Advanced Engineering

Mathematics
Fourier Transforms
 The Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform of a nonperiodic x(t) signal
is given by ∞
X ( f ) = ∫ x ( t ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt
−∞

The Inverse Fourier Transform of X(f) is

∞
x ( t ) = ∫ X ( f ) exp ( j 2π ft ) df
−∞

where ω = 2π f
 Dirichlet’s Conditions

Within a finite time interval, x(t) is single-
valued.

x(t) is absolutely integrable, meaning
∞
∫−∞ x ( t ) dt < ∞

Within a finite time interval, x(t) has a finite
number of minima and maxima.

Within a finite time interval, x(t) has a finite
number of discontinuities and these
discontinuities are finite.
 Example 1
Find the Fourier Transforms of δ(t) and δ(t – a).
∞
∞
X 1 ( f ) = ∫ δ ( t ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt X 2 ( f ) = ∫ δ ( t − a ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt
−∞ −∞

X1 ( f ) = 1 X 2 ( f ) = exp ( − j 2π fa )

Therefore,
δ (t ) ⇔ 1 δ ( t − a ) ⇔ exp ( − j 2π fa )
 The Sinc Function
sin π t
sinct =
πt
 Example 2
Find the Fourier Transform of the function:
x (t )

t
−b b
2
2

As a function x(t):
x (t ) = A − b2 ≤ t ≤ b2
 Example 2
Solution: b
X ( f ) = A∫ 2
exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt
−b
2

A
exp ( − j 2π ft ) − b2
b
=−
j 2π f 2

=
A
j 2π f
( e jπ fb − e − jπ fb )

A  e jπ fb − e − jπ fb 
=  
πf 2j 
sin π fb
= Ab = Absinc ( fb )
π fb
 Example 3
Find the Fourier Transform of the function:
x (t )

t
−1 1

As a function x(t):
 2t + 2 −1 ≤ t < 0
x (t ) = 
−2t + 2 0 < t ≤ 1
 Example 3
Solution:
1 1e j 2π f 1 1 e − j 2π f
X(f )=− + − + + −
jπ f 2π 2 f 2 2π 2 f 2 jπ f 2π 2 f 2 2π 2 f 2
1 1  e j 2π f + e − j 2π f 
= 2 2− 2 2 
π f π f  2 
1 − cos 2π f
=
π2f 2
2
sin 2 π f  sin π f 
= 2 2 2 = 2  = 2sinc 2
f
π f  πf 
 Example 4
Find the Fourier Transform of

x ( t ) = e cos 3tu ( t )
−t

Solution:
Using the properties of the unit step function, the
Fourier Transform is given by
( )
∞
X(f)=∫ e −t
cos 3t e − j 2π ft
dt
0
 Example 4
Solution:

1 + j 2π f
e cos 3tu ( t ) ⇔
−t

( + π ) +
2 2
1 j 2 f 3