhz tha;g;Gs;s mNjNtis
mij Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfgl;r tha;g;Gk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,jid 'gg; ghpNrhjid" (PAP TEST) thapyhf
,dq;fhzyhk;. fUg;igapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l capuZf;fis
ghpNrhjid nra; J fhzg; g Lk; jd; i kia mwpaKbAk;
,g; g hpNrhj-idapd; N ghJ ve; j tpj Ntjid my; y J
mnrsfhpaq;fs; fhzg;glhj mNjrkak; FWfpa fhyj;jpy;
,g;ghpNrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;
re; N jfk; rpyNtisfspy; (cq; f s; clypDs; fUg; i g
Gw; W Nehapd; Muk; g epiy fhzg; g l; l hy; ) rhpahf
mikaf;$Lk;. mNjNghd;W vt;tpj khWghLk; ,y;yhJ>
,ay;ghd jd;ikiaj; jPh;khdpf;fTk;> rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
njhw; W my; y hj Gw; W Neha; my; y hj NtnwhU Nehia
,dk;fhz mJkhj;jpukpd;wp tpj;jpahrkhd capuZf;fis
mtjhdpf; f f; $bajhf ,Uj; j y;
Nghd; w gpujhd Fwpf; N fhSf; F
mg; g hw; g l; l NtW Neha; f isAk;
,dq; f hZk; tha; g ; G 'gg; " (PAP)
ghpNrhjid %yk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
fUg; i gg; G w; W NehahdJ
gy; g hpkhdq; f spy; guTtij
mtjhdpf; f Kbtjdhy; mjd;
Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; ,dq;fhZtjd;
%yk; kpf ,yFthfr; rpfpr;iraspj;J Fzg;gLj;j KbAk;.
nfhQ; r k; nfhQ; r khf clypd; vy; y h ghfq; f Sf; F k;
gutpa Gw; W Nehapd; capuZf; f s; fhzg; g Lkhdhy;
mt;thwhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Fzg;gLj;j KbAnkd $WtJ
fbdkhdJ. fUg;igapd; Nkw;Gwj; jl;by; Muk;gpf;Fk; ,e;j
Neha; mg; g Fjpapy; kl; L k; rpy tUlq; f Sf; F eP b j; J
rpyNtisfspy; jhdhfNt kiwe; J tpLtjw; f hd
re;jh;g;gq;fisAk; fhzKbAk;. vt;thNwDk; jhkjpg;gjhy;
vt;tpj mD$yKk; Vw;glg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; Vw;fdNt
Fwpg;gpl;l khWgl;l mwpFwpfs; fhzg;gLk; ngz;ndhUth;
,Ue;jhy; Gwf;fhuzq;fs; my;yJ czh;Tfs; njhlh;ghf
rpe; j pg; g ijtpl cq; f s; Nehapd; epiyik kw; W k; cq; f s;
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
NjfhNuhf;fpak; njhlh;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
kWgf; f j; j py; clYwT itj; j pUf; F k; xt; n thU
ngz;Zk; xU tUlj;jpw;F xUKiwNaDk; NkNy
Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s "gg; " ghpNrhjid nra; J
nfhs; s tij tof; f khff; nfhs; t hh; f shapd;
mjD}lhfg; gyhgyd; f isg; ngw; W f; n fhs; s
KbAnkd;gJ kwf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nthd;wy;y. ePq;fs;
Kg;gJ taJ g+h;j;jpaile;j mNjNtis tpthfkh-
dtuhf ,Ue; j hy; Vw; f dNt Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s
tplaq;fs; njhlh;gpy; tpopg;Gld; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Vndd; w hy; ,e; j NehahdJ tajhdth; f Sf; F
Vw;gLtjw;fhd Nghf;F mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jiykaph; kw;Wk; efq;fs; jtpu clypd; VjhtnjhU
ghfj; j py; Vw; g lf; $ ba '' Gw; W Neha; ' ' gw; w p
ngUk;ghyhNdhh; jtwhd rpe;jidAld; Nehf;Ffpd;-
whh; f s; . mjdhy; rKjhaj; j pd; ghYs; s ntl; f k;
fhuzkhf Nehia kiwj; j y; eP q ; f s; cq; f Sf; F nra; J
nfhs; S k; ghuJ}ukhd tpisthFk; . '' tpidg; g ad; ' ' Gw;WNeha; Xh;
vdf; f Ujp kdij tUj; J tijtpl Muk; g epiyapy; Ml;nfhy;yp Nehnad
NtWghl;il czh;e;jTld; re;Njfk; Vw;gl;l kWfzNk
itj;jpah; xUtiu mZf kwe;J tplhjPh;fs;. Nehnahd;Wf;F rpe;jpg;gth;fs;
rpfpr;ir aspg;gijtpl mJ Vw;glhj tifapy; ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;
,Uj; j y; Kf; f pakhdJ vd; g ijAk; > vk; k hy;
fl; L g; g hl; L ld; ,Uf; f f; $ ba re; j h; g ; g q; f spy; mJ cz;ikf;F
mj;jpatrpakw;w tplaq;fspypUe;J vk;ikj; jtph;j;Jf;nfh- Gwk;ghd xd;W
s;sf;$ba ftdKk; Njit.
Vndd;why;
typ czug;glhJ fhzg;gLk; Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; Fwpj;j
ghpNrhjidapd; %yk; Nehia ,dk;fz;L Fzg;gLj;j
Muk;gfl;lj;jpy;
Kbe;jhYk; mjpfkhNdhh; VjhtnjhU tifiar; rhh;e;j ,dk;fhzg;gLk;
Gw;WNeha; Vw;gl;Ltpl;lhy;; nra;tjw;F xd;WNk ,y;iy Gw;WNehiaf;
nad; W k; kuzk; kl; L Nk vQ; r papUf; f pd; w J vd; W k;
rpe;jpf;fpd;whh;. Fzg;gLj;jptpl KbAk;.
,urhad kUe;Jg;nghUl;fs;> fjph;fs; %yk; rpfpr;ir
Mfpatw;wpD}lhf Gw;WNeha; caph;f;fyq;fis mopj;jy;>
tsh;r;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp epWj;Jjy;> kw;Wk; rj;jpur; rpfpr;ir
xg;gpLk;NghJ mit Nghd;w gy
%yk; rpfpr; i r mspf; f KbAk; . rj; j pur; rpfpr; i r %y
klq; F (E}W klq; f hapDk; )
Gw;WNeha;f; fyq;fs; fhzg;gLk; gFjpfis; mg;Gwg;gLj;jy;
nryT Vw; g Lk; jd; i k
kpfr;rpwe;j rpfpr;ir KiwahFk;. vdpDk; gutpAs;s tpjk;
Gw;WNehapy; fhzg;-gLfpd;wJ.
kw;Wk; Gw;WNeha; fhzg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g ,q;F rpy
mnrsfhpaq; f s; Njhd; w f; $ LnkdpDk; > mt; t hwhd ftiyaP d k; > mwpahik
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Vida rpfpr;ir KiwfspypUe;J kpfr;rpwe;j my; y J NtW ve; j nthU
Kiw njhpTnra;ag;gLk;. Nehiaj; jPh;khdpj;jy; kw;Wk; fhuzj; j hYk; rpfpr; i r
rpfpr;iraspg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy; itj;jpaUf;Nf ,Ug;gjhy; ngWtjpy; eP q ; f s; jhkjk;
itj; j pa MNyhridfspd; gpufhuk; nraw; g Ljy; fhl; b dhy; chpa Ntisapy;
kpfr;rpwe;jjhf mikAk;. jFe; j eltbf; i f vLf; f g; g -
lhtpl;lhy; ePq;fs; jhkjkhfNt
jq;fSf;F Neha; vw;gLtjw;fhd mghak; ,y;iynad
,Ue; J tpl; B h; f s; vd; g ij
rpe;jpj;J ,e;j NehAld; njhlh;Ggl;l tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J
tUj;jj;Jld; njhptpj;J-f;nfhs;s
ftdk; nrYj; j hjpUg; g ij tpl; L tpl; L ve; N euKk;
Ntz;b-As;sJ.
tpopg; G lDk; ftdj; J lDk; ,Uq; f s; . mJ cq; f Sf; F
khj; j pukpd; w p xl; L nkhj; j rKjhaj; j pw; F k; nra; A k; itj;jpah; - jpU are;jh Mhpauj;jd
NgUjtpahf mikAk;. rhjhuzkhd xU Nehapd;nghUl;L gzpg;ghsh;> gw;WNeha; xopg;G gphpT
nryT nra;Ak; fhyk;> ciog;G kw;Wk; gzk; vd;gtw;Wk; Fwpg;G - rkP ypadNf

;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002 41

 cÁ¶ ∂]ÔV´D
c d; i dg; ghh; f ; f K]; y P i kg; Nghy;
njhpatpy;iy. mayth;fs;> filfspy;
njhopy; Ghpgth; f s; ; > tpw; g idg; gpujpepjpfs;
kw;Wk; vd;Dila Xl;Ldh; gapw;Wtpg;ghsUk;
fle;j rpy tUlq;fshf vd;Df;F ,f; $w;iw
njhptpj;J tUfpd;wdh;. vd;Dila nldpk; ePs;
fhy; r l; i l> hP - Nrl; kw; W k; kiwf; f g; g lhj
vd;Dila $e;jypd; %yk; mth;fs; $WtJ
ahnjdpy; ehd; xU ,]; y hkpa ngz; i zg;
Nghy; cLf;ftpy;iy vd;gNj.
,d; W cz; i kapy; gy K]; y P k ; kf; f s; >
ghh; f ; f ,]; y hkpah; f s; vd $WksTf; F
cLf; f pd; w dh; . ‘`p[g; ’ vdg; g Lk; Kf; f hL
mjDld; $l tUk; jhb mj; N jhL FUj; j h
mzpe;j Mz;fs; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs;> K];yPk;
vd ,dq;fz;L nfhs;Skstpw;F #o;epiyaia
mth;fs; cLf;Fk; cilfs; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
1980fspy; ,t;Til ,yq;iff;F mwpKfg;gLj;-
jg; g l; l jpypUe; J ‘`p[g; ’ ghdJ fLk;
Nghf;fhsh;fspdhy; mzpag;gLk;> ntWkNd
xU Nkir tphpg;igg; Nghd;w XU Kf;fhbypUe;J
,d; W gy th; z q; f s; > tbtq; f s; kw; W k;
tpjq; f spyhd thpfisf; nfhz; l Xh;
etehfhP f khd mq; f paha; khwpAs; s J.
gy; y hapuf; f zf; f hd kf; f s; mjid ,d; W
mzpfpd;wdh;. ,t;thwhd Kf;fhLfs; kw;Wk;
`ghah]; Nghd;w MilfSf;fhd tpw;gid
epiyaq;fs; cs;sd. vjph;khwhf ,t;thwhd
Milfis mzpahj Mdhy; jhq; f s;
,];yhkpah;fs; vd;;gij njspthff; fUj;jpw;
51
nfhz; L nraw; g Lk; E}w; W fzf; f py; my; y J
gy;yhapuf;fzf;fpyhd K];yPk;fs; cs;sdh;.
Mdhy; ,d;W mtHfs; ngUk;ghd;ikapduh-
fTk; (vd ehd; ek;GfpNwd;) ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
fhl; r pg; nghUshf ntspg; g Lj; j g; g lhjth; -
fshfTk; cs;sdh;.
1980spy; ,e;ehl;by; rpq;fs NjrpathjKk;>
jkpo;g; gpuptpidthjKk; cUntLf;f mNjhL
njhlh; G gl; l ,]; y hkpa fLk; N ghf; f pd;
cUthf;fhj;ij mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. Mj;Jld;
1970fspy; fhzg; g l; l jpwe; j nghUshjhuf;
nfhs; i f fuzkhf gy r%fj; j py; rpf; f y; -
fisAk; NkLgs;sq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpd. ,jpy;
Kf; f pakhfj; Njh; r ; r p ngw; w kw; W k; ngwhj
K];yk P ; njhopyhsHfs; kj;jpafpof;F ehLfSf;F
Nkw;nfhz;l gazj;ijf; $wyhk;. mf;fhyf;
fl; l j; j py; <uhdpa kw; W k; rT+jp mNugpa
Jhjufq; f s; ,]; y hkpa epfo; T fSf; F epjp
cjtpfis mspj;Jk;> ,];yhkpa FOf;fs; kw;Wk;
ghlrhiyfSf; F Fuhd; f is md; g spg; g hf
nfhLj;Jk; te;jd. cilfis khw;wpaikf;Fk;
Kaw;rpAld; ghy; gphptpidia filg;gpbj;jy;>
FuhDf;Fl;glhj rlq;F Kiwfis xopj;jy;
kw; W k; > ,]; y hkpw; F l; g lhJ nry; t hf; F
nrYj;Jk; tof;fq;fisr; Rj;jpfhpj;jy; Nghd;w
nraw;ghLfisAk; kf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
,yq; i fapy; thOk; K]; y P k ; kf; f s;
jhypfl; L k; tof; f khdJ> Xh; ,e; j pa
rk; g pujhankd fUjp mjidf; iftpl; l dh; .
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
gpwe; j ehs; nfhz; l hl; l q; f s; filg; g pbf; -
fg;gltpy;iy. Gifg;glnkLj;jyhdJ ‘`uhk;’
kw;Wk; cUt topghlhfTk; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
K]; y P k ; tof; f q; f isAk; kuGfisAk;
gpd;gw;Wtjpy; Fiwfisf; nfhz;l tPLfSf;F
nrd; W rhpahf ,]; y hkpa tof; f q; f is
gpd; g w; W tjw; F cjtp nra; J Nghjpf; F k; rpy
FOf;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. epjp epWtd chpikah-
sh; f Sf; F NtW tifahd th; j ; j fq; f is
Nkw; n fhs; s mwpTWj; j y; tpLf; f g; g l; l J.
K]; y P k ; kf; f s; tq; f pfspy; njhopy; Ghptij
‘`p[g;’ gw;wpa ngz;fspd; fUj;J kpfTk;
typikahdJ. ,ij cLg;gjd; %yk; K];yPk;
r%fj; j pd; xOf; f newpia NgZtjw; F
gq;fspg;G nra;tjhf ehd; fijj;j gy ngz;fs;
njuptpj;jdh;. jq;fSila clk;G KOtijAk;
kiwj; J ,]; y hkpw; f hf jhq; f s; xU ngUk;
jpahfj;ijr; nra;tjhf czh;fpd;wdh; vdTk;
njhptpj;jdh;. 1 fl;Lg;ghlw;w ghypay;gpdhy;
r%fj;jpw;F Vw;gl$ba ghjpg;ig jtph;f;fNt
‘`p[g;’ cLf;fg;gLfpd;wnjd ,];yhk; njspthf
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; ‘`p[g;’ mzpAk;

vjph;j;jdh;. 1980 kw;Wk; 1990fspy; ngz; f Sf; F > mth; f spd;

,d;W gy K];yPk;
fhzg; g l; l ,t; T zh; r ; r p kf;fs;> ghh;ff
;
,r; n raw; g hL rl; l G+h; t khd
NtfkhdJ XusT jzpe; J ,];yhkpah;fs; vd epahankdf; nfhs;syhk;. N`hkh>
fhzg;gl;lhYk;> rKjhaj;jpd; rpy $WksTf;F vd; w cjtpf; fzf; f P l ; l hsuhf
gFjpfspy; ,];yhkhdJ mikg;G cLf;fpd;wdh;. '`p[g" gzpGhpAk; Xh; ngz; k zp
vdg;gLk; Kf;fhL
Kiwf; F -l; g Lj; j g; g l; l xd; w hf r%fj; j pd; xOf; f newpia
mjDld; $l tUk;
fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. ,jd; ntspg; - jhb mj;NjhL FUj;jh guhkhpg; g J ngz; f spd; flik
ghlhf ,t; T ilNa fhzg; g L- mzpe;j Mz;fs; nadTk; mjdhy; Mz; f Sf; F
fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ‘`p[hg;’,y; gy Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs;> Mir fhl; b j; Jhz; L tijj;
K];yk P ; vd
tiffSz;L. ,itahtd ifapd; jtph;j;jy; mtrpak; vdf; $wpdhh;.
,dq;fz;L
kzpf; f l; i lAk; fZf; f hiyAk; nfhs;Skstpw;F kdpjdpd; rhPuj;jpd; nray;fisg;
kiwf; F k; MilAld; mzpAk; #o;epiyaia nghUj; j tiuapy; Mz; f Ns
Kf; f hL> Nkyq; f p my; y J mth;fs; cLf;Fk; gytP d khd ghy; th; f ; f nkdTk;
`ghahTld; mzpag;gLk; Kf;fhL cilfs; mjdhy; ‘`p[g;’ mzptJ ngz;fs;
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
kw; W k; ghuk; g hpa fWg; G r%fj;jpw;F Mw;Wk; xh; fliknad
`ghahTlf; $ba jiyiaAk; ep]h vd; w iof; f g; g Lk; Xh;
Kfj; i jAk; kiwf; F k; fUg; G Kf; f hL Mrphpia $wpdhh;. NkYk;> ngz;fs; fth;r;rpahf
Nghd; w itfshFk; . tiffs; NtWg; g l; b - cLf; F k; nghOJ mth; ngz; f istpl
Ug;gpDk; Njhw;wk; xd;iwNa jdpj;JtgLj;jp Mz; f isg; gw; w pAk; > ,t; t hwhd epiyia
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Kf;fhil mzpAk; tpjkhdJ Mz;fs; vt;thW ifahSfpd;wdh; vd;gijAk;
mij mzpgthpd; K];ypk; jd;ikia njspthf Muha;e;J mjpfk; rpe;jpg;gjhfTk; $wpdhh;.
vLj;J fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,d;W K];yk P ; tho;fi
; fapy;
%d; W Mz; gps; i sfspd; jhahd ,th;
,JNthh; md;whl Njhw;wkhf njd;gLfpd;wJ.
,d; i wa ghy; gphptpid nraw; g hLfs;
Kw; N ghf; F r; rpe; j idfis nfhz; l FLk; g -
tUj;jj;jpw;Fhpait vdf; $wpdhh;. mthpd; %d;W
q; f Sk; ,]; y hkpa tof; f q; f spy; eLepiy
Mz; gps; i sdSk; jq; f Sila xd; W tpl; l
Ngzfpwth; f Sk; $l> milahsf; Fwpg; g hf
rNfhjhpfNshL goFtijf; fhz;gJ kpfTk;
jq; f s; FLk; g q; f spy; ngz; f s; Kf; f hL
mhpJ vd tpsf; f pdhh; . jhd; rpWgps; i sahf
NghLtij cWjpgLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
,Uf; F k; nghOJ jd; D ila xd; W tpl; l
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002 61
rNfhjuh; f Sld; jpwe; j ntspapy; fphpf; f l;
tpisahbaijAk;> ,d;Wk; $l mth;fSld;
xU ey;y njhlh;ig itj;jpUg;gijAk; Rl;b
fhl;bdhh;. ,d;iwa ,isa jiyKiw FLk;g
tho; f ; i fapy; xh; Kf; f pa mk; r nkhd; i w
njhiyj;J tpl;lijg; Nghy czh;tjhf mth;
NkYk; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. Mdhy;> Gjpa ,];yhkpw;F
ntspg; g ilahff; Fuy; nfhLf; F k; ,sk;
Atjpahd N`hkh Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lij Xh; ngUk;
,og; g hff; fUjtpy; i y. ‘gpd; d hs; Nahrpj; J
tUj;jg;gLtij tpl ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;stNj
Nky; ’ vdf; $wpdhh; . N`hkhtpw; F ngz;
gps;isfs; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ,t;thW Nahrpg;ghuh
vd tpdhtpanghOJ> ,y;iy vd Gd;difAld;
xj; J f; nfhz; l hh; . fz; itj; j pa epGzuhd>
khpdh upig jdf; F g; ghy; gphptpidapy;
ek; g pf; i fAs; s njd njhptpj; j hh; . kdpjg;
gpwtpfs; top jtwp nry; t J ,ay; G vdTk; >
,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfis jtph;j;J elg;gJ kpf
mtrpankd fUj;Jj; njhptpj;jhh;.
mbg; g ilthj ,]; y hk; eilKiwapy;
filg; g pbf; f g; g l; L tUk; gpuNjrq; f spy;
ngz; f is mikg; G Kiwf; F l; g Lj; j pa Xh;
mlf;FKiwf;fhd ghlE}yhfNt gy re;jh;g;-
gq; f spy; cs; s J. Nkw; f j; N ja ehLfspdhy;
$wg;gLk; ‘tpLjiy’ vd;w ; rhjhuz nrhy;ypyf;f-
zkhdJ Mg; f hdp]; j hd; ngz; f s; kw; W k;
jypghidAk; nghWj; j tiuapy; xU
kilikahd cjhuzk;. ,t;thwhd Ma;Tfs;
,g; n gz; f spd; tho; t pYs; s rpf; f y; f is
rpwpjsNt vLj; J fhl; L fpd; w d vdg; gyh;
jh;f;fpf;fpd;wdh;.2 ‘`p[g;’ mzptij Njhe;nj-
Lf;Fk; nghOJ Vw;gl;l mjd; Fwpf;NfhSf;fhd
czh; T jtph; f ; f nthz; z hj xU tplakhf
,g; n gz; f Sld; NgrpanghOJ njhpe; J
nfhz;Nld;. ,g;ngz;fs; $Wk; r%f flikf;F
mg; g hy; Gdpj caph; j ; J wT vdg; g Lk;
nfhs; i ff; f hd caph; j ; j pahfKk; ,jDs;
mlq;Fk;. ‘`p[g;’ mzptJ ,d;gkspf;fpd;w Xh;
tplakhf vtuhapDk; vj; j Uzj; j pyhtJ
$wtpy;iy. ,U Foe;ijfspd; jhahd 33 taJ
\`pyh `p[g; mzpahjth;. vdpDk; mt;thW
mzpgth; f isg; ghuhl; L k; mNjNtis
Jujpu;\;ltrkhf jhd; ,d;Dk; mt;thwhd xU
mh;g;gzpg;ig Nkw;nfhs;sj; jahuhf ,y;iy
vdf;$wpdhh;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mijf; filgp-
bf; F k; czh; T mtUf; F s; cs; s J. `p[g;
mzptijapl;L ngz;fspd; fUj;ij tprhhpj;j
nghOJ njhptpj; j $w; W f; f s; gpd; t UkhW>
‘mjdhy; vdf; F vt; t pj gpur; r idfSk;
Vw;gltpy;iy’> ‘mt;thW cLf;f Ntz;L nkd;gJ
vd; D ila gy ehs; Mir’> kw; W k; ‘mij
cLg;gjpy; vt;tpjf; f\;lKk; ,y;iy’. rhjfkhd
gjpyfNsh my;yJ mij cLg;gjpypUe;J xUtpj
,d; g j; i j czh; t jhfNth njhpatpy; i y.
71
‘my;yh> ehis Kjy; `p[g; mzpa Ntz;ba
Njit ,y;iy vdf;$wpdhuhapd; ehd; kpfTk;
kfpo;r;rp-ailNtd;’ vd khpdh upig $wpdhh;.
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ngz;fSf;fhd ,];yhkpa fy;tp epiyaj;jpid
Muk; g pj; j tuhthh; . rKjhaj; j py; ,g; G jpa
cilkhw;wj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y mauhJ
cioj; j th; . `p[g; gw; w pa mtuJ fUj; j py;
njspthfTs; s hh; . `p[g; Xh; t[pg; my; y J
ghh;y’; 3 vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. ‘,J ahuhYk; Nfs;tp
Nfl;f gl Kbahj flg;ghlhd flikahFk;.
tpsf; f g; n ghUs; NtWghL kw; W k; gy
fUj;Jf;fSld;> ,J gw;wp Iak; njhptpf;Fk; gyh;
cs;sdh;... mg;gbahdhy; ,J rk;ge;jkhf $wpa
cNykh xUtuhtJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;
fle; j 1500 tUlq; f shf mJgw; w p $wpa xU
cNykh $l ,Uf;ftpy;iy. `p[g; Njitap-
y;iy vdf;$wpa xU ngz; cNykhTk; ,y;iy.
Vnddpy;> mJ my;yhtpd; Neubahd njspthd
fl;lis’ vd NkYk; njhptpj;jhh;.4
‘`p[g;’ kpfTk; mz;ikf;fhykhfNt ek;
ehl; b y; mwpKfg; g Lj; j g; g l; l J vd; w
vd;Dila $w;iw upig kWj;jhh;. mJ K];yPk;
ngz;fspd; cilfspy; xU gFjpahfj; njhd;W
njhl;L ,Ue;J te;jnjdTk; ty;yuR ehLfspd;
CLUty; > etP d kakhf; f y; > kw; W k; ngz; f s;
fy;tp rk;ge;khf mz;ikf;fhykhf vLf;fg;gl;L
tUk; tuyhw;Wg;G+Htkhd Kaw;rpfs; Nghd;w-
tw;wpd; fhuzkhf mJ ,y;yhky; NghdjhfTk;
typAWj; j pdhh; . fpl; l j; j l; l 30 (1950ypUe; J
1980tiu) tUl fhykhfNt ,yq; i fapy;
,r;nraw;ghL Fiwe;jpUe;jhfTk; mth; $wpdhh;.
,d; W Fuhdpd; kP s ; f z; N zhl; l khdJ ,r;
nraw;ghl;il kPs cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,J cyfk;
KOtJk; eilngWk; xu; tplakhFk;.
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kw; W k; xNu tpjj; j pyhd cilAk; > tFg; G
kl; l j; j py; xU tifahd xw; W ikia
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njhopy; G hpAk; fP o ; k l; l eLj; j u th; f ; f
ngz;fSf;F ‘`p[g;’ Xh; epiyahd nghUshjhu
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ngz; k zp jdJ `p[g; f is jhNd ijj; J f;
nfhs; t jhy; Rkhh; 500 UghiaNa nryT
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ghh; f ; f kypT. ‘fy; a hz tP l ; L f; F vd; d
cLg;gnjd vz;zp tUj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Njit
vdf;F ,y;iy’ vd;whh;. `p[g; Xh; ghJfhg;ghd
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r`pah $Wfpwhh;. ‘g]; tz;bfspy; Mz;fs;
kw; w th; f s; kP J ,bg; g J> Nja; t J Nghd; w
Nrl;ilfis vq;fSld; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;iy.
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
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Jbg; g hd Mh; t k; Fiwe; J s; s J. flTSld;
jdpg; g l; l hP j papy; njhlh; G s; s J vd
vz;ZNthh; njhlh;e;J `p[g; mzpfpd;wdh;.
mth; f s; nka; a hd ,]; y hkpah; f shf
MrPh;tjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; vd vz;zp mt;thW
nraw; g lhjth; f is vz; z p mr; r k; nfhs; f p-
d;wdh;. `p[g; mzptij Vw;W nfhs;shjth;fs;>
jq;fSila flTs; xU fUizkpf;fth; vdTk;
vjphghh; f ; F k; rpwpa jtWfis fz; f hzpj; J
fhty; nra; t ij tpl Kf; f pakhd NtW
tplaq;fspNyNa mth; fUj;jhf ,Uf;fpwhh; vd
ek; G fpd; w dh; . ,th; f s; rkaj; j pd; Gdpjj;
jd; i kiag; NgRfpd; w mNjNtis ghy;
epiyapy; fLQ; r P h ; j pUj; j k; nra; t ij gw; w pa
Kd;dPLghL xU Nfypj;jdkhd tplak; vd
czh; f pd; w dh; . ,t; t hwhd rpf; f y; f is
fLikahf vjph;g;gth;fspy; ntspg;gilahd
rpyh; `p[g; cLg; g th; f isAk; ,t; t hwhd
cilfisAk; ‘`P g P [P g P ’ vd Vsdg; g Lj; j p>
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cLg;gjdhy; ,f;fWg;G Nkyq;fpfs; clYf;F
Vw; g Lj; J k; Rfhjhuf; nfLjp Nghd; w tw; i wg;
gw;wpAk; rpe;jpf;fpd;wdh;. rPh;jpUj;jk; mtrpakhf
Nkw; n fh-s; s gl Ntz; b a Xh; tplak;
,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,dpNky; tUk; ehl;fspy; Jd;Gw
Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gLk; vd gy Mh;tKs;s
,];yhkpah;fs; kw;wth;fSf;Ff; $w Ntz;ba
nghWg;ig Vw;Ws;sdh;. ghthil rl;il> [Pd] ; ;
uP-Nrl;> Nriy kw;Wk; ry;thh; cLg;gijg; gw;wp
,th;fs; $r;rg;gltpy;iy.
K];yPk; ngz;zhf nghJ kf;fspd; Kd;
elkhl xU ngz; jd; D ila jiyia
kiwg;gJ mtrpak;. rpy rkaq;fspy; ngz;fs;
Kf; f hL mzptJ mtrpak; . NkYk; > K]; y P k ;
ghlrhiyfspy; Kf;fhil rPUilahf mikg;G
Kiwf; F l; g Lj; J tjhy; `p[g; mzptij
tof; f khff; nfhz; l Xh; jiyKiwia
cUthf; F tjw; F cjtpAs; s J. jq; f Sila
ngw;Nwhh; mth;fSila kjj;ij ,t;tpjj;jpy;
filg; g pbg; g J vd; g ij neQ; r wpe; N j njhpT
nra; J s; s dh; vd; g J mth; f s; mwpahj Xh;
tplak; . jd; D ila kjj; i jg; gpd; g w; w p
mjDld; Xh; ey;y njhlh;ig cUthf;f gy
topfs; cz; n ld; g ijAk; > jq; f Sila
flTs;gw;iw Cf;Ftpf;f ngz;fs; mjpfkhd
kw; W k; rpy rkaq; f spy; Njitapy; y hky;
jpahfq; f is nra; f pd; w dh; vd; g ijAk;
,j; j iyKiw mwpe; j pUf; f tpy; i y. `p[g;
mzpAk; ngz;fSf;F ,aq;Fk; Rje;jpuKk; ruPu
Rje;jpuKk; kWf;fgl;Ls;sikahy; rkj;Jtkw;w
epiy njd; g Lfpd; w J. ,d; W gyUf; F gy
tplaq;fs; Kd;dpUe;jijg; NghyNt my;yJ
mg;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ epajp.
Jujph;\;ltrkhf> ,t;thwhd eilKiwfSf;F
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
rKjhaj; j pd; gy Kw; N ghf; f hd gFjpfs;
Mf; f G+h; t khd rthy; f is tpLg; g jpy; i y
mj; J ld; xU tpjj; j pyhd gphptpid
Vw; g Lfpd; w J. ,d; W K]; y P k ; f s; ntt; N tW
cilfis cLg; g ij Njh; e ; n jLg; g jhdhy;
xUtiunahUth; mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy; rpf;fy; epiy
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
fPo; fhzg;gLk; fij vd;Dila ez;gh;
xUthpdhy; $wg; g l; l J. njd; khfhz
vy; i yg; G w N`hl; l ypy; gfy; ,isg; g hwpf;
nfhz; b Ue; j Ntisapy; vdJ ez; g h; xU
K]; y P k ; rpWkpiaAk mtspd; je; i jiaAk;
flw;fiuapy; fz;lhh;. mr;rpWkp Kf;fhL> FUj;jh
kw; W k; eP s ; f hy; r l; i l mzpe; J fiuapy;
tpisahbdhs;. mtSila ngz; cwtpdh;fs;
N`hl; l ypd; eP r ; r y; F sj; j pd; mz; i kapy;
Fsph; g hdk; mUe; j pathW jq; f Sila Foe; -
ijfis ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ePr;rYil
mzpe;J flw;fiuapy; ,isghhpf; nfhz;bUe;j
vd; D ila ez; g pAld; mr; r pWkp Ngr
Muk;gpj;jhs;.
mtUila ngah; vd;d vd mts; Nfl;f
vd;Dila ez;gp ‘irDg;’ vd gjpyspf;fpwhs;.
,ijf; Nfl;l mr;rpWkp tpag;gpy; Ms;fpwhs;.
‘mJNthh; K]; y P k ; ngauy; y th! mJ
vq;fSila ngah;fspy; xd;W> mJ cq;fSila
ngauhf ,Uf;f KbahJ!’
‘mJ vd;Dila ngah; jhd;’ vd vd;Dila
ez;gp $Wfpwhs;
‘Mdhy; ePq;fs; K];yPk; ,y;iyNa!’
‘Mdhy; ehd; xh; K];yPk;’ vd vd;Dila
ez;gp gjpyspj;jhh;.
gh;rhdh `dPgh
1. `p[g; njhlh; g hf Kf; f hL mzpe; j kw; W k;
mzpe; j puhj K]; y P k ; ngz; f s; gyUld;
ciuahbNdd; . ntt; N tW taJ kw; W k; tFg; G
kl;lq;fspYs;s njhopy;GupAk; ngz;fs;> FLk;gj;
jiytpfs; kw; W k; NtW ngz; f Sk; ,th; f Ss;
mlq;Fth;. ,th;fspy; rpyh; `p[g; mzptjw;Fr;
rhh;ghfTk;> rpyh; mjw;F vjpuhfTk; Ngrpdh;.
2. K]; y P k ; Ml; r pKiwfs; gy vjph; f ; f f; $ ba
tiuaiwfis Vw; W f; nfhs; t jhy; ,jd; %yk;
nrhy;ypf;fz gz;Gfis ngw KbAkh vd;w Nfs;tp
Nfl;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. K]; y P k ; f s; gpd; g w; w Ntz; b a gy
nraw; g hLfisNa ‘t[pg; ’ my; y J ‘ghh; y ; ’ vd
miog;gh;. jPhf;fjuprpapd; nraw;ghLfisAk; mjdhy;
rfy K]; y P k ; f Sk; gpd; g w; w Ntz; b a
fl; l haj; i jANk ‘Rd; d h’ Fwpf; F k; . jiltpjpf; -
fg;gl;l rfy tplaq;fSk; ‘`uhk;’ vdg;gLk;.
4. E}yhrphpaUldhd Neh;fhzy;> 11 khh;r; 2002.
81
 I f;fpa ehLfs;
rigapdhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l tpN\l
mwpf;ifahsh; uhjpfh
Fkhurhkpapdhy;
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd
td;Kiwfs;> mjw;NfJthd
fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; mjd;
gpd;tpisTfs;; gw;wpa
tplaq;fspd; G+h;thq;f
mwpf;ifapd; xU gFjp fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
®√ıÔ”¬ÿÔ]´V™
k[xÁ≈Ô^
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs;
gw;wpa tplaq;fs; kpf
mz;ikf;fhykhfNt rh;tNjr kdpj
chpikfs; epuypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;lJ.
1970fspy; ngz;fs; rk;ge;jkhd
tplaq;fs; nghJthf murpay; kw;Wk; uP j papyhf nfLjp tpistpf; F k; my; y J
nghUshjhu ghugl;rk; njhlh;ghd Jd; G Wj; J k; eltbf; i ffs; > mr; R Wj; J k;
tplaq;fspYk; %d;whk; cyf ehLfspd; nray; f s; > gyte; j k; > kw; W k; Rje; j puj; i jg;
mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; gwpf;Fk; nraw;ghLfs; ,jDs; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.
ngz;fSf;F rkj;Jtkhd gq;fspg;G ,k;khehl;bd; jPh;kdq;fspy; td;Kiwfs; gw;wp
Nghd;witfspYNk mjpf ehl;lk; njspthff; Fwpg; g plgl; b Ug; g pDk; ghy; u P j p-
fhl;baJ. ngz; cupik rk;ge;jkhd apyhd td;Kiwfs; ,k;kehl;bd; Fwpg;gpl;l
gpujhd rh;tNjr rl;l MAjkhf jPhkhdq;fis kPwyhk;.’
1979k; Mz;by; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd
rfytpjkhd ghugl;rq;fisAk; 1993y; ngz; f spd; epiyia MuhAk;
xopj;Jf;fl;ly; khehL jdpNa Mizf; F O mjd; Kg; g j; N johtJ $l; l j;
‘ghugl;rk;’ vd;w gjj;jpy; mf;fiw njhlhpy; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;KiwfSk;
nrYj;jpaJ. ghy;uPjpapyhd td;Kiwfs; mjw;fhd jPh;khdq;fSk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l G+h;thq;f
,k;khehl;bd; epge;jidfspd; gpufld mwpf;ifia rkh;g;gpj;jJ. nghUshjhu
mbg;gilnad njspthff; kw;Wk; r%f rig [{iy 27> 1993y; mjd; 1993/
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> jdpg;gl;l 10 jPhk
; hdj;jpy; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs;
uPjpapy; ghy;uPjpapyhd td;Kiwfs; xopg; G G+h; t hq; f gpufldj; i j Vw; W eil
Muhag;gltpy;iy. Kiwapy; nraw;gLj;JkhW nghJf; $l;lj;jpy;
typAW-j;jpaJ. mj;Jld; ‘ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd
rfy tpjq; f spYkhd td; K iwfs; ; ’ vd; w
1992y; CEDAW tpd; 11tJ
jiyg; g py; [_iy 27> 1993d; 1993/26
$l;lj;njhlh;tpy; ghy;uPjpapyhd jPh;khdq;fis Vw;W eil Kiwapy; nraw;gL-
ghugl;rj;jpd; fPo; ghy;uPjpapyhd j;JkhW rfy muRfisAk; typAWj;jpaJ.
td;KiwfSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;ld: ‘ngz;fSf; nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs; xopg;G’
vd;w gpufldj;ij ntspg;gilahfj; njhptpf;Fk;
mjhtJ ngz; vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; mtUf;F 20 brk;gh; 1993d; 48/104 jPh;khdq;fs; nghJ
vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; td;Kiwfs; my;yJ rigapd; 48tJ $l; l j; njhlhpy; vt; t pj
tpfpjhrhu rkj; J tkpd; i kahy; ngz; f Sf; F thf;Fkpd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L eilKiwapy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G> cly;> cs my;yJ ghypay; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; %yk; rh;tNjr epuypy;

91 ;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002

cWjpahf ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd td; K iwfs;
vd;w tplak; cs;slf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd td; K iwfis
jdpg; g l; l hP j papy; vjph; j ; J eltbf; i ffis
Nkw; n fhs; s tjw; F ,g; g pufldNk KjyhtJ
rh; t Njr kdpj chpikfs; Af; j pahff;
nfhs; s g; g Lk; . kdpj chpikfs; kw; W k;
mbg; g il chpikfspdhy; ngz; f s;
mDgtpf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngz;fSf; nfjpuhd
td;Kiwfs; kPwp mtw;iw nrayw;wjhf;Fjy;>
my;yJ mtw;iw ,y;yhnjhopj;jy; mj;Jld;
ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd td; K iwfspdhy;
Rje; j puj; i jAk; chpikfisAk; ghJfhj; J
Kd; n dLj; J r; nry; t jpy; Njhy; t piaj;
jOtpaik Nghd; w tw; i w ,J
cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. ,g;gpufldj;jpd; ruj;J xd;wpy;
ngz; f Sf; nfjpuhd td; K iwfs; vd; w
gjj; j pw; F j; njspthd kw; W k; rfyJk;
cs; s lf; f pa tiuaiwiaf; nfhLf; f Kaw; r p
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sik> ,JNt Kjs; jlitahFk;.
,Nj Nghd; W > 1993 [_d; tpadhtpy;
eilngw; w kdpj chpikfSf; f hd cyf
khehl;by; Vw;W eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;l tpadh
gpufldk; kw; W k; eltbf; i ffSf; f hd
jpl;lkhdJ ngz;fSf;fhd kdpj chpikfs;
rk; g e; j khd Kf; f pa jP h ; k hdq; f is cs; s l-
f;fpAs;sJ.
tuyhw; W g; G +h; t khd rkj; J tkw; w
mjpfhu rk;ge;jq;fs;
MZf; F k; ngz; Z f; F kpilapyhd
tuyhw; W g; G+h; t khd rkj; J tkw; w mjpfhu
rk; g e; j q; f spd; ntspg; g hLfNs ngz; f Sf; -
nfjpuhd td; K iwfshFk; . td; K iwfs;
tuyhw;Wg;Nghf;fpd; nraw;ghLfspd; xU gFjpNa
jtpu mJ ,aw; i fahdNjh my; y J kdpj
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; jPh;Nth my;y. Mzhjpf;f Kiw
tuyhw; W Nth; f SilaJ. mj; J ld; mjd;
nraw;ghLfSk; ntspg;ghLfSk; fhyj;jpdhy;
NtWg; g lf; $ bait. mjdhy; ngz; f Sf;
nfjpuhd mlf; F KiwahdJ murpaypNyNa
jq; f pAs; s J. mjhtJ mur kw; W k; r%f
];jhgdq;fis Muha;jy;> Xt;nthU jdpg;gl;l
egh; f is rpNefpf; f jf; f jha; khw; W jy; >
gjg;gLj;jy; mj;Jld; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f
ifahSifAk;. Mz;fSf;Fj; jho;ej ; th;fs; vdf;
fUjg; g Lk; ngz; f Sf; nfjpuhf gpuNahfp-
f; f g; g Lk; mr; R Wj; j y; kw; W k; gaj; j pd;
mbg;gilapyhd mlf;FKiw ,e;epfo;tpd; XU
fz;Nzhl;lk;.
ghypay; gyhj; f huk; kw; W k; tP l ; L
td; K iwfs; Nghd; w rh; t Njr uP j papyhd
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
J\;gpuNahfq;fSf;F ngz;fs; Mshfpd;wdh;.
mj;Jld;> gpuhe;jpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ehLfSf;nfd
Fwpg; g pl; l rpy fyhrhu uP j papyhd J\; g pu-
Nahfq;fs; cs;sd. mitahtd> ,dg;ngUf;f
cWg; G fspd; rpijT> ,sk; ngz; f s;
cWg; G fisg; ghpNrhjid> kzg; n gz; jP
Fspj; j y; > ngz; gps; i sfspd; ghjq; f isf;
fl; L tpj; j y; Nghd; w d. ngz; f spd; mDgt-
q;fis rh;tNjr hPjpapy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
Kaw; r pfs; rhjp> gphpT kw; W k; ,d
mbg; g ilapyhd mlf; F Kiwfis kiwg; -
gjhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ftdQ; nrYj;jp
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sgl Ntz;ba Xh; tplak;. vdpDk;
Fwpg; g pl; l kw; W k; ntt; N tW tuyhw; W
mDgtq;fspdhy; Mjpf;fkhdJ gy tbtq;fspy;
ed; F
eilg; n gw; W te; j hYk; guk; g iu hP j papyhd
Mzhjpf;f rh;tNjr Kiwfs; cs;sd vd;gJk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tuyhw; W g; G+h; t khd rkj; J tkw; w mjpfhu
rk;ge;jq;fspy; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwf;F
fhuzpfshf ngz; njhopyhshh; f isAk;
ngz;;fspd; clk;gpidAk; J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F
cs;shf;Fk; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rf;jpfisf;
Fwpg; g plyhk; . nghUshjhu mbg; g ilapy;
fP o ; k l; l j; j py; cs; s ngz; f s; ghypay;
J\;gpuNahfk;> mt;thwhd tpahghuk;> kw;Wk;
ghypay; mbikj;jdk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F MshFk;
mgha epiyapy; cs;sdh;. cyfyhtpauPjpapy;
,th;fs; nghUshjhu epWtdq;fspy; Fiwe;j
Cjpaj; j pw; F k; gpizapyhd njhopiyAk;
Ghpfpd; w dh; . ntspehl; b w; F j; njhopy; Ghpa
nry;Ygth;fs; mq;F gy;NtW ,d;dy;fSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;f NehpLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; 90fspy;
r%fq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kidtpfis
jhf;Fjy; rk;ge;jkhd Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy;
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwfisj; jLf;Fk; Xh;
Kf; f pa fhuzpahfg; nghUshjhu rkj; J tk;
njd; g l; l J. ngz; f Sf; F nghUshjhu
mjpfhuj;jpidAk; nghUshjhu Rje;jpuj;ijAk;
kWg;gjdhy; xUthpy; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikAk;
kw; W k; jhf; F jYf; F s; s hFk; mghaKk;
eP b f; f pd; w J. ,jdhy; ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd
td; K iwfs; ,lk; n gw ,JNthh; Kf; f pa
fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.
FLk; g k; vd; D k; epWtdj; j pYk;
tuyhw;Wg;G+h;tkhd mjpfhu rk;ge;jq;fs; ed;F
gpuNahfpf; f g; g l; L tUfpd; w J. xU ifapy;
tsh; g ; G > guhkhpg; G > Nghd; w rhjfkhd
gz; G fisAk; gu]; g u ghrk; khpahij
Nghd; w itapDhlhf gpizg; G f; f isAk;
Vw; g Lj; J k; mNjNtis kWifapy; njhopy;
J\;gpuNahfk;> td;Kiwahf ntspgLj;jg;gLk;
Mz; ghypay; mjpfhuk; kw; W k; ngz; f spd;
mjpfhuj;ij gwpf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l tifapyhd
02
Nerk; Nghd; w itfisf; nfhz; l r%f
];jhgdkhf FLk;gq;fs; ,aq;Fjy;. ngz;fspd;
ghypay; jd;ik mjpfkhf FLk;gr; #o;epiy-
Nfw;g cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. jd;idj; jhNd
Fiwthf kjpg;gpLtjdhy; ngz;fspd; KOj;
jpwikiaAk; czHe;J mij ntspf;nfhzu;-
tjpypUe;J jtph;f;fgLfpd;wdh;. ,J ngz;fspd;
vjph; G hh; g ; G fSld; njhlh; G gl; b Uf; f yhk; .
,e; e piyapy; FLk; g k; rhjfkhd kdpjhgp-
khdkhd gz;Gfis cUthf;Fk; ];jhdkhf
tpsq; F jy; mtrpak; vdpDk; rpy rkaq; f s;
ngz;fSf; nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs; ,lk;ngWk;
,lkhfTk; mjid epahag; g Lj; J k; rpNef
Kiwfis nfhz;l ,lkhfTk; cs;;sJ.
ngz; f Sf; nfjpuhd td; K iwfs; vd; w
uPjpapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;wgLj;Jk; Kf;fpa fhuzpahf
etPd njhopEl;gk; mikfpd;wJ. cyfpd; gy
gFjpfspy; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; thOk; ngz;fspd;
tho;if Kiwapy; gyj;j ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;
fhuzpahf etPd njhopEl;gk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gjid #oy;rhh;e;j ngz;zpag; gpujpepjpfs;
njhlhe; J Rl; b f; fhl; b tUfpd; w dh; . etP d
njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; mjd; NjitfSf;fhfTk;
cUthfpAs;s njhopyhsh;fspd; chpikfis>
kw;Wk; mth;fspd; trjpfs; my;yJ Njitfis
ftdj; j py; nfhs; s hj rpW njhopw; r hiyfs;
kw;Wk; mJ Nghd;w NtW epWtdq;fs;> ngz;
njhopyhsh; f is nghUshjhu J\; g puNahf-
q;fSf;F Mshf;Ftij NtW gyh; Rl;bfhl;b-
As; s dh; . yhgj; i j Nehf; f khff; nfhz; l
nghUshjhu Kiwfs; ngz; njhopyhsh;fis
tUj; j pj; jq; f Sila Njitfisg; G+h; j ; j p
nra;fpd;wd. tPl;Lf; ifnjhopy;;> kw;Wk; Rje;jpu
th; j ; j f tiya cw; g j; j pfisAk; nghWj; j t-
iuapy; ,f;$w;W cz;ikahdnjdf; fUjyhk;.
,g; gphpTfspy; ngz; njhopyhsh; f s;
juf;Fiwthd th;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wikahy;
,t;tplq;fs; ngz;fSf; nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs;
mjpfkhf eil ngWk; gpuNjrq; f shf
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk;
r%fq;fspy; ngz; njhopyhsh;fSf; nfjpuhd
ghypay; gyhj; f huk; kw; W k; ghypay;
J\; g puNahfq; f s; Xh; Kf; f pa r%fg;
gpur;ridahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
njhopEl;g hPjpapyhd ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd
td;KiwfSld; Fwpg;gpl;lsT njhlh;Gila
xU gFjp ,dg;ngUf;f njhopEl;gk; rk;ge;jkhd
tplaq; f shFk; . kfg; N gw; w pd; Kf; f pa
nraw; g hLfs; rk; g e; j khf ngz; f Sf; F
ghhpastpyhd Rje;jpuKk; njupTk;> ,dg;ngUf;f
njhopEl;gj;jpD}lhf fhzg;gl;l nghOjpYk;
,J ngz;fSf;F gy Rfhjhug; gpur;ridfis
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,g;gpur;ridfs; njhlh;ghf
Rfhjhu epiyaq;fs; mrl;ilahd Nghf;ifNa
12
ifahSfpd; w d. mj; J ld; > ,dg; n gUf; f
njhopo;El;gkhdJ gpwf;fg; NghFk; Foe;ijapd;
ghy; epiyiaj; njupT nra; A k; tifapy;
mike;Js;sjhy; Fwpg;gpl;l ghy; th;f;fj;jpd;
fUr; rpijT kw;Wk; fUtpy; ngz; rpRf; nfhiy
Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,J fhuzkhfTs;sJ. kpfr;
rkPg fhyq;fspy; filgpbf;fg;gl;L tUk; rpRit
Rkf;Fk; khw;Wj; jha;ik KiwahdJ %d;whk;
cyf ehLfspy; mNef ngz; f spd; cliyj;
J\;gpuNahfq;fSf;F cs;shf;Ffpd;wd.
MZf; F k; ngz; Z f; F k; ,ilapyhd
tuyhw; W g; G +h; t khd rkj; J tkw; w mjpfhu
rk; g e; j q; f s; vd; w uP j papy; ngz; f s; Kfq;
nfhLf; f Ntz; b a ,d; D nkhU gpur; r id>
mwpTj;Jiw rhh;e;j midj;ijANk Mz;fs;
jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUg;gjhFk;. mJ
tpQ;Qhd> fyhrhu> rka my;yJ nkhop Nghd;w
ve;j JiwfspYk; mJ njhlh;ghd ciuahl-
y; f is Mz; f s; jq; f s; fl; L g; g hl; b Ds;
itj;Js;sdh;. Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwfis cUthf;Fk;
rhfr Kaw; r pfspy; <LgLtjpypUe; J k;
tuyhw;Wg;G+h;tkhd mDgtq;fSf;F mh;j;jq;
$wp tpsf;FtjpypUe;Jk; ngz;fs; jtph;f;fg;g-
Lfpd; w dh; . mwpTj; J iw rhh; e ; j midj; J Nk
mth; f spd; fl; L g; g hl; b d; fP o ; ,y; y hj
fhuzj; j pdhy; mth; f s; ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd
td; K iwfSf; F khj; j puk; ,yf; f hftpy; i y>
mj;Jld; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwfis
epahag; g Lj; j Tk; mjDila jhf; f j; i jf;
Fiwj;J kjpg;gplTk; toptFf;fpd;wJ. ngz;fs;
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; td;Kiwfspd; mDgtq;fs;
Fiwj; J f; fhl; l g; g Ltjdhy; jdpg; g l; l
egh; f shy; my; y J murpdhNyh ghpfhukhf
vt;tpj eltbf;ifiaAk; vLf;fKbtjpy;iy.
cyfpd; gy ghfq; f spy; ngz; f Sf; F fy; t p
kWf;fg;gLk; fhuzj;jhy; mwpTj;Jiw rhh;e;j
midj;jpYNk ngz;fs; kWf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd td; K iwfisg; gw; w p
czh;TG+h;tkhd tuyhw;iwj; njspthf tpghpf;f
Ntz;Lkhapd; Kjw; gbahfg; ngz;fspd; fy;tp
chpikia epiyehl;Ljy; mtrpakhFk;.
ghypay; G
tuyhw; W g; G+h; t khd rkj; J tkw; w mjpfhu
rk; g e; j q; f is tpl ngz; f Snfjpuhd
td;KiwfSf;fhd ,d;DNkhh; fhuzk; mit
ngz; f spd; ghypay; G ld; xU neUq; f pa
njhlh;gpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;. ngz;fspd;
ghypay; elj;ijiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Af;jpfshf
td;Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fhuz-
j;jpdhy; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwfspy;
ghypay; ntspg;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ghypay;
gyhj; f huk; > ghypay; td; K iwfs; > ghypay;
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
tpahghuk;> kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfisr;
rpijj; j y; Nghd; w gy tbtq; f spdhyhd
td; K iwfs; midj; J Nk ngz; f spd;
ghypay; g pidj; jhf; F k; xU tplakhf
mikfpd;wJ.
ngz; f spd; ghypay; elj; i japd; kP j hd
fl; L g; g hlhdJ gy rl; l j; njhFg; G fspd;
Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. Xh; ngz;zpd; %ykhf
Foe;ijfs; rhpahd je;ijf;Nf ngwg;gLfpd;wd
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtNj ,f;fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
Fwpf;Nfh-shFk;. ,g;guk;giuapD}lhf tuhj
vtUf;Fk; nrhj;Jhpik Nfhu KbahJ vd;gjid
,f;fl;Lg;ghL cWjp nra;Ak;. J}a;ikia cWjp
nra; A k; Mh; t khdJ ntt; N tW Nfhzq; -
fspypUe;J Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Xh; tplakhFk;.
,jd; cr;rf;fl;l ntspg;ghlhf ,dg;ngUf;f
cWg; G fis rpijj; j yhdJ mikayhk; .
ngz;fs; jq;fsJ fzth;fSf;Fj; Jha;ikahd-
th;fshfTk; cz;ikahdth;fshfTk; ,Uf;FK-
fkhf ngz;fspd; ghypay;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
,t;thwhd ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs;
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
gy rk; g pujha Kiwfspy; nfsutk;
njhlh; g hd vz; z f; f UthdJ ngz; f spd;
ghypay;Gld; njhlh;GilaJ. nfsutkhdJ
ngz;fspd; ghypay; elj;ijapdhy; kPwg;gl;L-
s; s J vd; w jh; f ; f j; j pd; %ykhf ngz; f Sf;
nfjpuhd td;Kiwfis epahag;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
,t;thwhd vz;zf;fUf;fs; gy r%fq;fspy;
xd; W g; g l; l ntspg; g hl; b idNa gpujpgyp-
f; f pd; w d. ,e; j mbg; g ilapy; ngz; f s;
Mz;fspd; nrhj;J vd vz;Zk; vjph;FOthdJ
ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd td; K iwfspDlhf mr;
r%ff; FOtpd; nfsutj;ij khRgLj;jpajhf
nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,U FLk;gq;fSf;Nfh my;yJ
FOf; f Sf; N fh ,ilapyhd rz; i l my; y J
guk; g iug; gifapy; Mz; f spd; fP h ; j ; j pf; N fh
my;yJ nfsutjpw;Nfh rthy;tplg;gLk; nghOJ
ngz; f spd; ghypay; N g Nghh; f ; f skhf
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngz; z pd; ghypay; G rk; g e; j khd
kdg; g hq; N f ngz; f Snfjpuhd td; K iwf-
Sf;Ff; fhuzkhapd; kw;wth;fspdhy; Vw;gLk;
td; K iwfspypUe; J ngz; f is ghJfhg; g J
r%fj;jpd; Kf;fpa flikahFk;. ,t;tifapyhd
ghJfhg;ghdJ> mzpAk; Milfspy; my;yJ
mth;fspd; efh;Tfspy; vd ngz;fspd; kPJ gy
fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;Fk;. ,f;fl;LghLfSf;F
kjpg; g spj; J ele; J nfhs; f pwth; f s;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk; mNjNtis rkj;Jtj;ijAk;
Rje; j puj; i jAk; typAWj; J k; ngz; f s;
td; K iwfSf; F MshFk; mghak; cs; s J.
ngz;fs; mzpAk; Milfspy; kw;Wk; mth;fspd;
elkhLk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F tpjpf;fg;gLk; fl;Lg;gh-
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
Lfis vjph; f pd; w ngz; f s; > Mz; f spd;
td;KiwfSf;F ,yf;fhfpd;wdh;.
fyhrhuf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
tuyhw; w pidAk; ghypay; i gAk; jtpu
jw; n ghOJ gutpAs; s Nfhl; g hLfspd;
nry; t hf; F ngz; f is fP o ; k l; l epiyapy;
itj;jpUg;gij epahag;gLj;Jtjhy; ngz;fSf;-
nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs; ,lk; ngWtjw;F ,JTk;
xU fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhf td;Kiwfisg; gpuNahfpf;f
gy Nfhl;ghLfspy; rk;gpujhaG+h;tkhd rl;l
Kiwik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Kd;dh; mgptpUj;jp
mile;j kw;Wk; mile;J tUk; ehLfspYk;>
Fwpg; g pl; l re; j h; g ; g #o; e piyfspy; kidtp
khh; f is> elj; i j rk; g e; j khfj; jz; b j; J f;
jpUj;JtjpYk; cly; hPjpahf jhf;FtjpypUe;Jk;
fyhrhu jilfis tpjpj;jJ. ntt;NtW fyhrhu
kuGfspd; rl; l epge; j idfspy; ,j; j ilfs;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd td; K iwfisg;
gpuNahfpj;jiy epahag;gLj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
Fwpgpl; l ghypay; jdpj; J t fl; l ikg; g pd;
mbg;gilapNyNa jq;fSila jh;f;fq;fisf;
nfhz;L nry;Yfpd;wdh;. Mz;zpay;GfSf;fhd
fl; l ikg; g pw; F Mz; i kahdJ mjpfhuj; i j
gpuNahfpj; J mtidr; Rw; w pAs; s th; f spd; >
Kf;fpakhf ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifiaf; fl;Lg;-
gLj; J k; Mw; w iy nfhz; b Ug; g jd; %yk;
rkj; J tj; i jg; Ngzyhk; vd vjph; g hh; f ; -
fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngz;zpay;gpd; fl;likg;gpw;Fg;
ngz;fs; rhj;tf P khd Fzj;Jld;; vy;NyhUf;Fk;
mlq;fpg; Nghfpwtuha;> mj;Jld; td;Kiwfs;
ngz; f Sf; F hpa Xh; tplankd Vw; W ele; J
nfhs; s Ntz; L nkd ,f; N fhl; g hLfs;
vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wd. ,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; ngz;fspd;
jdpJtj;ijAk; jd;kjpg;gpidAk; mtSila
je;ij> fzth; kw;Wk; kfd; Nghd;w cwTfSld;
njhlh; G gLj; j g; g Lfpd; w J. jd; d pr; i rahfr;
nraw; g Lk; ngz; z hdts; ngz; z pa
fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F jiltpjpf;f-
g;gLfpd;wJ. Mz;fshy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mofpw;fhd epge;jidfshy; ngz;fs; jq;fisj;
jhq;fNs rpijj;J kw;Wk; ghjj;ijf; fl;bLjy;>
‘mNdhnuf; ] pah neh; N th]h’ ‘gpSkpah’
Nghd;witfspd; %yk; jq;fSila MNuhf;-
fpajpw; F gq; f k; tpistpf; f pd; w dh; . kdpj
jpwikfis KOjhf mgptpUj; j pr; nra; t ij
cWjpnra; J mlf; F Kiwia xopj; J
Mz; z pay; G kw; W k; ngz; z pay; G fspd;
tiffis kPs cUthf;Jjy; Kf;fpakhFk;.
‘murhdJ ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd td; K iw-
fisf; fz; b j; J mjw; F r; rhjfkhfTs; s
22
gz;ghLfs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> kuGfs; kw;Wk; kjr;
rYiffSf; F ,lkspf; f hJ td; K iwfis
xopg;gjw;fhd jq;fSila flikiar; rhptu
nra; j y; Ntz; L k; > ’ vd ngz; f Sf; n fjpuhd
td;Kiwfis xopg;gjw;fhd cld;gbf;ifapd;
4k; ruj;jpy; Fwpg;gplgl;Ls;sJ. Jujpu;\l; trkhf
rh;tNjr mDgtq;fs; tpj;jpahrkhd ajhh;j;j
epiyiar; Rl; b fhl; b As; s J. ngz; f Sf;
nfjpuhd td; K iwfs; gpuNahfpg; g ij
epahag; g Lj; j gz; g hLfs; > rk; g pujhaq; f s>
kuGfs;; kw;Wk; kjq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,it khw; w q; f is epuhfhpf; F k; Nfhl; g hl; L
Fs;shd Xh; fl;likg;ig cUthf;Fk;.
cyfpYs; s midj; J kjq; f Sk;
Mz; f Sf; F k; ngz; f Sf; F kpilapyhd
rkj; J tj; i j cs; s lf; f pa rkj; J tj; j pidNa
typAWj; J fpd; w d vd; g J cyfshtpauP j papy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Xh; tplak;. tpsf;fg;nghUs;
tpj; j pahrg; g l; l nghOjpYk; rfy kjq; f Sk;
rkj; J tj; i jAk; kdpj chpikfisANk
Nghjpf;fpd;wd vd;gjpy; vt;tpj rj;NjfKkpy;iy.
vdpDk; rkak; vd; w ngahpy; kdpjdhy;
cUthf; f g; g l; l tof; f q; f s; gy jdpg; g l; l
kjq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; jho;j;JtJ kl;Lkpd;wp
rh;tNjruPjpapy; Vw;Wnfhs;sg;gl;l kdpj chpik
kw;Wk; ngz;fs; chpik epge;jidfis kPWk;
Xh; nrayhf cs; s J. mz; i kfhykhf
cUntLj; J s; s ‘fLk; N ghf; f hshh; f s; ’ vd
fUjgLfpd;w kj mbg;gilthj ,af;fq;fs; kj
Gdpjj; J tk; vd; w Nghh; i tapy; ,t; t hwhd
ghugl;rkhd nraw;ghLfisf; filg;gpbj;J
tUfpd;wd. mNefkhd r%fq;fspy; ngz;fs;
chpikfspy; Mh;tq;fhl;Lk; ngz;fSf;Fk; kjr;
rk; g pujhaq; f is mjpfkhf filg; g pbj; J
tUNthUf;Fkpilapy; njhlhe;J Ngr;Rthh;j;ij
eilngw; W tUfpd; w J. cyfpd; midj; J
rkaq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; rkj;Jtj;ijAk; kdpj
chpikfisAk; kP W k; kdpjdhy; cUthf; f -
g;gl;l tof;fq;fis xopj;Jf;fl;lr; rhjfkhd
KbTfis ,g; N gr; R thh; j ; i japd; %yk;
milayhk; vd rh; t Njrr; r%fk; vjph;
ghh;f;fpd;wJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gz;ghl;L tof;fq;fs;; kw;Wk;
rk; g pujha mk; r q; f Sk; ngz; f Sf; nfjpuhd
mNefkhd td;KiwfSf;Ff; fhuzkhfTs;sJ.
ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f rpijT cs;spl;l gy
eltbf;iffs; ngz;fspd; nfsutj;jpw;F gq;fk;
tpistpf; f pd; w J. ngz; f spd; kdpj chpik
nraw;ghLfshf ghjf;fl;L> Mz;fspd; njhpT>
,sk; tajpy; kzKbj; j y; > fd; d pj; j d; i k
ghpNrhjid> rP j d nfhLikapdhy; kuzk; >
cld;fl;il Vwy;> ngz; rpR nfhiy> kw;Wk;
Ngh\hf; f pd; i k Nghd; w tplaq; f isf;
nfhs; s yhk; . ,t; t hwhd eltbf; i ffspy;
32
fz; % bj; j dkhd ek; g pf; i f> kuGfs; ; kw; W k;
rk; g pujhaq; f s; njhlh; g hf muR vt; t pj
eltbf;ifAk; Nkw; nfhs;shik> ngz;fSf;
nfjpuhd td; K iwfs; gutyhf ,lk;
ngWtjw; f hd fhuzkhfTs; s J. etP d
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; njhopo;El;g mgptpUj;jp
mj; J ld; etP d [dehafj; j pw; N fw; w etP d
nraw; g hLfs; mgptpUj; j pf; f hd Gjpa
rl; l q; f isAk; fl; L g; g hLfisAk; ,aw; w pa
NghjpYk; ngz; f s; chpik rk; g e; j khd
khw; w q; f is Vw; W f; nfhs; t jpy; ke; j fjp
njd;gLfpd;wJ.
rfy gz; g hLfSk; rk; g pujhaq; f Sk;
ngz;fs; chpikia kPwtpy;iy. ngz;fspd;
chpikfs; kw; W k; mth; f spd; nfsutj; i jg;
ghJfhj;J Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y> cyfpd; vy;yhg;
ghfq;fspYk; Fwpgpl;l rpy rk;gpujhaq;fSk;
gz; g hLfSk; ; cs; s d. vdpDk; ngz; f Sf;
nfjpuhd td; K iwfis Cf; F tpf; F k;
rk;gpujhaq;fSk; gz;ghLfSk; rh;tNjr kdpj
chpikfs; rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil epge;jidfis
kPWtjdhy; mitfis vjph;f;nfhz;L xopj;Jf;-
fl;ly; Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fSf; nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs; mjpfhpf;fj;
Njrpa kw; W k; rh; t Njr Clfq; f spd; rpy
fUj;Jf;fspdhy; cUthFk; kdg;ghq;Fk; xU
fhuzkhf nfhs; s g; g Lfpd; w J. ngz; f spy;
khw; w j; i j Vw; g Lj; j hj goq; f Uj; J f; f is
gpujpgypf; F k; tiafapNyNa ngz; f s;
vjph;khwhf Clfq;fspd; %yk; ntspgLj;jg;g-
Lfpd;wdh;. Kf;fpakhf> td;Kiwf; fyhrhuj;ij
<h; f ; f f; $ ba tifapy; nraw; g Lk; nghOJ
tPl;by; my;yJ r%fj;jpy; Kuz;ghLfis jPh;f;f
td;Kiw mtrpankd gutyhf Vw;W nfhs;s
itf; f pd; w dh; . MghrNk Clfj; j py;
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwapd; mjp cr;rfl;l
ntspg; g hlhf nfhs; s g; g Lfpd; w J. ntspg; g -
Lj; j Yf; f hd chpik xUtpj gpur; r idahf
,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis ngz;fis ,opTgLj;jp>
jhf;fp> JdGWj;jp> kw;Wk; rpj;jputij nra;Ak;
Mghr jpiuglq;fSk; Gj;jfq;fSk; r%fj;jpy;
ngz; f Snfjpuhd td; K iwfis vjpHj; J
nraw;gLgth;fSf;F xU nghpa rthyhfTs;sJ.
MghrkhdJ ngz;fSf; nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs;
,lk; n gw mwpFwpahfTk; fhuzpahfTk;
mikfpd; w J. MghrkhdJ ngz; f spd;
nfsutj;ijg; ghjpg;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp ngz;fSf;
nfjpuhd td; K iwfis Vw; W f; nfhs; S k;
tifapyhd kdghq;fpidAk; nraw;ghLfisAk;
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
fyhepjp ujpfh Fkhur;Rthkp
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
 ,yq;ifapy; FLk;g jpl;lk; kw;Wk;
fUj;jLg;G ghtid
jpl; l kplg; g l; l ngw; N whh; K iwahdJ Xu; mbg; g il
kdpj cupikahFk; .
- rh;tNjr jpl;lkplg;gl;l ngw;Nwhh;Kiwf;fhd ,izak; 1984-

X
' jPh;h;khdpf;
FLk; g j; j pd; vz; z pf; i fia
Fk; chpik mf;FLk;gj;jpw;Nf
cs; s J’ vd; w nfhs; i fia mq; f P f upj; j j;
jP h ; k hdk; 1966y; If; f pa ehLfs; rig
nghJf;$l;lj;jpNyNa Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
FLk;gj;jpl;lkhdJ ngz;fspd; Xh; cupik.
mbg; g il kdpj chpikfs; kw; W k;
FLk;gjpl;lk; vd;w ,uz;Lf;Fkpilapyhd
njhlh; G ngz; f s; chpikAld; re; j pf; F k;
nghOJk; gpizf;fgLk;nghOJNk mOj;jkhf
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yq; i fapy; mjpfkhd ngz; f s; ntspNa Vw; g Lk; fh; g ; g k; jhpj; j iy Vw; W f;
gps; i sfisg; ngw Ntz; L kh my; y J nfhs; t jpy; i y. ,jw; F g; ngz; f s; kP N j
Ntz;lhkh> ngw Ntz;Lkhapd; gps;isfspd;
Fw;wQ;Rkj;jgLfpd;wJ. xOq;fw;W fhzg;gLk;
vz; z pf; i f vd; d Nghd; w Nfs; t pfSf; F
Mz; ngz; f Sf; f pilapyhd ghypay;
fl; l akhf Kfq; nfhLf; f Ntz; b a epiy
njhlh; G fisf; fUj; j pw; n fhz; L If; f pa
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. (kfg;Ngw;iw nghUj;jkl;by;)
mnkupf; f h cl; g l; l gy ehLfspd; nghJf;
,aw;ifahfNt cly;uPjpapyhd nraw;ghLfSk;
fUj; j hdJ Nkw; F wpg; g pl; l Nritfis
r%fuPjpapyhd Kf;fpa flikAk; cs;sJ. rthy;
ngWtjw; F g; ghjfkhNt fhzg; g Lfpd; w J.
epiwe;j Muk;g tUlq;fspy; gps;isg; guhkupg;G
fpilf; f ngWk; fUj; j Lg; G r; Nritfis
kw;Wk; tPl;Lg; gzpfis ftdpj;jy; Mfpad
gad; g Lj; J tjpypUe; J ,isQh; kw; W k;
ngz; f is xU mnrsfhP f khd my; y J
jpUkzkhfjth; f s; jLf; f g; g Lfpd; w dh; .
ghjfkhd epiyf; F j; js; s yhk; . ,NjNghy
,r;Nritfisg; ngWtjpypUe;J jLf;fg;gLtJ
mtspd; njhopy; kw; W k; fy; t p Nghd; w
jpl; l kplg; g l; L Ntz; L nkd; N w nra; a g; g -
tplaq;fspYk; me;epiy Njhd;wyhk;. Mjyhy;>
lhtpl; l hYk; rhjhuzkhf. ,e; e pfo; T fs;
gps; i sg; N gW njhlh; g hf ngz; f Sf; F
eilg;ngWfpd;wd. NkYk;> mjpfkhd fUj;jLg;G
KbntLf;Fk; chpik nfhLf;fg; glhjgl;rj;jpy;
Kiwfs; ,isQh; f is fUj; j pw; n fhs; s hj
NtW chpikfis mDgtpf;Fk; mtsJ Mw;wy;
kw;Wk; mth;fSf;F cfe;jjw;w KiwfshFk;.
fl; L g; g Lj; j g; g Lk.; mj; J ld; fy; t p kw; W k;
njhopy; tha;g;Gfisg; ngw mtSf;F ,Uf;Fk; FLk; g j; j pl; l Kiwapy; gy kUj; J t
rkTupikia mDgtpg; g jpy; Kuz; g hLfs; rpf;fy;fs; my;yJ gpur;ridfs; cs;sd. ,d;W
Vw; g lyhk; . fUts xOq; F Kiw jfty; kfg; N gW vd; g J vt; t pj mghaKkpy; y hj
Nritfis KOikahfg; ngWk; chpik rpf;fyw;w tplaknkd rpy ngz;fs; cl;gl gyu;
,isa rKjhak; > jpUkzkhfhj ngz; f s; vz;Zfpd;wdh;. Mdhy; ,t;thW vg;nghOJk;
kw; W k; Mz; f s; cl; g l ,isQh; KjpNahh; elg; g J fpilahJ. XU jha; kfg; N gW
,UtUf; F Nk cz; L . ,d; i wa ,isQh; f s; njhlh;ghf cly; kw;Wk; cs uPjpapyhf jd;id
,stajpNyNa ghypay; u P j papy; Cf; f Ks; s - jahh; g Lj; j pf; nfhs; s Ntz; L k; . mj; J ld;
th;fshf ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy; Njitapy;yhky; kfg;NgW vg;nghOJ vd;gtw;iw mg;ngz;Nz
fh;g;gk; jhpg;gijAk; r%f Neha;fs; Vw;gLtijj; jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij..
jLg; g jw; F fUj; j Lg; G KiwahdJ kpfTk; jFe; j my; y J NghJkhd ,ilntsp
mtrpak; . r%fkhdJ jpUkz ge; j j; j pw; F ,y;yhJ mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd Foe;ijfisg;

;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002 42

ngWtJ jhahupd; cly; e yj; j pw; F g; gq; f k;
tpistpf;Fk; fhuzpahf mikAk;. cjhuzkhf
,uj;jr; Nrhif kw;Wk; NtW Ngh\hfpd;ikahy;
Vw;gLk; Fiwg;ghLfSf;F MshFk; mgha epiy
Njhd;Wk;. mj;Jld; gpwf;ftpUf;Fk; gps;is-
iaAk; Vw;fdNt ngw;nwLj;j gpisfisAk;
ghjpf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf vil Fiwe;j gps;isia
ngw;nwLj;jy; kw;Wk; gps;isfspd; guhkupg;G
FiwAk;.
fh; g ; g k; jhpj; j pUf; F k; ngz; Z f; F g;
NghJkhd kw;Wk; jFe;j Ngh\hf;Fk; guhkupg;Gk;
mspj; j y; mtrpak; . ,UgjpypUe; J Kg; g J
tanjy;iy-ahdJ fhg;gk; jupf;fg; ghJfhg;ghd
taJ vd;w fhuzj;jhy; fUit Rkf;f xU ngz;
jFe; j taij vl; b apUf; f Ntz; L k; . Kjd;
Kjypy; khjtplha; njd; g l; l jd; gpd; d h;
KOikahf ,Lg; n gOk; G tsh; r ; r p ngwhj
fhuzj;jhYk; kfg;NgW tpLf;Fk; rthy;fis
vjph;nfhs;Sk; rf;jp clk;gpw;F ,y;yhikahYk;
kpfTk; ,s tajpyhd ngz;fspd; kfg;Ngw;wpd;
nghOJ rpf; f y; epiyfs; Njhd; W k; mghar;
#o;epiy cs;sJ. kWKidapy;> ePupopT Neha;>
kw; W k; ,uj; j mOj; j k; Nghd; w itj; j paf;
NfhshWfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; kfg;Ngw;Wr;
rpf;fy;fs; kw;Wk; gpwtpuPjpapyhd Njhw;wj;jpy;
FiwghLfs; nfhz;l rpRf;fis ngw;nwLj;jy;
Nghd; w fhuzq; f shy; Kg; g J Kjy;
Kg;gj;ije;J tajpy; Vw;gLk; kfg;NgWk; rpf;fy;
epiyfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; mghak; cs;sJ. rpy
,Uja kw; W k; rpWeP u f NfhshWfSk;
kfg;Ngw;Wf;F Mgj;ij tpistpf;Fk;.
fUf;fiyg;ghdJ ,yq;ifapy; rl;luPjpahf
mq; f P f upf; f g; g lhjnghOjpYk; $l> ,d; W >
fUfiyg;G eilngWk; vz;zpf;if ehSf;F
ehs; mjpfhpj; J f; nfhz; N l nry; f pd; w J.
rl; l uP j pahf mq; f P f upf; f glhJ eilg; n gWk;
fUf;fiyg;Gfspd; %yk; Vw;gLk; ,uj;jg;Nghf;F
kw; W k; njhw; W Neha; f s; Nghd; w NfhshWfs;
ngz;fspd; capUf;F mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.
fUj;jLg;G ghtidapd; %yk; fUf;fiyg;gpid
Mf;fg;G+h;tkhfp jLf;fyhnkd 1989y; If;fpa
mnkhpf; f htpdhy; elhj; j g; g l; l Ma; T fspd;
fzpg;gpd;gb njhpa te;jJ.
,yq; i fapYs; s kfg; N gw; W Mw; w iyf;
nfhz; l jpUkzkhfpa ngz; f s; kj; j papy;
fUjj;Lg;G ghtidahdJ 69 rjtPjk; cs;snjd
1994y; mwpa je;jdh;. ,t;ntz;zpf;ifahdJ
cah; k l; l j; j pYs; s J. fUjLg; G ghtid
Kiwfspy; epue; j uf; fUj; j Lg; G KiwNa
mjpfkhf gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L tUfpd; w J.
Mz;fspd; fUj;jLg;G Kiwapid ghh;f;fpYk;
ngz; f spd; epue; j uf; fUj; j Lg; G Kiwahd
vy;.Mh;.b vdg;gLk; ngz;fSf;F nra;ag;gLk;
epue;ju fUj;jLg;Ng (FUj;njOk;G kw;Wk; FWjp
52
ehsj; i jf; fl; b ,Wf; F k; Kiw) mjpfk;
Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Lfpd; w J. Ngq; n fhf; f pYs; s
nghUshjhu kw; W k; r%f Mrpa gRgpf;
Mizf;FOtpdhy; rPdhtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
If;fpa mnkhpf;f rdj;njhif Ma;Tfspd; gb
nfhLf; f g; g l; l Nfs; t pf; nfhj; J xd; w pw; F g;
gjpyspj;j gyh; tpe;Jehs mWitrpfpr;irahd
Mz; epue;juf; fUj;jLg;G Kiw ,yFthdJ
kw; W k; ghJfg; g hdJ vd; g ij njupe; j pUe; j
nghOjpYk; $l gjpyspj; j th; f spy; mNefh;
ngz; f spd; fUj; j Lg; G KiwiaNa
mq;ffP upj;jdh;.
NkYk;> 1975 Kjy; etPd fUj;jLg;G Kiwfs;
,yq;ifapy; ,U klq;fhf mjpfupj;jnghOjpYk;
Mz; f istpl ngz; f Ns mjpfkhf
,k;Kiwia mq;fPfupj;Js;sdh;. 1987y; etPd
fUj; j Lg; G ghtid Mz; f s; kj; j papy; 6.8
rjtPjkhfTk; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; 33.8 tPjkhfTk;
fhzg; g l; l J. (Gs; s ptpgutpay;
jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gl;l rdj;njhif
kw;Wk; itj;jpa Ma;Tfspd; gb) FLk;gj;jpd;
vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; ,ilntsp vd;gd Fwpj;J
ngz; f Ns mjpfkhf jP h ; k hdpf; f pd; w dh;
Mz;fistpl ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; mjpfhpf;Fk;
fUj; j Lg; G mq; f P f upg; G kl; l q; f s;
gpujpgypf; f pd; w d. vdpDk; > Mz; f Sf; F k;
ngz; f Sf; F kpilapy; etP d fUj; j Lg; G g;
ghtid njhlh;ghf mjpfupj;JtUk; rkj;Jtkw;w
NtWg;ghl;bw;F khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
khw; w P l hf rpy tplaq; f isf; ftdpj; J
nraw;gLj;jtJ kpfTk; Kf;fpak;.
ngz; f s; fUj; j Lg; G Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;jg; nghJthf Cf;Ftpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
² gf;ftpisTfs; rk;ge;jkhd mr;rk;
² FLk;gj;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghf xUtUila
tho;f;ifJizapd; kdg;ghq;F
² rKjhaj;jpy; kw;w mq;fj;jth;fspd;
kdg;ghq;F. cjhuzkhf kjj; jiyth;fs;>
FLk;gj;jpd; %j;j ngz; mq;fj;jth;fs;.
(%l ek;gpf;if)
² mg;ngz;zpd; fy;tp kl;lk;
FLk; g j; j pl; l k; njhlu; g hd tplaq; f spy;
<LghL nfhz;l epGzj;Jtk; tha;e;j xUtupd;
fUj;Jf; fzpg;gpd;gb ,yq;ifg; ngz;fSf;F
fpilf; f g; n gWk; fUjLg; G r; Nritfs;
cah; j uj; j pyhdit vdTk; ngz; f spy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahdth;fSf;F fpilf;fg;ngWk;
fUj; j Lg; G r; Nritfs; kw; W k; FLk; g jpl; l k;
rk; g e; j khfTk; NghJkhd mwpTs; s njdTk;
$wpdhh;. FLk;gj; jpl;lkhdJ mbg;gilapy;
ngz;fSf;F chpj;jhd gpuj;jpNaf tplankd
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gjidAk; mth;
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
xg; G f; nfhz; l hu; . mj; J ld; fUj; j Lg; G
ghtidiag; g w; w pa tpopg; G zh; i t Mz; f s;
kj;jpapy; Vw;gLj;jp mth;fis ,jpy; <Lg;gl
itg; g jd; %yk; fUjLg; i g Vw; W mjd;
ghtidia Nkk;gLj;jyhk; vd;gijAk; xg;G
nfhz;lhh;.
,yq;ifapy; ghtidapYs;s
FLk;gj;jpl;l Kiwfs;
m. epue;ju Kiwfs;
1. vy;.Mh;.uP (FUj;njOk;G kw;Wk; FWjp
ehsj;ij fl;b ,Wf;Fk; Kiw)
ngz; f Sf; F r; nra; a g; g Lk; epue; j uf;
fUj; j Lg; G . ,r; r pfpr; i f Kiwiag; ngw
Ntz;Lkhapd; ngz;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l taij
vl;bapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; mj;Jld; Fwpg;gpl;l
vz;zpf;ifapyhd gps;isfisg; ngw;wpUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ‘rP]h;’ mWit rpfpr;irapd; %yk;
Foe;ijia ngw;nwLj;j gpd;dh; vy;.Mh;.uP jLg;G
rpfpr;ifia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpa$Wfs; - 0.04 tPjk;
2. Nt];f;lkp (tpe;J ehs mWitrpfpr;ir)
Mz; epue;juf; fUjj;Lg;G Kiw.
,J rhjhuzkhd rpfpr;ir Kiw.
Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; - 0.15 tPjk;
M . jw;fhypf Kiwfs;
1. rk;gpujha Kiw :
m . tpyfpr;nry;Yk; Kiw - (nfha;l;l];
,d;l;lug;l;l];) (ghypaYwtpd; cr;rgl;lj;ij
milAk; NghJ njhlh;gWj;jy;)
Mz;fspd; tpe;J ntspNaw;wk; eilngw
Kd; d h; tpyfpr; nry; Y jy; . (ntspNaw; w k;
Muk;gkhFk; Neuj;jpy; tpyFjy;)
Mz; f spd; eP h ; k Rug; G ld; $ ba tpe; J
ntspNaw;wk; eilngw Kd;dNu Nahdpf;Fohia
tpe; J fs; nrd; w iltjdhy; ,k; K iw
Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpa$Wfs; mjpfk; cz;L.
2. ,aw;if Kiwfs;
,aw;if mwpFwpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw.
vt;tpjkhd cghaq;fs;> kUe;J kw;Wk; rpfpr;if
Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jg; glhj Kiw.
khjj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fspy; ghypaYwit
Nkw; n fhs; t jpypUe; J jd; i d fl; L gLj; j pf;
nfhs;sy;.
m. rPu;g;gpukhz xOq;fpyhd Kiw:
khjtplaha; f ; fhyj; i j fUj; j pw; n fhz; L
fUtsr; nrOikf; fhyj; i j fzpg; g pl; L
mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ghypaYwit Nkw;nfhs;t-
jpypUe;J jtpu;j;jy;.
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
khjtplha;f; fhykhdJ xOq;fw;w Kiwapy;
fhzg;gl;lhy; ,k;Kiw ek;gfukhd xd;wy;y.
Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ehl;fSf;F mtrpak; ghypaYwit
Nkw; n fhs; t jpypUe; J jd; i d fl; L g; g Lj; j
Cf; f k; kw; W k; xj; J iog; G f; fl; l hakhf
Njitg;gLk;. Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpa$Wfs;
mjpfk;
M. Nfh;tpfy; kpAf;f]; (fUg;igapd; mbg;
ghfj; i jAk; NahdpkliyAk; ,izf; F k;
Fohapy; fhzg;gLk; gprpd; Nghd;w jputk;)
ngz; z pd; fUg; i gapypUe; J jputk;
ntspNaWk; nghOJ fUg; i gapd; mb
ghfj; i jAk; NahdpkliyAk; ,izf; F k;
Fohapy; fhzg;gLk; gprpd; Nghd;w jputj;jpd;
jd; i k khw; w kilAk; . ,k; k hw; w j; i j
mtjhdpj;J (Nahdpf; FohapD}lhf ntspgLk;
jputj; i j Jzpapdhy; Jilj; j y; NtzLk; )
,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ghypaYwit Nkw;nfhs;tij
jtph;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mjpfstpyhd Cf;fk; ngz;fSf;F mtrpak;
Njit. mj;Jld; gy;NtW tifapyhd gprpd;
Nghd; w jputj; j pd; tpj; j pahrkhd jd; i kia
ngz;fs; mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,. mbg;gil cly; ntg;gepiy Kiu
ngz; z pd; fUg; i gapypUe; J jputk;
ntspNaWk; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; clypd; ntg;gepiy
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
ehSf; F ehs; cly; ntg; g epiyia Xh;
ml;ltizapy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;dh; ,j;jputk; ntspNaWk; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
ghypaYwit Nkw;nfhs;sf;$lhJ.
XH ngz;zpd; ,Wjpkhjtplha;f;Fg; gpd;dh;
,r;nraw;ghL eilngwhJ.
<. 'rpk;Nlh Njh;ky;" Kiw (mwpFwpfs;
kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy rhh;e;j Kiwfs;)
Nkw; F wpg; g pl; ; l %d; W KiwfisAk;
xd;WgLj;jp fUtsnrOik fhyf;fl;lj;ijf;
fzpg;gpLjy;.
xU ngz;zhy; xU Kiwapd; mwpFwpfis
,dq;fhz Kbahgl;rj;jpy; kw;w Kiwfspd;
mwpFwpfis fz;lwpe;J nfhs;Sk; cghaNk
,k;Kiwapd; mD$ykhFk;.
3. nraw;if Kiwfs;
,tw; w py; rpy KiwfSf; F kUj; J t
gupNrhjid Njitg;glhJ:
m. jil Kiwfs;
² fUj;jilAiwfs;
Nahdpf; F ohapD}lhf Mz; tpe; J fs;
Eiotij ,J jLf;Fk;. ghypaYwTf;Fl;gl
Kd;dh; Mz; Fwp vdg;gLk; Mzpd; ,dngUf;f
62
cUg;ghdJ czh;rr ; p ngw;W vOg;gg;gl;bUf;Fk;
nghOJ ,f;fUj;jilAiwia mjw;F mzpe;J
nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; mNjNghy ghypaYwTf;F-
l;gl;l gpd;dh; Mzpd; ,dngUf;f cUg;ghdJ
czh;r;rp ngw;W vOg;gg;gl;bUf;Fk; nghONj
,f;fUj;jilAiwahdJ mjpypUe;J mfw;wgly;
Ntz; L k; . ,jd; Njhy; t pfis jtph; f ; f
ghypaYwTf; F l; g l Kd; d Nu ghtidahsh;
,jid cgNahfgLj; J k; Kiwia gofpf;
nfhs; s Ntz; L k; . Mz; tpe; J fspd;
ntspNaw;wj;jpd; nghOJ mzpag;gl;bUf;Fk;
fUj;jilAiwahdJ efh;tJ my;yJ fpoptjd;
%yKk; ,k; K iwapy; Njhy; t p Vw; l hyhk; .
ghypay; ,d;g mDgtj;jpy; ,J FWf;fpLfpd;wJ
vd rpy ghtidahsh; f s; KiwghL
nra;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; ,f;fUj;jilAiwahdJ
v]; . hP . b. vdg; g Lk; r%f Neha; f spypUe; J
ghJfhg;G mspf;fpd;wJ.
,k;Kiw Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpaf;$Wfs;
2 rjtPjk;.
,jd; ghtidahsh; f s; Njhy; t pailAk;
rhj;jpa$Wfs; - 10 rjtpjk;
² Nfu;tpf;fy; nfg; (fUg;ig milg;G)
ce;Jr;rt;Tfs; :
tpe; J fspd; ntspNaw; w j; j pd; NghJ
ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngWf;fj; njhFjpapy; ,it
nrYj;jg;gLtJld;. tpe;Jf;fspd; ntspNw;wj;jpd;
gpd; d h; 10 Kjy; 12 kzpj; j pahsq; f s; tiu
itf; f g; g l; b Uj; j y; Ntz; L k; . tpe; J j; f s;
fUg;igapDs; Eiotij ,it jLf;fpd;wd.
ngz;fs; ,jd; cgNahfj;Jf;F Kd;dh; ,ij
nrYj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wp itj;jpahplk; nray;Kiw
tpsf;fk; ngwyhk;.
,ijr; ruptu nghUj;jhj glrj;jpy; ,k;Kiw
Njhy; t pailAk; rhj; j pa$Wfs; mjpfkhfT-
s;sd.
M . ,urhad Kiwfs; :
tpe;J rhh;e;j ,OJ> Eiuf; fspfs; kw;Wk;
fspfs; Nghd;wit ,tw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. ,k;Kiw
mjpfkhf Njhy;tpiaj; jOTk; fhuzj;jpdhy;>
,it tpe;Jf;fisf; mspj;jNghjpYk; jdpNa
,itfis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;j Kbahj epiy
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
fP N o Fwpg; g pl; L s; s Kiwfspd;
cgNahfj; J f; F Kd; d h; kUj; J t
gupNrhjidfs; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l Ntz; L k; .
, . Xh;Nkhd; Rug;gpfs; rhh;e;j Kiwfs;:
² tha;rhh;e;j fUj;jLg;G :
,ize; j tha; r hh; e ; j fUj; j Lg; G :
ngz; f spdJ Xu; N khd; Rug; g pfshd
x];;l;Nuh[d; kw;Wk; GNuh[];jNuhd; ,ize;J
72
cs; s lf; f g; g l; l KiwNa ,itahFk; . xU
igf;fl;by; ,Ugj;njl;L tpy;iyfs; cs;sd.
khjtplha; njhlq; f pa ehs; Kjw; nfhz; L
njhlh;e;J ,t;tpy;iyfis xt;nthU ehSk;
cl;nfhs;Sjy;j; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpy;iyfis xU
ehs; cl; n fhs; s jtwpdhYk; fUj; j Lg; G
Njhy;tpailAk; tha;gG ; fSz;L. XU tpy;iyia
vLf; f kwe; j hy; Qhgfk; te; j Tld;
mt;tpy;iyia vLj;j gpd;dh; mij njhlhe;J
vLf;f Ntz;ba tpy;iyia xOq;F Kiwapy;
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; 12 kzpj;jpahsq;fSf;F
Nkyhf ,t; t py; i yia vLf; f hjgl; r j; j py;
,r; n raw; g hL Njhy; t pailAk; . mj; J ld;
khw;wPlhd NtW Xh; fUjLg;G Kiwia (jil
Kiwfspy; xd; W ) jhkjj; i j nghWj; J
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gf; f tpisTfshf gytP d khd czh; T >
the;jp> jiyapb> khh;gfq;fs; nkd;ikahjy;>
cly; vilapy; khw; w q; f s; > kw; W k; ,uj; j
mOj;jk; Nghd;witfisf; fUjyhk;.
Neha; vjpu;gG; r; rf;jp tpy;iyfis Nghd;w rpy
kUe;J tififis cl;nfhs;tJ tha;rhh;e;j
fUj; j Lg; g pd; Mf; f g; G +h; t khd gaidg;
ngWtjpy; FWf; f pLk; vd; g ij kdjpy;
nfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;.
,J mjpfstpyhd nraw;jpwidf; nfhz;lJ.
,k;Kiw Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpa$Wfs; - 0.5
tP j k; > ghtidahsh; Njhy; t pailAk;
rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; - 2 rjtPjk;
rpW tpy;iy : ,J GNuh[];jNuhidf;
nfhz; l J. ,ize; j tha; r hh; e ; j fUj; j Lg; G
tpy; i yahdJ ngz; f Sf; F vjpupilahd
Rl; b fisf; nfhz; b Ug; g pd; Nkw; F wpg; g pl; l
tpy; i yia cgNahfpf; f yhk; . cjhuzkhf
,staij jhz;ba ngz;fis Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,k;Kiw Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpaf;$Wfs;
- 1 tPjk;>
ghtidahsh; Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpaf;-
$Wfs; - 2.5 rjtPjk;
Mz; tpy; i yfs; : 1950k; Mz; b y;
Mz; t py; i yfSf; f hd NjLjy; Kaw; r p
Muk; g khdJ. ,j; N jLjy; Kaw; r p njhlu; e ; J
eilg;ngWfpd;wJ.
khjj; j pw; F xU Kiw vLf; f g; g Lk;
tpy;iyfs; : ghpNrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
² Crp Kykhf cl;nrYj;Jk;
jLg;GKiw :
‘bnghg;GNuhNtuh’: ,J GNuh[];jNuhid
Crp %yk; cl;nrYj;Jk; fUj;jLg;G KiwahFk;.
,J %d;W khjj;jpw;F xU Kiw jirehu; rhh;e;j
Xh; gFjpapy; Crp %yk; cl;nrYj;jgLk;.
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
 gf;ftpisTfshf khjtplha;f; NfhshWfs;>
gytPdkhd czh;T> jiyapb Nghd;witfis
fUjyhk;.
,k;Kiw Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpa$Wfs; -
0.25 tPjk;
² cl;GFj;jp gjpf;f itf;Fk; Kiw :
'Nehh;g;gpyhd;l;" : GNuh[];jNuhdpypUe;J
ngwg; g l; l rpy %yg; nghUl; f s; ,jpy;
cs; s lf; f g; g l; L s; s d. kUj; J iwapDs;
,k; k hj; j piufs; cs; s lf; f g; g l; L s; s d.
czh;tpoe;j kaf;f epiyapy; tpN\l fUtpapd;
%yk; jirapdbapy; gjpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jw; F ijay; f s; Nghlg; g lkhl; l hJ.
‘bnghg;GNuhNtuh’ Kiwapd; NghJ Vw;gLk;
gf; f tpisTfs; Nghd; N w ,jd; gf; f tp-
isTfSk; fhzg;gLk;. Ie;J tUlq;fSf;F ,J
nraw;jpwd; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.
,k;Kiw Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpa$Wfs; -
0.5 tPjk;
4. fh; g ; g g; i g rhh; e ; j fUj; j Lg; g f;
fUtpfs;:
m . nfhg;gh;-uP :
,J fUg; i gapDs; nrYj; j g; g Lk; nrg; G
mlq;fpa Xh; rpwpa fUtpahFk;. ,J itj;jpau;
%ykhfNt Nkw;nfhs;sgl Ntz;ba nraw;ghL;.
,f;fUtp efuhJ itj;j ,lj;jpNyNa ,Uf;Fk;.
mj;Jld;. VO tUlq;fSf;F ,J nraw;jpwd;
nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.
gf;ftpisTfs; - khjtplhapd; nghOJ
mjpfstpyhd ,uj;jg; Nghf;F> ePbf;Fk; ,uj;jf;
frpT> KJFGwj;jpy; Neh> kw;Wk; ,Lg;ngOk;gpy;
njhw; W Neha; . nfhg; g h; - uP ntspNauf; $ ba
re; j h; g ; g q; f s; rpyNtisfspy; ,Ug; g jdhy;
nfhg;gh;-uPapYs;s Ehy;fs; ntspNawp cs;sdth
vd xt; n thU khjtplhapd; gpd; d Uk;
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
mtjhdpj;jy; mtrpak;.
,k;Kiw Njhy;tpailAk; rhj;jpaf;$Wfs;
- 1.5 tPjk;
ghypaYwtpd; gpd;duhd fUjLg;G Kiw
ghJfhg;gw;w ghypaYzh;tpd; gpd;duhd
mtrpa ghtidf;fhd Kiw. ,k;Kiw ghypay;
gyhjfhuj;jpd; gpd;dUk; cgNahfpf;fgLk;. ,J
itj;jpauplkpUe;J ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
tpy;iyfs; :
,J mjpfstpyhd x]; ; l ; N uh[id
nfhz; b Uf; F k; . ghypaYwtpw; F gpd; d h; 72
kzpj;jpahsq;fSf;Fs; ,t;tpy;iy cl;nfhs;-
sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ngz;zpd; fUts nrOik
kw;Wk; ghypaYwT Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Neuk;
Nghd; w tw; i w nghUj; N j mjd; nraw; j pwd;
mikAk;.
fh;g;gg;igr; rhh;e;j fUj;jLg;Gf; fUtp :
ghJfhg;gw;w ghypaYzh;tpd; gpd;du; Ie;J
ehl; f Ss; cl; n rYj; j gl Ntz; L k; . ey; y
nraw;jpwidf; nfhz;lJ.
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;litfspypUe;J gy;NtW
tiffspyhd fUts xOq;FKiwfs; fhzg;g-
Lfpd; w d vd; g J njspthfpd; w J. xt; n thU
Kiwf;Fnkd Rl;bfs;> vjphpilahd Rl;bfs;>
gf;f tpisTfs;> kw;Wk; Njhy;tpailaf;$ba
rhj;jpaf;$Wfis; cs;sd. mjdhy;> itj;jpa
MNyhridapd; gpd;dh; xt;nthU Mz;/ngz;/
jk;gjpapdUk; jq;fSf;F mjhtJ mtd;/mts;/
mtu;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwiaj; njupT
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
khah [atu;jd
nfhOk;G gy;fiyfofj;jpd; kUj;Jt
gPlj;jpy; ,Wjp Mz;L fy;tpfw;Fk;
khztpahthu;.
82
 ey;ypzf;fj;jpwf
; hd
ngz;fs; jpd miog;G
gpwtpr; rl; l khf mfpk; i r ,Uf; F khapd; >
vjph; f hykhdJ ngz; f spDilaJ
d; W > khh; r ; 8> rh; t Njr ngz; f s;
, jpdkhf nfhz; l hlg; g l; l J.
,t; t Ulk; > cyfk; KOtjpYk; ngz; f s;
rkhjhdk; kw; W k; mfpk; i r rk; g e; j khd
epfo;Tfis xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ngz;fs;
jpdj; i jAk; ngz; i kiaAk; nfhz; l hL-
tijapl;L ‘nfl;]; [’ mikg;G (G+idapd; fz;)
,j; jUzj;jpy; rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fk;
Nghd; w tplaq; f isg; gw; w p gpujpgypf; f
tpUk;Gfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapYk; cyfnkq;fpYk;
Aj; j j; j pd; tpisthf ghy; u P j pahf jdpg; g l; l
tpjj;jpy; gy;NtW ,d;dy;fSf;F njhlh;eJ ; Kfk;
nfhLj; J tUfpd; w dh; . cld; epfo; T fshf
ngz; f iaAk; mth; f spd; xt; n thU ehs;
mDgtq;fisAk;> rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; rkhjhd
eltbf; i f gw; w pa cj; j pNahfg; G +h; t Ngr; R
thh; i jfspy; cs; s lf; f tpy; i y. vdpDk; >
rkhjhdj; i jf; fl; b naOg; G tjpy; ngz; f s;
njhlhe; J cj; j pNahfg; G +h; t kw; w Kiwapy;
jq; f sJ gq; f spg; i g nra; J tUfpd; w mNj
Ntis> cj;jpNahfg;G+h;tuPjpapyhd rkhjhdk;
kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f eltbf;iffspy; ngz;fs;
jq;fsJ gq;fspg;igr; nra;a Kidfpd;wdh;.
ey; y pzf; f k;
rkhjhdj;ijg; gw;wpa ciuahlypd; NghJ
murhq;fq;fs;> Gyikthjpfs;> kdpj chpik
mikg; G fs; > rkhjhd mikg; G fs; kw; W k;
ngz; f s; mikg; G fs; Nghd; w midj; J k;
ey; y pzf; f k; vd; w nrhy; i y mbf; f b
gad; g Lj; J tJz; L . rkhjhdk; ey; y pzf; f k;
rk; g e; k hd ciuahly; f s; mjpfkhf XNu
%r;rpapy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ey;ypzf;fkhf
nghUs;gLtJ vd;d? ,yq;ifapy; jw;nghOJ
eilg; n gw; W tUk; Kuz; g hl; i lg;
nghUj; j tiuapy; jdpg; g l; l egh; f isAk; >
rKjhaq; f isAk; kd; d pg; G > eP j papd; %yk;
xd;wpidj;J mj;Jld; ,Wjpahf jdpg;gl;l
kdpjh;fspd; kw;Wk; Njrj;jpd; fhaq;fis Mw;wp
epiyahd rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;j ek;gpf;ifia
92
- kfhj;kh fhe;jp
cUthf; F tij ey; y pzf; f khf ‘nfl; ] ; [’
mikg;G fUJfpd;wJ.
ey; y pzf; f khdJ Njrpaf; fhaq; f is
RfgLj; J k; Xh; eltbf; i fahFk; . mjhtJ>
,aw;ifahfNt Vw;gl;l re;Njfk; kw;Wk; gy
tUlq; f shf eilg; n gw; w Nghhpdhy;
jpzpf;fg;gl;l re;Njfq;fs; Nghd;w midj;J
fhaq;fSf;Fk; fl;bLtjhFk;. FWfpa Nehf;Fs;s
jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fspd; #o;r;rpj;jpwdhy;
Vw;g;gl;l ,d NtWghLfs; mj;Jld; Aj;jk;
Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; ,t;thwhd re;Njfq;fs;
Vw; g ; g l fhuzkhfTs; s J. ,yq; i fapy;
eilKiwapYs;s frg;ghd kw;Wk; rr;ruTkpf;f
murpay; kw;Wk; mjw;F cjhuzkhfr; nray;gLk;
rfy murpay; jiyth; f s; ,jw; F xU ey; y
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
,yq; i fapy; gue; J fhzg; g Lk; r%f
rk;ge;jq;fspd; NeUf;F Neuhf> xopT kiwtw;w
tpjj;jpy; nraw;glhj jd;ik XustpshapDk; rpy
re; j h; g ; g q; f spy; ,r; re; N jfq; f is cUthf; f
fhuzkhfpd; w d. NtWghLfisAk; gpur; r -
idfisAk; jpwe; j kdg; g hd; i kAlDk;
cz; i kAlDk; Mf; f G+h; t khf fye; J iuahl
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtJ mhpJ. gjpyhf> Clfq;fspy;
Kf; f pakhf Mrphpah; fUj; J fspy; Fwpg; g pl; L -
s; s thW ,g; N ghh; f s; rpWgps; i sj; j dkhd
jdpg; g l; l fhuzq; f Sf; F eilngWfpd; w d.
,NjNghd; W Nghh; r ; #o; e piyf; F VJthd
fhuzpfs; cUthf;fg;gLtJld; mjpfupf;fTk;
nra; f pd; w d. Ngr; R thh; j ; i japd; %yk; jP h ; T
fhzf; $ ba my; y J fl; L glf; $ ba
gpur;ridfs; Aj;jkhf khw Cf;Ftpf;fgLfpd;wd.
mayth;fSf;fpilapNyh> murpay; fl;rpfSfp-
ilapNyh> njhopyhsh;fSfpilapNyh my;yJ
jdpg; g l; l vjpupfSfpilapNyh Vw; g Lk;
Kuz; g hLfs; mjpfhpf; F k; nghOJ Njrpa
ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; rthy;fisg; gw;wp
ed;F Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
 rkhjhdk; ntspaf td; K iwfisj;
jPh;g;gjw;F khj;jpuky;y vq;fSs; fhzg;gLk;
ntWg; G kw; W k; gifik fhuzkhf
vq;fSf;Fs;Sk;> FLk;gq;fSf;Fs;Sk;> vq;fsJ
rKjhaj; j pw; F s; S k; ehk; Vw; g Lj; j pAs; s
td;Kiwfisj; jPh;f;fTk; rkhjhdk; mtrpak;.
vjpupia kd; d pg; g jpy; cs; s rthy; f isg;
ghh;f;fpYk; Nghh; epWj;j xg;ge;jkhdJ vspjhd
tplakhfTs;sJ vd;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahj
Xh; frg;ghd cz;ik. vdpDk; rkhjhdj;jpw;F
Nghh; epWj; j k; vt; t sT Kf; f paNkh mNj
NghyNt mjw;F kd;dpg;Gk; kpfTk; mtrpakhd
Xh; tplak; . vq; f Sila ehSf; F ehs;
nraw; g hLfs; frg; g hd vz; z q; f isAk;
ntWg;igAk; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; ehk; vt;thW
rkhjhdj;Jld; tho;tJ? cq;fSila kfd;/
kfs;/ rNfhjup/rNfhjud; / fzth;/ kidtp/jha; /
je;ijapd; (my;yJ cq;fSila rKjhaj;ij
my;yJ FOtpid rhh;ej ; xUthpd;) kuzj;jpw;Ff;
fhuzkhfTs; s th; f is kd; d pg; g J fbdk; .
kd; d pg; G vd; w gue; j xU fUg; n ghUspw; F
tpsf;fkspf;f mDgtq;fNsh cjhuzq;fNsh
kpfTk; FiwT.
kd;dpg;gJ kwg;gjw;fy;y
,g;Nghupd; tpisTfisAk; mjw;fhd ,U
jug; g pduJ nghWg; i gAk; Vw; W xg; G f;
nfhs; s hj tiuapYk; > rhjhuz kf; f spd;
ajhh; j ; j epiyfis cz; i knad mYtyf
uPjpapy; rl;lg;gb cWjpgLj;jp xg;G nfhs;shj
gl; r j; j pYk; kd; d pg; G vd; w nrhy; Y f; F
,lkpy; i y. kd; d pg; g J kwg; g jw; f y; y .
cz; i kia kiwg; g jw; f y; y . kwjpahdJ
ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F mr;RWj;jyhf mikAk;. kwjp
vd;Dk; tpahjp rkhjhdj;jpw;F mr;RWj;jyhf
mikAk;.
mNefkhf Kuz; g hl; L f; F hpa tpjj; j py;
cz;ikahdJ gyhpy; epiyf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
mNjNtis mjpf re; j hg; g q; f spy; mJ
#o; r ; r pfukhf khw; w g; g l; L > J\; g puNahfj; -
jpw; F s; s hf; f g; g l; L > mj; J ld; mJNthh;
mlf; F Kiwahf khw; w g; g l; L s; s J vd; g ij
Neubahf kWf;fTk; nra;fpd;wdh;. ,yq;ifapy;
cz;ikahdJ rfy jug;gpduhYk; td;Kiwapy;
gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l Xh; typikahd MAjkh-
fTs; s J. re; N jfq; f isf; fl; b naOg; g Tk;
NghiuAk; td;KiwfisAk; epahag;gLj;jTk;
cz; i kfs; cgNahfg; g Lj; j gLfpd; w d.
ngha; a hd gpurhuq; f s; > Ngr; R kw; W k;
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;jpy; fl;Lg;ghL
kw;Wk; jfty; jzpg;G Nghd;witfspd; %yk;
cz;ikfs; kPs;cUthf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
mikjp kw;Wk; mr;rj;jpd; kj;jpapy; td;Kiw-
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
fisAk; mlf; F KiwfisAk; gpuNahfpf; f
KbAk;. #l;rkkhf khw;wg;gl;l cz;ikahdJ
,t; t hwhd #l; r kkhd nraw; g hLfisAk;
fl; L g; g hLfisAk; nfhz; l Ml; r paikg; G
Kiwapid epiyf;fr; nra;Ak;.
cz; i kia tprhupf; F k;
Mizf; F O
gy tUlq; f shfg; ngha; a hfTk;
fUg;nghUs; uPjpahf #l;rkkhfTk; khw;wg;gl;l
tuyhw; w iw rthy; t pLj; J ey; y pzf; f j; i j
cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; rpy;yp> Mu;[d;Bdh> vy;
rNtNjhu;> njd; Mgphpf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy;
cz; i kia tprhupf; F k; Mizf; F O
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ey;ypzf;f nraw;ghLfis
Muk; g pf; f cz; i kia tprhupf; F k; Mizf;
FONt xU rhjfkhd ,lnkd ,t; T jh-
uzq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. nghJthfNth
my; y J gFjpahfNth rhl; r p $Wk; eltbf; -
iffSf; F cz; i kia tprhupf; F k; Mizf;
FOf; f spD}lhf gyjug; g l; l jdp egh; f spd;
$w;Wfs; my;yJ cz;ikf; fijfs; njspthf
ntspgLj;jg;gl;L cWjp nra;ag;gLk;. xt;nthU
egh;fspdJk; ehshe;jk; eilngWk; epfo;Tfspd;
fijfs; ,q;F $wg;gLk;. ,tw;iwf; $WtjhYk;
fhJ nfhLg; g jhYk; kw; W k; ,r; r igapd;
cj; j pNahfg; G +h; t mwpf; i f ntspaP L fspd;
%yKk; ,it murpdhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;L
rl; l G+h; t khf Vw; W f; n fhs; s gLk; . ,Wjpapy;
,t; T z; i k $Wk; eltbf; i f %yk;
xUq; f pize; j > gy; N tWg; g l; l > gopthq; F k;
,ay;gw;w cz;ikia cUthf;f toptFf;Fk;.
,g; g opthq; F k; ,ay; g w; w jd; i kahdJ xU
Kf;fpakhd gFjpahFk;. xU fUiz tbtpyhd
cz;ikia mikg;GKiwf;Fl;gLj;jp ghJfhf;f
muR Kida Ntz; L Nk jtpu gopthq; F k;
cz; i kia cgNahfpf; f f; $ lhJ. ey; y pzf; f
eltbf;ifahdJ gopthq;Fk; vz;zj;Jld;
Nehf;fg;gl;lhy; rkhjhdk; epyt tha;g;Gf;fs;
,y;iy.
nghJkf; f spd; tpog; G zh; t pd; i kahy;
cz;ikr; rigfs; epUtg;gLtjpy;iy. mlf;F
Kiwiaf; filgpbf; F k; muRfspdhy;
nghJkf; f Ns gy ,d; d y; f Sf; F Kfk;
nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. muR nghJthfTk; mYtyf
uP j papYk; xg; G f; nfhz; L ,t; T z; i kia
mikg; G Kiwf; F l; g l; l epidNtLfspy;
cs;slf;Fjy; mtrpak;. muRf;F cz;ikia
fl; l hag; g Lj; j p cUthf; f cupikapy; i y.
vjpuzpahd MAj FOtpdUf;Fk; ,e;j chpik
nfhLf; f gltpy; i y. Nghhpdhy; mjpfk;
ghjpf; f g; g l; L Jd; g g; g Lk; kf; f splkpUe; N j
,t;Tz;ik ntsptu Ntz;Lk;.
03
 rlq; F fs;
ey;ypzf;f eltbf;iffis Muk;gpf;Fk; Xh;
ce; J rf; j pahfNt cz; i kfis tprhhpf; F k;
Mizf;FOthdJ nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk;
,t;thizf;FO ntWkNd xU Muk;gf;fl;l-
khfTs;sJ. rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij
cUthf;f cz;ikfis tprhhpf;Fk; Mizf;FO
xU ey;y Af;jpahf nfhs;sKbahJ. ehl;by;
jw;NghJ epytp tUk; #o;epiyapNyNa Njrpa
ey; y pzf; f k; fl; b naOg; g g; g l Ntz; L k; .
mj;Jld; xU jplkhd jiyikj;JtjpdhNyNa
topelj; j g; g l; L Kd; n dLj; J nry; y g; g l
Ntz; L k; . ftiyapypUe; J kP s vOk; g
NghJkhd ,ilntspiaf; nfhLj; J gpd;
ey;ypzf;f eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl Cf;fkspf;f
rptpy; r%f mikg; G fSld; xj; J ioj; J
fye; J iuahl muR jd; D ila KO
mjpfhuj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp rfy eltbf;if-
fisAk; vLg; g J mjDila rl; l my; y J
ePjpf;Fl;gl;l flikahFk;.
ngg;utup 4> 2000y; fhzhkw; Nghdth;fspd;
ngw;Nwhh;fSk; gps;isfSk; mikg;G> ‘fyhg;Ng
mgp’ vd; w mikg; G kw; W k; Mrpa kdpj
cupikfs; Mizf; F OTk; ,ize; J
uj;njhOtfk re;jpapy; fhzhkw;Nghdth;fspd;
Qhgfhh;j;jkhf Xh; epidTr; rpd;dj;ijj; jpwe;J
itj; j J. 1988 kw; W k; 1989y; fhzhkw; -
Nghdth;fis ntspg;gilahf epidT $wNt
,r; r pd; d k; cUthf; f g; g l; l J. ,yq; i fapy;
ey;ypzf;f eltbf;iffSf;F ,r;rpd;dkhdJ
xU Kf; f pa gq; f spg; i gr; nra; f pd; w J.
fhzhkw; N ghdth; f spd; FLk; g q; f spd;
mDgtq; f isr; Rw; w pf; fhzg; g Lk; mikjp-
apid Nghf;f ,r;nray; cjTk;.
,og; i gj; Jf; f k; nfhz; l hLk; eltbf; -
iffapd; NghJ rlq; F fshdJ Fwpg; g pljf; f
typikia nfhz;Ls;sJ. nghJr; rlq;Ffs;
kw; W k; tUj; j j; i j; njuptpj; j y; > tpN\l
epfo; r ; r pfisAk; jpl; l q; f isAk; elhj; J jy; >
epidTr; rpd;dq;fis cUthf;fy;> ey;ypzf;-
fj;ijAk; kdpj cupikfisAk; Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nry;Yk; mur epWtdq;fis Muk;gpj;J itj;j>
mur td; K iwfspdhy; ghjpf; f g; g l; L
gpioj;jth;fis murpay; gjtpfSf;F epakpj;jy;>
ghjpf; f gl; l th; f spd; ngaupid tP j pfs; >
fl;blq;fs;> nghJ G+q;fhf;fs; my;yJ NtW
nghJ ,lq; f Sf; F r; #l; L jy; > kdpjg;
gLFopfis nghJ kf; f s; Kd; d piyapy;
Njhz; b naLj; j y; > Kw; W k; Nghhpdhy;
ghjpf; f g; g l; l th; f Sf; F k; rpWth; f Sf; F k;
tpN\l fy;tp trjpfis Muk;gpj;J itj;jy;
Nghd;w gy Kaw;rpfspd; %yk; ,og;igj; Jf;fk;
13
nfhz; l hlTk; mjpypUe; J kP z ; L voTk;
toptFf;Fk;. ,t;thwhd Kf;fpa epfo;Tfspd;
%yk; kf; f s; vjph; nfhz; l Jd; g k; kw; W k;
Ntjidfis muR milahsq; fz; L
nfhs;Sk;.
fle; j fhyj; j py; eilg; n gw; w me; e paha
mf; f pukq; f s; %ykhf Vw; g l; l fhaq; f is
Fzg;gLj;j elhj;jgLk; rlq;Ffs; rk;gpujha-
q;fspd; Kf;fpaj;tj;ijf; nfhs;if ,aw;WNthh;
Fiwj;Nj kjpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ehk; ,d;Dk; ,we;j
fhyj; j pNyNa ,Ug; g ijAk; Jf; f j; j pypUe; J
kP z ; L k; Kd; N ehf; f p efu Kbahky;
,Ug; g ijANk ,t; t hwhd rlq; F fs;
czh;j;Jfpd;wd vd ,th;fs; vz;Zfpd;wdh;.
Jujph;\;ltrkhf> rpyh; Jaukhd rk;gtq;fspy;
,Ue;J xope;J kiwtijNa Kd;Nehf;fpa efh;T
vd vz; Z fpd; w dh; . vdpDk; kwe; J thOk;
Rfj;ij kpfr;rpyNu ngw;Ws;sdh;. jdpg;gl;l
uPjpapy; kpTk; Mokhfg; Nghhpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kf; f s; ,tw; i w kwf; f KbahJ epidT
$Wfpd; w dh; . Nghhpd; Jauj; i j mDgtpj; -
jth;fshy; ,ij kwf;f KbahJ. cly;uPjpahf
rpj; j putijf; F l; g l; l th; f shy; ,ij kwf; f
KbahJ. Nghupdhy; tpijitahdth;fs; ,ij
kwg; g jpy; i y. fhaq; f isf; Fzg; g Lj; j Tk; >
epidT$uTk; > gopthq; F k; ,ay; g w; w eP j pf; F
,ilntspia cUthf; f my; y J mjpfhpf; f
murhq;fk; Kaw;rp vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
muRfspd; khw; w q; f isAk; > my; y J
nghJthf cz;ikfisAk; ey;ypzf;fj;ijAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jtij Fwpf;fNt Kf;fpa tuyhw;W
ehl; f s; > Muk; g pf; f g; g l; L s; s J. If; f pa
mnkhpf; f htpy; khh; b d; Y}jh; fpq; [_dpah;
ehshdJ rptpy; cupik tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd
fy; t p kw; W k; eltbf; i ffSf; f hf xJf; f g; -
gl; L s; s Xh; ehshFk; . lhf; l h; fpq; kw; W k;
mtUila Nritia khzth;fSf;F tpsf;f
khj; j puk; ,g; g hlj; jpl; l khdJ mgptpUj; j p
nra; a g; g ltpy; i y. ,k; khkdpjiu epidT
$wTk;> mtUila Nrit kw;Wk; rkhjhdk;>
rptpy; chpikfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhfj; njhlhe;J
eilngWk; Nghuhl; l k; rk; g e; j khfTk;
ehlshtpauP j pay; gy tpN\l epfo; r ; r pfs;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. njd; Mgphpf;fhtpy;
ey;ypzf;fj;Jf;nfd xU ,izajsk; cUthf;-
fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jD}lhf njd; mgphpf;fhtpYk;
cyfKOtjpYk; cs; s kf; f s; ey; y pzf; f
JhJfisAk; nra; j pfisAk; mDg; g yhk; .
,r; n raw; g hlhdJ cz; i kfis tprhhpf; F k;
ey; y pzf; f Mizf; F Otpdhy; Muk; g pf; f g; -
gl;Ls;s gue;j jpl;lj;jpd; Xh; gFjpahFk;. njd;
Mgphpf; f htpd; ,d xJf; f P L fhyf; f l; l j; j pd;
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
nghOJ NtjidAk; Jd; g Kk; gutyhf Lf; f hy rKjha eilg; g hy epWtdk; vd
fhzg; g l; l gy vz; z pf; i ffspyhhd mh; j ; j k; ngWk; ‘jh; l ; kpNydpak; fk; A +dpb
fijfis ntspg; g Lj; j ,t; t hizf; FO Gl; g phpl; [ ; fk; g dp’ cUthf; f g; g l; L nghapy;
toptFf;fpd;wJ. Mw; w py; eilg; g hyk; xd; i w eph; k hdpg; g ij
nghWg; N gw; w J. ,j; j pl; l khdJ yz; l d; -
rkhjhdj; i jf; fl; b naOg; G k;
nlupiar; Nrh; e ; j Xh; mah; y he; J g; ngz;
ngz; f s;
vOj;jhshpd; GJikf; fUj;jhFk;. ,k;Kaw;rpia
cyfyhtpauP j papy; eilngWk; rkhjhd vLj; J fhl; l hf nfhz; L ,U rKjhaq; f Sk;
eltbf;iffspy; mjpfkhd ngz;fs; gq;fspg;G xd;wpize;J gaDs;s tpjj;jpy; Ntiynra;a
nra;tijf; fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ. rpNfhNgu;l;- ,JNthh; ey;y re;jh;g;gkhf mikAk;.
lhkd;r;R> ‘dhd; m\;wtp> kw;Wk; mq;rq; #fPa;
gy jrhg;gj fhykhf Xh;
Nghd; w ngz; jiyth; f Sld;
rptpy; Aj;jk; eilg;ngw;W tUk;
Nrh; e ; J md; w hl ngz; f Sk;
ey; y pzf; f khf nfhyk;gp-ahtpd; mgh;lhNlh
cyfyhtpauP j papy; rkhjhd
nghUs; g LtJ efupy; 1994k; Mz; L khefu
eltbf; i ffspy; jq; f Sila
vd; d ? ,yq; i fapy; Kjy; t uhf XU ngz;
gq; f spg; i g njhlu; e ; J nra; J
jw; n ghOJ Njhe; n jLf; f g; g l; l hh; . khefu
tUfpd;wdh;. vj;jpNahg;ghTld;
eilg; n gw; W tUk; Kjy; t uhd FNshupahtpd;
30 tUl;fhykhf njhLf;fg;gl;l
Kuz; g hl; i lg; gjtpf; fhyj;jpd; nghOJ mth;
NghUf;F gpd;dh; vhpl;hpahtpy;
nghUj; j tiuapy; Nghh; kw;Wk; td;KiwfSf;F
ngz; f s; midtUk;
jdpg; g l; l vjpuhf Xh; ijhpakhd kw;Wk;
xd; w pide; J Aj; j #o; e piyf; F
egh; f isAk; > cWjpahd epiyiag;
fhuzkhd ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk;
rKjhaq; f isAk; gpd; g w; w pdhh; . ‘Jg; g hf; f pfs;
Nghiu KbTf; F nfhz; L -
kd; d pg; G > eP j papd; my; y nkhopfNs’ vd; w
tUkhW Nfhupf; i ftpLj; j dh; .
%yk; xd; w pidj; J jiyg; g py; epfOk;
GUz;bapy; _l;L kw;Wk; Ll;]p
mj; J ld; ,Wjpahf td; K iwfSnfjpuhf xU
vd;w ,U ,dq;fSfpilapyhd
jdpg; g l; l gpurhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
gpuptpidia mfw; w ngz; f s;
kdpjh; f spd; kw; W k;
xd; W $b rkhjhdk; kw; W k; ,g; g purhuk; jq; f s;
Njrj; j pd;
ey; y pzf; f j; J f; f hd mikg; - rKjhaj; j py; ,lk; n gWk;
fhaq; f is Mw; w p
Gfis cUthf;fpdh;. murpdhy; td; K iwfs; gw; w pg; Ngr
epiyahd
xOq; F gLj; j g; g l; l $l; l q; f - mgh; l hNlh kf; f is
rkhjhdj; i j
spy; cs;slf;fg;glhj fhuzj;- Cf; F tpj; j J. Kf; f pakhf
Vw; g Lj; j
jpdhy; mg;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ,uz;L ngz; f s; Kd; t e; J ntspg; -
ek; g pf; i fia
ngz; murpay; jiyth; f shd gilahf td;Kiwf;F vjpuhf
cUthf; F tij
cfz; l htpd; cg [dhjpgjp Fwy; nfhLj;jdh;. jd;Dila
ey; y pzf; f khf
kw;Wk; iygPhpahtpd; Kd;dhs; gjtpf; f hyj; j pd; gpd; d h;
'nfl; ] ; [" mikg; G
[dhjpgjp Mfpa ,Uthpd; FNshupah> nfhyk;gpahtpYs;s
fUJfpd; w J.
cjtpAlDk; cfz; l htpy; rkhjhdj; - jpw; f hd ngz; f s;
,g; n gz; f s; xU khehl; i l tiyaikg; g pd; jiytuhff;
xOq; F gLj; j pdh; . eilng- flikahw; w p tUfpwhh; . tl
wtpUf; F k; GUz; b rkhjhd rkur mah; y he; j py; rkhjhd Ngr; R thh; i jfspy;
Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspy; ngz;fisAk; cs;slf;f ngz; f s; cs; s lf; f gLtjw; f hf rkhjhdj; -
ngz;fSf;fhf gupe;J Ngrg; Nghtjhf ,zf;fk; epw; f hd ngz; f s; $l; l ikg; g hdJ mauhJ
njuptpj;j cfz;lh ehl;L [dhjpgjf;Fk; GUz;b cioj; j J. ‘Mz; murpay; t hjpfs; > xd; W k;
ngz;fSf;-Fkpilapy; xU $l;lj;ij ,t;tpU njhpahj ngz;fs; vdf;$wp> vq;fis kjpf;fhJ
ngz; jiyth;fSk; xOq;FgLj;jpdh;. xf;Nlhgu; VsdgLj;jp $f;Fuypl;ldh;’ vd nghpa nts;sp
1998k; Mz; L rkhjhd eltbf; i ffspy; cld; g bf; i f cUthf fhuzkhf ,Ue; j
ngz;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;ldh;. nraw;ghLfspy; Kjd; Kiwahfg; gq;Fgw;wpa
,f;$l;likg;gpd; ,uz;L ngz;fSk; $wpdh;.
mah; y he; J ehl; b d; yz; l d; n lupapy;
vdpDk; kde;jsuhJ njhlh;e;J ,g;ngz;fs;
nghapy; MwhdJ rk;gpujhaG+h;tkhf fj;Njhypf;f
,jpy; gq;Fgw;wp ,d;Dk; gy ngz;fs; rkhjhd
kw; W k; Gul; l ]; j he; J rKjhaq; f is gphpj; J
Ngr; R thh; j ; i jfspy; gq; F ngw toptFj; j dh; .
itj; j J. rkhjhdf; FwpaP l hfTk; kw; W k;
,jd;%yk; tl mah;yhe;J Nguitapy; ngz;
ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rpapYk; %thapukhz;-

;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002 23

gpujepjpfSk; cs;slf;fg;gLtij cWjp nra;a
Kbe;jJ. vdpDk; ngz; ,af;fq;fspd; fLk;
ciog;G kw;Wk; Kaw;rpfSf;F kj;jpapYk; gy
jilfis vjph; f ; n fhs; s Ntz; b apUf; F k;
Nghuhl;lkhfNt njhlHe;Jk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
rkhjhd eltbf; i ffspy; gpujpepjpj; J t-
g; g Lj; j g; g l; l ,]; N uypag; ngz; f spy;
mjpfkhNdhh; nrayhsu;fshfNt ,Ue;jdh; vd
gy];jPdpa tpLjiy ];jhgdj;jpd; Kd;dhs;
fy;tp mikr;rUk; kj;jpafpof;fpy; rkhjhdj;jp-
w; f hf NghuhLgtUkhd `dhd; m\; u tp
tUj;jj;Jld; njuptpj;jhh;.
rkhjhdj; j pw; f hd ngz; f s;
$l; l ikg; G
,d; i wa ngz; f s; jpd epfo; T fspy;
fhzf; $ bajhftpUe; j ngz; f Snfjpuhd
td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhd Gifapuj;ij Muk;gpj;J
itj;jy; kw;Wk; tp`hu kfhNjtp G+q;fhtpy;
eilg; n gw; w epfo; T fs; mj; J ld; ehlhstp-
auP j paypy; eilg; n gw; w rpwpa epfo; T fs;
Nghd; w tw; w pd; %yk; ,yq; i fapy; ngz; f s;
jq; f Sila tho; t pYk; kw; w g; ngz; f spd;
tho;tpYk; rhjfkhdk; kw;Wk; Mf;fG+h;tkhd
khw; w j; i j Vw; g Lj; j Kidfpd; w dh; vd; g J
njspthfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; rkhjhd kw;Wk;
ey; y pzf; f eltbf; i ffspy; ,t; t hwhd
khw; w j; i j Vw; g Lj; J k; Muk; g Kaw; r pfspy;
xd;Nw rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd ngz;fs; $l;lik-
g;ghFk;.
,yq; i fapy; rkhjhdj; i jAk; ey; y pz-
f; f ijAk; Mjhpf; F k; ngz; f spd; xU
tyiaikg; N g rkhjhdj; j pw; f hd ngz; f s;
$l; l ikg; g hFk; . ,f; $ l; l ikg; g hdJ
ghy; u P j papyhd fUj; i j mgptpUj; j p nra; J
rkhjhdk; kw; W k; ey; y pzf; f j; j f; f hd
nraw; g hLfspy; ghy; u P j papyhd fUj; J
cs; s lf; f g; g Ltij cWjpnra; A k; eltbf-
;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sTs;sJ. rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd
ngz;fs;> tpopg;Gf; $l;likg;G kw;Wk; ngz;fs;
mur rhu; g w; w epWtdq; f spd; xd; w pak;
Nghd;witfspd; fle;jfhy kw;Wk; epfo;fhy
rkhjhd Kaw; r pfspypUe; J rkhjdj; i jf;
fl; b naOg; g ,g; n gz; f s; $l; l ikg; G
Kay; f pd; w J. Nghhpdhy; Mz; f spdJk;
ngz;fspdJk; gq;fspg;gpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;
mjd; ghjpg;G Nghd;wtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shJ
gpuNahfpf; f g; g Lk; gy Jisfisf; nfhz; l
‘rkhjhdk; ; ’ vd; w gjj; j ; p d; fUg; n ghUis
khw;wpaikf;Fk; Njit cs;snjd> ehlshtp-
auP j papy; cs; s ngz; f s; mikg; G fspd;
mq; f j; J tj; i jg; ngw; w rkhjhdj; j pw; f hd
ngz;fs; $l;likg;ghdJ ek;Gfpd;wJ. rkhjhd
kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f eltbf;iffspy; jiyapl;L
Mf;fG+h;tkhd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNjhL Aj;j
fhyj; j pYk; rkhjhdr; #o; e piyapYk;
ngz;fspd; jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fis fUj;jpw;-
nfhz;L nraw;gLk; ngz;fis ,k;khjphpahd
eltbf; i ffspy; xU Kf; f pa gq; i f tfpf; f
ehlshtpauPjpapy; cs;s ngz;fs; mikg;Gfspd;
mq; f j; J tj; i jg; ngw; w rkhjhdj; j pw; f hd
ngz;fs; $l;likg;G toprikf;Fk;.
khyj;jp b my;tp] ;
nfl; ] ; [
‘nfl; [’ mikg; G (G+idapd; fz; )
epfo; f hy epytuq; f s; njhlh; g hd ngz; z pa
fz; N zhl; l k; njhFg; G

'vd;d J\hhp ,d;dKk; ntspf;fplhky;

JzpkzpfSf;F eLNt ,Ue;Jnfhz;L vd;d
Nahrpf;fpwha;. cLf;f xd;iwAk; njhpT
nra;atpy;iyNah?"

'Xkb... vij cLg;gnjd njhpatpy;yab.

ehq;fs; ghthil fl;bdhy; fhy; njhpapJ vd;W
nrhy;fpwhHfs;. Nriy fl;bdhy; njhg;Go;
njhpfpwnjz;WL nrhy;fpwhHfs;. fhw;rl;il
Nghl;lhy; VNjhnthd;W ,y;yhj Iahkhh;
vdfpwhHfs;. mjhy ehd; epidj;jdhd; vij
cLj;jhYk; Vjhtnjhd;W njhpe;jhy; mg;g ehq;f
vijab cLf;f Ntz;Lk;."

33 ;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002


m`kl; \k;\l; Ngfk;
t hpirf; fpukkhf vWk; G fs; Rthpy;
gtdp tUtij fjp[h mtjhdpj;jhs;.
xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfr; nry;Yk; ,t;ntWk;Gfspd;
gazk; epue;jukhd Xh; tplankd czh;e;jhs;.
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ez; g h; f Sila fhjpy; VNjh ufrpaj; i j
KZKZf; f r; rw; W Ntfj; i jf; Fiwg; g ijf;
fhzyhk; . mth; f Sila ,uh[pak; G+kpf; F
mbapy; my; y J ghiwapd; gpstpDs;
fhzg;gl;lJ. mt;tpuh[paj;jpy; mth;fSf;nfd
Xh; uhzp ,Ue; j hh; . ,t; t hwhd gtdpapy;
uhzpiaf; fhzg;Nghtjpy;iy vd;gij mwpe;j
fjp[h ftiyapy; Mo;e;jhs;.
me; j uhzp Xh; Nrhk; N gwp vd mts;
vz;zpdhs;.
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
rpW
fij
my;yJ mts; Xh; Raeythjpahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
gtdpapy; nry;Yk; vWk;Gfis Vt my;yJ
cj;jutpl xUtUkpy;iy> MdNghjpYk; $l
mth; f s; kpfTk; Rygkhf Kd; N dwpr;
nry; f pd; w dh; . ,tSf; F ‘[khj; j p]pd; ’ ngah;
Qhgfj;jpw;F te;jJ.
jpBnud> vWk;Gfs; rfyJk; Rth;fspd; rfy
gFjpf;Fk; rpjwp Xbd. Rthpd; kPJ G+rg;gl;l G+r;R
chpe; J xU G+jhfukhd tP j pnahd; W Rthpy;
cUthdJ. mtSf; F j; njhpe; j mstpy;
,t; T iog; g hsp vWk; G fspd; fijahdJ
vt;tsT tPufukhd xd;W. ,t;ntWk;Gfspd;
gtdp eilapd; rPh;gpukhzkhdJ mtSf;F Xh;
Gul;rpfukhd ghliyg; ghlj; J}z;baJ.
‘tWikapd; FuNy ek; fPjk;.
ehk; rptg;ig tplr; rpte;jth;fs;>
tPufukhd ngz;fs; gil tPuhq;fizfs;.
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epidtpw;F te;jJ. ,t; ntWk;GfSld; epue;ju
cyfj; j pw; F gazk; nra; A k; Mh; t k; mtsJ
cs;sj;ij Ml;nfhz;lJ. ,J Ch;tyk; nrd;w
fpuhkg; ngz;fis mtkhdg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf
mikAnkd mQ; r pdhs; . mth; f s; fjwpaOJ
fhzhkw; Nghd jq;fSila fzth;fisAk;
rNfhjuh; f isAk; kw; W k; Gj; j puh; f isAk;
kP s j; j UkhW Nfhhpf; i ftpLj; j dh; … mth; f -
Sila czh;rr ; pg; G+h;tkhd Mh;gg
; hl;lj;jpdhy;
tP j pfspy; vOe; j JhR ad; d y; f spD}lhf
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ngz;fspd; miwfisr; nrd;wile;jJ. ,e;j
ad;dy; fjTfis ,Oj;J ,Wf %Lk; xyp fPNo
tP j pfspy; cs; s jha; k hh; f spd; fhJfSf; F
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“gprhRfspd; jha;khh;fs;!”
“gpbthjkhd Xh; ,dk; … rhj; j hd; f spd;
Gj; j puh; f s; … mth; f s; ek; G+kpia mopj; J
tpl;lhh;fs;…” vd NkypUe;j ngz;fs; rgpj;jdh;.
vdpDk; mt; t hW rgpj; j nghOjpYk; $l
43
mth; f Sila ad; d y; fz; z hbfs;
cilf; f g; g Lk; xyp ve; j f; fl; l j; j pYk;
mth; f spd; fhjpy; Nfl; f yhk; vd; w mr; r k;
mth;fis epiyf; nfhz;lJ. mt;thNw mitfs;
cile;J rpjwpd.
fjp[h Ch; t yj; j pd; ,Wjpapw; F xUthW
te; J tpl; l hs; . JNuhfpfspd; rNfhjhp vdj;
jd;id milahsq; fhl;bf;nfhs;shJ> mq;F
fz; z P h ; tbf; F k; jha; k hh; f Sf; F s; jd; i d
kiwj;Jf; nfhs;s mts; vz;zpdhs;.
fjp[hit mth;fSld; fz;l `kpl;> Rngaph;>
nkh`kl; > \hP g h> kw; W k; r$h; midtUk;
jpLf; f pl; L tpag; g py; Mo; e ; j dh; . VNjh xh;
mgrFzkhd tplaj; i jf; fz; L tpl; l ijg;
Nghy Xukhf tpyfpr; nrd;wdh;.
,U iffisAk; thNdhf;fp cah;j;jpathW
nkype;j XU tajhd ngz; mtSld; ele;jhs;.
Xt; n thU njU KidapYk; kaf; f kpl; L
tpOe;jhh;. ,Wjpapy; mtis tpotplhJ fjp[h
,Wfg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;.
‘mNjh vd;Dila kfdpd; rpij.’
‘mtSf;F vd;d igj;jpakh?’
‘ehd; > vd; D ila ,isa kfid>
mtDila gjf;fj;jpd; %ykhfNt milahsq;
fz; L nfhz; N ld; . mtDila clk; G
KOtJk; vhpe;Jtpl;lJ.’
‘Jujp\;ltrkhf> vd;Dila gps;isfs;…’
mts; Gyk; g pdhs; . mtSila tpopfs;
Nkfq; f spdhy; kiwe; j pUg; g ijg; Nghd; W
njd;gl;lJ> fUtpopfisf; fhzKbatpy;iy>
vdpDk; mth;fsJ mOifAk; Gyk;gy;fSk;
njhlh;e;jd.
gy je; i jaUk; $l ,t; T +h; t yj; j pd;
Kd;dpiyapy; ele;J nrd;wdh;. gy ehl;fshf
RNyhfq;fisAk; Ve;jp $r;rypl;l fhuzj;jpdhy;
,th; f s; Nrhh; e ; J gytP d khd epiyapy;
,Ug;gijf; fjp[h czhe;jhs;.
rptg; G g; ghyj; j pd; mUfpy; $bapUe; j
FOnthd; W ,tT+h; t yj; j pid tuNtw; W
mth;fSld; ,ize;jdh;. jhfj;Jld; gtdp
te; j th; f Sf; F g; gy FOf; f y; gUF eP h ;
nfhLg; g ij mtjhdpj; j fjp[htpd; kdk;
,ofpaJ.
‘vq;fSila gps;isfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;
fpilj;J XU tUlk; G+h;j;jpaile;J tpl;lJ.
tlf;fpw;Fr; nrd;wth;fSf;Fk; ,Nj epiy jhd;.’
njhiytpy; ,Uf; F k; xh; FbirapypUe; J
jhyhl;Lg; ghLk; rj;jk; vq;fSila nrtpfspy;
xypf;fpd;wJ.
‘igj;jpaf;fhup. mts; jd;Dila Foe;ijia
Jhq;fr; nra;fpwhs;!’
53
‘me; j g; ngz; Z f; F g; igj; j pak; . fz; z py;
fhZk; ghiw kw; W k; jbfs; midj; J Nk
mtSf;Ff; Foe;ijjhd;.
‘,th;fs; vq;fsila fhyj;jpd; jha;khh;fs;.
gl;lr;ruh> fp] Nfhjkp> rhtpj;jphp> kw;Wk; jhuhkjp
Nghd; w nja; t q; f is vjph; j ; J rthy; t pl; l
ngz; f s; my; y . czT> ciuAs; Nghd; -
witfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shJ Ch;tyj;jpy;
gtdp te; j nkdpf; N fkhh; f Sk; myP ] ;
Nehdhkhh; f SNk ,th; f s; ; . rfyUk; efh; e ; J
nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jdh;. #hpadpd; fLk; ntg;gj;jpy;>
cLk; G fs; tay; n tspfspy; Fsph; f ha; e ; j gb
,isg; g hwpd. cyh; e ; j G+kpAld; Nghuhbf;
nfhz; b Uf; F k; tptrhapfspd; fz; f s;
Ch; t yj; j pd; kP N j cs; s J. mth; f s; rpe; J k;
tpah;itahdJ Nrw;wpd; epwj;ijg; Nghd;wJ>
mit cyh; kz; i z mizj; J f; nfhs; s g;
Nghtijg; Nghd;W mth;fspd; clk;ig tpl;L
ntspte;jd.
rpy gFjpfspy; fhypahd itf; N fhy; f s; >
kdpjh; f isg; Nghd; W thdj; i j ghh; j ; j gb
epkph; e ; J caukhf epd; w d. ,t; t ptrhapfspd;
iffspypUe;j tptrha MAjq;fs; vOg;gpa Xir
,ae;jpuf; Jg;ghf;fpfis tpl rf;jp tha;ej; itahf
njd; g l; l d. goq; f hy Nghh; f ; fijfs; gy
fjp[htpd; Qhgfj; j pw; F te; j J…,ae; j pu
Jg;ghf;fpfSf;F mb gzpahJ mnkhpf;fh;fspd;
Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;L ntw;wp fz;l
tpal; e hikr; Nrh; e ; j Xh; fpuhkpag; ngz; .
Ch;tyk; te;jth;fspd; mUfpy; te;j gy tptrha
ngz; k dpfSk; fjwpaOjdh; . Ch; t yk; te; J
nfhz; b Ue; j rpy ,lq; f spy; Nkilfs;
vOg;gg;gl;L nghJf;$l;lq;fs; eilg;ngw;wd.
Nkilapy; gyh; gytpjkhd nrhw;nghopTfis
Mw;wpa NghjpYk; mit jha;khh;fspd; Jauj;ij
rw;NwDk; Fiwf;ftpy;iy.
Nkilapy; ciuahw;wpath;fspd; ,yf;Ffs;
NtWg;gl;lit vd rpyh; KZKZj;jdh;.
‘vq;fSila Jauj;ijg; gpuNahrdg;gLj;jp
jq; f Sila ,uh[; a j; i j ifg; g w; W tNj
mth;fSila Fwpf;Nfhs;’.
‘jw;nghOJ mq;F ciuahw;Wgthpd; jkad;
,isQh;fisf; flj;Jtjpy; <Lg;gl;bUe;jhh;…’
gy Nfhzq;fspypUe;J tPrpa gaq;fu jpfpy;
fhw;Wfs; fUg;igapy; cs;s rpRit mopj;jJ.
kdpj cliy mopf; f f; $ ba Gw; W Nehiag;
Nghd; W jha; k hh; f spd; ngU%r; R me; j
,ilntspia epug;gpaJ.
rpy Neuj;jpd; gpd;dh;> ‘eP ahiu ,oe;jha;;> vd;
kfNs?’ vd mt; t ajhd ngz; mtsplk;
Nfl;lhs;.
‘ePq;fs; rpq;fstuy;yth?’
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
 ‘fjp[h Gd;difj;jhs;’
‘ahh; fhzhkw; Nghdth; ? cq; f Sila
je;ijah?
‘,y;iy…’
‘,y;iynad;why; cq;fSila rNfhjuuh?...’
‘,y;iy mk;kh…’
‘mg;gbahdhy; ahh;?’
mt; t ajhd ngzpd; fz; f s; jpifj; j d.
fjp[h mikjpahfNt ,Ue;jhs;.
xt; n thU tP j papYk; rlyq; f s; vhpe; J f;
nfhz; b Ue; j d. Xt; n thU tP l ; L thrypD}-
lhfTk; mty Xyq;fs; xypj;jd. jha;khh;fspd;
neQ;rpy; rpijfs; %l;lg;gl;ld..
‘ehk; kpfTk; Jujph; \ ; l trkhdth; f s; .
,g;ghtq;fisf; fhtp nfhz;bUf;f ehk; ,q;F
,d;Dk; tho;e;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;…’
ghtk; epiwe; j ngz; f spd; fuq; f s; .
mth;fspd; ,uj;jk;> mth;fSila fdT…
vd;Dila Fw;w czh;Tld; ,g;Gdpjkhd
kz;zpy; ehd; vt;thW fhy;fisg; gjpg;gJ?
ghtpfisg; Ngh\pj; J tsh; j ; j iffspdhy;
flTis vt;thW gpuhh;j;jid nra;tJ?
,uj;j MWfs;> vhpe;J fUfpa eiukhkprk;>
,Wjpf; f pupiaf; f hd kyh; f s; … ,g; g hpRj; j
jsj;jpy; fhybnaLj;J itf;f mth;fSf;F vd;d
chpikAs;sJ?
mt;thNw rpyh; ,jid Nehf;fpdh;.
Mdhy; > ,t; t hwhd gphptpidfisj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jJ khdplg; gpwtpfs; my;yth?
mk; % jhl; b apd; Njhisr; Rw; w pj; jdJ
ifiag; Nghl;;lthW fjp[h Kd;Nehf;fp nrd;W
nfhz; N lapUe; j hs; . ‘vdf; F vdJ je; i j
Ntz; L k; . mtiu Njbj; jUtP h ; f sh?’ vd; w
Nfhhpf; i fiaf; nfhz; l RNyhfnkhd; i w
iffspy; Ve;jpathW rpWkp xUj;jp Ch;tyj;jpd;
xU gf;fj;jpy; nry;tijf; fhzyhk;. ngw;Nwhhpd;
MjuT gps;isfSf;F kpfTk; mtrpak;. md;G>
ftdpg; G > ghrk; > kw; W k; fUiz… vd
gps; i siar; Rw; w pNa xU jhapd; cyfk;
fhzg;gLk;.
‘eP fisj;Jg; Ngha;tpl;lha; jq;ifNa>’ vd
fjp[h $wpdhs;.
‘,y;iy vd;dhy; elf;f KbAk;.’
‘,jw; F f; fhuzk; ,uhZtj; j pdh; my; y J
milahsq; fhzg;glhj Jg;ghf;fp egh;fs;.’
‘cd;Dila jha;?’
‘midtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. ehd; %q;fpy;
nrbfspDs; gJq; f p kiwthf ,Ue; J
jg;gpj;Njd;.’
;yhrn • L;zhyhf ;khl;du, • 5002
vijNah rhjpj; J tpl; N lhnkd mtsJ
tpopfs; $wpd.
‘cd; D ila je; i jiaf; $l; b
nrd; w th; f isr; re; j pj; j hahdhy; vd; d
nra;tha;?’
rpWkp rphpj;jhs;.
‘jq;ifNa> nrhy;…’
‘mth;fis Neubahfr; re;jpNjd; vd;why; vd
Nfl;fpwPh;fsh?’
‘ePh; mth;fisf; nfhiy nra;tPuh?’
rpWkp mikjpahff; fple; j hs; . Kfj; i jr;
Ropf;Fk; nghOJ mtsJ GUtq;fs; xd;whf
mirtijf; fjp[h mtjhdpj;jhs;.
‘vd;Dila je;ij> jha;> rNfhjuh;fs; kw;Wk;
vd;Dila khkhf;;fisAk; mj;ijkhh;fisAk;
juf;$wp Nfhhpf;iftpLg;Ngd;.’
,r; r pWkpapd; gjpiyf; Nfl; L fjp[h
kl; L ky; y ,tisr; #otpUe; j gyh;
mjphr;rpAw;wdh;.
mth; f is kP s vdf; F jUthh; f shapd;
vd;Dila rl;il igapy; fhzg;gLk; ,ufrpa
ghpir mth;fSf;F toq;FNtd;.
vy;NyhUk; mtis ghh;j;jdh;.
‘gy;th;z ge;Jf;fs; gy.’
‘mJ vd; d ? ntb Fz; N lh?’ vd
ngz; n zhUth; rpWkpapd; jiyiaj;
jltpag;gb tpdtpdhh;.
mts; nghpjhfr; rphpj;jhs;. me;jr; rphpg;gpd;
%ykhf nkhl; L fis kyu itf; f KbAk; .
mtspd; rphpg;G mq;Fs;s jha;khh;fisAk; rphpf;f
itj;jJ. ,th;fs; Rke;J te;j kdg;ghukhdJ
Fiwe;jij Nghd;w czh;T.
rpWkpia vq;FNk fhz Kbatpy;iy.
fjp[h fz; f isj; jpwe; j hs; . vWk; G fs;
,d;Dk; Rthpy; gtdp nrd;W nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd.
1972y; gpwe;j \k;\l; Ngfk;> Xh; ,];yhkpag; ngz;zhf
rpq;fs ,yf;fpaj;Jiwapy; xh; rpwe;j vOj;jhsuhf
tpsq;Ffpwhh;. ey;y tpkh;ridiag; ngw;w ,uz;L
rpWfijj; njhFg;Gfis mth; ntspaplL ; s;shh;. mtiur;
Rw;wp thOk; rpqf; s kw;Wk; jkpo; kf;fspilNa jd;Dila
Gjpa cyfj;ij czh;jJ ; tNj> K];yPk; ngz;zhf mth;
vOJtjpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fhFk;. ,t;tpjj;jpy; ,d hPjpapyhf
xw;Wikia Kd;ndLj;J nrd;W ,yq;ifapy; epiyahd
rkhjhdj; i j cUthf; f yhk; vd mth; ek; g p f ; i f
njhp t p f ; f p d ; w hh; . jw; n ghOJ mth; Xh; Mrp h p a h;
gapw;Wtpg;ghsuhff; flikahw;Wfpd;whh;.
63
2005 • ,ud;lhk;; fhyhz;L • nrhy; 37
cyfk; Nghw Nghf;fg;ghU
jq; f kjpy; y hNy

je;jhd; xU ,uhj;jy; ghizf; fldhf

Nfl;lhd; mjw;F cliy <lhf
#isapd; fPo; Gul;b
kh;Njyp]; Ngf;fh;

%d;Wehs; fha;r;rYf;F
xU lrpd; kUe;ijj; je;J
cwpQ;rpdhd; xUthuk; clk;ig
re;jp lhf;Fj;jh;

nts;isauprp fpNyhTf;Fk;
,UE}W fpuhk; fUthl;Lf;Fk;
ifiaAk; KiyiaAk; gpbf;Fk;
khj;jiw filf;fhud;

,uz;L iky; J}uj;jpw;F

rPl;L fpspf;fhj ehl;fspy; uTDf;F
,utpy; tPl;Lf;Fs; EisAk;;
khWfz;Zila elj;Jdh;

gj;jpuj;ijg; g+h;j;jpnra;a
mYtyfk; nrd;w ehspy;
cly; gw;wp Nehl;lk; fhZk;
cj;jkkhd tpjhidah;

xOf;frPy rKjhaj;jpy;
khRglh [hjfKs;s
kjpg;Gs;s kdpjh;fshk; mth;fs;

jfg;gid mwpahj
[hjfNk njhpahj
ehd; ntWkNd...... jhrpahfptpl;Nld;

cyfk; Nghw Nghf;fg;ghU

jq;fkjpy;yhNy

mNdhkh ,uh[fUdh
 ngz;zpaj;jpd; kfj;Jtk;

nrhy; • ,uz;lhk; fhyhz;L • 2005

ISSN 1391-958X

ml;ilg;glk; gw;wpa th;zidAk; RUf;fkhd gjpTk; :

n`~hdp vl;Nth;l; Xh; tptuz jpiug;gl jahupg;ghsuhthh;. ,tUila
nghOJNghf;F Gifg;glnkLj;jyhFk;. ,th; vLj;j Gifg;glq;fs; cs;@h;
kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lr; rQ;rpiffspYk; gj;jpupiffspYk; gpuRupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

tisay; tz;bnahd;W gukhl;bapYs;s Guhjd tpehafh; Myaj;jpd; Kd;

epWj;jp itj;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. G+zh khepyj;jpw;fg;ghy; 100 fp.kP js;sp
gukhl;b fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gukhl;b efukhdJ goik tha;e;j Myaq;fs;>
ftpQh; =jh; kw;Wk; tisay;fSf;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ.

ml;ilg;glk;
n`~hdp vl;NtHl;

nkhop ngaHg;G
epuQ;[yh mUs;ez;jp
nghd;idah rhe;jFkhu;

ml;il kw;Wk; gf;fq;fs; tbtikg;G

NtyhAjk; n[arpju; h

Gj;jf ntspaPL
ngz;fs; njhlHG Clfq;fSf;fhd $l;likg;G
20/1> 8k; xOq;if> ehty> ,yq;if
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