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Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, and Sexual Behavior Clinic, New York State
Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, U.S.A.
Address for Correspondence: Richard B. Krueger, MD, Medical Director, Sexual Behavior Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051
Riverside Drive, Unit #45, New York, New York 10032, U.S.A. rbk1@columbia.edu
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Richard B. Krueger and Meg S. Kaplan
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Paraphilic Diagnoses in DSM-5
only a single study (20) was cited as justification for of a paraphilia and these scales offer a significant step
adopting a diagnostic threshold involving victims. towards providing such scales.
Another line of criticism against victim number
has been that a requirement for a minimum number
of victims would result in false negatives. In the case Proposed Changes Affecting Specific
of Pedohebophilia, for instance, an individual who Paraphilias
had abused only one child for at least 6 months would
not necessarily make criteria for this diagnosis under 1. Pedohebephilic Disorder
DSM-5 (15). O’Donohue (15) also raised the question Perhaps the most controversial of the proposed para-
of why the unit of analysis was the victim, as opposed philic diagnoses in DSM-5 concerns Pedophilia. The
to the number of abusive incidents. On the other hand, Paraphilias Subworkgroup has recommended renaming
Wakefield (12) expressed that setting such a thresh- Pedophilia to Pedohebephilic Disorder and expanding
old was a positive step against making false positive its definition to include hebephilia, which is a sexual
diagnoses. desire for early pubescent children. In DSM-IV-TR,
Pedophilia referred to an interest only in a prepubescent
4. Remission child or children, and the proposed revision for DSM-5
The term “In Remission” has been added to the diag- would expand this to include pubescent children.
nostic criteria for each of the paraphilias. In fact, DSM- Blanchard set forth the rationale for these changes
IV-TR allowed for the use of “in partial remission” or (9, 24, 25) which were also listed on the DSM-5 website
“in full remission” for most disorders (20, p. 2), but these (26). The principal reasons given were: hebephilia and
were not specifically included as part of the diagnostic pedophilia are similar, with both involving attraction
criteria for any of the paraphilias. The designation of to immature persons; many men do not differentiate
remission also can only be given if the patient is in an between prepubescent and pubescent children; many
uncontrolled environment; otherwise, a notation is individuals who offend against pubescent children are
made that the patient is in a controlled environment. being diagnosed as pedophilic anyway; and this change
would harmonize the DSM with the ICD definition of
5. Severity Measures Paedophilia, which is “A sexual preference for children,
DSM-5 has required dimensional ratings for all of its boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early
disorders (21-23) and these have been added for the pubertal age” (ICD-10 F65.4. . .)” (26).
paraphilias. Both clinician-rated and patient-rated Some critics have asserted that such a definition
severity measures have been suggested. The clinician pathologizes legal behavior, where, in much of the
rating scales involve a rating over the past two weeks, world, legal consent would permit sexual relations with
comparing paraphilic with normophilic interests and pubescents, and that psychiatry is becoming an agent
behaviors. These ratings range from 1 (mild), where of social control (27, 28). Frances and First (29) wrote
the paraphilic sexual fantasies, urges or behaviors are that the merger of pedophilia and hebephilia within the
weaker than normophilic sexual interests and behav- same diagnosis could be justified if there was empiri-
iors (8), to 4 (very severe) where the paraphilic urges cal evidence demonstrating that across high-priority
completely replace normophilic sexual interests and validators, such as familial aggregation, diagnostic
behaviors. In concert with the rest of DSM-5, there stability, course of illness or response to treatment,
are also patient self-rating measures (8). these two conditions were identical; unfortunately, they
These severity ratings represent a substantial change could find no such studies. They also pointed to several
from DSM-IV-TR, where there were guidelines for studies (30-32) demonstrating that sexual arousal to
severity that could be applied to all of the diagnoses, pubescent individuals was common and within the
but which only consisted of “mild,” “moderate,” and range of normality. Finally, they suggested that because
“severe” (20, p. 2). These new dimensional questions of the blurry dividing line between pubescent and
are clear and offer reasonable metrics which could help prepubescent children, diagnosis would become more
quantify the degree of severity of a paraphilia and which difficult and diagnostic reliability compromised. Others
could be psychometrically validated. In fact, there are from the United States have argued that the extension
currently no validated instruments for rating the severity of pedophilia to hebephilia is a back-door way of trying
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Richard B. Krueger and Meg S. Kaplan
to expand the scope of diagnoses that can be utilized in Finally, it should be noted that there are two ongo-
civil commitment procedures (where individuals with ing studies, not funded or officially sanctioned by the
a severe history of sexual offenses can be committed American Psychiatric Association (39, 40), which should
indefinitely to a treatment facility)(12, 33). Wakefield produce data to compare the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic
(12) opined of this suggested change, “In sum, the criteria with the proposed DSM-V criteria. These stud-
hebephilia proposal is probably the Workgroup’s most ies, it should be noted, represent a substantial improve-
flawed and blatantly over-pathologizing paraphilia ment over the studies supporting previous manuals.
proposal. Hebephilia as a diagnosis violates the basic These studies represent a significant improvement over
constraint that disorder judgments should not be deter- prior studies for the paraphilias in the DSM. Blanchard
mined by social disapproval. This is a case where crime (41) summed the total of all patients studied in con-
and disorder are being hopelessly confused (p. 206).” junction with prior revisions of the DSM involving
Blanchard responded to these criticisms, saying that the paraphilias; there were only three.
criteria as they stand in DSM-IV-TR “would exclude
from diagnosis a sizable proportion of those men whose 2. Paraphilic Coercive Disorder
strongest sexual feelings are for physically immature The DSM-5 Subworkgroup has proposed Paraphilic
persons” and reviewed substantive research which Coercive Disorder for inclusion in the appendix. This
supports this proposed change (34, p. 334). disorder (42) would apply to men who obtained sex-
Another novel aspect of the proposed criteria for ual arousal from sexual coercion and were not sexual
Pedohebephilic Disorder is the inclusion of child sadists. The suggestion of this disorder for the DSM is
pornography in the criteria. According to the DSM-5 not new; in 1985 the DSM-III Workgroup proposed
website, the rationale for the addition of this is that the diagnosis of paraphilic rapism (43), which was
“Some research indicates that child pornography use extensively criticized at the time.
may be at least as good an indicator of erotic interest in This proposed disorder has continued to draw criti-
children as ‘hands-on’ offenses” (26). A 2006 study by cism, especially in the United States, where it is seen
Seto, Cantor and Blanchard (35) compared phallometric as a diagnosis with little empirical support and one
testing on 100 offenders arrested for charges involving which could enable civil commitment, by expanding
child pornography with 178 sex offenders with child the number of diagnoses which could be used as a basis
victims and demonstrated significantly greater arousal for commitment (44, 45). Indeed, a vote taken follow-
to children on the part of the child pornography offend- ing a debate before forensic psychiatrists in Arizona in
ers than on the part of the offenders against children. It October of 2010 overwhelmingly decided against inclu-
is also makes intuitive sense that a person’s pornography sion of the new paraphilic coercive disorder (along with
preference may be a more accurate indicator of his pedohebephilia and hypersexual disorder) in the DSM-5
underlying sexual interest than other factors because (44). On the other hand, Stern (46) suggested that this
“people opt for pornography that corresponds to their diagnosis would replace the misuse of Paraphilia Not
sexual interests” (36). However, First (10) analyzed Otherwise Specified diagnoses with specific criteria,
this criterion and suggested that its inclusion as a B which would lessen the likelihood of inappropriate
criterion, where use of it could lead to severe nega- diagnoses. Research continues to suggest that there
tive consequences because of its illegal nature, made are unique features to sexually coercive men (47) and
it dependent on the particular legal system in which field trials of this disorder examining both diagnostic
a patient might reside. This jurisdiction might not reliability and validity are underway (40).
consider certain sorts of child pornography, such as
virtual child pornography, where rendering did not 3. Hypersexual Disorder
involve any actual children, as illegal, and thus would A third controversial diagnosis suggested by the DSM-5
not allow the person to fulfill the negative function of Paraphilias Subworkgroup is Hypersexual Disorder
criterion B. Further, he pointed out this criterion was (48). This disorder, which is now listed in the Sexual
based on one study from one group, which may not at Dysfunctions part of the DSM-5 website and which
all be typical (10). Other studies have found that only a is being considered for the appendix (49), identifies
minority of individuals arrested for child pornography recurrent and intense normophilic sexual fantasies,
meet criteria for pedophilia (37, 38). urges, and behavior as being pathological if they are
251
Paraphilic Diagnoses in DSM-5
252
Richard B. Krueger and Meg S. Kaplan
changes have been proposed, including listing the para- 16. O’Donohue W, Regev LG, Hagstrom A. Problems with the DSM-IV
diagnosis of pedophilia. Sex Abuse 2000;12:95-105.
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tinction between Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders, making changes to DSM-V Revised 10/21/2009. American Psychiatric
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18. First MB. DSM-5 proposals for paraphilias: Suggestions for reducing
that involve nonconsenting persons, including remis- false positives related to use of behavioral manifestations. Arch Sex
sion specifiers in the paraphilic diagnoses, and specify- Behav 2010;39:1239-1244.
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specificity of the phallometric test for pedophilia in nonadmitting sex
major new diagnoses have been proposed for the appen- offenders. Psychol Assess 2001;13:118-126.
dix, Paraphilic Coercive Disorder, and Hypersexual 20. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual
Disorder, and a major change to an existing diagnosis, of mental disorders. Text Revision. DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. American
Pedohebephilic Disorder, has been suggested. More Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 2000: pp. 1-943.
21. Helzer JE, Wittchen H-U, Krueger RF, Kraemer HC. Dimensional options
modest changes have been proposed for Transvestic for DSM-V: The way forward. In: Helzer JE, Kraemer HC, Krueger RF,
Disorder, Fetishistic Disorder, and Sexual Masochism Wittchen H-U, Sirovatka PJ, Regier DA, editors. Dimensional approaches
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American Psychiatric Association; Arlington, VA, 2008: pp. 115-127.
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Wittchen H-U, Sirovatka PJ, Regier DA, editors. Dimensional Approaches
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American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA, 2008: pp. 1-136.
23. Kraemer HC. DSM categories and dimensions in clinical and research
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