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Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 11 – 19

International Conference on Sustainable Synergies from Buildings to the Urban Scale, SBE16

Energy Refurbishment Towards Nearly Zero Energy Multi-Family

Houses, for Cyprus
D.K.Serghidesa,*, M.Michaelidoub, M.Christofic, S.Dimitrioud and M.Katafygiotoue
a,d
The Cyprus Institute/Energy,Environmenta and Water research Center, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Str., 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
b,c,e
Cyprus University of Technology/Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol Cyprus

Abstract

Following Europe’s 20:20:20 objective, this case study investigates refurbishment scenarios in order to achieve Nearly Zero
Energy houses, in Cyprus. The study investigates amongst other aspects of the European recast, two approaches that will be
decisive for the development of the building sector in Cyprus: The measures and techniques to be implemented in order to
achieve nearly Zero Energy Houses (nZEB) in Cyprus and the analysis of cost optimisation. The research focuses on the Multi-
Family House typology as classified in the framework of EU project EPISCOPE. The building was modelled using the official
governmental software iSBEM_cy tool, according to the European Directives 2002/91/EC and 2010/31/EC. The aim was to
upgrade it into a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) by investigating the effectiveness of the energy refurbishment both in
terms of energy savings and payback period. Two scenarios were developed in order to evaluate the energy efficiency and the
cost effectiveness of the conservation measures. Through analysis of the results, the efficiency of each strategy and technique
employed towards minimising the energy consumption and the greenhouse gas emissions was evaluated, in terms also of its cost
effectiveness. Furthermore, the results of the research were investigated in order to assess whether the nZEB requirements, as
developed by the MECIT, are appropriate for the existing Multi-Family houses in Cyprus and whether alternative strategies may
be employed in order to meet the target of nZEB and to reduce effectively the energy consumption and the CO2 emissions.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-reviewunder
Peer-review under responsibility
responsibility of organizing
of the the organizing committee
committee of SBE16.
of SBE16.

Keywords: Multi-Family Housing; Nearly Zero Energy Buildings; Cost-effectiveness

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: d.serghides@cyi.ac.cy.

1878-0296 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SBE16.
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.068
12 D.K. Serghides et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 11 – 19

1. Introduction

The residential stock is the biggest segment of EU floor space, reaching 75% of the total building stock, which
accounts for 63% of the total energy consumption. In EU-25 there are about 196 million dwellings, with more than
50% of the existing residential buildings built before 1970 and about 1/3 of the dwellings built during 1970-19901.
Raising the bar for new buildings — especially given the explosion of new green building technologies and the
growing popularity and accessibility of sustainable design — stimulates innovation and creates future environmental
benefits. However, existing buildings in built-out cities are going to be responsible for the vast majority of resource
use over any meaningful planning period. While new constructions add at most 1% a year to the existing stock, the
other 99% of buildings are already built and produce about 26% of the energy-use induced carbon emissions2. Thus,
one of the greatest challenges in urban sustainability today is energy retrofitting or greening the existing buildings.
Taking into account that the expectation for the structural life of a building often exceeds 60 years, while the
envelope shows signs of obsolescence after only in 20 or 30 years2, it is understandable that a building completed in
2010 will undergo refurbishment during the next 10 to 20 years.
Within the residential sector, different types of single family houses (e.g. detached, semi-detached and terraced
houses) and apartment blocks are found. Across the EU-25 countries, 64% of the residential building floor area is
associated with single family houses and the remaining 36% with appartments3.
There is no “one size fits all” approach to retrofitting the multifamily housing stock. Multifamily buildings vary
widely in terms of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and other relevant systems, building age,
building size, tenant incomes, financing structures, ownership structures and other important factors that may affect
energy efficiency and related decision-making. Policies must accommodate and reflect the diversity of both the
building stock and its stakeholders.
Multifamily buildings account 21.7% of the total building stock in Cyprus. Although they tend to be energy
efficient, on a per capita basis, because their shared-wall geometry means that less heating and cooling are lost to the
exterior4, they have been identified as a particularly challenging area for energy conservation 1. Many owners prefer
to perform improvements at unit turnover. However, by renovating on a unit-by-unit basis, owners lose the economic
benefits from retrofitting the entire building at once.
Very little data on the actual energy performance of multifamily properties is currently available, making the
benefits of energy efficiency improvements difficult to quantify. Determining the most effective measures for
multifamily housing energy performance will maximize both the ability of policies to advance energy efficiency
within the sector and the compliance of the owners/stakeholders 5. According to the law N.210 (I)/2012 it is
necessary for each building or dwelling under construction or big scale renovation to proceed to energy audits and to
issue Energy Performance Certificates (EPC). This is obligatory for buildings or dwellings to be sold or to be rent,
resulting the increase both of the property’s value and cost attractiveness.

2. Methodology

According to the IEE Project TABULA and the ongoing IEE Project EPISCOPE 6, twelve residential building
typologies were established as typical and representative of the national residential building stock in Cyprus7. These
are classified according to their chronological period of construction and their architectural and constructional
characteristics. The three building typologies consist of the Multi Family Houses (MFH), the Terrace Family Houses
(TH) and the Single Family Houses (SFH). These are further divided into four different chronological periods,
supported by the data collected from the Cyprus Statistical Service 8. Each chronological division was defined based
on the different constructional regulations and techniques that were applicable throughout the years, formulating the
four distinctive chronological categories. These categories are the following: 1) before 1980, 2) between 1981 and
2006, 3) between 2007 and 2013 and 4) after 2014. The divisions were also guided by the rapid growth of the
construction industry in Cyprus, which occurred after 1980, by the adoption of the European Directive 2002/91/EC
in 2007 and the amendment of the Directive 433/2013, which was enforced in the beginning of 2014. Before the
entrance of Cyprus in the European Union, there was no energy related legislation for the building sector.
 D.K. Serghides et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 11 – 19 13

The building under study was selected according to its space-related characteristics, which approach those of the
typical Multi-Family House of the first chronological period. When this study was conducted, due to the lack of
available data, mainly concerning the installed electromechanical systems, certain assumptions were made (length
and type of pipes, condition of systems and energy efficiency)9. Initially, the energy performance of the existing
state was calculated based on the energy performance of each apartment individually. The apartments were grouped
by floor and the total energy consumption for all three floors was calculated. Subsequently a standard nZEB
refurbishment scenario was applied, based on the Directive 366/2014. The energy efficiency and the cost viability
for each refurbishment measure related to the building's envelope elements’ thermal performance was assessed
separately for three (3) apartments on different floors. Additional measures were examined in terms of their energy
efficiency and cost effectiveness. Based on the findings, an optimized nZEB scenario was developed, oriented to
improve the energy efficiency and cost effectiveness of the refurbishment. The investment cost associated with the
nZEB refurbishment scenarios, as well as the payback period, were based on the current market values. These were
calculated with the official tool provided by the Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry and Tourism of Cyprus for
the cost optimal energy conservation measures10. The modeling tool used in this study for the energy performance
calculation is the iSBEM-Cy, the governmental software for the issuance of Energy Performance Certificates11, used
for the categorization of energy efficiency in buildings and the calculation of CO2 emissions according to the
European Directive 2002/91/EC12.

3. Case Study

3.1. The building general information

The case study concerns an 8-storied Multi-Family House (MFH) of 24 apartments with pilotis, a free open space
in the ground floor, used mainly as parking space. It is situated in Ayios Tychonas in the coastal city of Limassol.
The block of flats was constructed in 1973 and is representative of its typology for the chronological period before
1980. This MFH was built before the launching of the Directive 568/2007 13, with no thermal insulation.
Nonetheless, stricter Directives14 are now in force and big renovation of the apartments is expected to take place in
the next 20 years. Therefore, identifying the most energy and cost efficient refurbishment measures towards this
direction is necessary. A typical floor plan of the building is shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Floor and apartments’ layout and orientation.

The common spaces (staircases, elevators and corridors) are developed in such a way as to separate the apartments
in Northeast, Northwest oriented and Southern oriented. The usable heated living area and volume per floor is
presented in Table 1.
14 D.K. Serghides et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 11 – 19

Table 1. Existing Condition - Building components area and volume.

Volume Wall Area Total Fenestration Wall Area Exposed Floor Exterior Roof
Floor
m³ m² m² m² m² m²
First Floor 1408.65 469.55 82.75 386.80 294 --
Mid Floor 1408.65 469.55 82.75 386.80 -- --
Last Floor 1408.65 469.55 82.75 386.80 -- 294

3.2. The existing condition of the dwellings

For the simulations, each apartment is considered independently. The common wall between apartments is
considered as adjacent to a heated space. The load-bearing structure of the building is made of reinforced concrete
while the walls are of conventional brickwork, with plaster coating on both sides, resulting to a total thickness of
25cm. The windows are single-glazed with aluminum frame. The glazing area corresponds to a 18% of the total
envelope area of each floor. The horizontal roof is made of a 15 cm reinforced concrete. The concrete floor slabs are
cladded with 3 cm thick marble tiles. The U-values of the building envelope are shown on Table 2.

Table 2. Existing condition - Buildings elements U-values.

Technical specifications - Construction Element U-Value W/(m2K)
External walls 1.389
Roof 4.107
Floor 2.072
Single glazed windows 6.000
Columns 2.539
Pilotis 2.836
Beams 3.258

For this study's purposes, it was considered that all the apartments are using split-units for cooling, installed in all
rooms, including the bathroom and the corridor, and oil boiler for central heating. The SEER value of the units is 2,
corresponding to default system. All nine (9) apartments use solar thermal panels for Domestic Hot Water, backed
up by an electric element. After simulating each of the dwellings, the mean calculated Total Primary Energy
Consumption is 708 kWh/(m²a) for the first floor, 501 kWh/(m²a) for a typical middle floor and 944 kWh/(m²a) for
the last floor. The Primary Energy Consumption is higher for the dwelling of the floors that have large exposed
surface areas , compared with the apartment of the typical middle floor. The 7 kWh/(m²a) of the Total Primary
Energy Consumption for each dwelling are produced from Renewable Energy Sources (RES), attributed to the solar
thermal panels on the roof for DHW consumption for all the dwellings. Therefore, the renewable energy
contribution in the total primary energy consumption ranges from 0,7 % to 1,8 %.

Table 3. Energy Consumption and CO2 emissions – Existing state.

Final Final Primary Mean Primary Primary

Final Energy CO2
Floor Ap. Unit Energy Energy Energy Consumption Class Energy
Consumption emissions
Heating Cooling Consumption per Floor RES
kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kgCO2/m2 kWh/m2
A 29.25 228.84 711.36 280.8 207.51 F 7
First B 37.25 186.73 605.86 246.46 708.43 176.03 E 7
C 25.08 266.95 808.07 314.15 236.19 F 7
 D.K. Serghides et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 11 – 19 15

A 14.65 160.37 510.45 197.73 149.27 E 7

Mid B 21.35 113.76 391.33 157.59 500.84 113.85 D 7
C 10.19 196.22 600.74 228.53 176.08 Ε 7

A 41.18 310.82 945.84 374.71 275.78 G 7

Last B 50.86 268.85 841.89 342.19 944.31 244.69 G 7
C 37.14 349.86 1045.21 409.12 305.23 G 7
Average 29.66 231.38 717.86 283.47 209.4 7

The corresponding energy consumption for heating ranges from 10.19 kWh/(m 2a) to 50.86 kWh/(m2a), with the
highest consumption observed in Northeast oriented apartment (B) of the last floor and the lowest consumption in
Northwest oriented apartment (C) of the middle floor. The corresponding energy consumption for cooling ranges
from 113.76 kWh/(m2a) to 349.86 kWh/(m2a), with the highest consumption observed in Northwest oriented
apartment (C) of the last floor and the lowest consumption in Northeast oriented apartment (B) of the middle floor.
The Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) results to better categorization for the apartments of middle floor
following by the ones of the First floor and Last floor as shown in Table 3.

3.3. The Standard nZEB Refurbishment Scenario

According to the Cyprus EPBD Directive 366/2014 14 and in order to define a Zero Energy building, specific
U-values of the elements of the building envelope must be obtained and certain minimum energy performance
requirements must be fulfilled. These requirements are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. nZEB Energy Requirements.

NZEB REQUIREMENTS FOR HOUSES
Technical specifications - Construction Element U-value W/(m2K)
Pitched roof with horizontal ceiling 0.40
External walls 0.40
Double glazed windows 2.25
Energy Performance specifications Minimum requirements
Energy Performance Certificate A
Total Primary Energy consumption 100 kWh/(m2a)
Energy Demand for heating 15 kWh/(m2a)
Renewable energy percentage of the total primary energy consumption 25%

In order to meet the minimum set requirements for the building envelope for the nZEB Directive, 60 mm of
thermal insulation (extruded polystyrene) were added externally to the walls and 70mm to pilotis, roof, columns and
beams, obtaining U-values 0.38 W/(m2K) for these elements. The single windows were replaced with double
windows, thermally improved ones, of lower U-value, 2.20 W/(m2K). Furthermore, 3 photovoltaic panels (4.8m²)
were placed on the roof for each Southern oriented apartment under study and 2 photovoltaic panels (3.2m²) were
placed on the roof for each Northeast and Northwest oriented apartment under study, with a south inclination of 30˚.
The existing AC units were substituted with A+++ class units. The apartments with southeast and southwest
oriented windows needed the addition of horizontal overhangs in order to meet the requirements.
16 D.K. Serghides et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 11 – 19

3.3.1. The standard nZEB scenario energy performance

Using the above measures the energy performance of all the apartments was upgraded to A Category and met the
requirements of the nZEB definition for residential buildings under deep renovation 15, except the total primary
energy consumption that was set 100 kWh/m2a. Only one apartment (Ap. B of Mid Floor) met all the requirements
and can be categorized as nZEB. The reductions in the total primary energy consumption per floor compared with
their existing state are 84%, 79% and 88%, for the first, the middle and the last floor respectively. The contribution
of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) ranged between 26 to 33 kWh/(m 2a) for all the apartments, covering from
25.5% to 32.6% of the total primary energy consumption.

Table 5. Energy Consumption and CO2 emissions – standard nZEB scenario.

Primary
Energy Mean
Final Final Primary
Ap. Consumption Final Energy Primary CO2
Floor Energy Energy Class Energy
Unit from Consumption Consumption emissions
Heating Cooling RES
Conventional per Floor
Sources
kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kgCO2/m2 kWh/m2
A 1.11 16.77 78 38.44 22.89 A 33
First B 1.81 12.88 76 35.29 111.33 22.43 A 26
C 0.89 20.93 91 42.34 26.63 A 31

A 0.38 16.36 75 37.3 21.98 A 33

Mid B 0.56 11.42 64 32.58 107 18.88 A 31
C 0.13 20.64 88 41.29 25.8 A 31

A 0.95 17.29 79 38.8 23.17 A 33

Last B 1.58 13.3 72 35.48 112.33 21.19 A 31
C 0.74 21.5 92 42.76 26.96 A 31
Average 0.90 16.78 79.44 38.25 23.32 31

3.3.2. The payback period

For the calculation of the payback time was based on current market values that obtained from the suppliers. The
energy expenditure (Euros) was also calculated based on the prices provided by the Cyprus Electricity Authority. In
addition, an annual inflation of 3% on the electricity price was considered. The payback period was estimated per
floor, since an agreement between all owners of the first and last floor is necessary in order to refurbish pilotis and
roof, respectively. The payback time for the first floor is calculated to be 4.5 years, 6.5 for the middle and 4.5 for the
last. Therefore, the payback time makes the employed refurbishment measures an attractive plan to the owners,
aiming at a maximum payback period of 10 to 15 years. The refurbishment measures applied in this scenario were
investigated for three (3) apartments with the same orientation on different floors, in order to conclude to their
energy efficiency and their cost effectiveness.
 D.K. Serghides et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 11 – 19 17

3.4. Impact of the Energy Conservation Measures and their Cost-Effectiveness

The impact of each measure addressing the buildings’ envelope energy performance upgrade was separately
investigated for 3 apartments of the same orientation (Southern) in order to detect the most cost optimal ones. The
measures investigated were: 1) placement of insulation on the roof, the pilotis and the external walls, 2) replacement
of windows, 3) installation of horizontal overhangs above the south facing windows, 4) installation of split-units
both for heating and cooling and 5) placement of photovoltaic systems. The highest energy savings for all 3
apartments are obtained through the replacement of central oil heating with split units both for heating and cooling,
A+++ class (with energy savings exceeding 41000kWh/year), followed by the roof and pilotis insulation addition
for the third and first floor respectively, the placement of shading devices, the windows replacement and the wall
insulation. Overall, the least energy efficient measure is the installment of the PV panels, since the percentage of
RES contribution was set by the definition of nZEB to 25% of the total energy consumption (Fig. 2.).

Fig. 2. Energy Savings per refurbishment measure.

Cost analysis showed that the most cost-effective measure is the placement of horizontal overhangs in the
Southeast and Southwest orientations, with 0.5 year for amortization of the initial investment. The second measure
is the replacement of the central oil heating system with spit units of A+++ efficiency with a payback period of 1
year (Fig. 3). The remaining refurbishment measures result to payback periods less than 5 years and are therefore
considered to be economical investments.

Fig. 3. Cost effectiveness per refurbishment measure.

3.5. Optimised nZEB refurbishment Scenario

From the evaluation of the energy and cost effectiveness results, it was considered necessary to develop an
alternative nZEB Scenario for the Multi-Family House that aims in maximizing the effectiveness of the
18 D.K. Serghides et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 11 – 19

refurbishment, both in terms of energy savings and payback period. The Scenario includes the placement of
horizontal overhangs on the south-facing windows and the installment of PV panels for each floor, increased from
the initial standard nZEB Scenario from 7 to 20 units, amounting to 32m2. The maximum permissible potential of
PV’s installment is 5kW per dwelling15 but the total area of the building’s roof allowed one system for each floor
only. The walls, roof and pilotis will not be further insulated and the existing single glazed windows will be changed
with double glazed, retaining the U-values as presented in Table 2.

3.5.1. The optimised nZEB scenario energy performance

Using the above energy conservation measures, all apartments were raised to A EPC category. The calculated
total primary energy consumption for the optimized nZEB refurbishment scenario is reduced to 100 kWh/(m 2a) and
less for all the apartments with percentage reductions in the total primary energy consumption to be 86% for the first
floors, 81% for the mid floor and 89% for the last floor. The final energy for heating is slightly increased compared
to the standard nZEB scenario, in contrast to the final energy for cooling which is decreased. Shading devices give
similar results, but the total final energy consumption is lower in the optimized nZEB scenario. The contribution of
Renewable Energy Sources (RES), including solar thermal panels for DHW and PV panels on the roof, ranged
between 64 and 79 kWh/m2 for all the apartments. Therefore, the RES cover from 65% to 93% of the primary energy
consumption.

Table 6. Energy Consumption and CO2 emissions – Optimised nZEB scenario.

Final Primary Energy Mean Primary Primary

Ap. Final Energy Final Energy
Floor Energy Consumption from Consumption per CO2 emissions Class Energy
Unit Cooling Consumption
Heating Conventional Sources Floor RES
kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kgCO2/m2 kWh/m2
A 1.4 10.88 19 32.84 5.71 A 76
First B 2.27 10.76 34 33.63 99 9.94 A 64
C 1.34 13.83 25 35.69 7.37 A 79

A 0.43 9.73 14 30.72 4.02 A 76

Mid B 0.82 9.05 11 30.47 93 3.23 A 79
C 0.31 12.61 19 33.44 5.59 A 79

A 1.2 11.29 20 33.05 5.87 A 76

Last B 2.01 11.13 20 33.74 100 5.83 A 79
C 1.14 14.26 26 35.92 7.55 A 79
Average 1.21 11.50 21 33.28 6.12 76

3.5.2. The payback period

The payback periods in the optimised scenario were 3.5 years for the first floor, 5 years for the mid floor and 2.5
years for the last floor. It is observed that the payback period was reduced by 1 year for the first floor, 1.5 years for
the mid floor and 2 years for the last floor.

4. Conclusion

The study was carried out in order to determine the overall economic viability of the refurbishment of Multi-
Family Houses, built before 2007, towards nearly Zero Energy Buildings. To this end, the effectiveness of the
energy conservation measures related to the upgrading of the energy performance of the envelope and the energy
 D.K. Serghides et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017) 11 – 19 19

production (PVs) and supply systems (split-units) was evaluated, in terms of energy savings and cost effectiveness.
Based on the results a more viable nZEB refurbishment scenario is proposed.
The results indicate that the refurbishment of an old Multi-Family House (representative, existing buildings of
this typology in Cyprus) into nearly Zero Energy Building, as it is defined by the Directive 366/2014, is financially
viable, with payback periods of less than 10 years. From the study it is concluded that the most cost-effective
measures for the apartments are the placement of horizontal overhangs, followed by the replacement of the central
oil heating, with payback periods less than 1 year.
Based on the results obtained from the analysis of the energy and cost effectiveness of the refurbishment
measures separately, an alternative refurbishment scenario, which incorporates the most efficient measures which
are the placement of horizontal overhangs above the south facing windows and Renewable Energy Sources with
larger PV panel area was developed. This scenario highlights the role of PVs in the Mediterranean region, as shown
and in previous studies16,17, reducing the payback period up to 2 years, even though the initial cost investment for the
optimized nZEB scenario is higher than the standard. Also, taking into consideration the building as a whole, the
mean reduction of the CO2 emissions was 292%, compared with its existing state. Moreover, the placement of
shading devices presents both an energy efficient and economically viable choice, although not included as an
obligatory measure in the requirements of the Directive 366/2014.
The minimum requirements towards nearly Zero Energy houses, as drafted by the Cyprus government, especially
for the refurbishment of buildings constructed before 1980 result to great energy savings and lower CO 2 emissions.
The evaluation of the cost effectiveness and energy efficiency of the different refurbishment measures on the
building’s envelope, combined to the high contribution of energy produced from PV systems can lead to the
optimization of a refurbishment scenario, in order to constitute a more feasible choice.

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