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Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 1/17
Sub‐Topics:
• Transformers
• Ideal and practical Transformers
• Equivalent circuit representation
Equivalent circuit representation
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 2/17
Review
Case i: ‘r’, leakage flux & core loss
are neglected
core loss = 0 ⇒ Air core
d
dφφ
φ = φm sin ωt, e = N , V = E = 4.44fφmN
⇒
dt
N → No. of turns
‘φ’ in the core is determined by supply ‘V’ alone
∠ = 90
I
V
0
Case ii: Core loss is taken, V = E
∠ < 90
I
V
0
But cos ∠ V
I
02
0.2 Ic Im
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 3/17
E=v E=v
Ic = & Im =
Rc Xm
=E
where IC2RC = core loss
IM → produces the ф
d th ф → magnetizes the core
ti th
) → Magnetizing inductance (reactance)
LM (XM) → Magnetizing inductance (reactance)
∵Ic Im Rc Rm
⇒ Since core loss (hysteresis loss + eddy ‘I’ loss) are taken
into account ‘I’ would be non‐sinusoidal (due to
hysteresis loop)
⇒ Distortion in ‘I’ ↑ as the saturation ↑
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 4/17
Case iii:
‘r’, leakage φ & core loss are taken
into account
V ≠ E
but r & Xl are small
∴ V E = 4.44 f φ m N
→ Flux is determined by ‘V’ alone
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 5/17
TRANSFORMERS
An important device
d used
d in power transmission,
electronic circuits & communication systems.
⇒ consists of a magnetic circuit in which a time varying
‘ф’ lines link two or more coils
⇒ coupling can be air →
li b i air core transformer
i t f
Iron → iron core transformer
core is made up of laminations to ↓ core loss
core is made up of laminations to ↓ core loss
Purpose : Transfer electric energy from one circuit to
another
Electrical Magnetic Electrical
Energy Energy
gy Energy
gy
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 6/17
No electrical connection between two circuits.
⇒ Electrically isolated
Electrically isolated
1
Principle of Operation:
⇒ magnetic circuit in which time 1
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 9/17
⇒ This φ2 opposes the parent ‘φ’
⇒ flux
fl ini the
th core tends
t d tot ↓
⇒ E1 tends to ↓
∵ V1 is held constant
V 1 = E1 & ∴
∴‘ф’
ф in the core should remain constant
⇒ can happen when i1 ↑ such that
N1I1 − N2I2 = ℜφ
⇒ ‘ф’
ф in the core is determined by V1 alone
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 10/17
Theory of Ideal Transformer:
winding ‘r ‘& leakage ‘ф’ are neglected
i di ‘ ‘& l k ‘ф’ l t d
V1 = E1 & V2 = E2
μr = ∞ ∴ℜ = 0 ∴AT required to establish ф = 0
E1 V1 N1 I2
∴ N1I1 − N2I2 = 0 ∴ = = = =a
E2 V2 N2 I1
∴VI1 1 = VI2 2 ⇒ Input VA = Output VA
p p
V2 V1 aV2
Z2 = Z1 = =
I2 I1 I2
a
V2
=a = a2Z2
2
I2
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 11/17
∴ Equivalent ‘Z’ on the primary side = a2 Z2
∴ An impedance Z2 connected in the secondary can be
transferred to the primary
∴ Eq. Secondary Z referred to the primary, Z2' = a2Z2
⇒ If ‘Z1’ is the primary impedance, the equivalent
primary ‘Z’ referred to the secondary,
' Z1
Z1 = 2
a
⇒ In an ideal transformer ‘V’ are transformed in the
direct ratio ‘I’
direct ratio, I in the inverse ratio & Z/R/X in the
in the inverse ratio & Z/R/X in the
square of the ratio
⇒ ‘P/
P/ S (VI) remain the same
S (VI) remain the same
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 12/17
Practical Transformer:
⇒ winding
winding ‘r’
r , leakage ф
leakage ф & core loss are present
& core loss are present
μr ≠ ∞ ∴ℜ of the core ≠ 0
⇒ Source has to supply AT to establish ‘ф’ in the core
Eq. Circuit Representation:
e1≠ v1 & e2≠ v2
r1 & r2 are primary &
secondary resistances
respectively
⇒ Total flux in the primary winding = фl1 + ф
⇒ Total flux in the secondary winding = ф
Total flux in the secondary winding = фl2
l2 + ф
+ф
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 13/17
∵ iron core is used фl1 ф
⇒ represent leakage flux by leakage inductance/reactance
represent leakage flux by leakage inductance/reactance
Xl1 in the primary (2πfL1) , L1→ corresponds to leakage
flux in primary
flux in primary
Xl2 in the secondary (2πfL2), L2 → corresponds to leakage
flux in secondary
flux in secondary
⇒ we need to account
for only mutual flux
or flux in the core
⇒This flux links primary
and secondary coils tightly coupled coils, K=1
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 14/17
⇒ core has finite permeability
⇒ finite ATs are required to establish ‘ф’ in the core
finite ATs are req ired to establish ‘ф’ in the core
⇒ can be represented by magnetizing reactance, XM= 2πfL
⇒ since φ
i φ in the core is alternating, there would be core
i h i l i h ld b
loss, IC2RC
I0 = IC + Im
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 15/17
∴ Equivalent Circuit:
⇒ In the ideal transformer V, I & Z can be transformed
,
from one side to another
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 16/17
⇒ In ideal transformer, if E2= 0, E1= 0 should be zero
2
⎛ N1 ⎞ ⎛ N1 ⎞
2
r2 = r2 ⎜ ⎟
'
X = X l2 ⎜
'
l2 ⎟
⎝ N2 ⎠ ⎝ N2 ⎠
⎛ N1 ⎞ ⎛ N2 ⎞
V = V2 ⎜ ⎟
'
2 I = I2 ⎜ ⎟
'
2
⎝ N2 ⎠ ⎝ N1 ⎠
Tue Sep EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
Lecture 20
22, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes 17/17