www.EEENotes.

in

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

LECTURE NOTE #1
Presentation by:
I.Nelson
SL/ECE
SSN College of Engineering
www.EEENotes.in

Objective
• What is a signal?
• What is a system?
• How signal and system can be classified?
• How signal can be generated using basic
building blocks?
• How signals and systems are analyzed
• Conversion of analog signal into discrete
signal
• Realization of digital systems
www.EEENotes.in

What is a signal?
• An observed data representing a physical
phenomenon is called a signal.

• The signal is a continuously varying

phenomenon which represented as a
function of time.

signal = function x(t), t ∈ R

www.EEENotes.in

Signal represents Change

Definition:

“ Any physical quantity that varies

with time is called signal”
www.EEENotes.in

An electrical signal

V(t)

* One dimensional signal

 Multidimensional signal
www.EEENotes.in

An ordered set of one-dimensional signals

V(t)=[v1(t) ,v2(t), v3(t), …,vN(t)]
v3(t) v4(t)

v1(t) v5(t)

v2(t) v6(t)

It is the set of voltages existing at the

terminals of a multiport.
www.EEENotes.in

Examples
• Audio signal:
0 .2 5

0 .2

0 .1 5

0 .1

Amplitude 0 .0 5

-0 . 0 5

-0 . 1

-0 . 1 5

-0 . 2

-0 . 2 5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Time (ms)
www.EEENotes.in

Video Signal
www.EEENotes.in

BIOMEDICAL SIGNALS

EEG Signal
www.EEENotes.in

Image Signal
 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
www.EEENotes.in

The signal are classified as

1. Continuous and Discrete time

2. Analog and Digital
3. Even and Odd
4. Periodic and Aperiodic
5. Deterministic and Random
6. Energy and power
www.EEENotes.in

Classification of signals
1. Continuous time and discrete time
signals
* A signal x(t) is said to be a
continuous time signal if it is
defined for all time t.
* Continuous time signal arises
when a physical waveform is
converted to electrical signal
www.EEENotes.in

Classification of Signals ( Continued)

• Continuous time
signals

• Example –
Voltage, current,
pressure ,
temperature,
velocity etc.
www.EEENotes.in

Classification of signals( Continued)

• Discrete time signals – It is defined only at

discrete instants of time.

• A discrete time signal is derived from a

continuous time signal by sampling it at a
uniform rate.
• A DT signal is mathematically represented as
x[n]
Where n is time index, which always an integer
(i.e.) n=0,1,,2,3,4,…….
www.EEENotes.in

Discrete Time signal

10

X[n] 9
X[7]
8

2
X[2]
1

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

n
www.EEENotes.in

• Discrete time signals

Examples of discrete time signals in

nature:
• DNA base sequence
• Population of nth generation of
certain species
www.EEENotes.in

Analog Signal
• The amplitude of the signal is defined
for all the value of time.

eg. All continuous time signals

www.EEENotes.in

Digital signal
• The amplitude and time are
quantized i.e., it takes only fixed
values.

• But for discrete time signal only time

is quantized.
 Classification of signals( Continued)
www.EEENotes.in

Even and Odd Signal

Even Signal
A CT signal x(t) is said to be an even signal if it satisfies the
condition.
x(-t) = x(t) for all t
A

x(t)

Even signals are symmetric about time origin

www.EEENotes.in

Odd Signal
The signal x(t) is said to be an odd signal if it satifies the
condition
x(-t) = - x(t) for all t
x(t)

-A

Odd signals are anti-symmetric about time origin

www.EEENotes.in

Any CT signal x(t) is expressed as

x(t) =xe(t) + xo(t)

Where xe(t) is the Even component and

xo(t) is the Odd component of the signal
x(t).
1
x ( t ) = ( x( t ) + x( − t ))
e

2
1
x ( t ) = ( x( t ) − x( − t ))
o

2
 Classification of signals( Continued)
www.EEENotes.in

Periodic and nonperiodic Signals

A periodic signal x(t) is a function that
satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t +T)
for all t.
eg. Sinusoids,Square wave, sawtooth
and etc., 2
Sinusoidal Signal

1.5
de

1
litu

0.5
mp

0
A

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
www.EEENotes.in

The smallest value of T that satisfies

the above condition is called
fundamental period
Fundamental freq f= 1/T
Any signal for which there is no value
of T to satisfy the condition is called
aperiodic Signal
www.EEENotes.in

Discrete Periodic signal

A signal is x[n]
discrete periodic 1

if it satisfies the
0 .8

0 .6

relation 0 .4

0 .2

x[n]=x[n+N] 0

-0 . 2

-0 . 4

-0 . 6

where N is the -0 . 8

period of the
-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

n
signal.
www.EEENotes.in

Classification of signals( Continued)

Deterministic and random signals
A deterministic signal is a signal about
which there is no uncertainty with
respect to its value at any time.
Example of deterministic Signal
Sinusoidal Signal
2

1.5
de

1
litu

0.5
mp

0
A

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
 Classification of signals( Continued)
www.EEENotes.in

Random signal is a signal about which

there is uncertainty before its actual
occurrence.

Eg. Noise generated in an amplifier

 Energy signal and Power signal
www.EEENotes.in

In electrical system, a signal can be

represented as a voltage or current
Consider a voltage v(t) developed across
R producing a current i(t).
The instantaneous power dissipated in the
resistor is given by p(t) = v2(t)/R
Or p(t)= i2(t)/R
For R=1 ohm , whether x(t) is voltage or
current , p(t)=x2(t).
www.EEENotes.in

the total energy of a continuous time

signal x(t) as
∞
2
E = ∫ x(t ) dt
−∞
For Discrete time signal x[n]

∑
2
E = x[ n]
n = −∞
 Classification of signals( Continued)
www.EEENotes.in

The average power is given by

T /2
1
P = lim ∫ x (t )dt
2

T→ ∞ T − T /2

The average power of a periodic signal

is given by
T /2
1
∫ x (t )dt
2
P=
T −T /2
www.EEENotes.in
The Average Power of a discrete time
signal is
N 2
1
P = lim ∑ x[ n]
N → ∞ 2 N + 1 n= − N
For a Periodic Discrete time signal,

1 N −1 2
P= ∑ x[ n]
N n= 0
 Classification of signals( Continued)
www.EEENotes.in

The signal is referred to as an energy

signal if and only if
0< E < ∞
The signal is referred to as an power signal
if and only if
0< P < ∞
In particular an energy signal has zero
average power whereas power signal has
infinite energy.
 Test your understanding
www.EEENotes.in

1. Consider the pair of signal shown .

Which one of these two signals is even
and which one is odd?
X1(t) X2(t)

Fig a Fig b
 www.EEENotes.in

Test your understanding

1. Ans : Fig a – even ,Fig b – odd
2. What is the fundamental frequency
of the wave shown below?
Amplitude

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Fig : c
www.EEENotes.in

Test your understanding

2. Ans : Fundamental Period = 0.2

3. What is the average power of a

triangular wave shown in fig: c?

Ans : 1/3
www.EEENotes.in

Summary
A continuous time signal is defined for
all values of time
Discrete time signal is defined only at
discrete instants of time
Even signals are symmetric about time
origin but odd signals are
antisymmetric about time origin
A periodic signal is one which repeats
itself after a particular instant of
time.
www.EEENotes.in

Summary ( Continued)
A deterministic signal is one in which
there is no uncertainty with respect
to its value at any time
A random signal is a signal about
which there is uncertainty before its
actual occurrence.
An energy signal has zero average
power whereas a power signal has
infinite energy.