Andres La Rosa Lecture Notes

Portland State University PH-212

ELECTROMAGNETISM

magnets in motion
produce current

bulb
moving
magnet
1820 Oersted
charges
Charges in motion
in motion produces
produce
magnetism magnetism

wire

switch

Electrostatic

- +
ELECTRICITY MAGNETISM
ELECTRICITY MAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM

Maxwell
equations

Maxwell light is an electromagnetic

predicts that
equations wave

Unification Einstein
theories
Electromagnetism

Electricity Magnetism Gravitation

Classical Mechanics Electricity Magnetism
(Newton's laws

Electromagnetism

Quantum Mechanics

Quantum
Electrodynamics
The Electric Charge

(-)

(+)
The terms "positive" and "negative" are arbitrary

Typically atoms are neutral; i. e.

- -
Charges of the same sign
repeal each other Negative Negative

Charges of opposite sign - +

attract each other
Negative Positive
MATERIALS
Most solids are crystalline, i.e. its atoms are arranged in is
a structural periodic array.
The crystalline arrangement is referred to as a crystal
lattice

. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Nucleus . . . . . . .
Electrons . . . . . . .
CRYSTAL LATTICE
 CONDUCTORS
Materials that contain “free" electrons)

Crystal's
energy level

Atom's
energy level
Electrons in the crystal's
energy levels are “free”
to wander across the metal

What happens when a voltage is applied across a metal?

The "free" electrons travel across the crystal, jumping from atom to
atom. On average, the move with a velocity termed "drift velocity"
Open question: Can you estimate the value of the electrons' drift velocity
in a metal?
 INSULATORS
Materials that do not contain “free" electrons
Crystal's
energy level

Atom's
energy level

Material with no “free"

Insulator
electrons available

What happens when a voltage is applied across the

insulator material?
+V ( Voltage from a
battery )

No macroscopic translational
motion of charges

At most, charges + + +
re-distribute inside
Positive charges position to the left side of the atom,
each atom
while
negative charges position to the right side of the atom.
The electric charge is quantized
Charge induction

Example

Example induced positive

Hollow
metallic charges
+ + +q2
-- - -
shell
+
+ - - +
-q1 +
+ - +Q
-
-
induced + - - - -- +
negative charges
+ +
+ a point
Initial: Charge distribution after
Neutral shell harge +Q is placed at the
center of the shell,
The electric charge is conserved
Example: Charge induction and the protection of
electronic equipment

Metallic shell

Electronic
circuit

Atoms that lost

their free electrons
COULOMB'S LAW
(2)
(1)

(3)
q2 (-)
q1 (+)
What is the orientation of the
electrical; force acting on the
charge q2?
Could it be (1), (2), (3), or else?

q2 (-)
Answer :
q1 (+)
Quantitative aspect of the
Coulomb's law

We know that

r
What is new is the
following r: distance between the
charges 1 and 2

Coulomb's Law
Definition of the unit charge: The COULOMB

When the distance between two point charges (of equal

magnitude) is 1 meter,

q
(+) q
F
(+)
1m

and they repeal with a force of magnitude equal to

Then we say that each charge has an electrical

charge equal to

q = 1 Coulomb
When q1 = q2= 1 Coulomb and they are
apart a distance d= 1meter, the electrostatic
force they exert to each other is 9 x 109
Newtons.
FORCE is a VECTOR

magnitude orientation
 Given a line, let's find a UNIT
VECTOR parallel to that line

RECIPE

1 Pick up any two points A and B along the line

2 Evaluate the vector

Evaluate the magnitude of

3 The vector will be a unit vector

oriented along the specified line. That is,

Example. Calculate the electrostatic force F21 exerted on the charge
q2 due to the charge q1.

cm

cm

a) Evaluation of the magnitude of the force

F= 180 Newtons

b) Evaluation of the orientation of the force

Strategy Find the proper

UNIT VECTOR

F
The 4 forces in nature
Checkpoint 1 (page 564)

Repeal or attract
each other ?
About the notation of forces

About evaluating the force components: When to use SIN or COS

The principle of superposition

if Q2 were not present.

+ qo

if Q1 were not present

+ qo

Answer:
METHOD-1 Finding the total force
acting on a point-charge

Y (cm)
What is the total
force acting on
qo?
qo

q1 q2
X (cm)

Magnitude

Unit
vector

Magnitude
How to evaluate the proper unit vector?

Y (cm)

qo

q1 q2
X (cm)

Answer

For example :

5 cm

(no units)
Therefore,
We can apply a similar procedure to calculate :

Y (cm)

= Fo2

qo

q1 q2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 X (cm)

How to find
R2 is a vector that start at the
position of qo and ends at the
position of q2.

5 cm

F02 F02 Newtons

Newtons
METHOD-2 Finding the total force
acting on a point-charge
Exploit symmetry, if applicable

Y (cm)

qo

q1 q2
X (cm)

F2 θ θ F1
4 qo
q1 q2
 Y (cm)

qo
q1 q2
X (cm)

Y (cm)

F1
θ
qo
F2
q1 θ q2
X (cm)
What to do when the charge distribution (Q) lacks
symmetry?

Method:
Break down the total charge into
small point-charges (see mesh in the
figure).
Evaluate the interaction between q
and the different small charges.
Then add up all those individual
forces