Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Jalal Majeed Shareef, Rizgar Raheem Sulaiman and Ihsan Kadir Zangana
Abstract
In spite of the devastating effect of tuberculosis in man and animals, studies regarding bovine
tuberculosis have not been done, in the Sulaimani districts so far, The aim of the present study was to
investigate for the first time, the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle in the Sulaimani districts. The study
was carried out among five groups of bovine (the pregnant cattle at last two months of gestation, recently
parturient cattle (two months after parturition), under six months age calves, calves of six months to two years
old heifers and cattle above two years old (but not belonging to the first and second groups), from June to
December 2000. The study includes the field observation, using the single intradermal comparative
tuberculin test (SIDT) which involved (4012) cattle from different Sulaimani districts (Sulaimani center,
Halabja, Penjwen, Rania, Chamchamal, Darbandikhan). The field observation has shown 207 (5.1%) positive
reactors to (SIDT). The results have revealed highest positive rate in Halabja district, where the rate was (9%)
and lowest rate in Darbandikhan, where the rate was (1.5%), while different prevalence were detected (3.5%,
4%, 5.5% and 6%) in Chamchamal, Penjwen, Sulaimani center and Rania respectively. The prevalence rate
was also high (6.1%) in a group of cattle that were classified at a stage of two months after delivery (two
months from parturition) and no incidence was detected in a group of calves under six months of age.
Out of 207 SIDT positive reactor cattle, (117) sputum samples were examined by direct smear with
Zihle –Neelsen stain, positive result was 37 (31.7%) only. The samples were also cultured on Modified
Lowenstein-Jensen media, which showed 45 (38.5%) positive growth. This study included also the abattoir
observation, by routine meat inspection of 7375 carcasses that have been slaughtered in Sulaimani abattoir,
the result revealed 65 (0.9%) positive carcasses that showed typical lesions of tuberculosis. The samples from
the lesions were submitted to the microbiological and histopathological examinations that confirmed the
preliminary diagnosis. The photos are also shown.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, zoonotic disease, bovine.
Introduction
Among many diseases, which transferred considered as enormous threats of the
from animals to man, precisely among those health of both human and animal. Since in
diseases which transferred from cattle to an uncontrolled environment the spread of
man, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most TB from animal to man is ease and
devastating diseases. It is known as one of frequent, it considered as an important
the world wide distributed diseases, TB is of anthropozoonotic disease. Concerning
major importance particularly in dairy cattle the precautionary measures to protect the
[1]. It causes a great damage to the health of people and cattle in the area, no
country’s economy, moreover TB is serious attempt has been implemented so
Email:- drjalalshareef@yahoo.com
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far, also there is no any national program or granulomatous nodules or tubercles that are
strategy to point out the disease, which seen in advanced infections by
transmitted to human through animals and Mycobacterium tuberculosis or
their products. In the neighboring countries Mycobacterium bovis. The disease
the above status of controlling zoonotic affects particularly all species of
diseases is common, particularly when it is vertebrates, producing signs and lesions,
dealing with tuberculosis. According to which are generally similar in the various
World Health Organization (WHO) report, species. Three main types of TB and their
it is estimated that human tuberculosis causative agents are well known. These
incidence and deaths for years 1990 and types are (human) Mycobacterium
1999 were 88 and 30 millions respectively, tuberculosis, (bovine) Mycobacterium bovis
with most cases in developing countries. and (avian) Mycobacterium avium. Human
Anthropozoonotic TB (caused by TB is the most species specific of the three
Mycobacterium bovis) is present in animals types, rarely being transmitted to non-
of most developing countries, where human species. Avian TB is typically
surveillance and control activities are often restricted to birds however pigs and a few
inadequate or unavailable; therefore, many other animals are susceptible. Bovine TB is
epidemiological and public health aspects of the most infectious TB infecting humans
infection mainly remain unknown. From 36 and most warm-blooded animals, [2, 3, 1].
Asian nations, 16 reported a sporadic/low There are many methods for diagnosis. The
occurrence of bovine TB, and one (Bahrain) single most important diagnostic test for TB
described the disease as enzootic; ten did in vivo is the intradermal tuberculin test.
not report bovine TB; and the remaining This test is applied by the intradermal
nine did not have data. Within the Asian injection of 0.05 ml of tuberculin to anal
region, seven countries apply disease fold or into the skin of the neck. The
control measures as part of a test-and- reaction is read between 48 and 96 hrs after
slaughter policy and consider bovine TB injection with preference for 48 to 72 hrs
noticeable. In the remaining 29 countries, for maximum sensitivity and at 96 hrs for
bovine TB is partly controlled or not maximum specificity, and a positive
controlled at all. Of the total Asian cattle reaction constituted a diffuse swelling at the
and buffalo populations, 6% and less than injection site [4].
1%, respectively, were found in countries Intradermal tuberculin (4ml) is injected
where bovine TB is notifiable and a test- subcutaneously into the neck of the cattle
and-slaughter policy was used; 94% of the with a rectal temperature of not more than
cattle and more than 99% of the buffalo 39˚C at the time of injection and for 2hours
populations in Asia are either only partly later. If the temperature at 4, 6 and 8 hours
controlled for bovine TB or not controlled after injection rises above 40˚C, the animal
at all. Thus, the human population in Asia is classed as a positive reactor. This test is
lives in countries where cattle and buffaloes succeeded to detect those cases of minimal
undergo no control or only limited control sensitivity, but it is not also sufficiently so
for bovine TB. specific to differentiate between the
TB is produced by Mycobacterium reactions due to infection with
species, the term is derived from the small
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Mycobacterium bovis and other avium commonly accepted option [9]. The
mycobacterium complex [4, 5, 1]. complete control and eradication of bovine
Where the presence of John’s disease or TB are very difficult because
avian tuberculosis is suspected, or skin Mycobacterium bovis often does not
tuberculosis is apparent, not-specific produce acute disease, persists in the carrier
sensitization must be considered and a stage, in human and non-human reservoirs,
comparative test should be used [2]. The and easily crosses species. No effective
comparative test depends on the greater vaccine or centralized global surveillance or
sensitivity to (PPD) tuberculin. Avian and eradication programs currently exist. The
mammalian tuberculin is injected control measures result in significant
simultaneously into two separated sites on economic losses. The primary threat of
the same side of the neck [6]. Three days Mycobacterium bovis exists in wild life that
after injection, the thickness of the skin at shares watering holes or pastureland with
the two injection sites are compared. domestic stock. In the developed world,
Interpretations of the results are based on surveillance can minimize risk, but one-
differences in the increase in skin thickness third of the world’s population lacks
elicited by the two products and by the effective agricultural and food safety
disease history of the herd [1]. Diagnosis on programs, leaving them at substantial risk
clinical signs alone is very difficult, even in for zoonotic infection by Mycobacterium
advanced cases. Radiography is useful in bovis [10]. Hence researches and
non-human primates and small animals. investigations for cattle TB are of great
Microscopically examination of sputum and importance, for this reason the present study
other discharges is some times used. is designated in Sulaimani districts for the
Necropsy findings of classic TB granulomas first time.
are often very suggestive of the disease.
Conformation of diagnosis required Materials and Methods
isolation and identification of the organism,
with culture usually tacking 4-8 weeks [4, 7, 1. Animals
1]. Diagnostic samples include sputum,
A total of 4012 cattle were divided into
tracheobronchial lavages, lymph nodes of
five groups, according to some facts, such
thoracic, abdominal, and other aspirates,
as; tuberculous cattle go through a period of
urine, feces, milk and biopsy specimens.
desensitization immediately before and after
Necropsy material is obtained from the
calving, about 30% gives false negative
lesions [8]. In laboratory the samples can be
reactions, but returning to a positive status 4
used for diagnosis as following: Direct
to 6 weeks later, and calves drinking their
microscopic examination, bacterial culture,
colostrum give positive reaction for up to 3
histopathology, animal inoculation, and
weeks after birth, even those are not
serology. TB is a public health hazards and
infected [1]. The groups were as following;
it is a zoonotic disease with the risk of
Group I: composed of (211) pregnant cows
sharing the organism to the outside by
at last two months of gestation.
tuberculous animals, antituberculous
chemotherapy of animals is discourage and
controversial, so euthanasia is the most
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Group II: composed of (151) recently Republic. The vials contain 1mg/ml (25000
parturient cows (two months after C.T.U/ml) straw color bovine antigen and
parturition). pink color avian tuberculin, contains
Group III: composed of (360) calves under 0.5mg/ml (2500 C.T.U/ml).
six months of age. Two different types of tuberculin
Group IV : composed of (807) calves and were injected into the skin simultaneously,
cattle six months to two years old. fairly close together, so that any resulted
Group V : composed of (2483) cattle above reaction may be more readily assessed for
two years old, but not belonging to the first interpretation purposes. For the test,
and second group. the intra-dermal injection (0.1 ml) in the
T-test for the first two groups and Chi middle portion of the neck was used, and
square test for all groups of cattle were the sites prepared by clipping away below
applied for analysis statistically [11]. the crest and the lower site 12cm lower
down on a line roughly parallel with the
2. Area of the Study slope of the shoulder. The avian tuberculin
The present study was conducted in has being injected at the upper site and the
Sulaimani Governorate, north-east of Iraq, bovine tuberculin at the lower one. The
including six districts, and involved the distance between two sites of injection is 10
following numbers of cattle: Sulaimani cm. In calves the injection sites have being
center 2012 cattle, Halabja district 400 located one on each side at the central point
cattle, Penjwen district 400 cattle, Rania of the neck. Prior to injection, the thickness
district 400 cattle, Chamchamal district 400 of the skin at each site was recorded, using
cattle, and Darbandikhan district 400 cattle. a caliper. The appearance of a small pea-
sized swelling, which forms a bulge on the
skin surface, was a good indicator for the
3. Tuberculin Test
achievement of the process successfully [7].
All groups of cattle were tested by
The test was evaluated by repeated
single intradermal comparative tuberculin
skin measurement 72 hours later after the
test. The test carried out in June to end of
injection using a caliper. The interpretation
December 2000. The method and allergen
of the single intradermal comparative
of single intradermal comparative
tuberculin test was classified as negative,
tuberculin test were used as described by [1,
suspected or positive reactors. A negative
4, and 6].
reactor was identified when there was a
For performing single intradermal
negative reaction to bovine tuberculin, or a
comparative tuberculin test, caliper for
positive or suspected reaction to bovine
measuring of skin fold thickness, scissors
tuberculin which was equal to or less than a
for clipping the site of injection and
positive or suspected reaction to avian
multidose resetting intra-dermal syringes, at
tuberculin. A suspected reactor was
least two sets of types Mucklintock
indicated by a positive or suspected reaction
tuberculin syringe were used. Two types of
to bovine tuberculin, which was 1-4
tuberculin have been used; Mycobacterium
millimeter greater than the reaction to avian
bovis and Mycobacterium avium were
tuberculin. A positive reactor was identified
received from Razi Laboratory-Iran Islamic
when there was a positive reaction to bovine
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tuberculin, which was more than 4mm were used for culturing of sputum
greater than the reaction to avian tuberculin. samples. The direct swab was also
Cattle which had been classified as prepared from the abattoir lesions, which
suspected reactors were being re-tested after were opened by scalpel on microscopical
interval of 60 days, If they were again slides and stained by Zeihl-Neelsen as
classified as suspected they would be described above. Histopathological
considered as positive [1, 12, 4, 6]. specimens obtained from suggestive
tuberculosis lesions were processed;
4. Abattoir observation sections were stained with haematoxylin,
From the periods of March 2000 to eosin (H&E) and Zeihl-Neelsen, and then
December 2000, the carcasses of 7375 cattle examined for typical tuberculous lesions
of different ages were examined at interval and acid-fast bacilli [13], see Fig 2.
of four visits per a week by the routine meat
inspection. The samples of different organs, Results and Discussion
which contain tuberculosis like lesions (Fig :Intradermal Tests .1
1), were submitted to laboratory for testing The preliminary results of single
by Ziehl-Neelsen direct smear for detection intradermal comparative tuberculin test are
of acid-fast bacilli, and the positive samples shown in Table 1.
were sent for histopathological examination. A total number of 157 (3.9%) out of 4012
animals were positive reactors with the
5. Sputum specimen collection single intradermal comparative tuberculin
Out of the (117) sputum samples collected test, the remaining 3664 (91.3%) animals
by sputum cup from the animals that were were negative and 191 (4.8%) animals were
positive to tuberculin inconclusive (suspected). The highest rate
test at the early morning, the cattle were was in Halabja district 26 (6.5%) and non
being fasted to about 12 hrs, before the positive reactors were detected in
sputum was collected in a plastic container. Darbandikhan while in Sulaimani center,
The sputum volume was about (10-20) ml. Chamchamal, Penjwen and Rania were 98
The samples were reserved in a refrigerator (4.9%), 8 (2%), 7 (1.7%) and 18 (4.5%)
under (4˚C) until processing. respectively. Each inconclusive reactor
The samples were homogenized by was subjected to a retest after an interval of
adding sodium hydroxide then neutralized 60 days from the preliminary test, as shown
with acid [7]. The sample was centrifuged at in Table 1. In Sulaimani center from 77
(3000rpm) for 30 minutes. The supernatant suspected reactors 6 (7.8%) were positive,
was excluded; the sediment was used for in Halabja district from 42 suspected 8
direct smear and inoculation in the specific (19.1%) were positive, in Chamchamal
media for culturing. The smear was from 25 suspected 5 (20%) were positive, in
taken from the above sediment, using Penjwen from 14 suspected 6 (42.9%) were
microscopical slide and stained by Ziehl- positive, in Rania from 22 suspected 3
Neelsen stain for detection of acid-fast (13.7%) were positive and in Darbandikhan
bacilli under the light microscope (400X) from 11 suspected 4 (36.7%) were positive.
[8]. Modified Lowenstein-Jensen media The heighest positive rate was in Penjwen 6
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(42.9%) and low positive rate was in positive reactor was detected among calves
Sulaimani center 6 (7.8%) while in Rania, which were under six months.
Halabja, Chamchamal and Darbandikhan From 162 negative or desensitized cattle
were 3 (13.7%), 8 (19.1%), 5 (20%) and 4 which were 2 months before delivery, 11
(36.7%) respectively. The final result of (6.8%) were positive, after retest and of 111
prevalence rate after retest is also shown in cattle which were two months after delivery,
Table 1. The prevalence rate increased from 7 (6.3%) were positive.
157 (3.9%) to 207 (5.1%) and the highest The final results of the five different
prevalence rate was in Halabja age groups are also shown in Table (2). The
district 36 (9%) and the lowest rate was highest prevalence rate, 21 (13.9%) was in
Darbandikhan district, which was 6 (1.5%) group of cows which were two months after
while in Sulaimani center, Chamchamal, delivery, and no prevalence rate was
Penjwen and Rania were 111 (5.6%), 14 detected in group of calves which were
(3.5%), 16 (4%) and 24 (6%) respectively. under six months of age, while in cattle
The preliminary results of single which were two months before delivery, 6
intradermal comparative tuberculin test months to 2 years age or above 2 years age,
regarding the five different age groups are the results were 29 (13.7%), 26 (3.3%) and
shown in Table 2. The highest rate 11 131 (5.6%) respectively.
(5.2%) was in group of cattle of two months The single intradermal comparative
before delivery (in last two months of tuberculin test had a great performance in
gestation), and non-positive reactors were identifying cattle with tuberculosis. The test
detected in group of calves under six had sensitivity range from 90.9% to 95%
months of age, while groups of cattle that and specificity is estimated to be 96% to
were two months after delivery, 6 months to 99% [14, 15]. On the other hand, when
2 years age and above 2 years age were 6 John’s disease or avian tuberculosis is
(4%), 22 (2.7%) and 118 (4.8%) suspected or skin tuberculosis is apparent,
respectively. All suspected reactors were non-specific sensitization must be
subjected to retest after 60 days from considered and a comparative test must be
preliminary test, also according to [1, 6] the used [16, 14, 12]. In Sulaimani region
negative reactor cattle of two months before there are large populations of wild and
and after delivery were subjected to retest domestic birds. Moreover, the presence of
because these cattle were going on to stagnant water as a source of animal
desensitization stage and must be tested drinking water, so it is very logical to use
after 60 days. single intradermal comparative tuberculin
In group of cows, which were test to detect the incidence of this disease.
pregnant at last two months before delivery, The bovine (PPD) was selected since the
from 38 suspected cases, 7 (18.4%) were comparative tuberculin test, using avian
positive, among 34 cows, which were two (PPD) and bovine (PPD) had a much more
months after delivery, 8 (23.5%) were efficient than human (PPD), for separation
positive, in 32 cattle which were 6 months between tuberculous and non-tuberculous
to two years old, 4 (12.5%) were positive cattle, in comparative tuberculin test [17,
and in 75 cattle which were above 2 years 18, 19]. In this study the result of
old, 13 (17.3%) were positive, while no single intradermal comparative tuberculin
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test was in the same range (5.3%) as that animals. On the other hand, a poor
reported in Dar Salaam region of Tanzania quality of feed, malnutrition, poverty and
[20], and in a lower rate comparatively with low educated owners, concerning hygiene
that obtained in Ninevah province (11.9%) and animal management, may cause
[21]. However, various rates were recorded improper conditions for animals. Protein
from different parts of the world. In Ghana and energy deficiency and subsequently
the rate was 13.8% (24), in Britain 20.8% inhibition of cell mediated immunity, which
[23] and in Czech Republic 21.03% [24]. is the main route of immunity against
In the present study the prevalence tuberculosis, accentuated the propagation of
rate was higher than that obtained from the disease among the animals [30, 31, 32,
other countries. In Republic of South Africa and 33]. Among different districts of
it was 0.062% [25], in Britain it was 0.4% Sulaimani region the rate of prevalence was
[26] and in Latin American and the highest in Halabja than others. This is
Caribbean it was 1% [27]. probably due to maintaining the animals in
Regarding bovine tuberculosis in overcrowded and closely housing, which
Sulaimani region and according to F.A.O. might provide more chances for
[28] information no work has been done or transmission. Similar observation was
published so far. Comparing results previously reported by [34, 1]. The limited
obtained by single intradermal comparative pasture and closely grazing cattle may
tuberculin test in the present study with enhance further transmission of the
results from other studies in other areas, tuberculosis among cattle [35, 36]. A high
higher rate in Sulaimani districts was significant effect of age on the disease
observed. This may be possibly explained incidence among cattle is well known [37,
by the absence of irradication campaign in 38, 1, and 39]. The pregnancy and calving
the past and the present time in this region. has been implicated in allergy to tuberculin
In UK (1900 - 1930) Mycobacterium bovis test [40, 41, 1]. There was no any statistical
was isolated in 6-30% of human population, difference (P< 0.01) between groups of two
and from each 20 cows 5 cows (25%) had months before and after calving, both have
tuberculosis, but when the policy of test and a high incidence rate (13.9%) and (13.7%)
slaughter had been conducted, the rate respectively, but statistical difference was
reduced to about (0.4%) in 1996 [26]. observed (P< 0.01) among the first two
The construction of old fashioned groups and other groups of age. The mean
animal house, bad ventilation, over crowded age of cattle of two months before and after
and non-hygienic places in rural areas may delivery were between 7 –8 years old while
contribute in high prevalence of TB among the mean age in group of animals over two
cattle of Sulaimani region. Other workers years old were between 2.5-3.5 years. The
also considered these as important attributed prevalence of the disease is elevated with
factors [29]. In Sulaimani region there are the age of the animals. There was
inadequate regulations for stamping out or statistically significant relationship between
immediate quarantining or strict prevention the age and prevalence of the disease (P
system for animal movement from and to <0.01). This agrees with the finding of [37,
the region. This may favored the 38, 1, 39]. In UK it was found [42] that the
distribution of the disease among the risk of TB in cows over eight years of age
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was twelve times more than the risk for the visible tubercles. The total number of
cows of one to two years old. Petukhove carcasses have shown typical lesions of
[37] revealed that the onset of the diseases tuberculosis was 65 (0.9%) as shown in
was among the six years age in Latvia, Table (3).
while some workers [39] mentioned that the The rate in animals under one year old, 1-3
most infected cattle in Mexico were adult year old and above 3 years of age were 5
females. The pregnancy acts as immune (0.6%), 33 (0.9%) and 27 (0.9%)
suppressor in dairy cattle due to nutritional respectively. The lesions were located
deficiency. The productions of the mainly in the parenchyma of the lungs,
corticosteriods initiated by the fetus also pleura, mediastinal, bronchial and
enhance peri-parturient immuno- retropharyngeal lymph nodes. The lesions
suppression [40, 41]. These factors that are varied in size from 2 mm to about 5 cm in
mentioned above may explain the highest diameter and characterized by hard gray to
prevalence rate in the groups of two months yellowish deeply embedded and others have
before and after calving cattle. been showing dry yellowish, caseous,
In the present study, tuberculosis necrotic center and solid abscess.
was not detected among calves less than six Calcification was common in many
months old. The evidence of the disease in tubercles as well as a gritty sensation and a
calves even if contacted with infected stock gritty sound when sectioned Fig. 1. In
is remaining low until they enter into the addition to that, samples have been
cowshed [43, 44, and 45]. The lymphocyte submitted to the laboratory for
count in bovine colostrums is up to histopathological section and showed
1Х106cell/ml, about half of which are T- typical feature of tuberculosis lesion. The
cell and the CD4/CD8 ratio are section of lung tissue showed caseous
approximately 0.57, which is somewhat necrotic area surrounded by a wide zone of
higher than the ratio in the blood. Through epithelioid cells. Several lymphocytes are
this procedure the tuberculin sensitivity, and also present within the zone of epithelioid
T-cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction, cells. Also other section showed several
may transfer to the calves from infected or acid-fast bacilli within the cytoplasm of the
sensitive dam. This may give the base of epithelioid cells. Several lymphocytes,
immunity to the offspring and protection neutrophils and erythrocytes were also seen
from the infection, since the cell-mediated in the section. Prevalence of tuberculosis
immunity is the major defense mechanisms lesion on carcasses in abattoir was (0.9%),
against the tuberculosis infection and this
may explain why Total
no any incidence of calve
Negative Positive
Ages tuberculosis has been detected [46, 1].
number No. (%) No. (%)
Table (3): Abattoir 840 5
Observation2. Abattoir observation:
845 )99.4( )0.6(
Under one years ages
A total number of 7375 carcasses of animals
3484 33
One year to three years
3517 were examined )by
in the Sulaimani abattoir 99.1( )0.9(
ages
routine meat inspection in order to detect
2986 27
Above three years ages 3013 )99.1( )0.9(
7310 65
Total 7375 )99.1( )0.9(
8
Table (3): Abattoir Observation
JZS)Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani , 2005,vol 8(1) part A (
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Culturing 9 72 45
117
(61.5) (38.5)
JZS)Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani , 2005,vol 8(1) part A (
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Total Total
Negative & Negative Positive Prevalence
Area Total Positive Suspected Negative Positive
desensitized No.(%) No.(%) Rate(%)
No. No.(%) No.(%) No.(%) No.(%)
No.(%) Suspected
No.(%)
367 8 25 20 5 386 14
Chamchamal 400 )91.8( )2( )6.2( )80( )20( )96.5( )3.5( 3.5
389 0 11 7 4 394 6
Darbandikhan 400 )97.3( )0( )2.7( )63.3( )36.7( )98.5( )1.5( 1.5
332 26 42 34 8 364
Halabja 400 )9( 36 9
)83( )6.5( )10.5( )80.9( )19.1( )91(
379 7 14 8 6 384 16
Penjwen 400 )94.8( )1.7( )3.5( )57.1( )42.9( )96( )4( 4
360 18 22 19 3 376 24
Rania 400 )90( )4.5( )5.5( )86.3( )13.7( )96( )4( 4
Sulaimani 1837 98 77 71 6 1901 111
2012 5.6
(center) (91.3) (4.9) (3.8) (92.2) (7.8) (94.4) (5.6)
3664 157 191 159 32 3805 207
Total 4012 )91.3( )3.9( )4.8( )83.3( )16.7( )94.9( (5.1) 5.1
Table (2):The Preliminary Result of Single Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin Test, Retest for
Suspected Cases , Negative desensitized
cases (after and before delivery), Retest , and Prevalence Rate of (TB) in Different Ages and
Delivery Time.
The Preliminary Result of Single Intradermal Comparative Retest for Negative Retest in Different Prevalence Rate of (TB) in Different
Tuberculin Test in Different Ages Suspected Cases desensitized cases Ages and Delivery Ages and Delivery Time
and Delivery Time. (after and before Time
delivery)
Negati Positi
Positi Suspecte Negativ Positiv ve ve Negati Positive
Ages Negative ve Prevalence rate (%)
Total d e e No.(% No.(% ve No.(%)
No.(%) No.(% No.(%)
) (%).No No.(%) ) ) No.(%
)
ثوختة
َ
ل دذوارى نةخؤشي سيل بؤ مرؤظ و ئاذةل ،هةتا ئي َستا تويَذينةوة لةسةر نةخؤشى لة طة َ
سيلي رِةشة وولَخ (طا ،مانطا ،طويَرةكة) لة ناوضةكةدا بةطشتىء ناوضةى سليَمانى بة
تايبةتى نةكراوة ،بؤية ئامانجى ئةم تويَذينةوةية دياريكردنى رِيِذةى بلوبونةوةى نةخؤشى
سببيلة بببؤ يةكةم جار لةناو مانطاى ناوضةى سببليَمانى دا ،كببة بيَطومان سببودى ئةبي َ بت لة
كؤنترؤلَكردنى نةخؤشى سيل لة مرؤظ و ئاذةلَدا.
َ
ى ليةنبى لةخبؤ طرتووة ،ليةنبى كيَلطةيبي بةهؤى بةكارهيَنانبى ( ئةم تويَذينةوةيبة سب َ
)Single Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin Testكببة لةسببةر 4012مانطببا لةضةنببد
ناوضةيةكبببى جياجيادا ئةنجام درا و )%5,1( 207ئاذةلَى توش بوو دةركةوتبببن .بةرزتريبببن
ريَذةى توش بوون ( )%9لةناوضةى هةلَةبجبببببببة ،نزمتريبببببببن ريَذة ( )%1,5لةناوضةى
دةربةنديخان بوو .بةرِةضاوكردنببى تةمةن ء كاتببى زاووزي َببى ئاذةلَةكان بةرزتريببن ئاسببتى
تووش بوون ( )%13.9لة دوو مانببط دواى زاييببن دا بوو ،لةخوار شةش مانببط تةمةنةوة
نةخؤشى نةبوو.
َ َ
ليةنبى دووةمبى تويَذينةوةكبة ثشكنينبى رِاسبتةوخؤى بةلغةمبى ئاذةلة تووشبووةكان
بوو ء بةهؤى سليد و رِةنطى زيل – نيلسن ،هةروةها طةشةثيَكردنيان لةسةر (Modified
.)Lowenstein-Jensenلة كؤى 207ئاذةلَى تووش بوودا توانرا 117نموونببببببببة Media
وةربطيري َبببت و ئةو ثشكنينانةى سبببةروةى ببببؤ بكري َبببت كبببة ئةنجامةكةى 37ثؤزةتيفبببى
رِةنطكراو بة زيل -نيلسن و 45ثؤزةتيف بةرِيَطةى طةشةثيَكردن بوون .
ليةنببى سببىَيةمى تويَذينةوةكببة ،ليةنببى كوشتارطببة بوو ،بةمةبةسببتى دياريكردنببى
لشةى مانطاى سببيلوى .لةئةنجامببى ثشكنينببى ( )7375لشببة بةرِيَطةى ثشكنينببى رؤتينببى
ئاسبايي كبة لة كوشتارطةدا ثيادة دةكري َبت )%0,9( 65لشةى سبيلوى دياريكرا كبة هةموو
نيشانةكانببى ثاش مردن ( )Gross Lesionتايبةت بببة نةخؤشببى سببيليان لةسببةر دياربوو،
هةروةهبببا ببببؤ زياتبببر دلَنيابوون نمونةشيان لىَوةرطيرا ببببؤ ثشكنينبببى مايكرؤبايؤلؤجبببى و
Histopathologyء لة ئةنجامدا هةموو نموونةكان ثؤزيَتيبببف بوون ببببؤ نةخؤشبببى سبببيل و
ويَنةكانيان ثيشاندراون .
احسان زنكنة
جامعة دهوك /اقليم كوردستان -العراق كلية الطب البيطري/
الخلصة
يعتببر مرض السبل مبن المراض المنتشرة و الخطيرة و لكبن لم تجرى لحبد الن بحوث
كافية حول هذا المرض في المنطقة بشكل عام و بالخص في المنا طق السليمانية ،حيث
أجري هذا البحبث لول مرة .ان أجراء تلك البحوث بات أمرا ضروريبا لغرض توضيبح نسببة
أشتملت هذه النتشار و خاصببة فببي البقار لنهببا تعتبببر مصببدرا خطيرا لهذا المرض.
الدراسببة على ثلثببة جوانببب ،الدراسببة الحقليببة و ذلك باسببتعمال (Single Intradermal
)Comparative Tuberculin Testو الذي اشتمببل على 4012بقرة فببي مختلف مناطببق
السبليمانية ،و تببين أن أعلى نسببة للصبابة كانبت فبي منطقبة حلبجبة حيبث بلغبت ( )%9و
اقل نسبة كانت في منطقة دربنديخان حيث لم تتجاوز( .)%1,5
و مبع اخبذ العمبر و فترة الحمبل بعيبن العتبار فان أعلى نسببة للصبابة كانبت عنبد
البقار التي مضى على وضع حمل ها (النجاب) فترة شهرين ،حيث بلغت إلى %13.9و لم
تسجل أية نسبة لدى العجول التي كانت أعمارها اقل من ستة اشهر.
أما الجانب الثاني من البحث فقد تم بأخذ عينات القشع من البقار المصابة و فحص
المسببحة المباشرة بعببد صبببغها بصبببغة زيببل -نيببل سببن ،كذلك زرع العينات على الوسببط
الزرعبي مبن نوع ( .)Modified Lowenstein-Jensen Mediaشمبل هذا الجانبب فحبص 117
عينبة مأخوذة مببن مجموع 207بقرة مصبابة ،و نتيجبة لهذه الفحوصبات ظهرت 37عينبة
موجبببة عببن طريببق الشرائح المصبببوغة بينمببا 45عينببة كانببت موجبببة عببن طريببق الزرع
المذكور أعله.
أمبا الجانبب الثالث مبن البحبث فكان عبن طريبق المجزرة وذلك لتشخيبص الذبائح
ذبيحبة عبن طريبق الفحبص العيانبي ( المصبابة بمرض السبل .و نتيجبة لفحبص 7375
) Gross Lesionالذي يتم عادة في المجزرة تبين أن 65ذبيحة أي نسبة ( )%0,9مصابة
بالمرض .وقبد تبم أخبذ عينات منهبا لجراء الفحوصبات المايكروبايولوجيبة و التقطيبع
النسيجي و ذلك للتأكد من الستنتاجات السابقة ،و أظهرت النتائج بان كافة العينات
كانبت موجببة لمرض السبل ،وقبد قمنبا بتصبوير نماذج منهبا و عرضهبا ضمبن نتائج هذا
البحث.