LANDFILL MINING WASTE POTENTIAL IN CIPAYUNG LANDFILL

DEPOK
POTENSI SAMPAH HASIL LANDFILL MINING TEMPAT
PEMROSESAN AKHIR (TPA) CIPAYUNG DEPOK

Nadhira Sagita Putri1 and Enri Damanhuri2

Department of Environmental Engineering,
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132
1
nadhirasp@students.itb.ac.id and 2e_damanhuri@ftsl.itb.ac.id

Abstract: Cipayung Landfill is a Depok City landfill that has been operating since 1984. Along with the
increasing population, the received waste in Cipayung Landfill is also increased from ±9,900 tons/month (2014)
to ±13,000 tons/month (2015). With the amount of received waste that has exceeded the landfill capacity, it is
needed to do an alternative technology to enlarge the capacity. Landfill mining is considered to be one of the
alternative waste treatments that is appropriate for that purpose. With landfill mining activities, buried waste can
also be recovered. The purpose of this study is to determine the valorization potential from the buried waste.
The study was conducted by analyzing the physical and chemical characteristics of Cipayung Landfill waste and
by comparing its characteristics with standards of materials or energy to be generated from the waste. From 10
sampling points in Zone A Cipayung Landfill which were waste from 2010 to 2011, landfill mining waste
composition consisted of 43% soil/humus fraction, 33% plastic, 1% paper; 9% textiles, 5% metal; 1% rubber;
0.3% of metal; 1.2% glass and 6.1% others with majority of particle size in > 38.1 mm (52.6%). Combustible
waste characteristics consisted of moisture content (46%), volatile content 550 oC (74.5%), volatile content
850°C (78.2%), fixed carbon content (4.5%), ash content 550oC (25.5%), ash content 850oC (19.6%), calorific
value (4,466.23 kcal/kg). Meanwhile for soil/humus fraction characteristics consisted of TOC (44.1%), NTK
(1.2%), C/N (44.72), zinc (56.23 mg/kg), lead (68.6 mg/kg), copper (120.65 mg/kg). Landfill mining waste
valorization in Cipayung Landfill can be implemented through the activities of Waste-to-Product (2,599.91 tons
to be recycled materials, 84,490.4 tons for RDF raw materials, 68,478.28 tons for compost and 3.889,27 tons for
topsoil in landfill cover) and Waste-to-Energy (5.2 MWh/ton for combustible buried waste).

Key Words: landfill mining, waste-to-energy, waste-to-product, waste, final processing site.

Abstrak: TPA Cipayung merupakan tempat pembuangan akhir penduduk Kota Depok yang telah beroperasi
sejak 1984. Seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk, terjadi pula peningkatan penerimaan jumlah
sampah dari rata-rata 9.900 ton/bulan (2014) menjadi 13.000 ton/bulan (2015). Dengan jumlah penerimaan
sampah yang telah melebihi kapasitas TPA, diperlukan sebuah alternatif untuk memperbesar kapasitas TPA.
Landfill mining dianggap menjadi salah satu alternatif pengolahan sampah yang sesuai untuk tujuan tersebut.
Dengan kegiatan landfill mining, sampah yang telah tertimbun dapat dimanfaatkan kembali. Tujuan dari studi
ini adalah untuk menentukan potensi pemanfaatan sampah dari kegiatan landfill mining tersebut. Penelitian
dilakukan dengan melakukan analisis karakteristik fisik dan kimia sampah yang berada di TPA Cipayung serta
membandingkan karakteristiknya dengan standar bahan atau energi yang akan dihasilkan dari sampah
tersebut. Dari 10 titik sampling pada Zona A TPA Cipayung yang berasal dari sampah 2010-2011, didapatkan
komposisi sampah landfill mining yang terdiri dari 43% fraksi tanah/humus; 33% plastik; 1% kertas; 9%
tekstil, 5% kayu; 1% karet; 0,3% logam; 1,2% kaca dan 6,1% lain-lain dengan ukuran partikel mayoritas
>38,1 mm (52,6%). Karakteristik sampah mudah terbakar terdiri dari kandungan air 46%, kadar volatil 550 oC
74,5%, kadar volatil 850 oC 78,2%, kadar karbon tetap 4,5%, kadar abu 550oC 25,5%, kadar abu 850 oC
19,6%, nilai kalor 4.466,23 kkal/kg. Karakteristik fraksi tanah/humus terdiri dari TOC 44,1%, NTK 1,2%, C/N
44,72, logam seng 56,23 mg/kg, logam timbal 68,6 mg/kg serta logam tembaga 120,65 mg/kg. Potensi
pemanfaatan sampah landfill mining Zona A TPA Cipayung dapat dilaksanakan melalui kegiatan Waste-to-
Product (daur ulang material sebesar 2.599,91 ton, produksi RDF sebesar 84.490,4 ton, produksi kompos
sebesar 68.478,28 ton dan produksi tanah penutup sebesar 3.889,27 ton) dan Waste-to-Energy (5,2 MWh/ton
untuk sampah combustible timbunan landfill).

Kata Kunci: landfill mining, waste-to-energy, waste-to-product, sampah, TPA.

1
INTRODUCTION

Depok City, West Java, is a developing city in Indonesia with the increasing number
of residential, education, commercial, and services areas. The total population of Depok City
in 2010 reached 1,755,612 inhabitants with population growth of 4.27%. Cipayung Landfill is
the only final waste processing site to Depok City residents that has been in operation since
1984. The amount of waste transported to Cipayung Landfill reaches 600-650 tonnes/day.
Along with the increasing population, there is also an increase to the acceptance of the
amount of waste from an average of 9,900 tonnes/month in 2014 to 13,000 tonnes/month in
2015. With limited space and increasing acceptance of waste per year, it is predicted that the
landfill should be closed immediately because the reception of waste that has exceeded the
landfill’s capacity. In the future, it is planned that Depok City will transport the municipal
solid waste to TPPAS Nambo. But it is still being planned so Cipayung Landfill should still
receive the waste from Depok City until TPPAS Nambo ready to operate. Alternative waste
treatment that has been buried is needed to increase the capacity of Cipayung Landfill. That
alternative also needs to be a technology that can recover all the waste when the landfill is
closed. Landfill mining is considered to be one of the alternatives that is environmentally
friendly and it is also one of waste treatment technologies that is appropriate to deal with
these problems because it can enlarge the landfill capacity. In addition, by implementing
landfill mining, landfill waste that has been buried can also be recovered.
Final waste processing site is one of the processing steps for waste handling. In
general, the final waste processing that has been carried out until today is by landfilling and
the most carried out type of landfill in Indonesia is open-dumping. Landfilling in general is a
way to dispose waste into the soil that always includes waste management (Damanhuri &
Padmi, 2008). Waste that has been landfilled decomposes either mechanically or by physics,
chemistry, and biology or combination processes. The decomposition process will produce
solids, liquids, and gases as by-products. Immediate biological processes occur in organic
materials shortly after poured into landfill. Physical decomposition occurs due to the
destruction of waste and flushing by water (McBean et al., 1995).
Landfill mining is a strategy to recover the material and energy resources from the
buried waste in order to achieve resource efficiency (Havlin et al., 1999). Some of the
advantages gained from the implementation of landfill mining are prevention of
contamination to ground water due to leachate from waste transportation, creating capacity
for the new landfilling activity, reducing the cost of landfill’s closure, and the material that is
still valuable e.g. recyclable materials can be recovered and be used again. Basically, the
process of landfill mining consists of three basic stages. Firstly, material excavation and then
the material that has been excavated will be processed. Lastly the material that has been
excavated and processed will be managed. To excavate the material, it is needed to use the
equipment that commonly used in mining or landfill operations such as backhoe or excavator.
After excavated, materials will be processed in order to meet the objective of landfill mining
itself. Processing could include splitting large sized material, hazardous waste sorting,
filtering soil from the material, and sorting recyclable material or material that has the
potential to become fuel. Mechanical processes can be used to separate the recyclable
materials. Additional processing and management can be determined from the project
objectives, characteristics of excavated materials, cost and processing time, and the potential
market that will use the results of the material obtained (IWCS, 2009). After the landfill
waste goes through the sorting process, metal and construction waste can be recycled, fine
materials can be refined into organic fertilizer (Joseph et al., 2007), high calorific value
materials can be used in waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies such as incineration,

2
gasification, pyrolysis, plasma technology, or the combination of all technologies (Krook et
al., 2012; Bosmans et al., 2013; Jones et al., 2013).
One product that can be generated from landfill mining activity is RDF. Refuse
Derived Fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from waste recycling energy that generates high heat.
RDF can be used for the auxiliary fuel in cement kilns or combustion in coal-fired boilers.
One of the most important advantages in processing domestic waste into RDF is the ease in
storage and transport, low emissions of pollutants and the reduction of excess air during
combustion because of the high calorific value which tends to be constant because of the
physical form and homogenic characteristics (Caputo and Pelagagge, 2002). RDF
characteristics analysis can be carried out by analyzing moisture content, volatile content, ash
content and calorific value. Another product that can be produced from a fine material of
landfill mining is compost. Compost is the end result of garbage, plants and other organic
materials decomposition process. Compost is used to provide macro and micro nutrients
containing humic acid (humus), which can increase the cation exchange capacity of the soil,
increasing the adjuvant activity of soil microorganisms, the addition of organic materials that
can help increase the acidic pH, and the use of organic fertilizers do not cause pollution of
soil and water pollution (Novizan 2007). Fine material can also be converted into landfill
cover soil. Landfill mining waste can also be utilized in the form of energy by implementing
thermochemical technologies such as incineration, pyrolysis and gasification.
Buried waste in Cipayung Landfill has the potential to be reused and recycled because
of the volume of landfill that is quite large and it has diverse composition of waste that still
have economic value. Besides buried waste can be recycled, Landfill Mining can also results
to capacity expansion. This study became necessary to explore the potential of material
recovery at the Cipayung Landfill.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was conducted by carrying out a field survey in Cipayung Landfill,
Depok City, West Java, to determine the condition of the landfill.The literature study was
also carried out to obtain the theory of various previous studies, international journals, text
books as well as websites. Secondary data were obtained from the Department of Cleanliness
and Landscape of Depok City and also Cipayung Landfill. Primary data was conducted in
May 2016. The required data were composition, physical characteristics such as amount of
waste and particle size and also chemical characteristics such as calorific value and proximate
analysis of landfill waste covering moisture content, volatile content, fixed carbon, and ash
content for combustible waste. For fine material (fraction of the soil / humus <2 mm), Total
Organic Carbon (TOC), Nitrogen Total Khjeldahl (NTK), and heavy metals such as zinc
(Zn), Lead (Pb), and Copper (Cu) were also checked.
Sampling of landfill waste was carried out in an inactive landfill called Zone A.
Samples were selected from five vertical points with a distance of two meters between each
points. Samples were taken ranging from 4.5-13 kg and two samples were excavated from
each points. All combustible waste compositions were taken in the field for further
characteristics analysis in the laboratory. Then all the waste were dried under the sun and in
ambient temperature of 20-30oC with turning periodically. It was done to facilitate screening
and identification of each type of waste. After drying and sieving with a five-mesh screen
(38.1 mm, 25.4 mm, 12.7 mm, 4.75 mm and 2 mm), waste composition examination was
done by measuring the each type of the waste then the percentage of each waste component
could be determined. Waste composition was divided into nine types, namely humus,
plastics, paper, textiles, wood, rubber, glass, metal, and others. Plastics were divided into

3
several types namely PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), HDPE (High Density Polyethylene),
LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene), PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), PP (Polypropylene), PS
(Polystyrene), mixed plastics.
Measurements of chemical characteristics such as moisture content was done by
referring to the SNI 03-1971-1990. Measurements of volatiles, fixed carbon content, and ash
content was carried on by combustion in temperature 550oC and 850°C (% dry weight).
Measurement of calorific value was done by Bomb Calorimeter Type PARR 1261. Total
Organic Carbon (TOC) measurements carried out by Walkley & Black method, Total
Ntirogen Kjeldahl (TKN) measurement referred to ASTM E 778, and the measurement of
heavy metals was caried out by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy).
Cipayung landfill waste characteristic data were analyzed and compared with the
specification of recycled products and thermo-chemical treatment meanwhile the composition
data was known to calculate how large the generated recycled waste potential within the
landfill.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Landfill Mining Waste Sampling

The landfill waste samples were excavated in the inactive zone, which was Zone A.
Sampling was carried out at the coordinates point 6°25'24.5"South Latitude and 106°
47'16.4"East Longitude. There were five sampling points. The distance between each point
was two meters vertically. So there were samples that were obtained at 0-2 meters from the
ground, 2-4 meters from the ground, 4-6 meters from the ground, 6-8 meters from the ground,
and 8-10 meters from the ground. Double samples was excavated in each point so 10 samples
were obtained and used in composition analysis. Waste collection is conducted using a hoe
and put in large trash bags. After the sampling was done, some combustible waste samples
were picked and brought to be checked. The characterization analysis was done in the
Laboratory of Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste, Environmental Engineering Program,
Bandung Institute of Technology.

Volume of Zone A Landfill in Cipayung Landfill

Zone A has an area of ± 2.1 hectares or 21,000 m 2 and height of ± 25 meters. It was
assumed that the upper area is 5,403.19 m2 and the landfill shape is truncated pyramid shape.
The formula used to determine the landfill volume was :
⁄
[ { }] (1)
With:
A1: landfill area (m2); A2: the top of the landfill area (m2)
t: landfill height (m)
By calculating the volume, it is known that the area of zona A landfill is ±308,794 m3.

Cipayung Landfill Zone A Waste Composition

From each point, the samples were manually separated into 9 components, namely
humus, plastics, paper, textiles, wood, rubber, glass, metal, and others. Plastics were divided
into several types namely PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), HDPE (High Density
Polyethylene), LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene), PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), PP
(Polypropylene), PS (Polystyrene), Mixed. Figure 1 shows the waste composition obtained
from this sampling.

4
 PP PET HDPE
0.4% 1.05% 0.35%
LDPE
Humus/Soil 23.4%
42.61%
PVC
0.56%
Mixed
7.26%
PS
0.55%
Others Paper
6.11% Textile 1.34%
8.81%
Metal Glass Rubber Wood
0.35% 1.18% 1.11% 4.88%
Figure 1 Waste Composition from Zone A in Cipayung Landfill

Overall, soil/humus fraction was the highest composition from the buried waste with 42.61%
and the second highest composition was plastic with 33.61%. LDPE plastic was the most
found plastic from the entire waste with 23.44 %. Soil/humus fraction could be originated
from degradable organic waste or soil cover.

Cipayung Landfill Zone A Waste Size Distribution

From sieving, it was found that the highest percentage of particle size from the buried
waste were >38.1 mm (53%) and <2 mm (19%). The percentage of size distribution of
excavated landfill waste can be seen in Figure 2.
<2mm
19%

>38.1 mm
53%
2-4.75 mm
12%

4.75-12.7
mm 12.7- 25.4-38.1
10% 25.4 mm mm
5% 1%
Figure 2 Cipayung Landfill Zone A Waste Size Distribution
In waste size > 38.1 mm, waste composition was more diverse than in any other size.
At that size, the composition with the highest percentage was 41.82% for LDPE plastic then
textiles amounted to 15.65%. If accumulated, plastic contributes the largest percentage in this
particular size with a total of 58.94%.

Cipayung Landfill Zone A Combustible Waste Moisture Content

In the use of RDF as a fuel, the calorific value can be reduced and the volume of the
exhaust gases can be increased along with the high moisture content. High moisture content
is also reducing combustion temperatures so additional fuel will be needed. The moisture
content of the sample was divided into two which were before drying and after drying at a
temperature of 20-30oC. The moisture content of combustible waste before drying ranged
from 11.61 to 53.36% with average 46.02%, while after drying, the moisture content was
ranging from 1.86 to 48.68% with an average 25.88%. Overall decrease in moisture content
5
occurred from the drying process reached 43.76%. By assessing the moisture content before
drying, Point I had the highest levels compared to the other points because water accumulates
in the bottom of the pile. Differences in moisture content before and after drying can be seen
in Figure 3.

90
80
Moisture Content ((%)

70
60
50
40
30 Moisture Content before Drying
20
Moisture Content After Drying
10
0
-10

Composition

Figure 3 Cipayung Landfill Zone A Combustible Waste Moisture Content

Cipayung Landfill Zone A Combustible Waste Volatile Content

Volatile content data is also necessary to plan for waste incineration technology,
especially in planning the needed fuel). In the volatile content measurement with a
temperature of 550oC before drying, the volatile content were ranged from 60.15 to 96.87%
with the average was 74.54%. While after drying, 550oC volatile content were ranged from
60.22 to 95.3% with an average was 77.57%. From assessing the value of volatile content
550oC before and after drying, it did not show significant differences but it did rise as much
as 4.07%. The highest volatile content came from plastic waste. Plastics are included in
combustible waste category because they are made of flammable petroleum. Besides
containing the petroleum, some types of plastic contain flammable chemicals such as
celluloid. Paper, textiles, wood and rubber are also included in combustible waste but their
volatile content were not as high as plastics. Volatile content depended on the raw material of
each type of waste. Volatile content of same type of waste were not always the same because
its raw material characteristics can be different. Comparative figures 550oC volatile content
before and after drying can be seen in Figure 4.
120
550oC Volatile Content (%)

100

80

60
550oC Volatile Content Before
40 Drying

20 550oC Volatile Content After

Drying
0

Composition

Figure 4 Cipayung Landfill Zone A Combustible Waste 550oC Volatile Content

6
 850°C volatile content measurement was also conducted by combusting the samples
that already combusted in 550 oC. 850°C volatile content before drying was ranging from 69.5
to 97.17% with an average number was 78.22%. 850°C volatile content after drying was
ranging from 64.58 to 95.66% with the average was 80.08%. Drying rose the average level of
850°C volatile content of combustible waste by 2.38%. Comparative figures of volatile levels
of 850°C volatile content before and after drying can be seen in Figure 5.

120
850oC Volatile Content (%)

100
80
60
40 850 Volatile Content Before
Drying
20
850 Volatile Content After
0 Drying

Composition

Figure 5 Cipayung Landfill Zone A Combustible Waste 850oC Volatile Content

Cipayung Landfill Zone A Combustible Waste Fixed Carbon Content

Fixed carbon content of the landfill waste before drying was ranging from 0.3 to
11.08% and with average was 4.5%. While the fixed carbon content of landfill waste after
drying had a range of 0.33 to 8.58% and the average was 2.51%. After drying, fixed carbon
content was reduced by 44.35%. Plastic waste generally had lower carbon content than other
waste. This was true according to the literature (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993) which stated that
plastic waste generally have lower fixed carbon content than other types of waste.
Comparative figures of fixed carbon content before and after drying can be seen in Figure 6.

25
Fixed Carbon Content (%)

20
Fixed Carbon Before
15
Drying
10
5 Fixed Carbon After
Drying
0
-5
-10

Compostition

Figure 6 Cipayung Landfill Zone A Combustible Waste Fixed Carbon Content

Cipayung Landfill Zone A Combustible Waste Ash Carbon Content

High ash content leads to the needs of sophisticated dust treatment system to reduce
particulate emissions. High ash content can also indicate low calorific value. Ash content
measurement carried out at a temperature of 550 oC and 850°C. The 550oC ash content of
waste before drying was ranging from 3.13 to 39.85% and with the average was 25.46%.
550oC ash content after drying was ranging from 4.7 to 39.78% with an average 22.43%.

7
Drying decreased 550oC ash content by 11.93%. Comparative figures 550 oC ash content
before and after drying can be seen in Figure 7.

70
550oC Ash Content (%) 60
50 550oC ash content
40 before drying
30
20
10
550oC ash content
0 after drying
-10

Compostition

Figure 7 Cipayung Landfill Zone A Combustible Waste 550oC Ash Content

The average ash content of 850° C at the waste that has not drained the range of 2.83
to 30.5% while the average 19.64%. After drying, the ash content of 850°C the range of 4.34
to 35.42% and an average was 19.92%. An increase of 850°C ash content of 1.42% between
before and after drying. High 850°C and 550oC ash content was resulted from soil/humus that
sticks to the combustible waste. Soil/humus did not easily burn like combustibles. Minerals
from the soil left as residue when combusted. Comparative figures ash content before and
after drying 850°C can be seen in Figure 8.
70
850oC Ash Content (%)

60
50
40
30 850 Ash Content
Before Drying
20
10 850 Ash Content
0 Ater Drying

-10

Compostition

Figure 8 850oC Ash Content of Combustible Waste from Zone A Landfill at Cipayung
Landfill

Calorific Value of Combustible Waste from Zone A Landfill at Cipayung Landfill

Calorific value of a material is the energy released when the material is being
completely burned. This value indicates energy that the material provides when it is
converted to fuel. Calorific value that was measured in the bomb calorimeter was HHV (High
Heating Value) but the calorific value that represents in the actual combustion is LHV. Total
LHV substitution from buried combustible waste before drying was 4,466.23 kcal/kg while
LHV after drying was 5,226.28 kcal/kg. Although the overall value of HHV after drying were
lower than HHV before drying but because of the lower moisture content, the total LHV after
drying was higher than LHV before drying. After drying, LHV went up by 17.02%.
Comparison of calorific values before and after drying can be seen in Figure 9.

8
 14.000,00
12.000,00

LHV (kcal/kg)
10.000,00
8.000,00 LHV Before Drying
6.000,00 LHV After Drying
4.000,00
2.000,00
0,00

Composition

Figure 9 Calorific Value of Combustible Waste from Zone A Landfill at Cipayung Landfill

Soil/Humus Fraction of Landfill Mining Waste Characteristics at Zone A TPA

Cipayung
TOC is carbon contained in the organic content of the soil. Based on the measurement
of TOC, the amount of TOC in the soil/humus fraction had an average of 44.07%. It indicated
a high value of organic carbon in the fraction. TKN is the amount of organic nitrogen and
ammonia. The amount of TKN in the soil/humus fraction had an average of 1.18%. The
calculated C/N ratio reached 44.72. This high ratio indicated the unfinished degradation
process. The average concentration of Zn was 56.23 mg/kg, the average concentration of Pb
was 68.62 mg/kg, and the average concentration of Cu was 120.65 mg/kg.

Utilization Potential of Landfill Mining Waste at Cipayung Landfill

Total estimated waste volume at Zone A Cipayung Landfill was 512,450 m3 and with
a density of 0.5-0.6 ton/m3 (Damanhuri dan Padmi, 2010). If it was assumed that the density
used was 0.55 ton/m3 hence there were 281,848 tons of waste in that zone. Utilization of
landfill mining waste in Cipayung Landfill can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1 Mass Balance Analysis of Landfill Mining Waste Utilization in Cipayung Landfill

Waste Weight
No Composition Valorization
% ton

1 Soil/Humus Fraction (<2 – 12.7 mm) 40.32 68,478.28 Compost

Landfill Soil
2 Soil/Humus Fraction (>12.7 mm) 2.29 3,889.27
Cover
3 Plastic 33.61 57,078.70

4 Paper 1.34 2,275.82

5 Textile 8.81 14,962.64 RDF

6 Wood 4.88 8,288.05

7 Rubber 1.11 1,885.19

8 Glass 1.18 1,998.36

Recycled
9 Metal 0.35 601.55

10 Others (Residue) 6.11 10,377.94 Re-Landfill

Total 100.00 169,836.70

9
 For some types of waste that cannot be used as WTE or RDF material, such as glass,
metal, stone, and others can be sorted and recycled. There were 1,998.36 tons of glasses and
601.55 tons of metals are potentially be recycled. However, further analysis is needed on the
characteristics of these materials.
Comparation between characteristics of combustible landfill mining waste to RDF
standards was conducted. Table 2 shows a comparison of combustible landfill mining waste
at Cipayung Landfill with Indocement RDF and also UK RDF quality standard that was listed
in Gendebien et al. (2003).

Table 2 Comparison of Combustible Landfill Mining Waste with RDF standards

Landfill Mining Waste Characteristics

No Parametre Unit Spesification Source
Before Drying After Drying

1 Particle Size mm ≤(50 x 50) Indocement Various Sizes

2 %wt ≤20 Indocement

Moisture Content 46.02 25.88
3 %wt 7,-28 RDF UK

4 Ash Content %dw <12 RDF UK 19.64 19.92

5 Volatile Content %dw >68 RDF UK 74.54 77.57

6 Fixed Carbon Content %dw <10 RDF UK 4.5 2.51

7 kcal/k >3,750 Indocement

Calorific Value 4,466.23 5,226.28
g >4,470 RDF UK

Landfill waste in Cipayung Landfill had high potential based on the calorific value
but the moisture content before drying and the ash content were still high so it is required to
conduct some pre-treatments such as drying and separating contaminants from combustibles.
If all of the combustible waste (plastic, paper, textile, wood, and rubber) are converted into
RDF, then the RDF production from Zone A’s buried waste will be 84.490,39 tons in total.
For compostable materials, comparative study was carried out to compare between
soil/humus fraction’s characteristics at Cipayung Landfill to the compost standard that was
referred to SNI 19-7030-2004. The comparison can be seen in Table 3.

Table 3 Comparison of Soil/Humus Fraction Landfill Mining Waste with Compost Standard
No Parametre Unit Minimum Maximum Results
1 Moisture Content % - 50 33.86
2 Color black black
3 Smell

4 Particle Size mm 0.55 25 <2

Macro Contents

5 Nitrogen % 0.4 - 1.18

6 Carbon % 9.8 32 44.07

7 C/N-Ratio 10 20 44.72

Micro Contents

8 Copper (Cu) mg·kg-1 * 100 120.65

9 Lead (Pb) mg·kg-1 * 150 68.62

10 Zinc (Zn) mg·kg-1 * 500 56.23

10
 The high value of carbon and C/N ratio indicated that the soil/humus fraction still
needs further composting or degradation process. Due to the high Cu metal content, it is
recommended for using the compost product to plants that is not consumed or it can be used
as landfill cover soil material. There was a potential of 68,478.28 tons soil/humus fraction in
<2 mm - 12.7 mm to be composted while the other size of soil/humus fraction can be used as
landfill cover with the amount of 3,889.27 tons.
Besides utilization to become products, combustible landfill waste in Cipayung
Landfill can also be treated in thermo-chemical processes such as incineration, pyrolysis and
gasification. The moisture content of 46.02% only met the requirements of incineration.
Energy produced from combustible landfill waste before being dried was 5.2MWh/ton.

CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis performed on Cipayung Landfill Zone A landfill mining waste,
total landfill volume was 308,794 m3. Landfill waste composition was dominated by the soil/
humus fraction (42.61%) and plastic waste (33.61%) and the majority of waste size was
larger than 38.1 mm (53%). The landfill mining combustible waste characterized by high
moisture content (46.02%), a relatively high volatile content (74.54% for 550 oC volatile
content and 78.22% for 850°C volatile content), relatively low fixed carbon content (4.5%),
relatively high ash content (25.46% for 550oC ash content and 19.64% for 850°C ash
content), and a relatively low calorific value (4,466.23 kcal/kg). Drying that was done at a
temperature of 20-30oC managed to reduce the moisture content and fixed carbon content but
gave no significant effect for other characteristics. Soil/humus fraction at size of <2 mm had a
relatively high TOC (44.07%), TKN was relatively low (1.18%) and C/N ratio was relatively
high (44.72). The highest levels for heavy metal content consecutively: Cu> Pb> Zn.
Utilization of landfill mining waste at Zone A Cipayung Landfill can be implemented
through the activities of Waste-to-Product (material recycling amounted to 2,600 tons, RDF
production amounted to 84,490 tons, compost production amounted to 68,478 tons and
landfill cover soil production amounted to 3,889 tons) and Waste-to- Energy (5.2 MWh/ton
for combustible landfill mining waste).

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