Petrol 13

Experts in Geomatics, Surveying, Positioning,
Geospatial Data, and Mapping Sciences
Geodetics: Implications for GIS Professionals

May 10, 2018
Michael Barnes
APSG Education Foundation Chair 2010-2020
APSG Chair 2008-2009
APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

1
30 minutes
Content
• Geodetic Datums and Map Projections

• Ten geodetic awareness topics for you
• A Random Thought: geodetics on the world stage
• Finally …
References:
www.apsg.info
www.iogp.org
www.epsg-registry.org
Hierarchy of Mapping
Ellipsoid
stable Unstable w/o Datum

P
hp
Projected
λp Φp
Zp CRS
Equator is a derivative
Yp Xp of the Datum
(Geog CRS)
Easting, Northing,
Elevation (above MSL)
Datum (ellipsoid & origin)

is the Foundation
X,Y,Z Cartesian and Lat, Long, Ht

Source: APSG
3
Beware . . .
Knowing the map projection and all its

parameters is insufficient
(even if the ellipsoid is known)
…Unless associated with a Geographic Coordinate
Reference System / Datum
The Map Projection coupled with a

GeogCRS / Datum makes a Projected Coordinate
Reference System (or ProjCRS)

Geodesy Reference Surfaces
H
h
N=h-H
Ellipsoid
Normal to Ellipsoid Normal to Geoid
Geoid
Terrain
b
a
Geoid Ellipsoid
Equipotential surface which Surface where Computations are made
approximates to MSL 1/f = a/(a-b)
Source: APSG
5
Half of the story
Reference Ellipsoids
• Fundamental to hundreds of Geodetic Datums

• 77 in the epsg-registry
• Most commonly used in petroleum are:
% of
EPSG Code Reference Ellipsoid Name Used
total
7022 International 1924 125 24%
7019 GRS 1980 92 17%
7012 Clarke 1880 (RGS) 47 9%
7004 Bessel 1841 38 7%
7030 WGS 84 29 5%
7008 Clarke 1866 24 5%
7011 Clarke 1880 (IGN) 19 4%
7024 Krassowsky 1940 14 3%
Others 70 15%

6
Two part story
Examples of Geodetic Datums

7
Wrong Datum, Wrong Location
1000
500
Selected 8
  ( meters )
0 Projects
Datums in
Red
-500
-1000
-1000 -500 0 500 1000
  ( meters ) Source: Phil Summerfield
APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018 8

Consequences of Poor Datum Handling
450
NAD 27
NAD 83
225 (CSRS)
SAD 69
PSAD
  ( meters )
WGS 84 56
0 Cape
Pulkova
42
-225
Minna
Aratu
Abidjan
-450
-450 -225 0 225 450
  ( meters )

9
Map Projections characteristics
Azimuth & Angle

Area
General
Length
Shape
Shear
Distortion is unavoidable in any projection

Typical Map Projection Methods
• Universal Transverse Mercator

• Transverse Mercator
• Lambert Conformal Conic
• Albers
• Mercator
• Others less frequently: Stereographic,
Oblique Stereographic, Oblique Mercator

Map projections: Area Calculations for CONUS
Areas:
Ellipsoidal 8,067,169.67 km2
Albers Equal Area Conic 8,072,019.56 km2 [+0.06%]
Lambert Conformal Conic 7,193,234.60 km2 [-10.83%]
Mercator Cylindrical 13,702,681.84 km2 [+69.86%]
APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018 Source: Phil Summerfield
12
10 Self Assessment Questions:

10 seconds response
Easy !
Don’t know, I need more awareness
What is Barnes talking about?

13
Q1. How many Horizontal Geodetic Datums are

databased in the EPSG registry?

14
Review www.epsg-registry.org
460 Horizontal Geodetic

Datums in the Database

15
Q2. What is the definition difference between a

Coordinate System and a Coordinate
Reference System?

16
CS is a subset of CRS
• Coordinate Systems are:
– Cartesian, Ellipsoidal, Spherical, Vertical
Coordinate System
Code - CS CS Name CS Type Dimension Remarks
4400 Cartesian 2D CS. Axes: Cartesian 2 Used in projected and

easting, northing (E,N). engineering coordinate
Orientations: east, north. reference systems.
UoM: m.
• Coordinate Reference System:

– Geographic 2D, Geographic 3D, Geocentric,
Projected, Compound, Engineering, Vertical
Coordinate Reference System
Code - Coord Sys Datum Base CRS Projn Conv Cmpd Hor Cmpd Vert
CRS Name Area code CRS Type CRS Scope
CRS code code Code Code CRS Code CRS Code
32615 WGS 84 / 2028 projected 4400 4326 16015 Large and

UTM zone medium
15N scale
topographic
mapping
and
engineering
APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018 survey.
17
Q3. What accuracy dilution can I expect from a

horizontal geodetic datum transformation?

18
Estimated accuracies of 2,114 Datum Transformations
absentia
25-100 m 100-800 m
0.3% 10%
6%
Less than 1 m
10-25 m 56%
4%
5-10 m
7%
1-5 m
17%
Source: EPSG Registry v9.2

19
Q4. Name 3 common map projections that

preserve area ratios?

20
Equal Area Map Projections
• Albers Equal Area Conic
• Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
• Lambert Cylindrical Equal Area

21
Q5. How many Reference Norths are used?

22
5 kinds of Reference North
True North = Direction of the meridian through a

point
Magnetic North = Differs from True North by
declination and varies with time
Grid North = Differs from True North by
convergence
Gyro North = a measurement of True North by
instrument
Plant or Project or Rig North = strictly a “local”
non-georeferenced orientation
23
Q6. What is the meaning of EPSG code 32615?

24
EPSG CRS 32615
WGS 84 UTM zone 15N
Definition codes are really useful,

they assist data handling
(ensuring; consistency, completeness,
correctness and verified)

25
Q7. How many Units of Measure do we

encounter?

26
There is no standard foot
13 kinds of feet and 2 kinds of meters in use

Reference Units: Biggest Petroleum Industry Problem
US Survey Foot vs. International Foot
1 ftUS = 1.000002 ft (Intl), but this is still important for UTM,

generating 30-60 foot errors, depending on latitude
Other Feet: Clarke’s Foot, Sears 1922, 2 for Benoit

(both 1895), Gold Coast Ft., 4 Indian Ft.
(1865, 1937, 1962 & 1975) and 2 British
Feet (1865 & 1935)
2 meters: International Meter and German Legal Meter
Other linear units: Chains, Links, and Yards

27
Q8. Where is a good source of guidance for

understanding of Vertical Data in GIS?

28
www.iogp.org

29
Q9. What types of lines are used for delineation

of Block Licenses?

30
Basic geodetic considerations
Block License Delineation
• Joining Turn Points

➢ grid (plane)
➢ parallel, meridian, geodesic
➢ loxodrome (rhumb line)
But also note:
• Calculation of Area
➢ Map Grid (with and without corrected area scale factor)
➢ Ellipsoidal
➢ Ground or other surface level Ref: OGP GN’s and Prior
APSG presentations for
technical explanations

31
Q10. Decimal degrees truncated at 0.000001

degrees implies what realistic metric
accuracy?

32
Latitude dependent
0.000001 degrees ≡ 6 to 60 cm
Original source: APSG

33
If you remember nothing else….. “not unique”
• Latitudes and Longitudes are not unique unless

qualified with datum name
• Projection Coordinates are not unique unless
qualified with projection name, zone and datum
• Heights are not unique unless qualified with
Surface Reference (Vertical Datum)
• Reference Norths are not unique unless qualified
with Heading Reference
• Units of Measure are not unique unless qualified
with Unit Reference

34
A random thought:
Geodetics matters to International Peace

35
Core to UNCLOS is maritime states rights to resources
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) at 200 nM
200 nautical miles = 230 miles = 370 km

36
Boundaries are politically sensitive, legally and technically complex, and need good geodesy
Disputes over boundaries and transboundary resources

37
20 nations with license blocks beyond 200 nM
Subject to an additional ISA Royalty Payments ?

38
Complex Multiple Overlapping Claims
Geopolitical tangle in South China Sea

39
Before GIS, we had 200 years of geodetic surveying
and mapping .. the science is still the same ..

National Geodetic Survey of Nepal 1981-1983 40
Final thoughts on
“Geodetics: Implications for GIS Professionals”

41
42
43
44

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Experts in Geomatics, Surveying, Positioning,

Geospatial Data, and Mapping Sciences

Geodetics: Implications for GIS Professionals

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

• Geodetic Datums and Map Projections

stable Unstable w/o Datum

Datum (ellipsoid & origin)

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

Knowing the map projection and all its

The Map Projection coupled with a

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

• Fundamental to hundreds of Geodetic Datums

7022 International 1924 125 24%

7019 GRS 1980 92 17%

7012 Clarke 1880 (RGS) 47 9%

7004 Bessel 1841 38 7%

7008 Clarke 1866 24 5%

7011 Clarke 1880 (IGN) 19 4%

7024 Krassowsky 1940 14 3%

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

Examples of Geodetic Datums

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018 8

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

Azimuth & Angle

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

• Universal Transverse Mercator

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

10 Self Assessment Questions:

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

Q1. How many Horizontal Geodetic Datums are

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

460 Horizontal Geodetic

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

Q2. What is the definition difference between a

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

4400 Cartesian 2D CS. Axes: Cartesian 2 Used in projected and

• Coordinate Reference System:

32615 WGS 84 / 2028 projected 4400 4326 16015 Large and

Q3. What accuracy dilution can I expect from a

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

Source: EPSG Registry v9.2

Q4. Name 3 common map projections that

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

• Albers Equal Area Conic

• Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area

• Lambert Cylindrical Equal Area

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

Q5. How many Reference Norths are used?

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

True North = Direction of the meridian through a

Q6. What is the meaning of EPSG code 32615?

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

WGS 84 UTM zone 15N

Definition codes are really useful,

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

Q7. How many Units of Measure do we

APSG at Esri Petroleum GIS Conference | Houston May 2018

13 kinds of feet and 2 kinds of meters in use

US Survey Foot vs. International Foot

1 ftUS = 1.000002 ft (Intl), but this is still important for UTM,

Other Feet: Clarke’s Foot, Sears 1922, 2 for Benoit

2 meters: International Meter and German Legal Meter