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BUILDING SCIENCE II (BLD61303)

PROJECT 2: INTEGRATION PROJECT


DAYLIGHT AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS OF DESIGNED COMMUNITY
LIBRARY

NAME: PREMDYL SINGH SHADAN


ID: 0321979
TUTOR: AR. EDWIN CHAN
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SITE

2.0 CLIMATIC STUDY OF THE SITE

3.0 DRAWINGS

4.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATERGIES

4.1 REQUIRED FORMULA

4.2 SPACE A- SKILLS LIBRARY (SECOND FLOOR)

4.3 SPACE B- ACADEMIC LIBRARY (FIRST FLOOR)

5.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATERGIES

5.1 REQUIRED FORMULA

5.2 SPACE A- SKILLS LIBRARY (SECOND FLOOR)

5.3 SPACE B- ACADEMIC LIBRARY (FIRST FLOOR)

6.0 REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE
The site proposed is located at Jalan Besar on the south side of Klang, Kuala Lumpur. Jalan
Besar was once a place full of spirit and life, now has been stigmatized as a place for the
lonely, old and dangerous. Once occupied by the British during WW1 and the Japanese
during WW2, Jalan Besar offers a range of diverse architecture styles that complement the
mix demographic that Klang is well known forJalan Besar is also a commute hub with a
train station and multiple highways that connects the city of Klang with neighboring
suburbs such as Kuala Lumpur, Shah Alam and Subang Jaya.

Our site is an infill between the famous Chong Kok Kopitiam and an abandoned shop lot
which both consist of the three stories including the ground floor. The front façade of the
building on Jalan Besar mainly receive evening/ sunset lighting whilst the back façade
facing the alley receives morning/ sunrise lighting. Our sites coordinate are as follows
3.042501, 101.449621.
2.0 CLIMATIC STUDY OF THE SITE

8 AM

The diagram shows that the front


façade is fully covered by the shadow
casted by the morning sun.

12 PM

The diagram shows that the five foot


way is the only place that is shaded
due to the abundant of sunlight that is
casted. There is no obstruction
around the site therefore allowing
sunlight penetration to be at its fullest
for the top floors.

5 PM

The diagram illustrates that the


back façade is covered by evening
sun whilst the front façade gets full
daylight that penetrates into the
front spaces.
3.0 DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN


SCALE 1:200
SPACE B

FIRST FLOOR PLAN


SCALE 1:200
SPACE A

SECOND FLOOR PLAN


SCALE 1:200
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
SCALE 1:200
FORTH FLOOR PLAN
SCALE 1:200
SPACE A

SPACE B

SECTION A-A’
SCALE 1:200
4.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATERGIES

4.1 REQUIRED FORMULA

When designing a building, daylighting must be taken into account during the early stages.
The average daylight factor may be used to calculate the amount and adequacy f daylight
that illuminates a space. They are determined by from the given data of W, T and R.

Average Daylight Factor = ( W / A) X ( Tө / 1 – R )

Where,
W is the area of the windows (meter square)
A is the total area of internal surface (meter square)
T is the glass transmittance corrected for dirt
Ө is the visible sky angle in degree from the window
R is the average reflectance of area A

4.2 SPACE A- SKILLS LIBRARY (SECOND FLOOR)


DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION
Area of Windows (m2) L = 1.5 + 2.0 +2.0 + 2.0 +4.1 + 7.2
= 18.8
H = 3.0
Area = 18.8 X 3.0
= 56.4 m2
Total Area of Internal Surfaces (m2) L = 1.5 + 2.0 +2.0 + 2.0 +4.1 + 7.2 + 4.9 + 2.7 +
3.7 + 1.2
= 31.3
H = 3.2
Area = 31.3 X 3.2
= 100.16 m2
Ceiling and Floor Area = 66 X 2 = 132m2
Total Area = 100.16 + 132
= 232.16m2
Glass Transmittance Corrected for Dirt 0.6 (for double glazed windows in clean
environment)
Visible Sky Angle in Degree from Centre of 15⁰ (obstruction due to recession of room)
Window

Average Reflectance Of Area 0.4


Average Daylight Factor ( W / A) X ( Tө / 1 – R )
= ( 56.4 / 232.16 ) X ( 0.6 [15] ) / ( 1 – 0.4 )
= 507.6 / 139.296
= 3.64 %
In conclusion, according to the MS 1525, the recommended daylight factor is between 3-6,
making my skills library of 3.64% daylight factor is bright and perfect for a library. The
usage of natural shading devices such as trees and vines are implemented to solve the
glare and heat problems that may occur.

To note: Trees with bushy leaves and average canopy are used to remove direct rays from
entering. Vines are also used as a second skin to remove heat from entering and building
up in the library. Finally recession of the library, allows shade during peak hours such as
hot afternoons.
4.3 SPACE B- ACADEMIC LIBRARY (FIRST FLOOR)

DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION


Area of Windows (m2) L = 11 + 3.2 + 2.9 + 1.9 + 1.9 + 1.9 + 1.9
= 24.7
H = 2.0
Area = 24.7 X 2.0
= 49.4 m2
Total Area of Internal Surfaces (m2) L = 11 + 3.2 + 2.9 + 1.9 + 1.9 + 1.9 + 1.9 + 2.2 + 5.1 + 1.9
+ 2.5 + 2.5 + 2.5 + 2.5 + 0.9
= 44.8
H = 3.2
Area = 44.8 X 3.2
= 143.36 m2
Ceiling and Floor Area = 74 X 2 = 148m2
Total Area = 143.36 + 148
= 291.36m2

Glass Transmittance Corrected for 0.6 (for double glazed windows in clean
environment)
Dirt
Visible Sky Angle in Degree from 54⁰ (slight obstruction for neighboring building)
Centre of Window

Average Reflectance Of Area 0.4


Average Daylight Factor ( W / A) X ( Tө / 1 – R )
= ( 49.4 / 291.36 ) X ( 0.6 [54] ) / ( 1 – 0.4 )
= 507.6 / 60.069
= 9.15 %

In conclusion, according to the MS 1525, the recommended daylight factor is between 3-6,
making my academic library of 9.15% daylight factor too high with possible risk of thermal
and glare problems. Hence, the implementation of diagonal walls and vines are
implemented to solve the glare and heat problems that may occur.

To note: Vines are used as a


second skin to remove heat
from entering and building up
in the library. Also, diagonal
walls are used to remove
direct light from entering into
the academic library.
5.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATERGIES

5.1 REQUIRED FORMULA

Room Index, RI, is a number that describes the ratios of the room’s length, width and
working plane height.

Room Index = ( L X W ) / ( L + W) H

Where,
L is the length of space (metres)
W is the width of the space (metres)
H is the mounted height of fitting above working plane (metres)

The lumen method (also called zonal cavity method) serves to provide approximate
calculations for planning indoor lighting systems. The method is used to determine the
number of luminaires and lamps required to achieve a given illuminance. It uses
horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space.

N = ( E X A ) / ( F X UF X MF )

Where,

N is the number of lamps required or illuminance level


E is the required lux (lux)
A is the area at working plane height (metre square)
F is the initial luminous flux from each lamp (lumens)
UF is the utilization factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the
room surface
MF is the maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of
deterioration and dirt

5.2 SPACE A- SKILLS LIBRARY (SECOND FLOOR)

LIGHTING FIXTURE PROPERTIES


Type of Lighting Recessed Downlight

Fixation Recessed Mounting


Product Brand Fagerhult Kaskad Flux
Lighting Distribution Direct Distribution
Material Fixture Luminaire Body and visible edge ring of sheet
steel in white structured enamel. Heatsink in
black enameled aluminum.
Wattage Range (W) 13
Luminous Flux (lm) 827
Colour Temperature (K) 2700
CRI >80
Light Distribution 21⁰
ROOM INDEX CALCULATION
Dimensions of Space A Length = 10.2 m
Width = 6.47 m
(assuming all angles are straight)

Floor Area of Space A 10.2 X 6.47 = 66 m2


Height of Ceiling 3.2 m
Height of Working Plane 0.8 m
Height of Luminaries from Floor Plane 3.2 m
Mounting Height 3.2 – 0.8 = 2.4 m
Room Index RI = ( L X W ) / ( L + W) H
= (10.2 X 6.47) / (10.2 + 6.47) X 2.4
= 65.994 / 40.008
= 1.65

LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION


Lux Required, IES Standard 300
Illumination
Area of Working Plane One Table = 1.13 m2
Nine Tables = 1.13 X 9
= 10.17 m2
Luminous Flux of Fitting 827
Utilization Factor C = 0.7 (Light Material)
W = 0.5 (Light Material)
F = 0.2 (Dark Grey Concrete)
RI = 1.64
UF from table = 0.57
Maintenance Factor 0.8 (Standard)
Lumen Calculation N = ( E X A ) / ( F X UF X MF )
N = ( 300 x 10.17 ) / ( 827 x 0.57 x 0.8 )
N = 3051 / 377.112
N = 8.09 = 8
Fitting Layout Smax = 1.0 X 2.4
(where Smax is maximum spacing) = 2.4 m
Distance of lights not greater than 2.4m

REFLECTED CEILING PLAN WITH ARTICIAL LIGHTING

The recommended number of artificial


lights used according to the lumen
calculation was 8, however 9 are used in the
reflected ceiling plan to ensure equal
lighting throughout the skills library
especially near the kook of the entrance.
PSALI INVESTIGATION

ROW 1

ROW 2

ROW 1

WITH DAYLIGHT AVAILABLE


Based on the lumen method
calculation, during the day time rows
1 and 2 are switched off, however if
needed for extra illumination row 2
may be switched on as it is deeper
into the library..

ROW 1

ROW 2

WITH DAYLIGHT UNAVAILABLE


Based on the lumen method
calculation, during the evening
or gloomy days both these rows
may be switched on again for equal
light dispersal throughout the
room.
5.3 SPACE B- ACADEMIC LIBRARY (FIRST FLOOR)

LIGHTING FIXTURE PROPERTIES


Type of Lighting Recessed Downlight

Fixation Recessed Mounting


Product Brand Fagerhult Kaskad Flux
Lighting Distribution Direct Distribution
Material Fixture Luminaire Body and visible edge ring of sheet
steel in white structured enamel. Heatsink in
black enameled aluminum.
Wattage Range (W) 13
Luminous Flux (lm) 827
Colour Temperature (K) 2700
CRI >80
Light Distribution 21⁰

ROOM INDEX CALCULATION


Dimensions of Space B Length = 13.2 m
Width = 5.6 m
(assuming all angles are straight)

Floor Area of Space B 13.2 X 5.6 = 74 m2


Height of Ceiling 3.2 m
Height of Working Plane 0.8 m
Height of Luminaries from Floor Plane 3.2 m
Mounting Height 3.2 – 0.8 = 2.4 m
Room Index RI = ( L X W ) / ( L + W) H
= (13.2 X 5.6) / (13.2 + 5.6) X 2.4
= 74 / 45.12
= 1.64

LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION


Lux Required, IES Standard 300
Illumination
Area of Working Plane One Table = 1.13 m2
Ten Tables = 1.13 X 10
= 11.3 m2
Luminous Flux of Fitting 827
Utilization Factor C = 0.7 (Light Material)
W = 0.5 (Light Material)
F = 0.2 (Dark Grey Concrete)
RI = 1.64
UF from table = 0.57
Maintenance Factor 0.8 (Standard)
Lumen Calculation N = ( E X A ) / ( F X UF X MF )
N = ( 300 x 11.3 ) / ( 827 x 0.57 x 0.8 )
N = 3390 / 377.112
N = 8.98 = 9
Fitting Layout Smax = 1.0 X 2.4
(where Smax is maximum spacing) = 2.4 m
Distance of lights not greater than 2.4m
REFLECTED CEILING PLAN WITH ARTICIAL LIGHTING

The lumen calculation suggests 9 as the best number of artificial lights used. However, 10
lights were used instead to guarantee equal lighting throughout the academic library.

PSALI INVESTIGATION

ROW 1

ROW 2
ROW 2 ROW 2 ROW 1

WITH DAYLIGHT AVAILABLE WITH DAYLIGHT UNAVAILABLE


According to the lumen calculation According to the lumen method
rows 1 and 2 are switched off during the calculation, both rows 1 and 2 can be
day time. For extra illumination row 2 switched on during gloomy days and
can be switched on. evenings for equal light dispersal
throughout the room.
6.0 REFERENCES
1. Classrooms. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2018 from
http://www.fagerhult.com/Support-center/solutions/Schools/Classrooms/

2. wiki.naturalfrequency.com | ECOTECT COMMUNITY WIKI! (n.d.). Retrieved


June 30, 2018, from http://wiki.naturalfrequency.com/wiki/Average_Daylight_Factor

3. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2018, from


https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/building-performance-analysis-
curriculum

4.https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/Light
Levels_outdoor+indoor.pdf

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