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EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 6)

M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel

Department of Electrical Engineering


Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

Consider an amplifier with feedback.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

Consider an amplifier with feedback.


xo = A xi0 = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + βxo )

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

Consider an amplifier with feedback.


xo = A xi0 = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + βxo )
xo A
→ Af ≡ = .
xi 1 − Aβ

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

Consider an amplifier with feedback.


xo = A xi0 = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + βxo )
xo A
→ Af ≡ = .
xi 1 − Aβ
Since A and β will generally vary with ω, we re-write Af as,
A (jω)
→ Af (jω) = .
1 − A (jω) β (jω)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

Consider an amplifier with feedback.


xo = A xi0 = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + βxo )
xo A
→ Af ≡ = .
xi 1 − Aβ
Since A and β will generally vary with ω, we re-write Af as,
A (jω)
→ Af (jω) = .
1 − A (jω) β (jω)
As A (jω) β (jω) → 1, Af (jω) → ∞, and we get a finite xo even if xi = 0.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

Consider an amplifier with feedback.


xo = A xi0 = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + βxo )
xo A
→ Af ≡ = .
xi 1 − Aβ
Since A and β will generally vary with ω, we re-write Af as,
A (jω)
→ Af (jω) = .
1 − A (jω) β (jω)
As A (jω) β (jω) → 1, Af (jω) → ∞, and we get a finite xo even if xi = 0.
In other words, we can remove xi and still get a non-zero xo . This is the basic
principle behind sinusoidal oscillators.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

* The condition, A (jω) β (jω) = 1, for a circuit to oscillate spontaneously (i.e.,


without any input), is known as the Barkhausen criterion.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

* The condition, A (jω) β (jω) = 1, for a circuit to oscillate spontaneously (i.e.,


without any input), is known as the Barkhausen criterion.
* For the circuit to oscillate at ω = ω0 , the β network is designed such that the
Barkhausen criterion is satisfied only for ω0 , i.e., all components except ω0 get
attenuated to zero.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xi x′i A x′i xo
xf

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

* The condition, A (jω) β (jω) = 1, for a circuit to oscillate spontaneously (i.e.,


without any input), is known as the Barkhausen criterion.
* For the circuit to oscillate at ω = ω0 , the β network is designed such that the
Barkhausen criterion is satisfied only for ω0 , i.e., all components except ω0 get
attenuated to zero.
* The output xo will therefore have a frequency ω0 (ω0 /2π in Hz), but what about
the amplitude?

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xo
gain limiter

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xo
gain limiter

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

* A gain limiting mechanism is required to limit the amplitude of the oscillations.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xo
gain limiter

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

* A gain limiting mechanism is required to limit the amplitude of the oscillations.


* Amplifier clipping can provide a gain limiter mechanism. For example, in an Op
Amp, the output voltage is limited to ±Vsat , and this serves to limit the gain as
the magnitude of the output voltage increases.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xo
gain limiter

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

* A gain limiting mechanism is required to limit the amplitude of the oscillations.


* Amplifier clipping can provide a gain limiter mechanism. For example, in an Op
Amp, the output voltage is limited to ±Vsat , and this serves to limit the gain as
the magnitude of the output voltage increases.
* For a more controlled output with low distortion, diode-resistor networks are
used for gain limiting, as we shall see.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xo
gain limiter

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xo
gain limiter

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

* Up to about 100 kHz, an Op Amp based amplifier and a β network of resistors


and capacitors can be used.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xo
gain limiter

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

* Up to about 100 kHz, an Op Amp based amplifier and a β network of resistors


and capacitors can be used.
* At higher frequencies, an Op Amp based amplifier is not suitable because of
frequency response and slew rate limitations of Op Amps.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Sinusoidal oscillators

Amplifier
xo
gain limiter

Frequency−sensitive
β xo network

* Up to about 100 kHz, an Op Amp based amplifier and a β network of resistors


and capacitors can be used.
* At higher frequencies, an Op Amp based amplifier is not suitable because of
frequency response and slew rate limitations of Op Amps.
* For high frequencies, transistor amplifiers are used, and LC tuned circuits or
piezoelectric crystals are used in the β network.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

R C
Amplifier xo A

amplifier
Z1 C
R
Frequency−sensitive
β xo network Z2

β network

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

R C
Amplifier xo A

amplifier
Z1 C
R
Frequency−sensitive
β xo network Z2

β network

Assuming Rin → ∞ for the amplifier, we get


Z2 R k (1/sC ) sRC
A(s) β(s) = A =A =A .
Z1 + Z2 R + (1/sC ) + R k (1/sC ) (sRC )2 + 3sRC + 1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

R C
Amplifier xo A

amplifier
Z1 C
R
Frequency−sensitive
β xo network Z2

β network

Assuming Rin → ∞ for the amplifier, we get


Z2 R k (1/sC ) sRC
A(s) β(s) = A =A =A .
Z1 + Z2 R + (1/sC ) + R k (1/sC ) (sRC )2 + 3sRC + 1
For A β = 1 (and with A equal to a real positive number),
jωRC
must be real and equal to 1/A.
−ω 2 (RC )2 + 3jωRC + 1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

R C
Amplifier xo A

amplifier
Z1 C
R
Frequency−sensitive
β xo network Z2

β network

Assuming Rin → ∞ for the amplifier, we get


Z2 R k (1/sC ) sRC
A(s) β(s) = A =A =A .
Z1 + Z2 R + (1/sC ) + R k (1/sC ) (sRC )2 + 3sRC + 1
For A β = 1 (and with A equal to a real positive number),
jωRC
must be real and equal to 1/A.
−ω 2 (RC )2 + 3jωRC + 1

1
→ ω= ,A=3
RC

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

|H|
0.1
R C
V1 V2
0.01
C 90
R
R = 158 kΩ

H
C = 1 nF 0
6

−90
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
V2 (jω) jωRC
H(jω) = = .
V1 (jω) −ω 2 (RC )2 + 3jωRC + 1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

|H|
0.1
R C
V1 V2
0.01
C 90
R
R = 158 kΩ

H
C = 1 nF 0
6

−90
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
V2 (jω) jωRC
H(jω) = = .
V1 (jω) −ω 2 (RC )2 + 3jωRC + 1
Note that the condition ∠H = 0 is satisfied only at one frequency, ω0 = 1/RC , i.e., f0 = 1 kHz.
At this frequency, |H| = 0.33, i.e., β(jω) = 1/3.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

|H|
0.1
R C
V1 V2
0.01
C 90
R
R = 158 kΩ

H
C = 1 nF 0
6

−90
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
V2 (jω) jωRC
H(jω) = = .
V1 (jω) −ω 2 (RC )2 + 3jωRC + 1
Note that the condition ∠H = 0 is satisfied only at one frequency, ω0 = 1/RC , i.e., f0 = 1 kHz.
At this frequency, |H| = 0.33, i.e., β(jω) = 1/3.
For A β = 1 → A = 3, as derived analytically.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

|H|
0.1
R C
V1 V2
0.01
C 90
R
R = 158 kΩ

H
C = 1 nF 0
6

−90
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
V2 (jω) jωRC
H(jω) = = .
V1 (jω) −ω 2 (RC )2 + 3jωRC + 1
Note that the condition ∠H = 0 is satisfied only at one frequency, ω0 = 1/RC , i.e., f0 = 1 kHz.
At this frequency, |H| = 0.33, i.e., β(jω) = 1/3.
For A β = 1 → A = 3, as derived analytically.
SEQUEL file: ee101 osc 1.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

Block diagram gain limiter Implementation Output voltage

100 k R3
1.5
10 k 22.1 k R
Amplifier
2 Vo
xo R C
R1
gain limiter Vo 0
158 k 1 nF

Frequency−sensitive amplifier C
β xo network R
−1.5
0 1 2
t (msec)
Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs" β network
SEQUEL file: wien_osc_1.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

Block diagram gain limiter Implementation Output voltage

100 k R3
1.5
10 k 22.1 k R
Amplifier
2 Vo
xo R C
R1
gain limiter Vo 0
158 k 1 nF

Frequency−sensitive amplifier C
β xo network R
−1.5
0 1 2
t (msec)
Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs" β network
SEQUEL file: wien_osc_1.sqproj

1 1
* ω0 = = → f0 = 1 kHz.
RC (158 k) × (1 nF)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

Block diagram gain limiter Implementation Output voltage

100 k R3
1.5
10 k 22.1 k R
Amplifier
2 Vo
xo R C
R1
gain limiter Vo 0
158 k 1 nF

Frequency−sensitive amplifier C
β xo network R
−1.5
0 1 2
t (msec)
Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs" β network
SEQUEL file: wien_osc_1.sqproj

1 1
* ω0 = = → f0 = 1 kHz.
RC (158 k) × (1 nF)
R2
* Since the amplifier gain is required to be A = 3, we must have 1 + = 3 → R2 = 2 R1 .
R1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

Block diagram gain limiter Implementation Output voltage

100 k R3
1.5
10 k 22.1 k R
Amplifier
2 Vo
xo R C
R1
gain limiter Vo 0
158 k 1 nF

Frequency−sensitive amplifier C
β xo network R
−1.5
0 1 2
t (msec)
Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs" β network
SEQUEL file: wien_osc_1.sqproj

1 1
* ω0 = = → f0 = 1 kHz.
RC (158 k) × (1 nF)
R2
* Since the amplifier gain is required to be A = 3, we must have 1 + = 3 → R2 = 2 R1 .
R1
* For gain limiting, diodes have been used. With one of the two diodes conducting,
R2 → R2 k R3 , and the gain reduces.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Wien bridge oscillator

Block diagram gain limiter Implementation Output voltage

100 k R3
1.5
10 k 22.1 k R
Amplifier
2 Vo
xo R C
R1
gain limiter Vo 0
158 k 1 nF

Frequency−sensitive amplifier C
β xo network R
−1.5
0 1 2
t (msec)
Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs" β network
SEQUEL file: wien_osc_1.sqproj

1 1
* ω0 = = → f0 = 1 kHz.
RC (158 k) × (1 nF)
R2
* Since the amplifier gain is required to be A = 3, we must have 1 + = 3 → R2 = 2 R1 .
R1
* For gain limiting, diodes have been used. With one of the two diodes conducting,
R2 → R2 k R3 , and the gain reduces.
* Note that there was no need to consider loading of the β network by the amplifier because of
the large input resistance of the Op Amp. That is why β could be computed independently.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Phase-shift oscillator

I
A B
V
C1 C2 C3
R1 R2

SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj


Phase-shift oscillator

I
A B
V
C1 C2 C3
R1 R2

SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj

Let R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, G = 1/R, and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF .


Phase-shift oscillator

I
A B
V
C1 C2 C3
R1 R2

SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj

Let R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, G = 1/R, and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF .


Using nodal analysis,
sC (VA − V ) + GVA + sC (VA − VB ) = 0 (1)
sC (VB − VA ) + GVB + sCVB = 0 (2)
Phase-shift oscillator

I
A B
V
C1 C2 C3
R1 R2

SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj

Let R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, G = 1/R, and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF .


Using nodal analysis,
sC (VA − V ) + GVA + sC (VA − VB ) = 0 (1)
sC (VB − VA ) + GVB + sCVB = 0 (2)
Solving (1) and (2),
1 (sRC )3
I = V.
R 3 (sRC )2 + 4 sRC + 1
Phase-shift oscillator

10−2

|I(s)/V(s)| (A/V)
I
A B
V
10−10
C1 C2 C3 270
R1 R2
6 (I(s)/V(s)) (deg)
180
SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj

90 f (Hz)
101 102 103 104 105

Let R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, G = 1/R, and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF .


Using nodal analysis,
sC (VA − V ) + GVA + sC (VA − VB ) = 0 (1)
sC (VB − VA ) + GVB + sCVB = 0 (2)
Solving (1) and (2),
1 (sRC )3
I = V.
R 3 (sRC )2 + 4 sRC + 1
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Phase-shift oscillator

10−2

|I(s)/V(s)| (A/V)
I
A B
V
10−10
C1 C2 C3 270
R1 R2
6 (I(s)/V(s)) (deg)
180
SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj

90 f (Hz)
101 102 103 104 105

(R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF .)
I (jω) 1 (jωRC )3
β(jω) = = .
V (jω) R 3(jωRC )2 + 4 jωRC + 1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Phase-shift oscillator

10−2

|I(s)/V(s)| (A/V)
I
A B
V
10−10
C1 C2 C3 270
R1 R2
6 (I(s)/V(s)) (deg)
180
SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj

90 f (Hz)
101 102 103 104 105

(R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF .)
I (jω) 1 (jωRC )3
β(jω) = = .
V (jω) R 3(jωRC )2 + 4 jωRC + 1
For β(jω) to be a real number, the denominator must be purely imaginary.
1 1
→ 3(ωRC )2 + 1 = 0, i.e., 3(ωRC )2 = 1 → ω ≡ ω0 = √ → f0 = 574 Hz .
3 RC

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Phase-shift oscillator

10−2

|I(s)/V(s)| (A/V)
I
A B
V
10−10
C1 C2 C3 270
R1 R2
6 (I(s)/V(s)) (deg)
180
SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj

90 f (Hz)
101 102 103 104 105

(R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF .)
I (jω) 1 (jωRC )3
β(jω) = = .
V (jω) R 3(jωRC )2 + 4 jωRC + 1
For β(jω) to be a real number, the denominator must be purely imaginary.
1 1
→ 3(ωRC )2 + 1 = 0, i.e., 3(ωRC )2 = 1 → ω ≡ ω0 = √ → f0 = 574 Hz .
3 RC
Note that, at ω = ω0 ,

1 (j/ 3)3 1 −6
β(jω0 ) = √ =− = −8.33 × 10 .
R 4 j/ 3 12 R
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Phase-shift oscillator

I
I Rf
A B A B
V V
C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
R1 R2 R1 R2

β network current−to−voltage
converter

Note that the functioning of the β network as a stand-alone circuit (left figure) and as a feedback
block (right figure) is the same, thanks to the virtual ground provided by the Op Amp.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Phase-shift oscillator

I
I Rf
A B A B
V V
C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
R1 R2 R1 R2

β network current−to−voltage
converter

Note that the functioning of the β network as a stand-alone circuit (left figure) and as a feedback
block (right figure) is the same, thanks to the virtual ground provided by the Op Amp.
I (jω) Rf (jωRC )3
V (jω) = −Rf I (jω) → Aβ(jω) = −Rf =− .
V (jω) R 3(jωRC )2 + 4 jωRC + 1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Phase-shift oscillator

I
I Rf
A B A B
V V
C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
R1 R2 R1 R2

β network current−to−voltage
converter

Note that the functioning of the β network as a stand-alone circuit (left figure) and as a feedback
block (right figure) is the same, thanks to the virtual ground provided by the Op Amp.
I (jω) Rf (jωRC )3
V (jω) = −Rf I (jω) → Aβ(jω) = −Rf =− .
V (jω) R 3(jωRC )2 + 4 jωRC + 1
1 1 I (jω) 1
As seen before, at → ω = ω0 = √ , we have =− .
3 RC V (jω) 12 R

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Phase-shift oscillator

I
I Rf
A B A B
V V
C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
R1 R2 R1 R2

β network current−to−voltage
converter

Note that the functioning of the β network as a stand-alone circuit (left figure) and as a feedback
block (right figure) is the same, thanks to the virtual ground provided by the Op Amp.
I (jω) Rf (jωRC )3
V (jω) = −Rf I (jω) → Aβ(jω) = −Rf =− .
V (jω) R 3(jωRC )2 + 4 jωRC + 1
1 1 I (jω) 1
As seen before, at → ω = ω0 = √ , we have =− .
3 RC V (jω) 12 R
For the circuit to oscillate, we need Aβ = 1 → Rf (1/12 R) = 1, i.e., Rf = 12 R

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Phase-shift oscillator

I
I Rf
A B A B
V V
C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
R1 R2 R1 R2

β network current−to−voltage
converter

Note that the functioning of the β network as a stand-alone circuit (left figure) and as a feedback
block (right figure) is the same, thanks to the virtual ground provided by the Op Amp.
I (jω) Rf (jωRC )3
V (jω) = −Rf I (jω) → Aβ(jω) = −Rf =− .
V (jω) R 3(jωRC )2 + 4 jωRC + 1
1 1 I (jω) 1
As seen before, at → ω = ω0 = √ , we have =− .
3 RC V (jω) 12 R
For the circuit to oscillate, we need Aβ = 1 → Rf (1/12 R) = 1, i.e., Rf = 12 R

In addition, we employ a gain limiter circuit to complete the oscillator design.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Phase-shift oscillator

Block diagram Implementation gain limiter 3k Output voltage


V EE
1k
3k
V CC
6

1k
Amplifier
xo Vo
β network
gain limiter 125 k R 0
16 nF 16 nF 16 nF f
Frequency−sensitive
β xo network C1 C2 C3 Vo
−6
R1 R2 0 1 2 3 4
10 k 10 k amplifier t (msec)
Ref.: Sedra and Smith, "Microelectronic circuits" (i−to−v converter)

SEQUEL file: phase_shift_osc_1.sqproj

1 1
ω0 = √ → f0 = 574 Hz, T = 1.74 ms .
3 RC

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2
1k

Vs R1
Vo

RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj


Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2
1k

Vs R1
Vo

RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj

* As seen earlier, AV = −R2 /R1 → |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency.
Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2
1k

Vs R1
Vo

RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj

* As seen earlier, AV = −R2 /R1 → |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency.
* However, a measurement with a real Op Amp will show that |AV | starts reducing at higher
frequencies.
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40
50 k

R2
1k 25 k

AV (dB)
Vs R1 20
10 k
Vo
R2 = 5 k
RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

* As seen earlier, AV = −R2 /R1 → |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency.
* However, a measurement with a real Op Amp will show that |AV | starts reducing at higher
frequencies.
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40
50 k

R2
1k 25 k

AV (dB)
Vs R1 20
10 k
Vo
R2 = 5 k
RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

* As seen earlier, AV = −R2 /R1 → |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency.
* However, a measurement with a real Op Amp will show that |AV | starts reducing at higher
frequencies.
* If |AV | is increased, the gain “roll-off” starts at lower frequencies.
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40
50 k

R2
1k 25 k

AV (dB)
Vs R1 20
10 k
Vo
R2 = 5 k
RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

* As seen earlier, AV = −R2 /R1 → |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency.
* However, a measurement with a real Op Amp will show that |AV | starts reducing at higher
frequencies.
* If |AV | is increased, the gain “roll-off” starts at lower frequencies.
* This behaviour has to do with the frequency response of the Op Amp which we have not
considered so far.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Frequency response of Op Amp 741

ideal
100

Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi Vo

−20 dB/decade

0
10−1 106
f (Hz)

The gain of the 741 Op Amp starts falling at rather low frequencies, with fc ' 10 Hz!

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Frequency response of Op Amp 741

ideal
100

Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi Vo

−20 dB/decade

0
10−1 106
f (Hz)

The gain of the 741 Op Amp starts falling at rather low frequencies, with fc ' 10 Hz!
The 741 Op Amp (and many others) are designed with this feature to ensure that, in typical
amplifier applications, the overall circuit is stable (and not oscillatory).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Frequency response of Op Amp 741

ideal
100

Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi Vo

−20 dB/decade

0
10−1 106
f (Hz)

The gain of the 741 Op Amp starts falling at rather low frequencies, with fc ' 10 Hz!
The 741 Op Amp (and many others) are designed with this feature to ensure that, in typical
amplifier applications, the overall circuit is stable (and not oscillatory).
In other words, the Op Amp has been internally compensated for stability.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Frequency response of Op Amp 741

ideal
100

Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi Vo

−20 dB/decade

0
10−1 106
f (Hz)

The gain of the 741 Op Amp starts falling at rather low frequencies, with fc ' 10 Hz!
The 741 Op Amp (and many others) are designed with this feature to ensure that, in typical
amplifier applications, the overall circuit is stable (and not oscillatory).
In other words, the Op Amp has been internally compensated for stability.
The gain of the 741 Op Amp can be represented by,
A0
A(s) = ,
1 + s/ωc
with A0 ≈ 105 (i.e., 100 dB), ωc ≈ 2π × 10 rad/s.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Frequency response of Op Amp 741

ideal
100

Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi Vo

−20 dB/decade

0
10−1 106
f (Hz)

ωt
A0
A(jω) = .
1 + jω/ωc
A0
For ω  ωc , we have A(jω) ≈ .
jω/ωc

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Frequency response of Op Amp 741

ideal
100

Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi Vo

−20 dB/decade

0
10−1 106
f (Hz)

ωt
A0
A(jω) = .
1 + jω/ωc
A0
For ω  ωc , we have A(jω) ≈ .
jω/ωc
|A(jω)| becomes 1 when A0 = ω/ωc , i.e., ω = A0 ωc .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Frequency response of Op Amp 741

ideal
100

Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi Vo

−20 dB/decade

0
10−1 106
f (Hz)

ωt
A0
A(jω) = .
1 + jω/ωc
A0
For ω  ωc , we have A(jω) ≈ .
jω/ωc
|A(jω)| becomes 1 when A0 = ω/ωc , i.e., ω = A0 ωc .
This frequency, ωt = A0 ωc , is called the unity-gain frequency.
For the 741 Op Amp, ft = A0 fc ≈ 105 × 10 = 106 Hz.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Frequency response of Op Amp 741

ideal
100

Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi Vo

−20 dB/decade

0
10−1 106
f (Hz)

ωt
A0
A(jω) = .
1 + jω/ωc
A0
For ω  ωc , we have A(jω) ≈ .
jω/ωc
|A(jω)| becomes 1 when A0 = ω/ωc , i.e., ω = A0 ωc .
This frequency, ωt = A0 ωc , is called the unity-gain frequency.
For the 741 Op Amp, ft = A0 fc ≈ 105 × 10 = 106 Hz.
Let us see how the frequency response of the 741 Op Amp affects the gain of an inverting amplifier.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2 R2
R2 Vs Vs
R1 Ro R1
Vs R1
Vi Vo Vi Vo
Vo
Ri AV (s) Vi AV (s) Vi

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2 R2
R2 Vs Vs
R1 Ro R1
Vs R1
Vi Vo Vi Vo
Vo
Ri AV (s) Vi AV (s) Vi

Assuming Ri to be large and Ro to be small, we get


R2 R1
−Vi (s) = Vs (s) + Vo (s) .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2 R2
R2 Vs Vs
R1 Ro R1
Vs R1
Vi Vo Vi Vo
Vo
Ri AV (s) Vi AV (s) Vi

Assuming Ri to be large and Ro to be small, we get


R2 R1
−Vi (s) = Vs (s) + Vo (s) .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Using Vo (s) = AV (s) Vi (s),
Vo (s) R2 1
=−
R1 + R2 1 R1 + R2
     
Vs (s) R1 s
1+ +
R1 A0 R1 A0 ωc

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2 R2
R2 Vs Vs
R1 Ro R1
Vs R1
Vi Vo Vi Vo
Vo
Ri AV (s) Vi AV (s) Vi

Assuming Ri to be large and Ro to be small, we get


R2 R1
−Vi (s) = Vs (s) + Vo (s) .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Using Vo (s) = AV (s) Vi (s),
Vo (s) R2 1
=−
R1 + R2 1 R1 + R2
     
Vs (s) R1 s
1+ +
R1 A0 R1 A0 ωc
R2 1 ωc A0 ωt
≈− , with ωc0 = = .
R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1 1 + R2 /R1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay


Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2
1k

Vs R1
Vo

RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj


Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2
1k

Vs R1
Vo

RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj

Vo (s) R2 1 ωt
=− ωc0 = , (ft = 1 MHz).
Vs (s) R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1
Inverting amplifier, revisited

R2 gain (dB) fc ′ (kHz)


R2
1k
5k 14 167
Vs R1
Vo

RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj

Vo (s) R2 1 ωt
=− ωc0 = , (ft = 1 MHz).
Vs (s) R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40

R2 gain (dB) fc ′ (kHz)


R2
1k
5k 14 167

AV (dB)
Vs R1
20
Vo

R2 = 5 k
RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

Vo (s) R2 1 ωt
=− ωc0 = , (ft = 1 MHz).
Vs (s) R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40

R2 gain (dB) fc ′ (kHz)


R2
1k
5k 14 167

AV (dB)
Vs R1
10 k 20 91 20
Vo

R2 = 5 k
RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

Vo (s) R2 1 ωt
=− ωc0 = , (ft = 1 MHz).
Vs (s) R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40

R2 gain (dB) fc ′ (kHz)


R2
1k
5k 14 167

AV (dB)
Vs R1
10 k 20 91 20
Vo 10 k

R2 = 5 k
RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

Vo (s) R2 1 ωt
=− ωc0 = , (ft = 1 MHz).
Vs (s) R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40

R2 gain (dB) fc ′ (kHz)


R2
1k
5k 14 167

AV (dB)
Vs R1
10 k 20 91 20
Vo 10 k

25 k 28 38 R2 = 5 k
RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

Vo (s) R2 1 ωt
=− ωc0 = , (ft = 1 MHz).
Vs (s) R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40

R2 gain (dB) fc ′ (kHz)


R2
1k 25 k
5k 14 167

AV (dB)
Vs R1
10 k 20 91 20
Vo 10 k

25 k 28 38 R2 = 5 k
RL

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

Vo (s) R2 1 ωt
=− ωc0 = , (ft = 1 MHz).
Vs (s) R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40

R2 gain (dB) fc ′ (kHz)


R2
1k 25 k
5k 14 167

AV (dB)
Vs R1
10 k 20 91 20
Vo 10 k

25 k 28 38 R2 = 5 k
RL
50 k 34 19.6

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

Vo (s) R2 1 ωt
=− ωc0 = , (ft = 1 MHz).
Vs (s) R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1
Inverting amplifier, revisited

40
50 k
R2 gain (dB) fc ′ (kHz)
R2
1k 25 k
5k 14 167

AV (dB)
Vs R1
10 k 20 91 20
Vo 10 k

25 k 28 38 R2 = 5 k
RL
50 k 34 19.6

SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj 0


101 102 103 104 105 106
f (Hz)

Vo (s) R2 1 ωt
=− ωc0 = , (ft = 1 MHz).
Vs (s) R1 1 + s/ωc0 1 + R2 /R1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

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