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4.0 PILING
4.1 Scope
The work covered by this section of the specification consists of furnishing all plant,
labour, equipment, appliances and materials and performing all operations in
connection with the installation of all piling for the proposed facilities. Piling work
shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the pile installation procedure as shown
in Appendix 1.
4.2 General
4.2.1 Soil Data/Submarine Pipeline
An existing submarine pipeline corridor, extending between the islands of Pulau Ayer
Chawan and Pulau Pesek, lies between the proposed new Berth 6 and existing Berth
1. The pipeline corridor has two 30” diameter crude oil pipelines, one 10” diameter
water pipeline, and miscellaneous cabling. The pipeline/cabling is trenched to various
depths between the islands, backfilled and protected with rock armour.
Information on soil conditions is included in the Appendix 2.
4.2.2 Pile Information
Location and number of piles, approximate pile length, diameter and wall thickness,
material grade, tip elevation and cut off levels for piles are as shown in the bid
drawings. The material construction and installation of piling shall be carried out
strictly in accordance with BP 471.
4.3 Welding
The contractor's obligations on welding are given in Chapter 2 Steelwork welding
and fabrication and BP 1871, whichever is more restrictive.
4.4 Barge Certificates
4.4.1 The piling barge should be in possession of the following certificates which
should be made available to ESPL upon request.
a) Certificate of registry
b) Certificate of classification
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c) Safety construction certificate
d) Certificate of international load line
e) Safety equipment certificate
4.5 Pile Driving Records
4.5.1 The Contractor shall keep pile driving records of each pile over the full length
and shall submit two (2) signed copies of these records to the Engineer for acceptance
of the pile.
4.5.2 The Contractor shall provide the services of qualified personnel and compile
and turn over to the Owner’s Engineer, daily at ten a.m., the pile driving records for
the previous twentyfour hour period up to midnight.
4.5.3 The pile driving record shall include, but not be limited to :
Date
Pile identification
Pile size
Pile type
Design loads
Make and Model of Driver
Driver rated energy
Batter
Final tip elevation
Driving time
Splice locations
Seabed elevation
type and weight, stroke and efficiency of hammer used
for a single acting hammer, the drop, for a double acting hammer, the
blow rates at maximum and minimum energy.
type of anvil and cushion or cap block used
penetration of pile under its own weight
penetration of pile under weight of hammer
blow counts throughout driving (blow counts to be taken every 500
mm of penetration )
When reaching refusal, blow counts shall be taken at every 50 mm of
penetration
unusual behaviour of hammer or pile during driving
level of soil inside open ended pile upon completion of each driving
operation and hence the draw down
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interruptions in driving, including 'setup' time
actual length of pile, cutoffs and extensions
the record shall also show the eccentricity of the pile from the true
location shown on the Drawings measured from the pile axis at cutoff;
deviation from true plumb and orientation deviations
Volume of concrete used for infill
4.6 Survey lines
The reference lines for use by the Contractor in laying out the work are the grid lines.
Contractor shall relate all survey work and setting out to these lines. All survey work
and setting out shall meet the approval of the Owner’s Engineer.
4.7 Coatings
The Contractor's obligations are given in Chapter 6 under the Painting Specification
and BP 1911, whichever is more restrictive.
4.8 Marking of Piles
Each pile shall be clearly marked in white paint with its reference number and its
overall length. In addition, each pile shall be marked with transverse lines at intervals
of 1.00m from the pile tip subdivided in intervals of 250mm over the portion of the
pile exposed above mean low water before driving.
After installation and acceptance of the piles the white paint marks above mean low
water shall be removed and the areas of the paint marks shall be made good and
coated in accordance with the requirements of Exxon Basic Practice Painting
Protection Coating BP1911 attached.
4.9 Equipment
4.9.1 General
Contractor shall provide and maintain in good operating condition, all equipment
necessary for the proper and efficient handling and installation of piles.
Barges and other floating equipment shall be of ample size and shall be stable under
average sea conditions without excessive movement or tilting during pile installation.
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Main equipment provided by the Contractor shall be subject to the approval of the
Owner’s Engineer.
4.9.2 Pile Driver
a) Pile Driver shall be the type generally used in standard piledriving practice,
and be in good operating condition. They shall be suitable to install the various steel
tube piles with the outside diameters shown on the Drawings and have sufficient
energies to install the piles in one continuous operation.
b) When a steam, diesel or air hammer is used for driving, both the volume and
pressure of steam or air recommended by the manufacturer of the Pile Driver, and the
rated number of strokes per minute, shall be maintained at all times to ensure full
energy of the driving blows.
c) Any Pile Driver failing the above requirements or not in good operating
condition shall be taken out of service and repaired or replaced at Contractor's
expense and subject to the approval of the Owner’s Engineer.
4.9.3 Leads
Pile driver leads shall be constructed in a manner which affords freedom of movement
to the hammer, and shall be held in position by guys or stiff braces to ensure support
of the pile during driving. The use of either swinging or hanging leads requires the
written approval of the Owner’s Engineer.
The guides or leaders of piling frames and supports shall be fitted with rubber faced
rollers to prevent damage to the piles and protective coating during handling, pitching
and driving.
4.9.4 Protection of Pile Heads
The head of the piles shall be protected from deformation during driving by a steel
helmet or anvil into which the head of the pile shall fit closely. The driving helmet
shall be capable of protecting the head of the pile, minimising energy uniformly over
the top of the pile.
A cushion block shall be inserted between the helmet and the hammer ram to reduce
impact stresses. Cushion blocks shall be of such material that they will not undergo
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appreciable change in elastic properties as a result of repeated hammer blow and shall
be of wood or an approved substitute. Any cushion material that becomes damaged
or causes an eccentric action of the hammer shall be removed and replaced.
4.9.5 Sunken Equipment
The Contractor shall have available for immediate use all such tools as may be
required to perform an efficient operation to retrieve sunken equipment, materials,
tools, etc.
4.10 Installation
4.10.1 General
Pile installation shall be done in such a way that any damage to the piles shall be
avoided.
For piling in the vicinity of the submarine pipelines area, i.e. grids 20 and 27, the
Contractor shall probe around the point where the pile has to be positioned and clear
away any obstruction such as large stones, etc. before piling work commences.
Piles shall be filled with concrete after installation
4.10.2 Positioning of the Piles
Contractor shall be responsible for survey and setting out of the piles. All piles shall
be accurately positioned in the location and to the line and spacing shown on the
Drawings. Installation of all piles shall be performed in the presence of the Engineer
and sufficient notice shall be given in advance of any pile installation to permit the
Owner’s Engineer to arrange attendance.
4.10.3 Pile Cutoff
After the piles are driven and accepted by the Owner’s Engineer they shall be cutoff
at the elevations shown on the drawings.
The cutting and the weld preparations of the new pile top shall be in accordance with
the requirements of section 2 Steelwork (Welding and Fabrication).
The minimum cutoff length shall be 300mm.
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4.10.4 Approvals
Without prior written approval of Owner’s Engineer, it is not allowed to carry out
piling work without the presence of Owner’s Engineer or his representative.
Without prior written approval of Owner’s Engineer, it is not allowed to change the
energy output or fuel supply per blow over any section of the pile.
4.10.5 Miscellaneous
It is not allowed to execute piling work without the presence of an Owner’s Engineer.
During piling work the Contractor will assist the Owner’s Engineer by giving him all
information required.
Piles must be placed at the exact location within the allowable tolerance and correct
raking as shown in the drawings.
In case piles during piling work deviates more than the allowable tolerance, extra
piles shall be driven at Contractor's cost including costs for extra piles at a location or
locations as directed by Owner’s Engineer.
4.11 Tolerances
4.11.1 Position
Position of piles shall be considered satisfactory, provided the following conditions
are met:
a) Pile tops are within 6 in. (150 mm) of the location specified by design
drawings.
b) Piles are within 2% of the specified slope for battered piles and do not deviate
from 1.5% from the true vertical for vertical piles.
c) The piles, as finally placed, are not structurally damaged.
d) Piles have not heaved more than 1/4 in. (6 mm) during driving of adjacent
piles. Heaving shall be checked by a licensed surveyor.
4.12 Rejected Piles
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Piles driven in excess of the tolerances specified above or damaged shall be rejected,
if in the opinion of the Owner’s Engineer no modification or repair can be carried out
to achieve the design requirements.
Rejected piles shall be removed unless otherwise instructed by the Owner’s Engineer
at Contractor’s expense.
4.13 Remedial Work
Remedial work, including design and engineering,when required, shall be paid by the
Contractor, shall be subjected to the approval of the Owner’s Engineer and shall be at
the Contractor's expense.
4.14 Pile Installation Contingency Plans
Allowable tension loads on piles installed into the design penetration given in the
drawing are 60% of the allowable compression loads, based on soil strength
considerations. If piles do not reach the design penetration indicated, and down
grading of the allowable tension loads still does not meet the required design tension
load, then the Contractor is required to remove soil from inside the pile such that
further advancement by driving becomes possible. Clean out procedures are subjected
to the approval of the Owner’s Engineer.
If clean out of inside of the piles is not possible or practical, the Contractor shall
install tension anchor to support a maximum working load of either 60 tonnes
capacity or 48 tonnes capacity depending on the size of the pipe piles. The design,
supply and installation of the tension anchor is the Contractor’s responsibility and
details and calculations (to be endorsed by a registered P.E.) shall be submitted to the
Owner’s Engineer for approval prior to the installation.
4.15 Final Survey
On completion of the work, the Contractor shall submit to the Owner’s Engineer the
positions of the piles as driven, final cot off elevation, inclination in both planes,
number and locations of all joints, in the form of a drawing and all surveyed
information/data shall be endorsed by a licensed surveyor.
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