Important topics to be focused for final exam:

Module-1
1. New Biology as integrated approach or Bioengineering as an emerging science.
2. Challenges and excitement of research in biology.
3. Major societal issues and approaches to deal with them.
4. Alternative drug therapies: Personalized care, Peptide therapeutics, Biosimilars, High
Specificity drug carriers, Gene therapy, Genome Editing, Regenerative Medicine,
stem cell therapy, Chemi-informatics all in detail.
5. Applications of bioengineering (interface of engineering and biology.)
6. “Omics” as the collective characterization of scientific studies.
7. Expression data analysis through microarray and Expressed sequence tags.
8. Bioinformatics and its scales.
9. Types of molecular database and its constituents.
10. Food biotechnology and applications
11. Fermentation technique and its applications
12. Biofuels. (Clean and sustainable energy sources)

Module-2
1. Career opportunities in biotechnology,
2. Career opportunities in pharmaceutical industry
3. applications of Industrial or White Biotechnology
4. Environmental biotechnology
5. Bio-security of food and agriculture
6. Biomass and waste processing in agriculture
7. emerging trends in Agro-Biotechnology(Agribots and other new techniques)
8. entrepreneurship in biotechnology

Module-3
1. Importance of illustrations and building quantitative/ qualitative models.
2. Different macromolecules and their functions in cell.
3. Protein and Nucleic acid as cellular languages.
4. Numerical from Role of estimates.
5. Cell size and shapes and their role in functioning of cell.
6. Cell size limitations
7. System heterogeneity in size & timescale.

Module-4
1. Enzyme and substrate specificity.
2. Gene expression mathematical modelling.
3. Membrane protein functions.
4. Diffusion types and membrane permeability.
a. on the basis of energy requirement: Active and passive
b. on the basis of membrane role: Simple and facilitated
5. Tonicity and Osmoregulation.
 6. Metabolism and energy everything (Including Metabolism, energy management,
ATP hydrolysis coupling, thermodynamics law and how they are applicable for
biological systems etc.)
7. Cell communication everything
8. Medical Genetics
9. Sources of genetic variations
10. Mutations
11. Natural selection theory
12. Genomes

Module-5
1. System theory for application of system engineering.
2. Explain the complexity and emergent properties of system biology
3. Designing life in a computer
4. Applications of synthetic biology
5. Components of system biology.