Transport cell

Dr. dr. Andrew Johan, M.Si

dr. Lusiana Batubara, M.Si.Med
• membrane is selectively permeable – some
things can pass through but others can’t
Permeable to:
• The lipid bilayer is permeable to water molecules
and a few other small, uncharged molecules like:
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
• These molecule diffuse freely in and out of the cell

NOT permeable to:

• ions such as K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-

• small hydrophylic molecules like glucose
• Macromolecules like proteins and RNA
• The smaller the molecule and the more
soluble it is in oil (the more hidrophobic, or
non polar) the more rapidly it will diffuse
across a lipid bilayer
• But, Lipid bilayers are highly impermeable to
charged molecules (ION), no matter how small
it is

Membrane transport protein

Mechanism of transport

Passive transport
• Molecules move from a higher to lower concentration
(downhill)
– Doesn’t require energy
Active transport
• Movement against a concentration gradient (low to high;
uphill)
– Requires energy
– Requires carrier protein
Bulk transport
• Used for materials to large to enter via passive or active
transport
Mechanism of transport

Passive transport
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitative diffusion:
 Via Channel protein
 Via Carrier protein (transporter)
Active transport
• Via Carrier protein (transporter)  pump
Bulk transport
• Endocytosis
• Eksocitosis
Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion

• Movement of molecules from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration across
a concentration gradient
• Used to transport small molecules like CO2, O2 and
H2O
Simple Diffusion

Renal tubule cells contain

large protein pores, called
aquaporins, which permit
a high rate of water flow
from a region of a high
water concentration to
one of low water
concentration.
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

2 kinds of proteins involved:

Carrier proteins – move the solute across the
membrane by binding it on one side and transporting
it to the other side
Transporter
Requires a conformation change

Channel protein – small hydrophilic pores that allow

for solutes to pass through
Use diffusion to move across
Also called ion channels when only ions moving
Facilitated diffusion

• Carriers require that the solute fit in the binding site

– Carriers are specific like an enzyme and its
substrate
• Channels, if open, will let solutes pass if they have
the right size and charge
CARRIER PROTEIN (transporter)

• Bind to a specific type of diffusing molecule and

moving it across.
• Each type of transporter has one or more specific
binding sites for its solute (substrate)
• Binding cause the protein to undergo a change in
shape that moves the solute across the bilayer and
release it on the other side
CARRIER PROTEIN (transporter)

• Usually only carry one type of molecule

• Carriers can also be in other membranes of the
cell such as the mitochondria
• The process by which a transporter transfers a
solute molecule across the lipid bilayer resembles
an enzyme-substrate reaction
• however, the transporter does not modify the
transported solute but instead delivers it
unchanged to the other side of the membrane.
CARRIER PROTEIN (transporter)
CARRIER PROTEIN (transporter)

Factors affecting Rate of Diffusion

1. Concentration Difference
happens ONLY when a concentration gradient is
present and solute travels ALONG (down) a
concentration gradient
2. Saturation
• There are only a limited number of carrier
molecules per unit area of membrane.
• The rate of transport is maximal when all
carrier molecules are fully loaded with solute
molecules (saturated)
CHANNEL PROTEIN

• Formed by proteins with a central pore that is

lined with charged groups  form hidrophilic
pores across membranes
• Help the diffusion of charged particles such as
Ca2+, Na+, K+, HCO3- and Cl ions.
• Because these protein are concerned
specifically with inorganic ion transport, they
are referred to as ION CHANNEL
CHANNEL PROTEIN

• Channel protein do not bind the molecules or

ions in transit, their specificity is based on the
size and charge of the substance.
• Ion channels are not continuously open
• They are GATES, which allows them to open
briefly and then close again
• The gate opens in response to a spesific
stimulus
CHANNEL PROTEIN

• The main types of stimuli that are known to cause

ion channels to open are:
a. The Binding of a ligand (ligand-gated channels)
b. A change in the voltage across the membrane
(voltage-gated channels)
c. A mechanical stress (mechanically gated
channels)
CHANNEL PROTEIN
Ligand-gated channels

• The binding of
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine to the
nicotinic-
acetylcholine
receptor open the
channel, allowing
flow of Na+ into the
cell  initiate a
nerve
impulse or muscle
contraction.
Voltage-gated channels

The voltage gated channels have a specific domain (sensor)

in the protein that detects membrane potential changes and
transfers the energy to the channel domain to control its
gate
Mechanically-gated channels

• Sound waves bending the cilia-like projections on the

hair cells of the inner ear open up ion channels
leading to the creation of nerve impulses that the
brain interprets as sound.
Active Transport
Active transport

• Active transport is the pumping of molecules

or ions through a membrane against their
concentration gradient.
• It requires:
1. Carrier protein (transporter)
2. Energy
• The source of this energy is ATP
Active transport
Active transport

The energy of ATP may be used directly or indirectly:

Direct Active Transport

Some transporters bind ATP directly and use the
energy of its hydrolysis to drive active transport.
Indirect Active Transport
• Indirect active transport uses the downhill flow of an
ion to pump some other molecule or ion against its
gradient.
• The driving ion is usually sodium (Na+) with its
gradient established by the Na+/K+ ATPase.
Direct Active transport

The Na+/K+ ATPase

• The transporter is responsible for maintaining the high

K+ and low Na+ concentrations in the cytoplasm
• Movement of K+ and Na+ is an antiport process, with
three Na+ ions moving out and two K+ ions into the cell
for each ATP molecule hydrolyzed.
Indirect Active transport
Symport Pumps
In this type of indirect active transport, the driving ion
(Na+) and the pumped molecule pass through the
membrane pump in the same direction.
Example: Na+/glucose cotransporter
Indirect Active transport

Antiport Pumps
the driving ion (Na+) diffuses through the pump in one
direction providing the energy for the active transport
of some other molecule or ion in the opposite
direction.
Example: Ca2+ ions are pumped out of cells by sodium-
driven antiport pumps
Bulk Transport

• Used for materials to large to enter via passive or

active transport
• Vesicles created by folding of cell membrane onto
itself to either engulf or expel materials
• 2 types:
1. endocytosis
2. exocytosis
Endocytosis

• the transport of large

particles into the cell in
vesicles formed by folding
in of the cell surface
membrane

• 3 types:
1. Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
intake of small droplet of
extracellular fluid along
with solute particles.
Endocytosis

2. Phagocytosis (cell eating)

• intake of large droplet of extracellular fluid including
particulate matter (bacteria or organic matter)
• occurs only in specialised cells like amoeba or
macrophages (bacteria fighting immune cells)
Endocytosis

3. Receptor-assisted endocytosis
• involves intake of specific molecules that attach to
special protiens in cell membrane that serve as
receptors
• have a unique shape that fit only to one specific
molecule
• ex. animal cells use this to bring cholesterol into cell
Exocytosis

• The reverse process and is used to secrete proteins,

e.g digestive enzymes, out of the cells.
• Vesicle forms inside cell moves to membrane and
empties contents outside of cell
• ex. pancreas secretes insulin
• Terima kasih