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4.1) Isotonic exercise – Dynamic; All lifting exercises require Isotonic contractions. This
happens when the muscle shortens as it contracts; causes muscle contraction and change
in muscle length, constant muscle tension and shortening of muscles. An example of
isotonic contraction can be seen when we flex the bicep muscle. In fact, Isotonic
contractions are the most common, many exercises and activities involve this type of
contraction.
• lifting objects above the head - front shoulder (anterior deltoid) shortens
• lifting object up from lying position - chest muscle shortens
• lifting body up from squat position - quadriceps muscle shortens as legs extend
• doing a sit up
• throwing a ball
• swinging a bat
4.2) Isometric exercise – Static; produce a mild increase in blood flow to other parts of
the body. An Isometric contraction occurs when there is tension on a muscle but no
movement is made causing the length of the muscle to remain the same. This type of
contraction is also referred to as a static contraction. Some bodybuilders make up their
own exercises using Isometric contraction in order to develop strength, an example is
when someone attempts to curl one arm upwards but is held by using equal resistance
from the other arm.
• One good beginning exercise is to use a stationary bicycle that can be set to only
allow a certain number of revolutions per minute. This helps to set the level of
resistance and thus prevent the individual from doing too much too fast. As the
leg muscles develop and can accommodate more resistance, the setting can be
altered to meet the needs of the individual.
4.4) ROM exercise
• Active - Active exercises are performed by the patient, without assistance, to
increase muscle strength.
• Passive - These exercises are carried out by the nurse without assistance from the
patient or by mechanical equipment. Passive exercises will not preserve muscle
mass or bone mineralization because there is no voluntary contraction,
lengthening of muscle, or tension on bones.
A.) Anatomy
- ROM secure bones together and they allow skeletons to be mobile. Muscles are
involved in rest and exercise.
B.) Physiology
- When moving a segment through its ROM, all structure in the region are
affected: muscles, joint surface capsules, ligaments, fascia, vessels and nerves.
C.) Physics
- Segments of a particular body part can be moved and stopped with an aid of
external force.
D.) Psychology
E.) Chemistry
a.) Plan when range of motion exercises should be done. Involve the patient in planning
the program of exercises and other activities because he/she will be more apt to do the
exercises voluntarily.
b.) Position yourself so that proper body mechanics can be used.
c.) It is optimal to warm up before stretching vigorously
d.) Start gradually and move slowly using smooth and rhythmic movements appropriate
for the patient's condition.
e.) Support areas of poor structured integrity.
f.) To increase flexibility, the muscle must be overloaded or stretched beyond its elastic
ROM, but not to the point of pain
g.) Stretch the muscles and keep the joint flexible.
h.) Move each joint until there is resistance, but never force a joint to the point of pain.
i.) Exercise caution when stretching muscles around painful joints
j.) Avoid over-stretching ligaments and capsules that surround joints
k.) Use caution if there is history of steroid use
l.) Use caution stretching patients with known or suspected osteoporosis, or who have
been on prolonged bed rest
m.) Ballistic stretching should be done only by patients who are already flexible
n.) Use caution stretching patients with frail integument
o.) Use caution stretching older patients because their collagen loses its elasticity and
they have reduced capillary blood supply
p.) Keep friction at a minimum to avoid injuring the skin.
q.) Return the joint to its neutral position
r.) Stretching should be performed at least 3 times per week, but between 5 and 6 will
yield maximal results
.
7.) Enumerate the indications and contradictions of ROM exercise.
Indications:
• Support the client's neck and bring the chin toward the chest and then as far back
in the opposite position as possible.
- Flexes and hyperextends the neck.
• Place the arm at the client's side and bend the forearm toward the shoulder, and
then strengthen it again.
- Flexes and extends the elbow
c.) Flexion and Extension of the wrist
• Bend the wrist forward and then backward - moves the wrist from flexion to
extension and then hyperextension
• Twist the wrist to the right and then left - rotates the wrist joint
• Bend the thumb side of the hand way from the wrist and then in the opposite
direction.
- Provides Adduction and then Abduction of the wrist.
e.) Pronation and Supination of the wrist
• Move the straightened leg away from the body and back beyond the midline.
- Abducts and then Adducts the hip.
• Turn the leg away from the other leg and then toward it.
- Rotates the hip externally and then internally
h.) Circumduction of the hip