QUALITY PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT TOOLS

BRAINSTORMING
Function:
 Control charts are powerful aids to

What Is Brainstorming?
 conference technique by which a group
attempts to find a solution for a specific
problem by amassing all the ideas
spontaneously by its member.
 process designed to obtain the maximum
number of ideas relating to a specific area of
interest.
 technique that maximizes the ability to
generate new ideas.
Why use it?
 Rational or conventional thinking does not
always solve a problem or get to the root
cause.
 Brainstorming is a motivating and involving
process which has the potential for providing
innovative and alternative answers.
Developing
action plans
1.Build a team
understanding the performance of a
process over time. CONTROL CHART
2.Introduce the problem Basic Concepts
 Control Charts form an integral part of production process.
3.Make sure everyone  Samples taken continuously on a regular basis and data analysed statistically which will give a valued
understands 4.Strat the thought process information.
 used to monitor processes that are in
6.Evaluate the control, using means and ranges.
5.Reflect the ideas ideas  It represents data,
e.g, sales, volume, customer complaints, in
chronological order, showing how the values
Step of brainstorming
7.Summary change with time.
 In a control chart each point is given
individual significance and is joined to its
neighbours.
Rules for Brainstorming  Above and below the mean, Upper and
 Choose the right team and have a leader Lower Warning and Action lines (UWL,
 Ensure everyone knows the rules LWL, UAL, LAL) are drawn.
 Define the problem/topic clearly  These act as signals or decision rules, and
 Allow time for individual thought before generating ideas as a give operators information about the
group process and its state of control.
 Ensure everyone participates  The charts are useful as a historical record
 Generate as many ideas as possible of the process as it happens, and as an aid
 Ban discussion and evaluation during the idea generation to detecting and predicting change.
stage
 Record every idea, on a Flipchart
 Allow incubation time before evaluating the ideas Mean
 Keep a relaxed atmosphere Chart

Identifying Designing •Free Writing C Range

problem
When should solutions to
areas it be used problems
•Breakdown the Chart Chart
topic into levels Type
•Listing/ Bulletin
•Cubing
Technique •Consider P NP
purpose and Chart Chart
Identifying
areas for audience
improvement
•Relationship
between the Control charts to monitor processes
part  To monitor output,
we use a control chartwe check things like
the mean, range, standard deviation

 To monitor a process, we typically use

two control charts
Patterns in Control Chart:
mean (or some other central tendency
 Oscillating
measure)variation (typically using range or
 Change / Jump / Shift
standard deviation)
 Runs
 Recurring Cycles
– Alex F. Osborne, 1939 Statistical Process Control  Freaks / Drift
• method of thinking up solutions, concepts, The Control Process
ideas in problem solving  Define
• using the brain to storm new ideas in groups  Measure
• „It is easier to tone down a wild idea than to  Compare to a standard
think up a new one.“  Evaluate
 Take corrective action
 Evaluate corrective action

Type Of Probability
PROBABILITY PLOT  classical probability / Experimental (Based on observation)
Classical (or theoretical) probability is used when each outcome in a sample space is equally likely to occur.

Terminology  Empirical probability / Priori (Based on mathematical analysis)

 Mutually Exclusive : means they are
distinct and non-overlapping
 Exhaustive : means including all
possibilities
When an experiment is repeated many times, regular patterns are formed. These patterns make it possible to find
empirical probability. Empirical probability can be used even if each outcome of an event is not equally likely to occur.
Empirical (or statistical) probability is based on observations obtained from probability experiments.
 Subjective probability (Estimate based on informed guesswork)
Subjective probabilities result from intuition, educated guesses, and estimates

Definition Notation for Probabilities

 A probability experiment is an action, or trial, P - denotes a probability.

Blaise Pascal was born on 19 June 1623 in
Clermont (now Clermont-Ferrand), Auvergne,
France. He died 19 Aug 1662 in Paris, France.
through which specific results (counts,
measurements, or responses) are obtained.
The result of a single trial in a probability
experiment is an outcome. The set of all
possible outcomes of a probability
experiment is the sample space. An event
consists of one or more outcomes and is a
subset of the sample space.
 A RANDOM EXPERIMENT is a process or
activity which produces a number of
possible outcomes.
 The outcomes cannot be predicted with
absolute certainty.
A, B, and C - denote specific events.
P (A) - denotes the probability of event A occurring.
Rule 1: Relative Frequency Approximation of Probability
Conduct (or observe) a procedure, and count the number of Two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive if
times event A actually occurs. Based on these actual results, they cannot occur at the same time.
P(A) is estimated as follows:
A and B
number of times A occurred
P(A) =
number of times trial was repeated A B B
A

History
In correspondence with Fermat he laid the
foundation for the theory of probability. This
correspondence consisted of five letters and
occurred in the summer of 1654. They considered
the dice problem, already studied by Cardan and
the problem of points also considered by Cardan
and, around the same time, Pacioli and Tartaglia.
The dice problem asks how many times one must
throw a pair of dice before one expects a double six,
while the problem of points asks how to divide the
stakes if a game of dice is incomplete. They solved
the problem of points for a two player game, but did
not develop powerful enough mathematical methods
to solve it for three or more players.
Event Definition Rule 2: Classical Approach to Probability (Requires A and B are A and B are not
Equally Likely Outcomes) mutually mutually
 Event Assume that a given procedure has n different simple events exclusive. exclusive.
any collection of results or outcomes of a and that each of those simple events has an equal chance of
procedure occurring. If event A can occur in s of these n ways, then For multiple events there are two rules:
 Simple Event s “AND” (multiplication) and “OR” (addition)
P(A) = = number of ways A can occur
an outcome or an event that cannot be further n There are just a few special considerations:
broken down into simpler components number of different simple events
 Sample Space  For the “And” rule, if the events are not
for a procedure consists of all possible simple independent, you don’t multiply, you use a
Rule 3: Subjective Probabilities
events; that is, the sample space consists of all table.
outcomes that cannot be broken down any P(A), the probability of event A, is estimated by using  For the “Or” rule, if the events are not
further knowledge of the relevant circumstances. mutually exclusive you have to subtract off
their double count
Law of Large Numbers
 As a procedure is repeated again and again, the relative frequency probability (from Rule 1) of an event tends to NAME : MALIKI BIN MUSTAFA
approach the actual probability. ID NO : SX150009BECS04