Humans cannot survive without minerals

• 16 minerals needed for

humans to survive
• .03% of what we eat but
we would not survive
without the minerals
• Sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium,
copper, phosphorous
 Salt
• Early people collected salt before
they understood how important
the mineral is for survival
• Mediterranean-salt cakes were
used as money
• Greeks traded salt for slaves
• England flourished when fuel for
boiling brine changed from wood
to coal
ACTIVITY
Minerals
 Minerals

Crystalline structures (the

atoms of which are arranged in an orderly
repeating pattern)
and definite
composition ( the elements of
which have specific proportions).
 Physical Properties of Minerals

1. Color –used to identify

minerals easily. It is a result of
the way minerals absorb light.
Mineral Mineral Color

Brown, Green, black, purple

Augite

Black, Brown, or green

Biotite

Pearlescent and pale colors

Calcite

Colorless, pale pink, brown ,gray

Dolomite

Yellow, white, pink, green, or gray

 Yellow, white,
pink, green, or gray

Feldspar
Mineral Color
Mineral

Metallic gray or black

Hematite

Green, yellow, brown or black

Hornblende

Black, Brown, yellow

Limonite

Black, Brown, or yellow

 Physical Properties of
Minerals
2. Streak – color of the
mineral in powder form.
-scientists would
pulverize them to get their
true color.
- the color of the
minerals become more
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 Physical Properties of
Minerals
3. Hardness- measure of the mineral’s resistance to
scratching.
-Mohs Scale- to measure the relative hardness
Frederick Mohs developed in 1812
Mohs scale
10- hardest
1- softest
Mineral Mohs Hardness Image
 Physical Properties of
Minerals
4. Cleavage and fracture
- used to describe how minerals break
into pieces.
Cleavage- along the crystalline structure
where a mineral is likely to break
smoothly.
 Example of Cleavage and Fracture
A number of cleavages run
smoothly along a calcite’s body
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Fractures can be seen in the
two fluorite pyramids.
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 Physical Properties of
Minerals
5. Crystalline Structure- tells how a
mineral’s are arranged.
Crystal solid- said to form a regular
repeating three-dimensional crystal lattice.
Amorphous solid- aggregates that have no
particular order or arrangement.
 Physical Properties of
Minerals

6. Transparency or diaphaneity
-indicates the extent of light that can
pass through mineral.
 EXAMPLES

b. Translucent corundum
a. Transparent topaz c. Opaque stibnite
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 Physical Properties of
Minerals
7.Magnetism- indicates the
ability of a mineral to attract or
repel other minerals
 Physical Properties of
Minerals
8. Tenacity
-is the level of resistance or reaction
of minerals to stress such as crushing,
bending,breaking, or tearing.
- It can tell if a mineral is brittle,
malleable, elastic, etc.
 Physical Properties of
Minerals
9. Luster- refers to
the reaction of a
mineral to light. It
determines how
brilliant or dull the
mineral is. Logan Sapphire
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 Physical Properties of
Minerals
10. Odor
-is a distinct smell of a mineral that is
usually released from a chemical reaction
when subjected to water, heat, air, or friction.
 Physical Properties of
Minerals
11. Specific gravity
-measure of the density of a
mineral.
- determines how heavy the
mineral is by its weight to water.
 Chemical Properties of
Minerals
1.Silicate class
- largest and most abundant group
containing silicon and oxygen with
some aluminum, magnesium, iron and
calcium.
 Examples

a. Feldspar b. pyroxene c. olivine d. quartz

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 Chemical Properties of
Minerals
2. Carbonate Class
- formed from the shells of dead plankton and
other marine organisms.
-found in areas where high rates of
evaporation take place such as the Great Salt
Lake in Utah.

a. Aragonite
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Examples
b. calcite
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c. Malachite
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 Chemical Properties of
Minerals
3. Sulphate Class
- forms in areas with high evaporation rates
and where salty waters slowly evaporate.
- the formation of sulphates and halides
water-sediment interface occurs.

a. Anhydrite
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b. Blue barite
c. gypsum
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 Chemical Properties of
Minerals
4. Halide class
- contains natural salts
- usually form in lakes, ponds and other
landlocked seas such as the Dead Sea and
the Great Salt Lake.

a. halite
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Examples
b. sylvite
c. fluorite
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 Chemical Properties of
Minerals
5.Oxide Class
-these minerals are important as
they carry histories of changes in
Earth’s magnetic field.
 Examples
a. chrysoberyl b. hematite
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c. spinel
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 Chemical Properties of
Minerals
6. Sulphide Class
- considered economically significant
-found in electrical wires, industrial
materials, and other things needed in
construction.
 A. COPPER
B. SILVER
C. LEAD
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 Chemical Properties of
Minerals
7. Phosphate class
- important biological mineral
found in teeth and bones of many
animals.

a. arsenic
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Examples
b. phosphate c. Vanadium
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 Chemical Properties of
Minerals
8. Native element class
-contains metals and
intermetallic elements
(e.g., gold, silver, copper),
semimetals, nonmetals or
natural alloys, and
constituents of a few rare
meteorites.
 Examples

a. GOLD B.SILVER C. ANTIMONY

D. BISMUTH F. SULFUR
 ROCKS

- are natural substances consisting

of aggregate minerals clumped
together with other Earth materials
through natural processes.
 Classification of rocks
1. Igneous rocks
-(Latin word ignis meaning fire)
- crystallized from magma or molten or
partially molten volcanic materials that came
from within Earth.
 Examples of Igneous rocks

Granite
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 Classification of rocks
2. Sedimentary rocks
-sediments “remaining particles”
-are rocks that have formed from the
deposition of different materials on Earth’s
surface.
 Examples of Sedimentary rocks
a. Hematite
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b. sandstone
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 Classification of rocks
3. Metamorphic rocks
- meta “change” morph “form”
- rocks that derive from igneous or sedimentary
rocks that were exposed to high pressure, high
temperature, or a combination of both, deep below the
surface of Earth.
Examples of Metamorphic rocks

a. migmatite b. gneiss
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ROCK CYCLE

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• ..\..\Types Of Rocks _ The Dr. Binocs Show _ Learn Videos For
Kids.mp4
 Let’s test what have you learned….
•What is the importance of classifying
minerals based on their chemical
properties?
•How can you identify a mineral from a
rock?
Why do sodium and chlorine combine to form
salt?
Assignment