Elastic Analysis of A Single Bay Portal Frame

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)
CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 1 of 30

Title Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame
Eurocode Ref
Made by Laurent Narboux Date Nov 2006
Checked by C M King Date Dec 2006
Localized resource for UK
Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal

frame
A single bay portal frame made of rolled profiles is designed according to
EN 1993-1-1. This worked example includes the elastic analysis of the
frame using first order theory, and all the verifications of the members
under ULS combinations.
,0 0
7,30
72
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
5,988
0
7,2
[m]
30,00
1 Basic data
• Total length : b = 72.00 m
• Spacing: s = 7.20 m
• Bay width : d = 30.00 m
• Height (max): h = 7.30 m
• Roof slope: α = 5.0°
3,00 3,00 3,00 3,00 3,00
1
Created on Saturday, December 03, 2011
1 : Torsional restraints

Eurocode Ref
2 Loads
EN 1991-1-1
2.1 Permanent loads
• self-weight of the beam
• roofing with purlins G = 0.30 kN/m2
for an internal frame: G = 0.30 × 7.20 = 2.16 kN/m
2.2 Snow loads EN 1991-1-3

Characteristic values for snow loading on the roof in [kN/m]
S = 0.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.772 = 0.618 kN/m²
⇒ for an internal frame: S = 0.618 × 7.20 = 4.45 kN/m
s = 4,45 kN/m
α
7,30
30,00 [m]

Eurocode Ref
2.3 Wind loads EN 1991-1-4

Characteristic values for wind loading in kN/m for an internal frame
Zone J:
Zone H: w = 5,25
Zone G: w = 5,25 Zone I:
wind direction w = 9,18 w = 5,25
Zone D:
w = 4,59
Zone E:
w = 3,28
e/10 = 1,46 1,46

30,00
3 Load combinations EN 1990

3.1 Partial safety factor

• γGmax = 1.35 (permanent loads)
• γGmin = 1.0 (permanent loads)
EN 1990
• γQ = 1.50 (variable loads) Table A1.1
• ψ0 = 0.50 (snow)
• ψ0 = 0.60 (wind)
• γM0 = 1.0
• γM1 = 1.0
3.2 ULS Combinations EN 1990

Combination 101 : γGmax G + γQ Qs
Combination 102 : γGmin G + γQ Qw
Combination 103 : γGmax G + γQ Qs + γQ ψ0 Qw
Combination 104 : γGmin G + γQ Qs + γQ ψ0 Qw
Combination 105 : γGmax G + γQ ψ0 Qs + γQ Qw
Combination 106 : γGmin G + γQ ψ0 Qs + γQ Qw

Eurocode Ref
3.3 SLS Combinations EN 1990

Combinations and limits should be specified for each project or by National
Annex.
4 Sections
z
tf
4.1 Column
Try UKB 610x229x125 – Steel grade S275
Depth h = 612.2 mm tw
Web Depth hw = 573.0 mm

y y
Depth of straight portion of the web h
hw
dw = 547.6 mm
Width b = 229.0 mm
Web thickness tw = 11.9 mm

z
Flange thickness tf = 19.6 mm
b
Fillet r = 12.7 mm
Mass 125.1 kg/m
Section area A = 159 cm2

Second moment of area /yy Iy = 98600 cm4
Second moment of area /zz Iz = 3930 cm4
Torsion constant It = 154 cm4
Warping constant Iw = 3.45 x 106 cm6
Elastic modulus /yy Wel,y = 3220 cm3
Plastic modulus /yy Wpl,y = 3680 cm3
Elastic modulus /zz Wel,z = 343 cm3
Plastic modulus /zz Wpl,z = 535 cm3

Eurocode Ref
4.2 Rafter
Try UKB 457x191x89 – Steel grade S275
Depth h = 463.4 mm
Web Depth hw = 428.0 mm
Depth of straight portion of the web
dw = 407.6 mm
Width b = 191.9 mm
Web thickness tw = 10.5 mm
Flange thickness tf = 17.7 mm
Fillet r = 10.2 mm
Mass 89.3 kg/m
Section area A = 114 cm2

Second moment of area /yy Iy = 41000 cm4
Torsion constant It = 90.7 cm4
Warping constant Iw = 1.04 x 106 cm6
Plastic modulus /yy Wpl,y = 2014 cm3
Plastic modulus /zz Wpl,z = 338 cm3
5 Global analysis EN 1993-1-1

§ 5.2
The joints are assumed to be:
• pinned for column bases
• rigid for beam to column.
The frame has been modelled using the EFFEL program.


Eurocode Ref
5.1 Buckling amplification factor αcr EN 1993-1-1

In order to evaluate the sensitivity of the frame to 2 order effects, a buckling § 5.2.1
nd
analysis is performed to calculate the buckling amplification factor αcr for the
load combination giving the highest vertical load: γmax G + γQ QS
(combination 101).
For this combination: αcr = 12.74
The first buckling mode is shown hereafter.
So : αcr = 12.74 > 10 EN 1993-1-1

§ 5.2.1 (3)
First order elastic analysis may be used.
5.2 Effects of imperfections EN 1993-1-1

The global initial sway imperfection may be determined from § 5.3.2 (3)
1
φ = φ0 αh αm = × 0.740 × 0.866 = 3.204 ⋅10 −3
200
where φ0 = 1/200
2 2
αh = = = 0.740
h 7.30
1
αm = 0.5(1 + ) = 0.866 m = 2 (number of columns)
m

Eurocode Ref
Sway imperfections may be disregarded where HEd ≥ 0.15 VEd. EN 1993-1-1

§ 5.3.2 (4)
The effects of initial sway imperfection may be replaced by equivalent
horizontal forces:
Heq = φ VEd in the combination where HEd < 0.15 ⎢VEd ⎢
The following table gives the reactions at supports.
Left column 1 Right column 2 Total

ULS
HEd,1 VEd,1 HEd,2 VEd,2 HEd VEd 0.15 ⎢VEd ⎢
Comb.
kN kN Kn kN kN kN
101 -125.5 -161.5 122.4 -172.4 0 -344.70 51.70
102 95.16 80.74 -24.47 58.19 70.69 138.9 20.83

103 -47.06 -91.77 89.48 -105.3 42.42 -197.1 29.56
104 -34.59 -73.03 77.01 -86.56 42.42 -159.6 23.93
105 43.97 11,97 26.72 -10.57 70.69 1.40 0.21
106 56.44 30.71 14.25 8.17 70.69 38.88 5.83
The sway imperfection has only to be taken into for the combination 101: EN 1993-1-1
§ 5.3.2 (7)
VEd Heq = φ.VEd
kN kN
172.4 0.552
⇒ Modelling with Heq for the combination 101


Eurocode Ref
5.3 Results of the elastic analysis

5.3.1 Serviceability limit states EN 1993-1-1
§ 7 and
Combinations and limits should be specified for each project or in National
Annex. EN 1990
For this example, the deflections obtained by modeling are as follows:
Vertical deflections:
G + Snow: Dy = 164 mm = L/183

Snow only: Dy = 105 mm = L/286
Horizontal deflections:
Deflection at the top of column by wind only

Dx = 38 mm = h/157
5.3.2 Ultimate limit states

Moment diagram in kNm
Combination 101:
Combination 102:

Eurocode Ref
Combination 103:
Combination 104:
Combination 105:
Combination 106:

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6 Column verification
Profile UKB 610x229x125 - S275 (ε = 0.92)
The verification of the member is carried out for the combination 101 :
NEd = 161.5 kN (assumed to be constant along the column)

VEd = 122.4 kN (assumed to be constant along the column)
MEd = 755 kNm (at the top of the column)
6.1 Classification of the cross section

• Web: The web slenderness is c / tw = 46.02 EN 1993-1-1
N Ed 161500 § 5.5
dN = = = 49.35 mm
t w f y 11.9 × 275
d w + d N 547.6 + 49.35
α= = = 0.545 > 0.50
2d w 2 × 547.6
396 × 0.92
The limit for Class 1 is : 396ε / (13α -1) = = 59.87
13 × 0.545 − 1
Then : c / tw = 46.02 < 59.87 The web is class 1.
• Flange: The flange slenderness is c / tf = 95.9/ 19.6= 4.89

The limit for Class 1 is : 9 ε = 9 × 0.92 = 8.28
Then : c / tf = 4.89 < 8.28 The flange is Class 1
So the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based on

the plastic resistance of the cross-section.

Eurocode Ref
6.2 Resistance of cross section

NOTE: This example uses a value for yield strength of 275 N/mm2,
irrespective of flange thickness. The UK National Annex requires yield
strength to be taken from the product standard, which will reduce the value for
thicknesses over 16 mm. (UK NA still to be confirmed at April 2007)
Verification to shear force

Shear area : Av = A - 2btf + (tw+2r)tf EN 1993-1-1
§ 6.2.8 (2)
Av = 15900 − 2 × 229 × 19.6 + (11.9 + 2 × 12.7) × 19.6 = 7654 mm 2
Av > η.hw.tw = 6819 mm2 (η = 1) OK
Vpl,Rd = Av (fy / 3 ) /γM0 = (7654×275/ 3 )×10-3

Vpl,Rd = 1215 kN
VEd / Vpl,Rd = 122.4 / 1215 = 0.10 < 0.50

The effect of the shear force on the moment resistance may be neglected.
Verification to axial force EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.2.4
Npl,Rd = A fy / γM0 = (15900 × 275/1.0) ×10-3
Npl,Rd = 4372.5 kN
NEd = 161.5 kN < 0.25 Npl,Rd = 0.25 x 4372.5 = 1093.1 kN
EN 1993-1-1
0.5hw t w f y 0.5 × 573 × 11.9 × 275
and NEd = 161.5 kN < = = 937.6 kN § 6.2.8 (2)
γ M0 1 × 103
The effect of the axial force on the moment resistance may be neglected.
Verification to bending moment EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.2.5
Mpl,y,Rd = (3680 × 275/1.0) ×10-3
Mpl,y,Rd = 1012 kNm
My,Ed = 755 kNm < Mpl,y,Rd = 1012 kNm OK

Eurocode Ref
6.3 Buckling resistance

The buckling resistance of the column is sufficient if the following conditions EN 1993-1-1
are fulfilled (no bending about the weak axis, Mz,Ed = 0): § 6.3.3
N Ed M y,Ed
+ k yy ≤1
χ y N Rk M y,Rk
χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
N Ed M y,Ed
+ k zy ≤1
χ y N Rk M y,Rk
χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
The kyy and kzy factors will be calculated using the Annex A of EN 1993-1-1.
The frame is not sensitive to second order effects (αcr = 12.7> 10). Then the EN 1993-1-1
buckling length for in-plane buckling may be taken equal to the system length. § 5.2.2 (7)
Lcr,y = 5.99 m
Note: For a single bay symmetrical frame that is not sensitive to second order
effects, the check for in-plane buckling is generally not relevant. The
verification of the cross-sectional resistance at the top of the column will be
determinant for the design.
Regarding the out-of-plane buckling, the member is laterally restrained at both
ends only. Then :
Lcr,z = 5.99 m
and Lcr,LT = 5.99 m
• Buckling about yy Lcr,y = 5.99 m
h/b = 2.67 > 1.2 and tf = 19.6 < 40 mm EN 1993-1-1

Buckling curve : a (αy = 0.21) § 6.3.1.2 (2)
Table 6.1
EI y 210000 × 98600 × 10 4
N cr,y = π 2 =π2 =56956 kN
L2cr,y 59902 × 103
EN 1993-1-1
15900 × 275
Af y § 6.3.1.3 (1)
λy = = = 0.277
N cr,y 56956 × 103

Eurocode Ref
[ ( ) ]
φy = 0.5 1 + α λ y − 0.2 + λ y = 0.5 × [1 + 0.21(0.277 − 0.2) + 0.2772 ]= 0.546
2 EN 1993-1-1
§ 6.3.1.2 (1)
1 1
χy = = = 0.984
φy + φy − λ 2 2
y
0.546 + 0.546 2 − 0.277 2
• Buckling about zz Lcr,z = 5.99 m EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.3.1.2 (2)
Buckling curve : b (αz = 0.34)
Table 6.1
2 210000 × 3930 × 10
4
EI z
N cr,z = π 2 = π = 2270 kN
L2cr,z 5990 2 ×103 EN 1993-1-1
Af y 15900 × 275 § 6.3.1.3 (1)
λz = = = 1.388
N cr,z 2270 ×10 3
[ ( ) ]
φz = 0.5 1 + α λ z − 0.2 + λ z = 0.5 × [1 + 0.34(1.388 − 0.2 ) + 1.3882 ] = 1.665
2 EN 1993-1-1
§ 6.3.1.2 (1)
1 1
χz = = = 0.387
φz + φz2 − λ
2
z
1.665 + 1.6652 − 1.3882
• Lateral torsional buckling Lcr,LT = 5.99 m
Buckling curve : c (αLT = 0.49) EN 1993-1-1

Moment diagram with linear variation : ψ = 0 C1 = 1.77 § 6.3.2.3
Table 6.5
π 2 EI Z
2
I W Lcr,LT GI t
M cr = C1 +
Lcr,LT
2
IZ π 2 EI Z
NCCI
π × 210000 × 3930 × 10
2 4
3.45 × 10 12
5990 × 80770 × 154 × 10
2 4 SN003
M cr = 1.77 × + 2
5990 × 10 2 6
3930 × 10 4
π × 210000 × 3930 × 10 4
Mcr = 1517 kNm
Wpl,y f y 3680 × 103 × 275

λ LT = = = 0.817
M cr 1517 × 106

Eurocode Ref
[ (
φLT = 0.5 1 + α LT λ LT − λ LT,0 + βλ LT ) 2
] EN 1993-1-1
§ 6.3.2.3 (1)
with λ LT,0 = 0.40 and β =0.75
φLT = 0.5 × [1 + 0.49(0.817 − 0.4) + 0.75 × 0.8172 ] = 0.852

1 1
χ LT = = = 0.754
φLT + φLT
2
− βλ LT
2
0.852 + 0.8522 − 0.75 × 0.817 2
The influence of the moment distribution on the design buckling EN 1993-1-1

resistance moment of the beam is taken into account through the f-factor : § 6.3.2.3 (2)
[ (
f = 1 − 0.5 × (1 − k c ) 1 − 2 λ LT − 0.8 )]
2 Table 6.6
1
where: kc = = 0.752 (ψ = 0)
1.33 − 0.33ψ
[
f = 1 − 0.5 × (1 − 0.752) 1 − 2(0.817 − 0.8) = 0.876 < 1
2
]
χ 0.754
χLT,mod = LT = = 0.861 < 1
f 0.876
Calculation of the factors kyy and kzy according to Annex A of EN 1993-1-1 EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
N Ed
1− 1−
161.5
N cr, y
μy = = 56956 = 0.999
N Ed 161.5
1 − χy 1 − 0.984 ×
N cr, y 56956
N Ed
1− 1−
161.5
N cr,z
μz = = 2270 = 0.955
N Ed 161.5
1− χz 1 − 0.387 ×
N cr,z 2270
Wpl,y 3680 EN 1993-1-1

wy = = = 1.143 < 1.5 Annex A
Wel,y 3220
Wpl,z 535
wz = = = 1.56 > 1.5 ⇒ wz = 1.5
Wel,z 343

Eurocode Ref
NCCI
π 2 EI Z
2
I W Lcr,LT GI t
M cr,0 = C1 + SN003
Lcr,LT
2
IZ π 2 EI Z
Mcr,0 is the critical moment for the calculation of λ0 for uniform bending
moment as specified in Annex A.
⇒ C1 = 1
π 2 × 210000 × 3930 × 10 4 3.45 × 1012 5990 2 × 80770 × 154 × 10 4

M cr,0 = 1× +
5990 2 × 106 3930 × 10 4 π 2 × 210000 × 3930 × 10 4
M cr,o = 857.2 kNm
Wpl,y f y 3680 ×103 × 275

λ0 = = = 1.087
M cr,o 857.2 × 106
N Ed N EN 1993-1-1
λ 0 lim = 0.2 C1 4 (1 − )(1 − Ed ) Annex A
N cr,z N cr,TF
with Ncr,TF = Ncr,T (doubly symmetrical section)

Critical axial force in the torsional buckling mode
A π 2 EI w
N cr,T = (GI t + ) NCCI
I0 h2
SN003
For a doubly symmetrical section,
I 0 = I y + I z + ( y02 + z02 ) A = 98600 + 3930 = 102530 cm4
2 210000 × 3.45 × 10
12
15900
N cr,T = × (80770 × 154 × 10 4
+ π ) × 10 −3
102530 × 10 4
5990 2
Ncr,T = 5019 kN
161.5 161.5
So: λ 0 lim = 0.2 1.77 4 (1 − )(1 − ) = 0.259
2270 5019
λ 0 > λ 0 lim → Section susceptible to torsional deformations

Eurocode Ref
ε y a LT
C my = C my,0 + (1 − C my,0 )
1 + ε y a LT
M y,Ed A 755 × 103 × 159 × 10 2

with εy = = = 23.08 (class 1)
N Ed Wel,y 161.5 × 3220 × 103
It 154
and aLT = 1 − = 1− = 0.998
Iy 98600
Calculation of the factor Cmy,0

N Ed EN 1993-1-1
Cmy,0 = 0.79 + 0.21ψ y + 0.36(ψ y − 0.33) Annex A
N cr,y
Table A2
161.5
ψy =0 Cmy,0 = 0.79 − 0.1188 = 0.790
56956
Calculation of the factors Cmy and Cm,LT :

ε y aLT
C my = Cmy,0 + (1 − C my,0 )
1 + ε y aLT
23.08 × 0.998
Cmy = 0.790 + (1 − 0.790) = 0.964
1 + 23.08 × 0.998
a LT EN 1993-1-1
C mLT = C my
2
≥1 Annex A
N Ed N
(1 − )(1 − Ed )
N cr,z N cr,T
0.998
CmLT = 0.964 2 × = 0.978 < 1
161.5 161.5
(1 − )(1 − )
2270 5019
⇒ CmLT = 1

Eurocode Ref
Calculation of the factors Cyy and Czy : EN 1993-1-1

Annex A
1.6 2 1.6 2 2 W
C yy = 1 + ( wy − 1)[(2 − Cmy λ max − Cmy λ max )npl − bLT ] ≥ el,y
wy wy Wpl,y
N Ed 161.5 ×103
npl = = = 0.037
N Rk / γ M1 159 ×102 × 275 / 1
Mz,Ed = 0 ⇒ bLT = 0 and d LT = 0 λ max = λ z = 1.388

1.6 1.6
Cyy = 1 + (1.143 − 1) × [(2 − × 0.9642 ×1.388 − × 0.9642 ×1.3882 ) × 0.037]
1.143 1.143
Cyy = 0.988
Wel,y 3220
Cyy > = = 0.875 OK
Wpl,y 3680
14 2 2 w W
Czy = 1 + ( wy − 1)[(2 − 5
Cmy λ max ) npl − d LT ] ≥ 0.6 y el,y
wy wz Wpl,y
14
C zy = 1 + (1 .143 − 1)[( 2 − 5
× 0 .964 2 × 1 .388 2 ) × 0 .037 ] = 0 .943
1 .143
wy Wel,y 1.143 3220
Czy > 0.6 = 0 .6 × = 0.458 OK
wz Wpl,y 1.5 3680
Calculation of the factors kyy and kzy : EN 1993-1-1

Annex A
μy 1
k yy = CmyCmLT
N
1 − Ed C yy
N cr, y
0.999 1
k yy = 0.964 × 1× × = 0.978
161.5 0.988
1−
56956

Eurocode Ref
μz 1 w
k zy = CmyCmLT 0.6 y
N Ed Czy wz
1−
N cr,y
0.955 1 1.143
k zy = 0.964 × 1× × × 0.6 × = 0.513
161.5 0.943 1 . 50
1−
56956
Verification with interaction formulae

N Ed M y,Ed EN 1993-1-1
+ k yy ≤1 § 6.3.3
χ y N Rk M y,Rk
χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
161.5 × 10 3
755.106
+ 0.978 × = 0.88 <1 OK
15900 × 275 3680 × 10 3
× 275
0.984 × 0.861 ×
1 1
N Ed M y,Ed
+ k zy ≤1
χ z N Rk M y,Rk
χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
161.5 × 103 755.106

+ 0.513 × = 0.54 <1 OK
15900 × 275 3680 × 10 3
× 275
0.387 × 0.861 ×
1 1
So the buckling resistance of the member is satisfactory.

Eurocode Ref
7 Rafter verification
7.1 Classification
Case with maximum compression in beam: (Combination 101)
• Web:
hw = 428 mm
tw = 10.5 mm c / tw = 38.81
c = 407.6 mm
N Ed 136 ×103
NEd= 136 kN dN = = = 47.10 mm
t w f y 10.5 × 275 EN 1993-1-1
§ 5.5
d w + d N 407.6 + 47.10
α= = = 0.558 > 0.5
2 × 407.6
2d w
396ε 396 × 0.92
c / tw = 38.81 < = = 58.25 ⇒ class 1
13α − 1 13 × 0.558 − 1
• Flanges
b = 191.9 mm
tf = 17.7 mm
r = 10.2 mm c / tf = 4.55
c = 80.5 mm
(S275 ⇒ ε = 0.92 )
c / tf = 4.55 < 9ε = 8.28 ⇒ class 1
So the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based on

the plastic resistance of the cross-section.

Eurocode Ref
7.2 Resistance of cross-section

Maximum force and moment at the end of the haunch:
Combination 101
NEd = 136.00 kN
VEd = 118.50 kN
My,Ed = 349.10 kNm
754,98 kNm
349,10 kNm
305,23 kNm
Combination 101: Bending moment diagram along the rafter
Verification to shear force

VEd = 118.50 kN
Av = A - 2btf + (tw+2r)tf η=1
Av = 11400 − 2 × 191.9 × 17.7 + (10.5 + 2 × 10.2) × 17.7 = 5154 mm2 EN 1993-1-1
§ 6.2
Av > η.hw.tw = 428×10.5 = 4494 mm2
Vpl,Rd = Av (fy / 3 ) /γM0 = 5154×275/ 3 /1000 = 818.3 kN EN 1993-1-1
VEd / Vpl,Rd = 118.5 / 818.33 = 0.145 < 0.50 OK § 6.2.8 (2)
Verification to axial force EN 1993-1-1

-3
Npl,Rd = 11400 x 275 x 10 = 3135 kN § 6.2.4
NEd = 136 kN < 0.25 Npl,Rd= 0.25 × 3135 = 783.8 kN

and
EN 1993-1-1
0.5hw t w f y 0.5 × 428 ×10.5 × 275

NEd = 136 kN < = ×10−3 = 617.9kN § 6.2.8 (2)
γ M0 1
OK

Eurocode Ref
Verification to bending moment EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.2.5
Mpl,y,Rd = 2014 × 275 × 10-3 = 553.9 kNm
My,Ed = 349.1 kNm < Mpl,y,Rd = 553.9 kNm OK
7.3 Buckling resistance

Uniform members in bending and axial compression EN 1993-1-1
Verification with interaction formulae § 6.3.3
N Ed M y,Ed N Ed M y,Ed
+ k yy ≤1 and + k zy ≤1
χ y N Rk M y,Rk χ z N Rk M y,Rk
χ LT χ LT
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
• Buckling about yy:

For the determination of the buckling length about yy, a buckling analysis
is performed to calculate αcr for the load combination giving the highest EN 1993-1-1
vertical load, with a fictitious restraint at top of column: § 6.3.1.2 (2)
Combination 101 ⇒ αcr = 32.40
Table 6.1
EN 1993-1-1
§ 6.3.1.3 (1)
Buckling curve : a (h/b>2) ⇒ αy = 0.21 EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.3.1.2 (2)
N cr,y = α cr N Ed = 32.40 × 136 = 4406 kN
Table 6.1
Af y 11400 × 275
λy = = = 0.844
N cr,y 4406.103

Eurocode Ref
[ (
φ y = 0.5 1 + α λ y − 0.2 + λ y ) 2
]
[
φ y = 0.5 × 1 + 0.21× (0.844 − 0.2) + 0.8442 = 0.924 ]
1 1
χy = = = 0.769
φy + φy − λ
2 2
y
0.924 + 0.924 2 − 0.844 2
• Buckling about zz:
For buckling about zz and for lateral torsional buckling, the buckling
length is taken as the distance between torsional restraints:
Lcr = 6.00m
Note: the intermediate purlin is a lateral restraint of the upper flange only.
Its influence could be taken into account but it is conservatively neglected
in the following.
Flexural buckling EN 1993-1-1

Lcr,z = 6.00 m § 6.3.1.3
2 210000 × 2090 × 10
4
EI z
N cr,z = π 2 = π = 1203 kN
L2cr,z 6000 2 × 10 3
Torsional buckling NCCI

Lcr,T = 6.00 m SN003
A π 2 EI w
N cr,T = (GI t + 2
)
I0 Lcr,T
with yo = 0 and zo = 0 (doubly symmetrical section)
I 0 = I y + I z + ( y 02 + z 02 )A = 41000 + 2090 = 43090 cm4
2 210000 × 1.04.10
12
11400 −3
N cr,T = × 10 × (80770 × 90 . 7 × 10 4
+ π )
43090.10 4 6000 2
Ncr,T = 3522 kN

Eurocode Ref
Ncr = min ( Ncr,z ; Ncr,T ) = 1203 kN EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.3.1.3 (1)
Af y 11400 × 275
λz = = = 1.614
N cr 1203 × 103
Buckling curve : b EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.3.1.2 (1)
αz = 0.34
[ (
φ z = 0 . 5 1 + α λ z − 0 .2 + λ z) 2
] Table 6.1
[
φ z = 0.5 × 1 + 0.34 × (1.614 − 0.2 ) + 1.614 2 =2.043 ]
1 1
χz = = = 0.303
φz + φ2z − λ
2
z
2.043 + 2.0432 − 1.6142
• Lateral torsional buckling :

EN 1993-1-1
Lcr,LT = 6.00 m § 6.3.1.3
Buckling curve : c αLT = 0.49 Table 6.5
Moment diagram along the part of rafter between restraints :

Combination 101
Calculation of the critical moment: NCCI

ψ = - 0.487 SN003
qL2
q = - 9.56 kN/m μ= = - 0.123
8M
⇒ C1 = 2.75

Eurocode Ref
NCCI
π 2 EI Z
2
I W Lcr,LT GI t
M cr = C1 +
Lcr,LT
2
IZ π 2 EI Z
π2 × 210000 × 2090 ×104 1.04 ×1012 60002 × 80770 × 90.7 ×104

M cr = 2.75 × +
60002 ×106 2090 ×104 π 2 × 210000 × 2090 ×104
Mcr = 1100 kNm
Wpl, y f y 2010 × 103 × 275

λ LT = = = 0.709
M cr 1100 × 106
[ (
φLT = 0.5 1 + α LT λ LT − λ LT,0 + βλ LT ) 2
] EN 1993-1-1
with λ LT,0 = 0.40 and β =0.75 § 6.3.2.3 (1)
[ ]
φLT = 0.5 × 1 + 0.49 × (0.709 − 0.4) + 0.75 × 0.7092 = 0.764

1 1
χ LT = = = 0.821
φLT + φ2LT − βλ
2
LT
0.764 + 0.7642 − 0.75 × 0.7092
kc = 0.91
[
f = 1 − 0.5 × (1 − k c ) 1 − 2 λ LT − 0.8 ( )]
2
EN 1993-1-1
§ 6.3.2.3 (2)
[
f = 1 − 0.5 × (1 − 0.91) × 1 − 2 × (0.709 − 0.8) = 0.956 < 1
2
] Table 6.6
χ LT 0.821
χLT,mod = = = 0.859 < 1
f 0.956
Combination 101 NEd = 136 kN compression

My,Ed = 349.1 kNm
Mz,Ed = 0
Section class1 ⇒ ΔMy,Ed = 0 and ΔMz,Ed = 0
EN 1993-1-1
§ 6.3.3
N Ed M y,Ed N Ed M y,Ed
+ k yy ≤1 + k zy ≤1
χ y N Rk χ z N Rk
M y,Rk M y,Rk
χ LT χ LT
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1 γ M1

Eurocode Ref
N Ed EN 1993-1-1
1− 1−
136
Annex A
N cr, y 4406
μy = = = 0.993
N Ed 136
1 − χy 1 − 0.769 ×
N cr, y 4406
N Ed
1− 1−
136
N cr,z 1203
μz = = = 0.918
N Ed 136
1 − χz 1 − 0.303 ×
N cr,z 1203
Wpl, y 2010 EN 1993-1-1

wy = = = 1.136 < 1.50 Annex A
Wel, y 1770
Wpl, z 338
wz = = = 1.550 > 1.50 ⇒ wz = 1.50
Wel,z 218
NCCI
π 2 EI Z
2
I W Lcr,LT GI t
M cr,0 = C1 +
Lcr,LT
2
IZ π 2 EI Z SN003
Mcr,0 is the critical moment for the calculation of λ0 for uniform bending
moment as specified in Annex A.
⇒ C1 = 1
π 2 × 210000 × 2090 × 10 4 1.04 × 1012 6000 2 × 80770 × 90.7 × 10 4
M cr,0 = 1 × + 2
6000 2 × 106 2090 × 10 4 π × 210000 × 2090 × 10 4
M cr,o = 400.2 kNm
Wpl,y f y 2010 ×103 × 275 EN 1993-1-1

λ0 = = = 1.175 Annex A
M cr,o 400.2 ×106
N Ed N
λ 0 lim = 0.2 C1 4 (1 − )(1 − Ed ) with C1 = 2.75
N cr, z N cr, TF
with Ncr,TF = Ncr,T (doubly symmetrical section)

136 136
λ 0 lim = 0.2 2.75 4 (1 − )(1 − ) = 0.319
1203 3522
λ 0 =1.175 > λ 0 lim =0.319

Eurocode Ref
ε y aLT EN 1993-1-1
Cmy = Cmy,0 + (1 − Cmy,0 ) Annex A
1 + ε y aLT
M y,Ed A 349.1×106 11400

with ε y = = × =16.53 (class 1)
N Ed Wel,y 136 × 10 3
1770 × 103
It 90.7
and a LT = 1 − =1− = 0.998
Iy 41000
Calculation of the factor Cmy,0 EN 1993-1-1

Moment diagram along the rafter: Annex A
Table A2
My,Ed = maximum moment

along the rafter = 755kNm
δ = maximum displacement
30m along the rafter = 164 mm
⎡ π 2 EI y δ x ⎤ N
Cmy,0 = 1 + ⎢ 2 − 1⎥ Ed
⎢⎣ L M y,Ed ⎥⎦ N cr,y
⎡ π2 × 210000 × 41000 × 104 × 164 ⎤ 136

C my,0 = 1 + ⎢ − 1⎥ =0.978
⎣ 300002 × 755 × 106 ⎦ 4406
Calculation of the factors Cmy and Cm,LT :

ε y aLT
Cmy = Cmy,0 + (1 − Cmy,0 )
1 + ε y aLT
16.53 × 0.998
C my = 0.978 + (1 − 0.978) = 0.996
1 + 16.53 × 0.998

Eurocode Ref
aLT EN 1993-1-1
CmLT = Cmy
2
≥1
N Ed N Annex A
(1 − )(1 − Ed )
N cr,z N cr,T
0.998
C mLT = 0.996 2 × = 1.072 > 1
136 136
(1 − )(1 − )
1203 3522
Calculation of the factors Cyy and Czy EN 1993-1-1

Annex A
1.6 2 1.6 2 2 W
C yy = 1 + ( w y − 1)[(2 − Cmy λ max − Cmy λ max )n pl − b LT ] ≥ el, y
wy wy Wpl, y
N Ed 136 × 103
n pl = = = 0.043
N Rk / γ M1 11400 × 275 / 1
Mz,Ed = 0 ⇒ bLT = 0 and d LT = 0 λ max = λ z = 1.614

1 .6 1. 6
C yy = 1 + (1.136 − 1)[( 2 − × 0.996 2 × 1.614 − × 0.996 2 × 1.614 2 ) × 0.043]
1.136 1.136
Wel, y 1770
Cyy = 0.977 ≥ = = 0.88 OK
Wpl, y 2010
14 2 2 w y Wel, y
C zy = 1 + ( w y − 1)[(2 − 5
C my λ max ) n pl − d LT ] ≥ 0.6
wy w z Wpl, y
14
C zy = 1 + (1.136 − 1)[(2 − 5
× 0.996 2 × 1.614 2 ) × 0.043] = 0.900
1.136
w y Wel, y 1.136 1770
C zy ≥ 0.6 = 0 .6 × = 0.460 OK
w z Wpl, y 1.50 2010
Calculation of the factors kyy and kzy : EN 1993-1-1

Annex A
μy 1
k yy = CmyCmLT
N Ed C yy
1−
N cr, y
0.993 1
k yy = 0.996 × 1.072 × × = 1.120
136 0.977
1−
4406

Eurocode Ref
μz 1 wy
k zy = C myCmLT 0.6
N wz
1 − Ed Czy
N cr, y
0.918 1 1.136
k zy = 0.996 × 1.072 × × × 0.6 × = 0.587
136 0.900 1 . 50
1−
4406
Verification with interaction formulae EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.3.3
N Ed M y,Ed
+ k yy ≤1 (6.61)
χ y N Rk M y,Rk
χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
136 × 10 3
349.1 × 106
+ 1.120 × = 0.88 < 1 OK
11400 × 275 2010 × 10 3
× 275
0.769 × 0.859 ×
1 1
N Ed M y,Ed
+ k zy ≤1
χ z N Rk M y,Rk (6.62)
χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
136 × 103 349.1 × 106
+ 0.587 × = 0.57 < 1 OK
11400 × 275 2010 × 10 3
× 275
0.303 × 0.859 ×
1 1
8 Haunch verification
For the verification of the haunch, the compression part of the cross-section is
considered as alone with a length of buckling about the zz-axis equal to 3.00m
(length between the top of column and the first restraint).
Maximum forces and moments in the haunch:

NEd = 139.2 kN
VEd = 151.3 kN
MEd = 755 kNm


Eurocode Ref
Properties of the whole section:

The calculation of elastic section properties for this case is approximate,
ignoring the middle flange.
Section area A = 160.80 cm2

Second moment of area /yy Iy = 230520 cm4 1000 mm

200 mm
Properties of the compression part:

Section at the mid-length of the haunch including 1/6th of the web depth
Section area A = 44 cm2 120 mm

4
Second moment of area /yy Iy = 554 cm
Second moment of area /zz Iz =1068 cm4
1068
⇒ iz = = 4.93cm 200 mm
44
L fz 3000
λz = = = 0.704
i z λ1 49.30 × 86.39
Buckling of welded I section with h/b > 2 :
⇒ curve d ⇒ α = 0.76
[ ( ) ] [
φz = 0.5 1 + α λ z − 0.2 + λ z = 0.5 × 1 + 0.76 × (0.704 − 0.2 ) + 0.704 2 = 0.939
2
]
1 1
χz = = = 0.641
φz + φ − λ2
z
2
z
0.939 + 0.9392 − 0.7042

Eurocode Ref
Compression in the bottom flange:

4400 755000 × 1000
N Ed, f = 139.24 × + × 4400 = 760kN
16080 4610.103 × 1000
Verification of buckling resistance of the bottom flange:

N Ed,f 760 × 103
= = 0.980 < 1 OK
χ z N Rk 0.641× 4400 × 275
SX029a-EN-UK
Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame
Reference(s) SX029a-EN-GB
LOCALISED RESOURCE DOCUMENT
Name Company Date
Created by Laurent Narboux SCI Nov 06
Technical content checked by Charles King SCI Dec 06
Editorial content checked by D C Iles SCI April 2007

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Elastic Analysis of A Single Bay Portal Frame

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Elastic Analysis of A Single Bay Portal Frame

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Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 1 of 30

Localized resource for UK

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal

3,00 3,00 3,00 3,00 3,00

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 2 of 30

2.2 Snow loads EN 1991-1-3

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 3 of 30

2.3 Wind loads EN 1991-1-4

e/10 = 1,46 1,46

3 Load combinations EN 1990

3.1 Partial safety factor

3.2 ULS Combinations EN 1990

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 4 of 30

3.3 SLS Combinations EN 1990

Web Depth hw = 573.0 mm

Web thickness tw = 11.9 mm

Section area A = 159 cm2

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 5 of 30

Section area A = 114 cm2

5 Global analysis EN 1993-1-1

The frame has been modelled using the EFFEL program.

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 6 of 30

5.1 Buckling amplification factor αcr EN 1993-1-1

So : αcr = 12.74 > 10 EN 1993-1-1

5.2 Effects of imperfections EN 1993-1-1

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 7 of 30

Sway imperfections may be disregarded where HEd ≥ 0.15 VEd. EN 1993-1-1

Left column 1 Right column 2 Total

101 -125.5 -161.5 122.4 -172.4 0 -344.70 51.70

102 95.16 80.74 -24.47 58.19 70.69 138.9 20.83

103 -47.06 -91.77 89.48 -105.3 42.42 -197.1 29.56

104 -34.59 -73.03 77.01 -86.56 42.42 -159.6 23.93

105 43.97 11,97 26.72 -10.57 70.69 1.40 0.21

106 56.44 30.71 14.25 8.17 70.69 38.88 5.83

⇒ Modelling with Heq for the combination 101

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 8 of 30

5.3 Results of the elastic analysis

G + Snow: Dy = 164 mm = L/183

Deflection at the top of column by wind only

5.3.2 Ultimate limit states

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 9 of 30

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 10 of 30

NEd = 161.5 kN (assumed to be constant along the column)

6.1 Classification of the cross section

• Flange: The flange slenderness is c / tf = 95.9/ 19.6= 4.89

So the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based on

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 11 of 30

6.2 Resistance of cross section

Verification to shear force

Av > η.hw.tw = 6819 mm2 (η = 1) OK

Vpl,Rd = Av (fy / 3 ) /γM0 = (7654×275/ 3 )×10-3

VEd / Vpl,Rd = 122.4 / 1215 = 0.10 < 0.50

Verification to axial force EN 1993-1-1

Verification to bending moment EN 1993-1-1

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 12 of 30

6.3 Buckling resistance

• Buckling about yy Lcr,y = 5.99 m

h/b = 2.67 > 1.2 and tf = 19.6 < 40 mm EN 1993-1-1

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX029a-EN-GB Sheet 13 of 30

• Buckling about zz Lcr,z = 5.99 m EN 1993-1-1

• Lateral torsional buckling Lcr,LT = 5.99 m

Buckling curve : c (αLT = 0.49) EN 1993-1-1