Ee101 Opamp 5 PDF

EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 5)
M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel
Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Feedback: inverting amplifier
R2
Vi
R1
Vo
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)
Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

iR1 = iR2 , and we get,
R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
R2
Vi
R1
Vo
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
R2
Vi
R1
Vo
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
The circuit reaches a stable equilibrium.
R2 R2
Vi Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
RL RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
R2 R2
Vi Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
RL RL
R2 R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vi + Vo (3)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
R2 R2
Vi Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
RL RL
R2 R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vi + Vo (3)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V+ ↑ → Vo ↑ → V+ ↑
Eq. 3 Eq. 1 Eq. 3
R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
R2 R2
Vi Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
RL RL
R2 R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vi + Vo (3)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V+ ↑ → Vo ↑ → V+ ↑
Eq. 3 Eq. 1 Eq. 3
R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2) We now have a positive feedback situation.
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
As a result, Vo rises (or falls) indefinitely,
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓ limited finally by saturation.
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2

Feedback: noninverting amplifier
R2
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
R2
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2 R2
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi Vi
RL RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2 R2
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi Vi
RL RL
R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vo (3)
R1 + R2
R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2 R2
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi Vi
RL RL
R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vo (3)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↓ → V+ ↓ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 3 Eq. 1
R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2 R2
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi Vi
RL RL
R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vo (3)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↓ → V+ ↓ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 3 Eq. 1
R1
V− = Vo (2) We now have a positive feedback situation.
R1 + R2
As a result, Vo rises (or falls) indefinitely,
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ limited finally by saturation.
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1

Feedback
Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Noninverting amplifier with + ←→ −
R2 R2
Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi
RL RL

Feedback
R2 R2
Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi
RL RL
* Because of positive feedback, both these circuits are unstable.

Feedback
R2 R2
Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi
RL RL

* The output at any time is only limited by saturation of the Op Amp,
i.e., Vo = ±Vsat .

Feedback
R2 R2
Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi
RL RL

* The output at any time is only limited by saturation of the Op Amp,
i.e., Vo = ±Vsat .
* Of what use is a circuit that is stuck at Vo = ±Vsat ? It turns out that these
circuits are actually useful! Let us see how.

Inverting Schmitt trigger
9k
R2
1k
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Because of positive feedback, Vo can only be +Vsat (for V+ > V− ) or −Vsat (for V+ < V− ).
9k
R2
1k
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
9k
R2
1k
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1
Case (i): Vo = +Vsat = +10 V → V+ = Vo = 1 V .
R1 + R2
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
9k
R2
1k
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1
R1 + R2
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
This is inconsistent with our assumption (Vo = +Vsat ).
9k
R2
1k
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1
R1 + R2
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
R1
Case (ii): Vo = −Vsat = −10 V → V+ = Vo = −1 V .
R1 + R2
(V+ − V− ) = (−1 − 5) = −6 V → Vo = −Vsat (consistent)
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1
R1 + R2
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
R1
R1 + R2
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1
R1 + R2
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
R1
R1 + R2
If we move to the right (increasing Vi ), the same situation applies, i.e., Vo = −Vsat .
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1
R1 + R2
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
R1
R1 + R2
If we move to the right (increasing Vi ), the same situation applies, i.e., Vo = −Vsat .
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
Consider decreasing values of Vi .

10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
As long as Vi = V− > V+ = −1 V , Vo remains at −Vsat .
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
When Vi < V+ = −1 V , Vo changes sign, i.e., Vo = +Vsat .
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
V+ now becomes (+Vsat ) = +1 V .
R1 + R2
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
R1 + R2
Decreasing Vi further makes no difference to Vo (since Vi = V− < V+ = +1 V holds).
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
R1 + R2
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
R1 + R2
Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is Vi = +1 V .

10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo V+
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
R1 + R2
Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is Vi = +1 V .

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k Vo
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k Vo
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
* The threshold values (or “tripping points”), VTH and VTL , are given by

R1
± Vsat .
R1 + R2

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k Vo
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
± Vsat .
R1 + R2
* The tripping point (whether VTH or VTL ) depends on where we are on the Vo
axis. In that sense, the circuit has a memory.

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k Vo
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
Vi
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
± Vsat .
R1 + R2
* The tripping point (whether VTH or VTL ) depends on where we are on the Vo
axis. In that sense, the circuit has a memory.
* ∆VT = VTH − VTL is called the “hysterisis width.”

Noninverting Schmitt trigger
9k
R2
1k
Vi R1
Vo
RL
Vsat = 10 V
9k
R2
1k
Vi R1
Vo
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
9k
R2
1k
Vi R1
Vo
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
Case (i): Vo = −Vsat = −10 V
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k
R2
1k
Vi R1
Vo
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
This is inconsistent with our assumption (Vo = −Vsat ).
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k 1k
Case (ii): Vo = ×5+ × 10 = 5.5 V .
10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (5.5 − 0) = 5.5 V → Vo = +Vsat (consistent)
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k 1k
Case (ii): Vo = ×5+ × 10 = 5.5 V .
10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k 1k
Case (ii): Vo = ×5+ × 10 = 5.5 V .
10 k 10 k
If we move to the right (increasing Vi ), the same situation applies, i.e., Vo = +Vsat .
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k 1k
Case (ii): Vo = ×5+ × 10 = 5.5 V .
10 k 10 k
If we move to the right (increasing Vi ), the same situation applies, i.e., Vo = +Vsat .
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
As long as V+ > 0 V , Vo remains at +Vsat .
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1
When V+ = 0 V , i.e., Vi = − Vsat = −1.11 V , Vo changes sign, i.e., Vo = −Vsat .
R2
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1
R2
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1
R2
9k 1k
V+ now follows the equation, V+ = Vi − Vsat .
10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1
R2
9k 1k
10 k 10 k
Decreasing Vi further makes no difference to Vo (since V+ remains negative).
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1
R2
9k 1k
10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1
R2
9k 1k
10 k 10 k
R1
Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is V+ = 0, i.e., Vi = + Vsat = +1.11 V
R2
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1
R2
9k 1k
10 k 10 k
R1
Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is V+ = 0, i.e., Vi = + Vsat = +1.11 V
R2
VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k
Vo
R2 5
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k
Vo
R2 5
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
* The threshold values VTH and VTL are given by ± Vsat .
R2

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k
Vo
R2 5
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
R2
* As in the inverting Schmitt trigger, this circuit has a memory, i.e., the tripping
point (whether VTH or VTL ) depends on where we are on the Vo axis.

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k
Vo
R2 5
1k
Vi R1 0
Vo
−5
RL
Vsat = 10 V −Vsat
−10
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
R2
* As in the inverting Schmitt trigger, this circuit has a memory, i.e., the tripping
point (whether VTH or VTL ) depends on where we are on the Vo axis.
* ∆VT = VTH − VTL is called the “hysterisis width.”

Schmitt triggers
Vo
Vsat
R2
R1 Vo
Vi
Vo VTL VTH Vi
Vi
RL
−Vsat Inverting
Vo
Vsat Noninverting
R2
Vi R1
Vi Vo
Vo VTL VTH Vi
RL
−Vsat

Comparators
Vo
+Vsat
V+
Vo (V+ − V− )
V−
−Vsat

Comparators
Vo
+Vsat
V+
Vo (V+ − V− )
V−
−Vsat
An Op Amp in the open-loop configuration serves as a comparator because of its high

gain (∼ 105 ) in the linear region.

Comparators
Vo
+Vsat
V+
Vo (V+ − V− )
V−
−Vsat

As seen earlier, the width of the linear region, [Vsat − (−Vsat )]/AV , is small
(∼ 0.1 mV ), and could be treated as 0.

Comparators
Vo
+Vsat
V+
Vo (V+ − V− )
V−
−Vsat

As seen earlier, the width of the linear region, [Vsat − (−Vsat )]/AV , is small
(∼ 0.1 mV ), and could be treated as 0.
i.e., if V+ > V− , Vo = +Vsat ,
if V+ < V− , Vo = −Vsat .

Comparators
Vi
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat

Comparators
Vi
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
A comparator can be used to convert an analog signal into a digital (high/low) signal
for further processing with digital circuits.

Comparators
Vi
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
A comparator can be used to convert an analog signal into a digital (high/low) signal
for further processing with digital circuits.
In practice, the input (analog) signal can have noise or electromagnetic pick-up
superimposed on it. As a result, erroneous operation of the circuit may result
→ next slide.

Comparators
Vi
Vo
original
input
signal Vi
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
Comparators
Vi
Vo
original corrupted
input input
signal Vi signal
t t
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
Comparators
Vi
Vo
original corrupted
input input expand
signal Vi signal
t t
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
Comparators
Vi
Vo
original corrupted expanded

input input expand view
signal Vi signal
t t t
Vsat
Vo
t t t
−Vsat
Comparators
Vi
Vo

signal Vi signal
t t t
Vsat
Vo
t t t
−Vsat
The comparator has produced multiple (spurious) transitions or “bounces,” referred to

as “comparator chatter.”
Comparators
Vi
Vo

signal Vi signal
t t t
Vsat
Vo
t t t
−Vsat
The comparator has produced multiple (spurious) transitions or “bounces,” referred to

as “comparator chatter.”
A Schmitt trigger can be used to eliminate the chatter
→ next slide.
Comparators
Vi Vo
corrupted
input Vi
signal
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
Comparators
Vi Vo
corrupted
input Vi
signal
expand
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
Comparators
Vi Vo
corrupted expanded
input view
Vi
signal
expand
VTH
t t
VTL
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
Comparators
Vi Vo
corrupted expanded
input view
Vi
signal
expand
VTH
t t
VTL
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
* While going from positive to negative values, Vi needs to cross VTL (and not 0 V ) to cause
a change in Vo .
Comparators
Vi Vo
Vsat
Vi
corrupted expanded
input view
Vi
signal
expand
VTH
Vo
t t
VTL
Vsat
−Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
a change in Vo .
Comparators
Vi Vo
Vsat
Vi
corrupted expanded
input view
Vi
signal
expand
VTH
Vo
t t
VTL
Vsat
−Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
a change in Vo .
* In the reverse direction (negative to positive), Vi needs to cross VTH .
Comparators
Vi Vo
Vsat
Vi
corrupted expanded
input view
Vi
signal
expand
VTH
Vo
t t
VTL
Vsat
−Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
a change in Vo .
* The circuit gets rid of spurious transitions, a major advantage over the simple comparator.
Comparators
Vi Vo
Vsat
Vi
corrupted expanded
input view
Vi
signal
expand
VTH
Vo
t t
VTL
Vsat
−Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
a change in Vo .
* The circuit gets rid of spurious transitions, a major advantage over the simple comparator.
* The hysterisis width (VTH − VTL ) should be designed to be larger than the spurious
excursions riding on Vi .
Waveform generation using Schmitt triggers
Vo Vo
Noninverting Schmitt trigger L+ Inverting Schmitt trigger L+
Vi Vo Vi Vi Vo Vi
VTL VTH VTL VTH
L− L−

Vo Vo
Vi Vo Vi Vi Vo Vi
VTL VTH VTL VTH
L− L−
* A Schmitt trigger has two states, Vo = L+ and Vo = L− .

Vo Vo
Vi Vo Vi Vi Vo Vi
VTL VTH VTL VTH
L− L−

* With a suitable RC network, it can be made to freely oscillate between
L+ and L− . Such a circuit is called an “astable multivibrator” or
a “free-running multivibrator.”

Vo Vo
Vi Vo Vi Vi Vo Vi
VTL VTH VTL VTH
L− L−

* An astable multivibrator produces oscillations without an input signal, the
frequency being controlled by the component values.

Vo Vo
Vi Vo Vi Vi Vo Vi
VTL VTH VTL VTH
L− L−

* An astable multivibrator produces oscillations without an input signal, the
frequency being controlled by the component values.
* The maximum operating frequency of these oscillators is typically ∼ 10 kHz,
due to Op Amp speed limitations.

Waveform generation using a Schmitt trigger
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
At t = 0, let Vo = L+ , and Vc = 0 V .
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
The capacitor starts charging toward L+ .
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
When Vc crosses VTH , the output flips. Now, the capacitor starts discharging toward L− .
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
When Vc crosses VTL , the output flips again → oscillations.
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vi Vo L+
4
RL 2
R Vi
Vc 0
C VTL VTH
+
L = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
Note that the circuit oscillates on its own, i.e., without any input.
Q: Where is the energy coming from?

L+
T Vo
Vi Vo
VTH Vc
RL
VTL t
R
Vc C
L−
0 t1 t2

L+
T Vo
Vi Vo
VTH Vc
RL
VTL t
R
Vc C
L−
0 t1 t2
Charging: Let Vc (t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , with τ = RC .

Using Vc (0) = VTL , Vc (∞) = L+ , find A1 and B1 .
At t = t1 , Vc = VTH → VTH = A1 exp(−t1 /τ ) + B1 → find t1 .

L+
T Vo
Vi Vo
VTH Vc
RL
VTL t
R
Vc C
L−
0 t1 t2

Discharging: Let Vc (t) = A2 exp(−(t − t1 )/τ ) + B2 .
Using Vc (t1 ) = VTH , Vc (∞) = L− , find A2 and B2 .
At t = t2 , Vc = VTL → VTL = A2 exp(−(t2 − t1 )/τ ) + B2 → find (t2 − t1 ).

L+
T Vo
Vi Vo
VTH Vc
RL
VTL t
R
Vc C
L−
0 t1 t2

Discharging: Let Vc (t) = A2 exp(−(t − t1 )/τ ) + B2 .
Using Vc (t1 ) = VTH , Vc (∞) = L− , find A2 and B2 .
At t = t2 , Vc = VTL → VTL = A2 exp(−(t2 − t1 )/τ ) + B2 → find (t2 − t1 ).
+
If L = L, L− = −L, VTH = VT , VTL = −VT , show that
L + VT

T = 2 RC ln .
L − VT

Op Amp 741 Op Amp 411

15
Vo Vo
10
Vi Vo
5
Vc Vc
RL 0
R −5
Vc C
−10
−15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t (msec) t (msec)


15
Vo Vo
10
Vi Vo
5
Vc Vc
RL 0
R −5
Vc C
−10
−15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t (msec) t (msec)
Note that Op Amp 411 (slew rate: 10 V /µs) gives sharper waveforms as compared to
Op Amp 741 (slew rate: 0.5 V /µs).


15
Vo Vo
10
Vi Vo
5
Vc Vc
RL 0
R −5
Vc C
−10
−15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t (msec) t (msec)
Note that Op Amp 411 (slew rate: 10 V /µs) gives sharper waveforms as compared to
Op Amp 741 (slew rate: 0.5 V /µs).
SEQUEL files: schmitt osc 741.sqproj, schmitt osc 411.sqproj
(Ref: J. M. Fiore, “Op Amps and linear ICs”)

Integrator Schmitt trigger

L+
C Vo2
T1 T2
VTH Vo1
R Vo2
VTL t
Vo1
L−


L+
C Vo2
T1 T2
VTH Vo1
R Vo2
VTL t
Vo1
L−
1
Z
For the integrator, Vo1 = − Vo2 dt ,
RC


L+
C Vo2
T1 T2
VTH Vo1
R Vo2
VTL t
Vo1
L−
1
Z
RC
Vo2 = L+ → Vo2 decreases linearly.
Vo2 = L− → Vo2 increases linearly.


L+
C Vo2
T1 T2
VTH Vo1
R Vo2
VTL t
Vo1
L−
1
Z
RC
VTH − VTL VTH − VTL
T1 = = RC .
L+ /RC L+


L+
C Vo2
T1 T2
VTH Vo1
R Vo2
VTL t
Vo1
L−
1
Z
RC
T1 = = RC .
L+ /RC L+
T2 = = RC .
−L− /RC −L−

Limiting the output voltage
20
C
Vo2
10
R2 Vo3
R
R3
Vo1 R1 0
OA1 Vo3
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)
Integrator Schmitt trigger Limiter

20
C
Vo2
10
R2 Vo3
R
R3
Vo1 R1 0
OA1 Vo3
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)
* When Vo2 = +Vsat , D1 is forward-biased (with a voltage drop of Von ), and D2 is

reverse-biased. The Zener breakdown voltage (VZ ) is chosen so that D2 operates
under breakdown condition.
→ Vo3 = Von + VZ .

20
C
Vo2
10
R2 Vo3
R
R3
Vo1 R1 0
OA1 Vo3
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)

→ Vo3 = Von + VZ .
* When Vo2 = −Vsat , D2 is forward-biased (with a voltage drop of Von ), and D1 is
reverse-biased.
→ Vo3 = −Von − VZ .

20
C
Vo2
10
R2 Vo3
R
R3
Vo1 R1 0
OA1 Vo3
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)

→ Vo3 = Von + VZ .
reverse-biased.
→ Vo3 = −Von − VZ .
* R3 serves to limit the output current for OA2.

20
C
Vo2
10
R2 Vo3
R
R3
Vo1 R1 0
OA1 Vo3
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)

→ Vo3 = Von + VZ .
reverse-biased.
→ Vo3 = −Von − VZ .
* R3 serves to limit the output current for OA2.
SEQUEL file: opamp osc 1.sqproj

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EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 5)

Department of Electrical Engineering

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Noninverting amplifier with + ←→ −

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Noninverting amplifier with + ←→ −

* Because of positive feedback, both these circuits are unstable.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Noninverting amplifier with + ←→ −

* Because of positive feedback, both these circuits are unstable.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Noninverting amplifier with + ←→ −

* Because of positive feedback, both these circuits are unstable.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is Vi = +1 V .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is Vi = +1 V .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

Consider decreasing values of Vi .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

An Op Amp in the open-loop configuration serves as a comparator because of its high

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

An Op Amp in the open-loop configuration serves as a comparator because of its high

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay