Post lab questions

1) What is the purpose of having input and output in three terminal IC regulators?

The following figure shows the standard representation of monolithic voltage

regulator. A capacitor Ci (0.33μf) is usually connected between input terminal and
ground to cancel the inductive effects due to long distribution lead. The output
capacitor Co (1μf) improves the transient response

2) Write note on linear voltage regulator and switching regulator.

Liner regulators use a power transistor connected in series between the

unregulated dc input and the load. The output voltage is controlled by the continuous
voltage drop taking place across the series pass transistor conducts in the active or
linear region, these regulators are also called linear regulators. Linear regulators
may have fixed or variable output voltage and could be positive or negative.

Switching regulators operate the power transistor as a high frequency on/off switch,
so that the power transistor does not conduct current continuously. This gives
improved efficiency over series regulator.

3) What are the two closed loop configurations of OP-AMP?

The two closed loop configurations of OP-AMP are:

 Inverting amplifier
 Non-inverting amplifier

Inverting amplifier
 The output voltage Vo is fed back to the inverting input terminal through
the Rf-R1 network where Rf is feedback resistor. Input signal Vi is applied to
inverting input terminal through R1 and non-inverting input terminal of op-
amp is grounded.

Analysis

Vd=0, node ‘a’ is at ground potential and the current i1 through R1 is

Since op-amp draws no current, all the current flowing through R1 must flow
through Rf .The output voltage,

Hence, the gain of the inverting amplifier is,

The nodal equation at the node ‘a’ is,

Where Va is the voltage at node ‘a’. Since node ‘a’ is at virtual ground V a=0.
Therefore, we get

Non-inverting amplifier

If the signal (ac or dc) is applied to the non-inverting input terminal and
feedback is given. The circuit is called non-inverting amplifier. The differential voltage
Vd at the input terminal of op-amp is zero, the voltage at node ‘a’ is Vi, same as the
input voltage applied to non-inverting input terminal. Now RF and R1 form a potential
divider.

As no current flows into op-amp,

Thus for non-inverting amplifier the voltage gain is,