EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 3)

M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Introduction to filters

Consider v (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = Vm1 sin ω1 t + Vm2 sin ω2 t .

1
v1
v
v2
0

−1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
t (msec) t (msec)
 Introduction to filters

Consider v (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = Vm1 sin ω1 t + Vm2 sin ω2 t .

1
v1
v
v2 v LPF vo = v1

−1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
t (msec) t (msec)

A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency ω1 < ωc < ω2 will pass the low-frequency
component v1 (t) and remove the high-frequency component v2 (t).
 Introduction to filters

Consider v (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = Vm1 sin ω1 t + Vm2 sin ω2 t .

1
v1
v
v2 v LPF vo = v1

v HPF vo = v2

−1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
t (msec) t (msec)

A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency ω1 < ωc < ω2 will pass the low-frequency
component v1 (t) and remove the high-frequency component v2 (t).
A high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency ω1 < ωc < ω2 will pass the high-frequency
component v2 (t) and remove the low-frequency component v1 (t).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Introduction to filters

Consider v (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = Vm1 sin ω1 t + Vm2 sin ω2 t .

1
v1
v
v2 v LPF vo = v1

v HPF vo = v2

−1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
t (msec) t (msec)

A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency ω1 < ωc < ω2 will pass the low-frequency
component v1 (t) and remove the high-frequency component v2 (t).
A high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency ω1 < ωc < ω2 will pass the high-frequency
component v2 (t) and remove the low-frequency component v1 (t).
There are some other types of filters, as we will see.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Ideal low-pass filter

H(jω)
vi (t) H(jω) vo (t)

0 ω
0
ωc

Vo (jω) = H(jω) Vi (jω) .

Ideal low-pass filter

H(jω)
vi (t) H(jω) vo (t)

0 ω
0
ωc

Vo (jω)
Vi (jω)

LPF

ω ω
0 0
ωc ωc

Vo (jω) = H(jω) Vi (jω) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Ideal low-pass filter

H(jω)
vi (t) H(jω) vo (t)

0 ω
0
ωc

Vo (jω)
Vi (jω)

LPF

ω ω
0 0
ωc ωc

Vo (jω) = H(jω) Vi (jω) .

All components with ω < ωc appear at the output without attenuation.
All components with ω > ωc get eliminated.
(Note that the ideal low-pass filter has ∠H(jω) = 1, i.e., H(jω) = 1 + j0 .)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Ideal filters

Low−pass

1
H(jω)

0 ω
0
ωc
Ideal filters

Low−pass High−pass

1 1
H(jω)

H(jω)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωc ωc
Ideal filters

Low−pass High−pass

1 1
H(jω)

H(jω)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωc ωc

Band−pass

1
H(jω)

0 ω
0
ωL ωH
Ideal filters

Low−pass High−pass

1 1
H(jω)

H(jω)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωc ωc

Band−pass Band−reject

1 1
H(jω)

0 ω H(jω) 0 ω
0 0
ωL ωH ωL ωH

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Ideal filters
1
v1

v2

v3

−1
1.5

−1.5
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)
Ideal filters
1
v1

v2

v3

−1
1.5

−1.5
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

1
V1

V2 V3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)
Ideal filters
1
v1

v2

v3

−1
1.5

−1.5
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

1
V1

V2 V3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)

Let us see the effect of

a few filters on v(t).
Ideal filters
1
v1
1
v2
H(jω)
0

v3

−1 0
1.5

−1.5
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

1
V1

V2 V3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)

Let us see the effect of

a few filters on v(t).
Ideal filters
1 1
v1
1
v2
H(jω)
0 0

v3

−1 0 −1
1.5

−1.5
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

1
V1

V2 V3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)

Let us see the effect of

a few filters on v(t).
Ideal filters
1 1
v1
1
v2
H(jω)
0 0

v3

−1 0 −1
1.5
1
v
H(jω)
0

−1.5 0
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

1
V1

V2 V3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)

Let us see the effect of

a few filters on v(t).
Ideal filters
1 1
v1
1
v2
H(jω)
0 0

v3

−1 0 −1
1.5 1
1
v
H(jω)
0 0

−1.5 0 −1
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

1
V1

V2 V3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)

Let us see the effect of

a few filters on v(t).
Ideal filters
1 1
v1
1
v2
H(jω)
0 0

v3

−1 0 −1
1.5 1
1
v
H(jω)
0 0

−1.5 0 −1
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)
1
H(jω)
1
V1

0
V2 V3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)

Let us see the effect of

a few filters on v(t).
Ideal filters
1 1
v1
1
v2
H(jω)
0 0

v3

−1 0 −1
1.5 1
1
v
H(jω)
0 0

−1.5 0 −1
0 5 10 15 20 1
t (msec)
1
H(jω)
1
V1 0

0 −1
V2 V3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)

Let us see the effect of

a few filters on v(t).
Ideal filters
1 1
v1
1
v2
H(jω)
0 0

v3

−1 0 −1
1.5 1
1
v
H(jω)
0 0

−1.5 0 −1
0 5 10 15 20 1
t (msec)
1
H(jω)
1
V1 0

0 −1
V2 V3
0 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)
H(jω)

Let us see the effect of

a few filters on v(t).

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)
Ideal filters
1 1
v1
1
v2
H(jω)
0 0

v3

−1 0 −1
1.5 1
1
v
H(jω)
0 0

−1.5 0 −1
0 5 10 15 20 1
t (msec)
1
H(jω)
1
V1 0

0 −1
V2 1.5
V3
0 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
f (kHz)
H(jω)
0
Let us see the effect of
a few filters on v(t).

0 −1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 5 10 15 20
f (kHz) t (msec) M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Practical filter circuits

* In practical filter circuits, the ideal filter response is approximated with a suitable
H(jω) that can be obtained with circuit elements. For example,
1
H(s) =
a 5 s 5 + a4 s 4 + a3 s 3 + a2 s 2 + a1 s + a0
represents a 5th -order low-pass filter.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filter circuits

* In practical filter circuits, the ideal filter response is approximated with a suitable
H(jω) that can be obtained with circuit elements. For example,
1
H(s) =
a 5 s 5 + a4 s 4 + a3 s 3 + a2 s 2 + a1 s + a0
represents a 5th -order low-pass filter.
* Some commonly used approximations (polynomials) are the Butterworth,
Chebyshev, Bessel, and elliptic functions.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filter circuits

* In practical filter circuits, the ideal filter response is approximated with a suitable
H(jω) that can be obtained with circuit elements. For example,
1
H(s) =
a 5 s 5 + a4 s 4 + a3 s 3 + a2 s 2 + a1 s + a0
represents a 5th -order low-pass filter.
* Some commonly used approximations (polynomials) are the Butterworth,
Chebyshev, Bessel, and elliptic functions.
* Coefficients for these filters listed in filter handbooks. Also, programs for filter
design are available on the internet.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

111111111111
000000000000 111111111111
000000000000
|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax
1
000000000000
111111111111 1
000000000000
111111111111
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

111111111111
000000000000 111111111111
000000000000
|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax
1
000000000000
111111111111 1
000000000000
111111111111
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband
ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

111111111111
000000000000 111111111111
000000000000
|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax
1
000000000000
111111111111 1
000000000000
111111111111
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband
ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.
* Amin is the minimum attenuation to be provided by the filter, e.g.,
Amin = 60 dB.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

111111111111
000000000000 111111111111
000000000000
|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax
1
000000000000
111111111111 1
000000000000
111111111111
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband
ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.
* Amin is the minimum attenuation to be provided by the filter, e.g.,
Amin = 60 dB.
* ωs : edge of the stop band.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

111111111111
000000000000 111111111111
000000000000
|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax
1
000000000000
111111111111 1
000000000000
111111111111
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband
ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.
* Amin is the minimum attenuation to be provided by the filter, e.g.,
Amin = 60 dB.
* ωs : edge of the stop band.
* ωs /ωc (for a low-pass filter): selectivity factor, a measure of the sharpness of the
filter.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

111111111111
000000000000 111111111111
000000000000
|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax
1
000000000000
111111111111 1
000000000000
111111111111
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband
ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.
* Amin is the minimum attenuation to be provided by the filter, e.g.,
Amin = 60 dB.
* ωs : edge of the stop band.
* ωs /ωc (for a low-pass filter): selectivity factor, a measure of the sharpness of the
filter.
* ωc < ω < ωs : transition band.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

1
For a low-pass filter, H(s) = n .
X
i
ai (s/ωc )
i=0
Coefficients (ai ) for various types of filters are tabulated in handbooks. We now look
at |H(jω)| for two commonly used filters.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

1
For a low-pass filter, H(s) = n .
X
i
ai (s/ωc )
i=0
Coefficients (ai ) for various types of filters are tabulated in handbooks. We now look
at |H(jω)| for two commonly used filters.

Butterworth filters:
1
|H(jω)| = p .
1 + 2 (ω/ωc )2n

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

1
For a low-pass filter, H(s) = n .
X
i
ai (s/ωc )
i=0
Coefficients (ai ) for various types of filters are tabulated in handbooks. We now look
at |H(jω)| for two commonly used filters.

Butterworth filters:
1
|H(jω)| = p .
1 + 2 (ω/ωc )2n

Chebyshev filters:
1
|H(jω)| = p where
1 + 2 Cn2 (ω/ωc )

Cn (x) = cos n cos−1 (x) for x ≤ 1,

 

Cn (x) = cosh n cosh−1 (x) for x ≥ 1,

 

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters

1
For a low-pass filter, H(s) = n .
X
i
ai (s/ωc )
i=0
Coefficients (ai ) for various types of filters are tabulated in handbooks. We now look
at |H(jω)| for two commonly used filters.

Butterworth filters:
1
|H(jω)| = p .
1 + 2 (ω/ωc )2n

Chebyshev filters:
1
|H(jω)| = p where
1 + 2 Cn2 (ω/ωc )

Cn (x) = cos n cos−1 (x) for x ≤ 1,

 

Cn (x) = cosh n cosh−1 (x) for x ≥ 1,

 

H(s) for a high-pass filter can be obtained from H(s) of the corresponding low-pass
filter by (s/ωc ) → (ωc /s) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters (low-pass)

Butterworth filters:

1 ǫ = 0.5 0
n=1

|H| (dB)
n=1 2
|H|

2 3
3
4 5 4
−100
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc

Chebyshev filters:

1 ǫ = 0.5 0
n=1
|H| (dB)

n=1
2
|H|

2
3

3 4
4 −100
5
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Practical filters (high-pass)

Butterworth filters:

1 0
n=1

n=1

|H| (dB)
2
|H|

2
3
3
4
4 5
5 ǫ = 0.5 −100

0
0 1 2 3 4 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc

Chebyshev filters:

1 0
n=1

n=1
|H| (dB)

2
|H|

3
2
4
5
3
4 ǫ = 0.5 −100
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Passive filter example

R
Vs Vo
100 Ω
C
5 µF
Passive filter example

R
Vs Vo (1/sC) 1
100 Ω H(s) = = ,
R + (1/sC) 1 + (s/ω0 )
C
5 µF with ω0 = 1/RC .
(Low−pass filter)
Passive filter example

R
Vs Vo (1/sC) 1
100 Ω H(s) = = ,
R + (1/sC) 1 + (s/ω0 )
C
5 µF with ω0 = 1/RC .
(Low−pass filter)

20

0
|H| (dB)

−20

−40

−60
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc_ac_2.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Passive filter example

R
Vs Vo
100 Ω
L C
0.1 mF 4 µF
Passive filter example

R
Vs Vo (sL) k (1/sC) s(L/R)
100 Ω H(s) = =
R + (sL) k (1/sC) 1 + s(L/R) + s2 LC
L C √
with ω0 = 1/ LC .
0.1 mF 4 µF
(Band−pass filter)
Passive filter example

R
Vs Vo (sL) k (1/sC) s(L/R)
100 Ω H(s) = =
R + (sL) k (1/sC) 1 + s(L/R) + s2 LC
L C √
with ω0 = 1/ LC .
0.1 mF 4 µF
(Band−pass filter)

−20
|H| (dB)

−40

−60

−80
102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_lc_1.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp filters (“Active” filters)

* Op Amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant

advantage since inductors are bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit
nonlinear behaviour (arising from the core properties) which is undesirable in a
filter circuit.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp filters (“Active” filters)

* Op Amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant

advantage since inductors are bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit
nonlinear behaviour (arising from the core properties) which is undesirable in a
filter circuit.
* With Op Amps, a filter circuit can be designed with a pass-band gain.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp filters (“Active” filters)

* Op Amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant

advantage since inductors are bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit
nonlinear behaviour (arising from the core properties) which is undesirable in a
filter circuit.
* With Op Amps, a filter circuit can be designed with a pass-band gain.
* Op Amp filters can be easily incorporated in an integrated circuit.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp filters (“Active” filters)

* Op Amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant

advantage since inductors are bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit
nonlinear behaviour (arising from the core properties) which is undesirable in a
filter circuit.
* With Op Amps, a filter circuit can be designed with a pass-band gain.
* Op Amp filters can be easily incorporated in an integrated circuit.
* However, at high frequencies (∼ MHz), Op Amps no longer have a high gain
→ passive filters.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp filters (“Active” filters)

* Op Amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant

advantage since inductors are bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit
nonlinear behaviour (arising from the core properties) which is undesirable in a
filter circuit.
* With Op Amps, a filter circuit can be designed with a pass-band gain.
* Op Amp filters can be easily incorporated in an integrated circuit.
* However, at high frequencies (∼ MHz), Op Amps no longer have a high gain
→ passive filters.
* Also, if the power requirement is high, Op Amp filters cannot be used
→ passive filters.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp filters: example

R2
10 k

10 n C
1k
Vs
R1
Vo

RL
Op Amp filters: example

R2
10 k

10 n C
1k
Vs
R1
Vo

RL

Op Amp filters are designed for Op Amp operation in the linear region
→ Our analysis of the inverting amplifier applies, and we get,
R2 k (1/sC )
Vo = − Vs (Vs and Vo are phasors)
R1
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2 C
Op Amp filters: example

R2
10 k

10 n C
1k
Vs
R1
Vo

RL

Op Amp filters are designed for Op Amp operation in the linear region
→ Our analysis of the inverting amplifier applies, and we get,
R2 k (1/sC )
Vo = − Vs (Vs and Vo are phasors)
R1
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2 C
This is a low-pass filter, with ω0 = 1/R2 C .
Op Amp filters: example

R2
20
10 k

10 n C
1k

|H| (dB)
Vs
R1 0
Vo

RL

−20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)

Op Amp filters are designed for Op Amp operation in the linear region
→ Our analysis of the inverting amplifier applies, and we get,
R2 k (1/sC )
Vo = − Vs (Vs and Vo are phasors)
R1
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2 C
This is a low-pass filter, with ω0 = 1/R2 C .
Op Amp filters: example

R2
20
10 k

10 n C
1k

|H| (dB)
Vs
R1 0
Vo

RL

−20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)

Op Amp filters are designed for Op Amp operation in the linear region
→ Our analysis of the inverting amplifier applies, and we get,
R2 k (1/sC )
Vo = − Vs (Vs and Vo are phasors)
R1
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2 C
This is a low-pass filter, with ω0 = 1/R2 C .

(SEQUEL file: ee101 op filter 1.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp filters: example

10 k

R1 C R2
Vs
1k 100 n
Vo

RL
Op Amp filters: example

10 k

R1 C R2
Vs
1k 100 n
Vo

RL

R2 sR2 C
H(s) = − = .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1 C
Op Amp filters: example

10 k

R1 C R2
Vs
1k 100 n
Vo

RL

R2 sR2 C
H(s) = − = .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1 C
This is a high-pass filter, with ω0 = 1/R1 C .
Op Amp filters: example

20
10 k

R1 C R2
Vs 0

|H| (dB)
1k 100 n
Vo
−20
RL

−40
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)

R2 sR2 C
H(s) = − = .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1 C
This is a high-pass filter, with ω0 = 1/R1 C .
Op Amp filters: example

20
10 k

R1 C R2
Vs 0

|H| (dB)
1k 100 n
Vo
−20
RL

−40
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)

R2 sR2 C
H(s) = − = .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1 C
This is a high-pass filter, with ω0 = 1/R1 C .

(SEQUEL file: ee101 op filter 2.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp filters: example

R2
100 k

80 p C2
10 k 0.8 µF
Vs
R1 C1
Vo

RL
Op Amp filters: example

R2
100 k

80 p C2
10 k 0.8 µF
Vs
R1 C1
Vo

RL

R2 k (1/sC2 ) R2 sR1 C1
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC1 ) R1 (1 + sR1 C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 )
Op Amp filters: example

R2
100 k

80 p C2
10 k 0.8 µF
Vs
R1 C1
Vo

RL

R2 k (1/sC2 ) R2 sR1 C1
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC1 ) R1 (1 + sR1 C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 )

This is a band-pass filter, with ωL = 1/R1 C1 and ωH = 1/R2 C2 .

Op Amp filters: example

R2
100 k 20

80 p C2
10 k 0.8 µF

|H| (dB)
Vs
R1 C1
Vo

RL

0
100 102 104 106
f (Hz)

R2 k (1/sC2 ) R2 sR1 C1
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC1 ) R1 (1 + sR1 C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 )

This is a band-pass filter, with ωL = 1/R1 C1 and ωH = 1/R2 C2 .

Op Amp filters: example

R2
100 k 20

80 p C2
10 k 0.8 µF

|H| (dB)
Vs
R1 C1
Vo

RL

0
100 102 104 106
f (Hz)

R2 k (1/sC2 ) R2 sR1 C1
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC1 ) R1 (1 + sR1 C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 )

This is a band-pass filter, with ωL = 1/R1 C1 and ωH = 1/R2 C2 .

(SEQUEL file: ee101 op filter 3.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Graphic equalizer

C1

20
a 1−a

R1A R2 R1B
Vs C2 a=0.9
0.7

|H| (dB)
0.5
R3A R3B 0
R1A = R1B = 470 Ω 0.3

R3A = R3B = 100 kΩ 0.1

Vo
R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 100 nF
RL
C2 = 10 nF −20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Graphic equalizer

C1

20
a 1−a

R1A R2 R1B
Vs C2 a=0.9
0.7

|H| (dB)
0.5
R3A R3B 0
R1A = R1B = 470 Ω 0.3

R3A = R3B = 100 kΩ 0.1

Vo
R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 100 nF
RL
C2 = 10 nF −20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

* Equalizers are implemented as arrays of narrow-band filters, each with an

adjustable gain (attenuation) around a centre frequency.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Graphic equalizer

C1

20
a 1−a

R1A R2 R1B
Vs C2 a=0.9
0.7

|H| (dB)
0.5
R3A R3B 0
R1A = R1B = 470 Ω 0.3

R3A = R3B = 100 kΩ 0.1

Vo
R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 100 nF
RL
C2 = 10 nF −20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

* Equalizers are implemented as arrays of narrow-band filters, each with an

adjustable gain (attenuation) around a centre frequency.
* The circuit shown above represents one of the equalizer sections.
(SEQUEL file: ee101 op filter 4.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)

40

C1
20
R1 R2

Vs V1
0

|H| (dB)
C2 Vo

−20
RL
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)

40

C1
20
R1 R2

Vs V1
0

|H| (dB)
C2 Vo

−20
RL
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

RA
V+ = V− = Vo ≡ Vo /K .
RA + RB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)

40

C1
20
R1 R2

Vs V1
0

|H| (dB)
C2 Vo

−20
RL
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

RA
V+ = V− = Vo ≡ Vo /K .
RA + RB
(1/sC2 ) 1
Also, V+ = V1 = V1 .
R2 + (1/sC2 ) 1 + sR2 C2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)

40

C1
20
R1 R2

Vs V1
0

|H| (dB)
C2 Vo

−20
RL
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

RA
V+ = V− = Vo ≡ Vo /K .
RA + RB
(1/sC2 ) 1
Also, V+ = V1 = V1 .
R2 + (1/sC2 ) 1 + sR2 C2
1 1
KCL at V1 → (Vs − V1 ) + sC1 (Vo − V1 ) + (V+ − V1 ) = 0 .
R1 R2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)

40

C1
20
R1 R2

Vs V1
0

|H| (dB)
C2 Vo

−20
RL
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

RA
V+ = V− = Vo ≡ Vo /K .
RA + RB
(1/sC2 ) 1
Also, V+ = V1 = V1 .
R2 + (1/sC2 ) 1 + sR2 C2
1 1
KCL at V1 → (Vs − V1 ) + sC1 (Vo − V1 ) + (V+ − V1 ) = 0 .
R1 R2
K
Combining the above equations, H(s) = .
1 + s [(R1 + R2 )C2 + (1 − K )R1 C1 ] + s 2 R1 C1 R2 C2
(SEQUEL file: ee101 op filter 5.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Sixth-order Chebyshev low-pass filter (cascade design)

5.1 n 10 n 62 n

10.7 k 10.2 k 8.25 k 6.49 k 4.64 k 2.49 k

Vo
Vs
RL
2.2 n 510 p 220 p

(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

20

−20
|H| (dB)

−40

−60

−80
102 103 104 105
f (Hz)

SEQUEL file: ee101_op_filter_6.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Third-order Chebyshev high-pass filter

15.4 k 154 k
100 n
7.68 k

Vo
Vs
100 n 100 n
54.9 k RL

(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

20

−20
|H| (dB)

−40

−60

−80
100 101 102 103
f (Hz)

SEQUEL file: ee101_op_filter_7.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Band-pass filter example

5k
5k
7.4 n
5k
5k 7.4 n
Vs
5k

370 k Vo
5k

(Ref.: J. M. Fiore, "Op Amps and linear ICs")

40

20
|H| (dB)

−20

−40
102 103 104 105
f (Hz)

SEQUEL file: ee101_op_filter_8.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Notch filter example

10 k
10 k
265 n
10 k
265 n
10 k 10 k
Vs
10 k
10 k

89 k 10 k Vo

1k

(Ref.: J. M. Fiore, "Op Amps and linear ICs")

0
|H| (dB)

−20

−40
101 102
f (Hz)

SEQUEL file: ee101_op_filter_9.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay