Health and Safety of People Engaged in Work or Employment

Occupational and Environmental Health
Review Material for 2015 MPH Comprehensive Exam

Aim High, We will ALL make it guys! 
Part 1. Occupational Health among workers or among

 Definition citizens of the community
 Occupation
o A person’s usual or principal  Classification of Health Hazards
work (a means of earning a A. ________________________
living) o Temperature
 ____________________________ o Lighting
o Cross-disciplinary area o Noise
concerned with protecting the o Radiation
health and safety of people o Vibration
engaged in work or employment. o Pressure
o Promotion and maintenance of o Ventilation
the highest degree of physical, B. ________________________
mental, and social well-being o Agents or organisms that
of workers of all occupations transmit diseases to man and
 Hazard vs Safety vs Risk affect his or her health
o _______ – potential to cause o Could be a virus, bacteria,
harm fungi or parasite
o _______ – likelihood or C. Chemical Hazards
probability of the chance that a o Substances used, and/or
particular hazard will occur generated as raw materials.
o _______ – likelihood that a harm Intermediate and finished
from a particular hazard is NOT products and waste materials
realized o E.g. smoke, dust, fumes,
 Injury vs Illness aerosols, mist, etc.
o ________ – acute, immediate D. Ergonomic Stressors/Factors
o ________ - chronic o Factors that result in worker’s
 Health hazards vs Safety hazards discomfort in relation to his/her
o Health Hazard – include physical job
agents, chemical agents, o May be physical and
biological agents, and ergonomic physiological, psychological,
risk factors (include organizational, and work
psychological risk factors e.g. systems design
stress) o E.g. improper posture, stress
o Safety Hazards – includes
unsafe act or unsafe conditions  Control Measures
 _____________________ A. Elimination
o The science and art devoted to B. Substitution
the anticipation, recognition, C. Engineering Control
evaluation, and control of D. Administrative Control
those workplace environmental E. Personal Protective Equipment
factors which may cause (PPE)
sickness, impaired health and
well-being, and significant
discomfort and inefficiency
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_________________ Control o Medical surveillance

a. Substitution D. Control
b. Isolation - Engineering, administrative, PPEs
c. Machine guards
d. Lockout/tag-out system  Diagram of Methods of Control
e. Automation
Administrative Control
- Issuance of policy, establishment of
technical guidelines, training, and
campaigning
a. Work transfer
b. Job rotation (shifting)
c. Rest breaks
d. Training
e. Policies and procedures (technical
guidelines
Use of PPEs
- Last resort on addressing the hazards
identified
- More expensive
 Principles of Industrial Hygiene (AREC)

A. ________________ Part 2. Environmental Health
- Literature review of the industry  Definition
- Knowledge and understanding of  Environment
workplace environmental stresses - The totality of circumstances
and its effect to the workers surrounding an organism or
B. Recognition group of organisms, especially
- Actual appreciation of the hazards in the combination of external
the workplace through walkthrough physical conditions that affect
surveys and influence the growth,
- Materials, operations, processes, and development, and survival of
conditions organisms.
- Material safety and data sheet  Environmental Health
(MSDS) - Addresses all the physical,
C. ___________________ chemical, and biological factors
- Quantitative assessment external to a person, and all the
- Comparison of findings with related factors impacting
standards behaviors.
- Involves monitoring - It encompasses the assessment
o Personal monitoring and control of those
o Area monitoring environmental factors that can
o Biological monitoring potentially affect health.
Page 2 of 7
Water and Health  Water Supply – Level of Sources

 Water Cycle A. _________________
- A protected well of a developed
spring with an outlet but without a
distribution system
- Serves around 15 to 25 households
- Must not be more than 250
meters from the farthest user
B. Level II – Communal Faucet System or
Standposts
- composed of a source, a reservoir,
a piped distribution network and
communal faucets
- located at not more than 25
 Sources of Water meters from the farthest house
a. Surface water - One faucet per 4 to 6
- Mixture of surface run-off and ground households
water C. Level III – Waterworks System or
- Sources: rivers, lake streams, ponds, Individual House Connections
and impounding reservoirs - System with a source, a reservoir, a
b. Meteoric water piped distribution network and
- Rain water household taps (more than 1 faucet
- Evaporated water that has per household
precipitated in the form of rain
c. Ground water  Health Aspects
- Portion of water which has A. _______________________
percolated into the earth to form - Caused by ingestion of
underground deposits in aquifers contaminated water present with
- Extracted thru wells and streams chemicals and pathogenic
organisms
 Water Usage and Classification - E.g. methemoglobinemia (drinking
water with high amount of
nitrogen), cholera, botulism,
thypoid, etc.
B. ______________
_________
- Caused by unavailability of water
resorting to usage of unsafe
sources of water
- Unhygienic practices
- E.g. enterobiasis, ascariasis,
trichuriasis, pediculosis/scabies
C. ______________
_________
- Caused by unhygienic disposal of
Page 3 of 7
human waste which can cause the Toxic Adsorption

spread of parasites components (activated
- E.g. schistosomiasis carbon)
D. _____________________________ Pathogens Diseases
____________
- Water is used by these insects as
their breeding grounds
- E.g. malaria, filariasis  Land Pollution
- Addition of undesirable matter to
 Water Quality vs Quantity land that damage the terrestrial
organisms, reduce the uses of land
for agricultural, residential,
recreational or other purposes, and
increases the risk of health hazards
to man
 Soil function
a. Bearing function
b. Production or plant growth function
(agriculture)
c. Decomposition of ecological function
d. Filter function
 Sources of Land Pollution

a. Accidental chemical spills
b. Improper disposal of chemicals and
industrial waste
 Wastewater c. Agriculture
Environmental d. Mining and quarrying
Water Treatment e. Sewage sludge
and Health
Pollutants Method f. Household solid waste
Impact
Solid Turbidity and g. Other physical degradation of land
Fraction heavy siltation
 Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Soil
1. The pollutant might be washed away
Organic Secondary by precipitation
Fraction treatment 2. The pollutant, when volatile, could
(activated evaporate
sludge, 3. Pollutant could infiltrate through the
trickling unsaturated soil in much the same
filter) way as ground water.
Nutrient Tertiary 4. Bioaccumulation vs Biomagnification
treatment
(reverse
osmosis,
distillation)
Page 4 of 7
 Solid Waste Management C. Collection

 Categories of Solid Waste o Gathering and hauling of waste
a. Municipal Solid Waste from one collection point to
b. Industrial Solid Waste disposal site
c. Hazardous Solid Waste o Need for proper timing
D. Processing and Recovery
 Implication of improper SW Management o Material Recovery Facility
1. Aesthetic problems E. Transfer and Transport
2. Clogging of sewers, drains, and rivers o Smaller collection vehicle to
3. Breeding place of insects and rodents larger transport equipment to
4. Surface and ground water pollution waste disposal site
5. Contributes to air pollution o Transfer station – recommended
if disposal site is relatively far
 Functional Elements of Solid Waste (____ km)
Management F. Waste Recycling
o Save money
o Environmental benefits
G. Disposal
o Last resort
o Sanitary landfill
o Modern landfill system
 Air Pollution
 _______________________
o any matter found in the
atmosphere other than oxygen,
nitrogen, water vapor, carbon
dioxide and the inert gases in
their natural or normal
concentrations, that is
detrimental to health or the
A. Waste generation environment
o Waste reduction at source is o Includes but not limited to smoke,
important to minimize waste dust, soot, cinders,
generation fly ash, solid particles of any
o Factors contributing to increasing kind, gases, fumes, chemical
amount of solid waste mists, steam and radioactive
 Increasing population substances.
 Changing lifestyles  Sources
 Disposable materials o Natural vs Anthropogenic
 Excessive packaging o Stationary vs Mobile
B. Storage  Stationary
o Segregation is the primary step a. Point sources
b. Fugitive sources
c. Area sources
Page 5 of 7
 Major Air Pollutants - NO2, O3, SO2, H2SO4,

o Primary Pollutant Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and
 Emitted directly into the aldehydes
air - _________ and ___________
 particulates, sulfur can cause eye irritation and
dioxide, carbon plant damage
monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbon  Impact to Humans
o Secondary Pollutants Air Pollutant Effects to Health
 Produced by reactions Particulate Matter 2.5 Bronchial irritation,
between primary inflammation, and
pollutants and normal increased reactivity
atmospheric compounds Respiratory
 E.g. ozone infections, bronchial
asthma
_____________________ Nitrogen Oxides Pulmonary edema
o Colorless and odorless gas and damage to
o Contributes to the formation of smog central nervous
system; pulmonary
Nitrogen Oxides infections
o Acid rain Carbon Monoxide Aggravates
cardiovascular
Nitrous Oxide diseases
o Greenhouse gas Binds reversibly to
hemoglobin
Carbon Monoxide Ozone Decrease pulmonary
o Incomplete combustion of carbon function
containing materials Lead Neurocognitive and
o Photochemical conversion of neuromotor
atmospheric CH4 and other impairment
hydrocarbons Affects heme
synthesis
Particulate Matter Sulfur Dioxide Chronic respiratory
o Mixture of solid particles and liquid diseases
droplets in the air Particulate Matter 10 Increased incidence
o Turbidity in both respiratory
and cardiac diseases
 Effects of Air Pollution
a. Acid Rain  Effects on vegetation
- Main source of natural acidity is o Extensive tissue collapse or
carbon dioxide necrosis
- pH drop is mostly attributed to o Chlorosis
secondary reactions of the acid o Glazing or silvering of the surface
gases SO2 and NO2 o Flecking/Stippling
b. Photochemical Smog o Reduced plant growth
Page 6 of 7
 Effects on forests
o At low dose, forest ecosystems
usually act as sinks for
atmospheric pollutants
o Reduction in forest growth,
change in forest species (O3 and
PAN), and susceptibility to forest
pests
 Effects on animals
o Poisoning of aquatic life (lead)
 Effects on materials and structures
o Corrosions on the surface of
certain materials
 Long Term Effects on the Planet
1. Global warming
2. Ozone depletion
“HARD WORK does not necessarily guarantee

SUCCESS, but no SUCCESS is possible without
HARDWORK.” – Dr. T.P. Chia
Page 7 of 7

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Health and Safety of People Engaged in Work or Employment

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Occupational and Environmental Health

Review Material for 2015 MPH Comprehensive Exam

Part 1. Occupational Health among workers or among

_________________ Control o Medical surveillance

 Principles of Industrial Hygiene (AREC)

Water and Health  Water Supply – Level of Sources

human waste which can cause the Toxic Adsorption

 Sources of Land Pollution

 Solid Waste Management C. Collection

 Major Air Pollutants - NO2, O3, SO2, H2SO4,

“HARD WORK does not necessarily guarantee

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