7/12/2018 Response Spectrum Load Cases

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Response Spectrum Load Cases

Enter the load cases, spectrum functions and loading directions for response spectrum analysis.

The procedure for response spectrum analysis in midas Gen is outlined below.

1. Enter mass data using various ways provided in the Main Menu, Model>Masses.

2. Enter the number of modes and necessary data for eigenvalue analysis in Eigenvalue Analysis Control.

3. Define spectrum data to be applied in Response Spectrum Functions.

4. Set options related to response spectrum analysis in Response Spectrum Load Cases.

5. Perform analysis by clicking Perform Analysis or using the Main Menu, Analysis>Perform Analysis.

6. When an analysis is completed, analyze the results using load cases or load combinations with various post-processing
functions from the Results menu.

From the Main Menu select Load > Response Spectrum Analysis Data > Response Spectrum Load Cases.

Select Response Spectrum Analysis > Response Spectrum Load Cases in the Menu tab of the Tree Menu.

Spectrum Load Case

Load Case Name

Enter the name of the response spectrum analysis case. The
name is used for load combinations.
(Refer to "Combinations")

Function Name
Select a spectrum function name. If spectral functions have
not been defined, click the
button located at the
bottom of the dialog box to define spectrums. (Refer to
"Response Spectrum Functions")

Direction

X-Y: Apply the response spectrum loads in the horizontal

directions (directions parallel to GCS X-Y plane) of the
structure.

Z: Apply the response spectrum loads in the vertical

direction (GCS Z-direction) of the structure.

Excitation Angle
When the seismic excitation direction is parallel to the X-Y
plane (Direction='X-Y'), the sign of the seismic loading angle
[Degree] is referenced to the Z-axis using the right hand rule.
The angle is zero at the GCS X-axis.

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Scale Factor
Scale factor for the entered response spectrum excitation

Period Modification Factor

A multiplier factor for periods calculated by eigenvalue
analysis.

Non-structural members are typically excluded in the

analytical model, but rather treated as loads. Such omission
can result in higher periods than actually are. This factor
applies to all the natural periods calculated by eigenvalue
analysis for response spectrum analysis. This functionality
becomes useful when we wish to account for stiffness
contribution of non-structural elements in which case we
may wish to reduce the calculated periods.

Note
This factor applies to all the natural periods calculated by
eigenvalue analysis for response spectrum analysis. This
functionality becomes useful for example when we wish to
account for stiffness contribution of non-structural elements in
which case we may wish to reduce the calculated periods.
 

Modal Combination Control

Enter the method of mode combination and specify whether to restore the signs of response spectrum analysis results.
MIDAS/Gen allows the user to se lect the modes for a modal combination so that the major modes of a structure
can be combined.

Modal Combination Type: Set the method of combining modes in

the response spectrum analysis.

• SRSS: The Square Root of Sum of the Squares

SRSS method, which is most commonly used, renders close

approximations of design response for a structure exhibiting well-
distributed natural frequencies. However, it tends to overestimate or
underestimate the combination for a structural system with close
natural frequencies, which can be found in a multi-span bridge with
continuous short spans. Another drawback is that it looses signs in
the process of combination

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• CQC: Complete Quadratic Combination

Where

: the representative maximum value for a particular response

: the peak value of the particular response for the i-th mode

: the ratio of the natural frequency of the i-th mode to that of

the j-th mode

: damping ratio

CQC method considers the probabilistic correlation between modes

for a structural system with close natural frequencies, which can be
found in a multi-span bridge with continuous short spans. By applying
the correlation factor in combination using close natural frequency
ratios, the overestimating or underestimating problem can be
resolved. As shown in the equation above, the correlation factor will
become 1 irrespective of the damping ratio when i=j, and it will
become identical to SRSS method when the damping ratio is 0.

• ABS: ABsolute Sum

ABS method renders the largest responses among different

combination methods. The signs are neglected by the use of absolute
values. It tends to overestimate the response results. When a specific
ratio such as the 100:30 rule, etc. is applied after combining the
analysis results in each direction considering the directionality of
earthquake, the maximum response is obtained by summing the
absolute results in three directions.

• Linear: Linear Sum

In linear method, the user chooses specific modes and enters the
Mode Shape Factors directly, which are then linearly combined. The
signs are preserved. It is used to check the effects of a specific mode
or compare responses by modes.

Add signs(+, -) to the Results

Specify whether to restore the signs deleted during the mode
combination and specify the restoration method.

•Along the Major Mode Direction: Restore the

signs according to the signs(+, -) of the principal mode for
every loading direction.

•Along the Absolute Maximum Value: Restore

the signs according to the signs of the absolute maximum
values of the modal results.

Note
In general, structural characteristics can be reflected properly by
using the "Along the Major Mode Direction" option and using the
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sign of the major mode that greatly contributes to the structural
behavior. However, when torsion is considerable due to the
structural irregularity, or the modes are closely spaced and the
major mode is not very distinctive, the "Along the Major Mode
Direction" option can partially distort the structural behavior. In
such a case, it is desirable to opt for "Along the Absolute
Maximum Value"option.

Select Mode Shapes

Select modes for modal combination. Using the “Select Mode
Shapes” option, linearly combine the modes while entering the Mode
Shape Factors directly.

Spectrum Functions

Select pre-defined design spectrum functions, which will be used to define a number of response spectrum load cases. A
same spectrum from a code may result in a number of spectrum functions depending on the damping ratio. Therefore, this
becomes useful when the user wishes to define a number of spectrum functions based on different damping values in a
structure.

• Generating spectrum data corresponding to damping ratios by modes using multiple Response Spectrum
Functions
Input Data

1. Select a number of spectrums in Spectrum Functions list. Spectrum Function is defined in Response Spectrum
Function.

Note
In case a single spectrum is selected, Damping Ratios for each mode are not calculated, and an identical
Damping Ratio is applied to all the modes.

2. Check on "Apply Damping Method" and select Damping Method. Default is Modal.

3. Check if Interpolation of Spectral Data is selected. Default is Logarithm.

Application Principles

1. Calculation is carried out by the interpolation of spectrum data applied by the Damping Ratios corresponding to
modes.

2. If the calculated values deviate from the range of the maximum and minimum values of the selected spectrum,
the maximum or minimum value of the spectrum will be applied.

3. If the calculated values exist in the range of the maximum and minimum values of the spectrum selected with a
damping ratio for a mode, modal spectrum is internally generated for the mode by interpolation of spectrum data.

Procedure for Interpolation of Spectrum

Select multiple spectrums defined in Spectrum Function and calculate the Damping Ratios for each mode according to the
selected method in Apply Damping Method of Response Spectrum Load Cases after which spectrum data for each mode
is generated.

Example

In case "Damping Method = Modal", the method of generating spectrums by modes on the basis of the figure above is
outlined below.

1. Mode 1: The user specified Damping Ratio=0.01 is greater than the maximum spectrum with 0.02. So the
spectrum with the damping ratio of 0.02 is created.

2. Mode 2: Spectrum with the damping ratio of 0.05 defined in Spectrum Function is directly used without any
interpolation.

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3. Mode 3: The user specified Damping Ratio=0.07 is within the damping ratios 0.05 ~ 0.10. The spectrum with the
damping ratio of 0.07 is generated by the interpolation of the spectrum data.

4. Mode 4:. Spectrum with the damping ratio of 0.10 defined in Spectrum Function is directly used without any
interpolation.

5. Mode 5: The user specified Damping Ratio=0.15 is less than the minimum spectrum with 0.10. So the spectrum
with the damping ratio of 0.10 is created.

Note
In case of Mass & Stiffness Proportional Damping and Strain Energy Proportional Damping, damping ratio
for each mode is automatically calculated, which is then used to generate the spectrum data by modes in
the same manner as above. If Strain Energy Prop. is used to calculate damping ratios, the "Calculate Only
When Used" option needs to be checked off at the lower part of the Model > Property > Group Damping
dialog box.

• Generating spectrum data corresponding to damping ratios by modes using a single Response Spectrum Function
Input Data

1. Select a single spectrum from the Spectrum Functions of Response Spectrum Load Cases.

Note
When the user selects multiple spectrum functions, the Correction equation is not applicable since spectrum
functions are generated by interpolation of spectrum data based on damping ratios.

2. Check on “Apply Damping Method” and “Correction by Damping Ratio”.

3. Check to see Interpolation of Spectral Data is selected. Default is Logarithm.

Note
In case a single spectrum is selected, Interpolation of Spectral Data will not be used since modal damping
ratios are calculated by modes by the method below.

Application Principles

1. 1. Calculate damping ratios for each mode.

2. 2. The equation calculated here is applicable only for a spectrum with the damping ratio of 0.05. So it cannot be
used for other spectrums with different damping ratios.

Procedure for Spectral Data Correction

As shown in the figure below, damping ratios by modes are obtained and spectral data is generated, using the Spectrum
Function (Damping Ratio = 0.05).

Note
When the user calculates damping ratios using Strain Energy Proportional Damping, the "Calculate Only
When Used" option needs to be checked off at the bottom of the Group Damping dialog from the main
menu, Model > Property > Group Damping.

Apply Damping Method

Damping Method : Define the damping property of a structure using multiple design spectrums.

• Direct Modal
User defines the damping ratio for each mode, and the modal response will be calculated based on the spectrum
function, which is modified by the user defined damping ratio.

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Direct Specification of Modal Damping: Specify the damping ratio for each mode directly.

Damping Ratio for All Modes: It applies to every mode except the ones that user has directly specified. It
applies to all the modes other than the damping ratios assigned to specific modes in the Modal Damping
Overrides table below. When the entered damping ratio is different from the user specified damping ratio in
Response Spectrum Functions, the previous spectrum data will be interpolated based on this damping ratio.

Modal Damping Overrides: User directly defines the damping ratio for each mode.

Mode: Mode Number

Damping Ratio: Damping ratio for each mode

: to add a new damping ratio

: to modify the existing damping ratio

: to remove the existing damping ratio

• Mass and Stiffness Proportional

Using the dynamic property and the modal damping ratios of two modes, the damping matrix which is proportional
to Mass and Stiffness is
generated. This damping matrix evaluates the damping ratio for each mode, and the response spectrum analysis
is carried out while reflecting the
modal damping ratio.

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Mass and Stiffness Proportional

Damping Type: Select if the damping matrix is proportional to Mass or to Stiffness.

Direct Specification: User directly defines the proportional coefficients for the checked Damping
Type.

Calc. from Modal Damping: Using the modal damping ratios that the user specified, it automatically
calculates and inputs the proportional coefficients.

Coefficients Calculation: If either Mass or Stiffness proportional is checked in Damping Type, modal
damping ratio of only one mode can be entered. If both are checked, modal damping ratios for two modes
will be specified.

Frequency[Hz]: Enter the frequency of the corresponding mode to be assigned a damping ratio for
calculating proportional coefficients.

Period [Sec]: Enter the period of the corresponding mode to be assigned a damping ratio for
calculating proportional coefficients.

Damping Ratio: Enter the damping ratio corresponding to the specified frequency or the period.

: It calculates the damping ratio based on

the entered proportional coefficient and the frequency or the period. Since damping ratios for only two
modes can be specified to reflect the mass or stiffness proportional damping effect, this tool makes possible
to calculate damping ratios of other modes.

• Strain Energy Prop

User evaluates the modal damping ratio according to the damping ratio user-defined in Group Damping. The result
modifies the spectrum function and calculates the response.

When element damping by members and boundaries defined in Group Damping is used, the damping matrices of
most structures become a non-classical damping type, which can not be separated by modes. Therefore, in order
to reflect the damping property of each element in dynamic analysis, modal damping ratio is calculated on the basis
of the strain energy concept.

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Correction by Damping Ratio : When a single spectrum is selected, a modifying equation is used to adjust the spectrum to
apply to each mode having

Note 1
The modifying equation can not be used when multiple spectrums are selected because the spectrums are interpolated based on the
damping ratios. A
damping ratio can not go beyond the upper and lower bound damping ratios of the spectrum.

Note 2
When combining modal responses, using Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) will reflect damping for each mode without the use
of
the modifying
equation. The combining method can be specified in Modal Combination Control

Interpolation of Spectral Data

Select the method of interpolating the response spectrum load data.

Linear : Linear interpolation method

Logarithm : Log-scale interpolation method

Accidental Eccentricity

Select whether to include accidental eccentricity moments in the calculation of response spectrum loads. Click to prompt
the Accidental Eccentricity for Response Spectrum Load dialog box.

Note 1
Using this functionality, we can check the analysis results from the auto-generated load case (Es: Dynamic load case
name), which reflects the accidental eccentric moments.

Note 2
The magnitudes of the applied accidental torsional moments can be checked in Results > Result Tables > Story Shear
(Response Spectrum Analysis)

Note 3
This function becomes activated only when Model > Building > Story Data is defined.

Accidental Eccentricity for Response Spectrum Load dialog box

Eccentricity Data

Automatic
An eccentricity in terms of a percentage of plan dimensions is automatically considered.

User Defined
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The user defines the eccentricities individually.

Description

Enter a brief description.

Operations

Enter new or additional response spectrum analysis load cases

Enter the above entries and click .

Modify previously entered response spectrum analysis load cases

Select a response spectrum analysis load case from the list in the dialog box and click .

Delete previously entered response spectrum analysis load cases

Select a response spectrum analysis load case from the list in the dialog box and click .

In addition to the spectrum functions and the loading conditions of the response spectrum, access the following functions
to enter additional data required for a response spectrum analysis:

: Eigenvalue Analysis Control... is invoked to check dynamic properties of a structure

: Response Spectrum Functions... is invoked to define spectrums.

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