1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objetives
1.2 Structure and Contents
1.3 Reference Documents
1.3.1 Standards and Recommendations
1.3.2 Other References
1.4 Conventions
1.4.1 Terminology and Typography
1.4.2 Axes
1.4.3 Notation and Signs
1.4.4 Units
2. Bridge Description
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification Criteria for Bridges
2.2.1 Type of Use
2.2.2 Geometry
2.2.3 Structural Form
2.2.4 Type of Slab
2.2.5 Cross Section
2.2.6 Slab Position
2.2.7 Erection of the Steel Structure
2.2.8 Slab Construction
2.3 Structural Elements
2.3.1 Superestructure
2.3.2 Substructure
2.4 Other Components
2.4.1 Bearings
2.4.2 Road and Expansion Joints
2.4.3 Water Evacuation
3. History of Steel and Composite Bridges
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of Bridge Construction
3.3 Record Spans
4. Basis for Conceptual Design
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Project Elaboration
4.2.1 Preliminary Studies
4.2.2 Possible Solutions
4.2.3 Chosen Solution
4.2.4 Tender
4.2.5 Execution
4.3 Input Data for a Bridge Project
4.3.1 Requirements for Use
4.3.2 Specifics for the Bridge
4.3.3 Specifics for the Site
4.4 Design Requirements
4.4.1 Reliability
4.4.2 Robustness
 4.4.3 Durability
4.4.4 Aesthetics
4.4.5 Economy
4.5 Choice of Materials and Their Properties
4.5.1 Steel Grade and Quality
4.5.2 Weldability
4.5.3 Thermomecanically Used in Bridge Construction
4.5.4 Corrosion Protection of Steel
5. Structural Forms for Bridges
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Load Transfer
5.3 Longitudinal Strutural Form
5.3.1 Influence of Span
5.3.2 Plate Girder of Box Girder Beam Bridges
5.3.3 Truss Beam Bridges
5.3.4 Longitudinal Structural Form of Beam Bridges
5.3.5 Curvature in Plan
5.4 Tranverse Structural Form
5.4.1 Plan Bracing
5.4.2 Transverse Structural Form of Beam Bridges
5.5 Types of Cross Section
5.5.1 Open Cross Sections
5.5.2 Closed Cross Sections
5.6 Cross Bracing
5.6.1 Functions of the Cross Bracing
5.6.2 Types of Cross Bracing
5.7 Plan Bracing
5.7.1 Functions of the Plan Bracing
5.7.2 Types of Plan Bracing
6. Construction Details
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Detailing of Bridges
6.3 Plate Girders
6.3.1 Weld Details
6.3.2 Stiffeners
6.4 Cross Bracing
6.4.1 Frame Cross Bracing
6.4.2 Truss Cross Bracing
6.4.3 Diaphragm Cross Bracing
6.5 Plan Bracing
6.6 Truss Beams
6.7 Orthotropic Deck
6.8 Other Components
7. Fabrication and Erection of the Steel Structure
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fabrication in the Workshop
7.2.1 Receiving and Preparing the Plates
7.2.2 Fabrication of the Structural Elements
 7.2.3 Welds
7.2.4 Corrosion protection
7.3 Transportation
7.4 Site Assembly
7.5 Erection of the Steel Structure
7.5.1 Specifics of the Steel Erection
7.5.2 Erection by Crane from the Ground
7.5.3 Cantilever Erection
7.5.4 Erection by Launching
7.5.5 Placement of the Complete Bridge or of Large Bridge Elements
7.6 Tolerances
8. Slabs of Composite Bridges
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Slab Design
8.2.1 Functions of the Slab
8.2.2 Typical Dimensions
8.3 Construction Details
8.3.1 Waterproofing and Surfacing
8.3.2 Edge Beams and Parapets
8.3.3 Slab to the Steel Connection
8.4 Construction of the Concrete Slab
8.4.1 Slab Cast In-situ
8.4.2 Slab Launched in Stages
8.4.3 Precast Elements
8.4.4 Influence of the Slab Construction Method on the Bridge Design
8.4.5 Influence of the Slab Construction Method on the Pier Loads
8.5 Crackings of the Slab
8.5.1 Causes of Cracking
8.5.2 Effects of Concrete Hydration
8.5.3 Influence of the Concreting Sequence
8.6 Longitudinal Prestressing
8.6.1 Choise of Prestressing Method
8.6.2 Simplified Method of Calculating Prestress Losses
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (BEAM BRIDGES)
9. Basis of Design
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bridge Life Cycle and Documentation
9.3 Project Elaboration
9.3.1 Client’s Requirements
9.3.2 Basis of Design
9.3.3 Conceptual Design
9.3.4 Structural Analysis
9.3.5 Structural Design
9.4 Actions
9.5 Verification of the Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
9.5.1 Principles
9.5.2 Load Cases
9.5.3 Serviceability Limits
 9.6 Verification of the Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
9.6.1 Principles
9.6.2 Load Cases
9.6.3 Design Resistance
10. Loads and Actions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Permanent Loads and Long Term Effects
10.2.1 Self-weight of the Structure
10.2.2 Self-weight of the Non-structural Elements
10.2.3 Creep, Shrinkage and Prestress
10.2.4 Support Settlements
10.2.5 Ground and Water Actions
10.3 Traffic Loads
10.3.1 Road Bridges
10.3.2 Other Types of Bridge
10.4 Climatic Actions
10.4.1 Wind
10.4.2 Temperature
10.4.3 Snow
10.5 Actions During Construction
10.6 Accidental Actions
10.6.1 Seismic Actions
10.6.2 Impact
10.7 Frictional and Restraint Forces from Bearing
10.7.1 Sliding or Roller Bearings
10.7.2 Deformable Bearings
11. Internal Moments and Forces in Beam Bridges
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Modelling of Beam Bridges
11.2.1 Structural Model
11.2.2 Bending Moments
11.2.3 Shear Force
11.2.4 Torsional Moments
11.3 Torsion
11.3.1 Reminder
11.3.2 Uniform Torsion
11.3.3 Non-uniform Torsion
11.3.4 Combined Torsion
11.4 Straight Bridges with a Closed Cross Section
11.4.1 Torsional Behaviour
11.4.2 Transverse Influence Line
11.4.3 Effect of Plan Bracing
11.4.4 Calculation of the Internal Moments and Forces
11.5 Straight Bridges with an Open Cross Section
11.5.1 Torsional Behaviour
11.5.2 Transverse Influence Line
11.5.3 Effect of Plan Bracing
11.5.4 Calculation of the Internal Moments and Forces
 11.6 Skew Bridges
11.6.1 Effect of the Skew
11.6.2 Closed Cross Section
11.6.3 Open Cross Section
11.7 Curved Bridges
11.7.1 Effect of Curvature
11.7.2 Differential Equations
11.7.3 Closed Cross Section
11.7.4 Closed Cross Section – Simplified Method
11.7.5 Open Cross Section
12. Steel beams
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Bending Resistace
12.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2 Vertical Buckling of the Compression Flange into the Web
12.2.3 Rotational Buckling on the Compression Flange
12.2.4 Lateral Torsional Buckling of the Beam
12.2.5 Local Buckling of the Web
12.2.6 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
12.2.7 Numerical Example: Bending Resistance
12.3 Shear Resistance
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.2 Contribution of Elastic (Pre-buckling) Behaviour
12.3.3 Contribution of Post- buckling Behaviour
12.3.4 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
12.3.5 Numerical Example: Shear Resistance
12.4 Resistance to Combined Forces
12.4.1 Condition for Interaction
12.4.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
12.4.3 Numerical Example: Resistance of a Beam to a Combined Forces
12.5 Resistance to Concentrated Loads
12.5.1 Resistance to Moving Concentrated Loads
12.5.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
12.6 Stiffeners
12.6.1 Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners
12.6.2 Intermediate Support Stiffeners
12.6.3 End Support Stiffeners
12.6.4 Longitudinal Stiffeners
12.7 Fatigue
12.7.1 Fatigue Resistance
12.7.2 Verification
12.7.3 Web Breathing
12.8 Box Girder Beams
12.8.1 Difference between Box Girder and Plate Girder Beams
12.8.2 Box Girders without Longitudinal Stiffeners
12.8.3 Box Girders with Longitudinal Stiffeners
12.8.4 Transverse Stiffeners
13. Composite Beams
 13.1 Introduction
13.2 Action Effects Specific to Composite Beam
13.2.1 Introduction
13.2.2 Shrinkage
13.2.3 Temperature
13.3 Calculation of Internal Moments and Forces
13.3.1 Principles
13.3.2 Resisting Cross Section
13.3.3 Influence of Cracking
13.3.4 Effective Slab Width
13.4 Cross Section Resistance and Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
13.4.1 Section Classification and Resistance Models
13.4.2 Elastic Resistance
13.4.3 Plastic Resistance
13.4.4 Verification of Structural Safety in Bending (ULS)
13.4.5 Verification of Structural Safety in Shear and Under Combined Forces (ULS)

13.5 Steel- Concrete Connection

13.5.1 Longitudinal Shear
13.5.2 Resistance of Shear Stud Connectors
13.5.3 Number and Arrangement of the Shear Studs
13.5.4 Introduction of a Concentrated Longitudinal Shear Force
13.6 Longitudinal Shear in the Slab
13.6.1 Longitudinal Shear Within the Slab Thickness
13.6.2 Longitudinal Shear Around the Studs
13.6.3 Interaction of Longitudinal Shear and Transverse Bending
13.7 Verification of Serviceability (SLS)
13.7.1 Tensile Stresses in the Steel Beams
13.7.2 Deformations
13.7.3 Cracking
13.7.4 Vibrations
14. Cross Bracing and Plan Bracing
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Loads and Actions
14.2.1 Functions of Cross and Plan Bracing
14.2.2 Wind
14.2.3 Lateral Torsional Buckling Restraint
14.2.4 Effect of Curvature
14.2.5 Temporary Supports for Bearing Replacement
 14.3 Moments and Forces on the Cross Bracing
14.3.1 Bridge with an Open Cross Section
14.3.2 Bridge with a Closed Cross Section
14.4 Forces on the Plan Bracing
14.4.1 Horizontal Forces
14.4.2 Influence of the Form of Bracing
14.4.3 Bracing of an Open Box Section
14.5 Structural Design
14.5.1 Structural Safety (ULS)
14.5.2 Minimum Dimensions
15. Overall Stability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Actions to Consider
15.2.1 Permanent Actions
15.2.2 Traffic Loads
15.2.3 Wind
15.2.4 Seismic Actions
15.3 Overturning
15.3.1 The Phenomenon
15.3.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
15.3.3 Design Options
15.4 Uplift at Supports
15.4.1 The Phenomenon
15.4.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
15.4.3 Design Options
15.5 Longitudinal Stability of Bridges on Flexible Piers
15.5.1 The Phenomenon
15.5.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
15.5.3 Design Options
OTHER TYPES OF BRIDGES
16. Railway bridges
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Conceptual Design
16.2.1 Longitudinal Structure
16.2.2 Transverse Cross Section
16.2.3 Fatigue and Joints
16.2.4 Specific Construction Details
16.2.5 Appearance
16.3 Load and Action
16.3.1 Self-weight
16.3.2 Traffic Loads
16.3.3 Dynamic Amplification Factor
16.3.4 Coefficient for the Classification of Normalised Load Model
16.3.5 Derailment and Impact Loads
16.3.6 Aerodynamic Effects on Noise Barriers
16.3.7 Temperature
16.4 Verifications
16.4.1 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
 16.4.2 Verification of Serviceability (SLS)
17. Bridges for Pedestrians and Cyclists
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Conceptual Design
17.2.1 Structure
17.2.2 Decking
17.3 Loads and Actions
17.3.1 Self-weight
17.3.2 Service Loads
17.4 Dynamic Behaviour
17.4.1 Introduction
17.4.2 Conceptual Design and Corrective Measures
17.4.3 Dynamic Analysis
17.4.4 Design of a Mass Damper
17.4.5 Verifications and Limiting Values
17.4.6 Numerical Application
18. Arch Bridges
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Form and Function
18.2.1 Position of the Deck
18.2.2 Structural Form
18.2.3 Number of Arches
18.2.4 Slenderness
18.3 Conceptual Design and Construction Elements
18.3.1 Load Paths
18.3.2 Arches
18.3.3 Deck
18.3.4 Hangers
18.3.5 Bracing Between the Arches
18.4 Erection Methods
18.4.1 Cantilever Erection with Cable Supports
18.4.2 Lifting or Lowering of a Half Arch
18.4.3 Preassembly of the Complete Bridge
18.4.4 Erection of the Arches Supported on the Deck
18.5 Structural Analysis
18.5.1 Internal Moments and Forces
18.5.2 Asymmetric and Concentrated Loads
18.5.3 Stability of the Arches
18.6 Verification (ULS)
18.6.1 Position of Traffic Loads
18.6.2 Verification of the Arch

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

19. Example of a Composite Bridge

19.1 Introduction
19.2 Description
19.2.1 Type of Use
19.2.2 Elevation and Plan
 19.2.3 Typical Cross Section including Concrete Slab
19.2.4 Main Beams
19.2.5 Cross Bracing and Stiffeners
19.2.6 Plan Bracing
19.2.7 Steel-to-Concrete Connection
19.2.8 Fabrication and Erection
19.2.9 Materials
19.3 Preliminary Design
19.3.1 Depth of the Steel Beams
19.3.2 Actions
19.3.3 Cross Section Dimensions
19.4 Hazard Scenarios and Actions
19.4.1 Hazard Scenarios and Limit States
19.4.2 Actions
19.5 Structural Analysis
19.5.1 Transverse Positioning of Traffic Loads
19.5.2 Longitudinal Positioning of Traffic Loads
19.5.3 Internal Moments and Forces
19.5.4 Cracking and Method of Placement of the Concrete
19.6 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
19.6.1 Resisting Cross Sections
19.6.2 Cross Section in the Span During Construction
19.6.3 Cross Section at Mid-span in the Final State
19.6.4 Cross Section over an Intermediate Support in the Final State
19.6.5 Verification of the Stiffeners
19.7 Steel-Concrete Connection
19.7.1 Elastic Resistance at an Intermediate Support
19.7.2 Plastic Resistance in the Span
19.8 Verification of Fatigue Safety
19.8.1 Lower Flange in the Span
19.8.2 Upper Flange Over Support P2
19.8.3 Steel-Concrete Connection
19.8.4 Web Breathing
19.9 Verification of Serviceability
19.9.1 Comfort
19.9.2 Appearance
19.9.3 Functionality