ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION
  
φ = B.A = B.S ⇒ BA. cos θ Constant B

Weber
φ = Tesla × meter = Weber
2
⇒ Tesla =
meter 2

φ = BA =
F
Click to qv
.A =
MLT − 2 2
edit MasterAT
subtitle
.LT 1
.L
−style
= [
ML2 − 2 −1
T A ]

Variable B

   
φ = ∫ B.dA = ∫ B.dS = ∫ B.dS cos θ
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The angle θ is the
complement of the angle α
that the plane of the area
makes with B field.
(Cos θ = Sin α)
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Example 1: A current loop has an area of 40 cm2 and
is placed in a 3-T B-field at the given angles. Find the
flux F through the loop in each case.

(a) Φ = BA cos 00 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(1); Φ = 12.0 mWb

(b) Φ = BA cos 900 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0); Φ = 0 mWb

(c) Φ = BA cos 600 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0.5); Φ = 6.00 mWb

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EMF produced whenever magnet is

moving or coil is moving
Relative motion b/w Magnet and Coil
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FARDAY’s LAW of ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

First law
Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a
closed circuit changes, an emf is induced in the circuit.
The induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic
flux continues.

Second law
The magnitude of emf induced in a closed circuit is
directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with the circuit.
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MATHEMATICAL VIEW
∆ φ dφ
ε = =
∆ t dt

Lenz’s law
Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in
a circuit always flows in such a direction that it
opposes the change or cause that produces it.

∆φ dφ
ε = − = −
∆t dt
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A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance 0.5 Ω is placed vertically
in the east-west plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.10 T is set up
across the plane in the north-east direction. The magnetic field is
decreased to zero in 0.70 s at a steady rate. Determine the
magnitudes of induced emf and current during this time-interval
φ = BA cos 45°

1 10 − 3
φ = 0.1× 0.01× = WEST EAST
2 2

10 − 3 1 10 − 3
ε = . = 10 − 3 V I= = 2 × 10 − 3 A
2 0 .7 0.5
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A circular coil of radius 10 cm, 500 turns and resistance 2 Ω is placed
with its plane perpendicular to the horizontal component of the
earth’s magnetic field. It is rotated about its vertical diameter through
180° in 0.25 s. Estimate the magnitudes of the emf and current
induced in the coil. Horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic
field at the place is 3.0 × 10–5 T.
  dφ ∆ φ
φ = B.A = BA cos θ ε = =
dt ∆ t
φ initial = 3 × 10 − 5 × π × 10 − 2 × cos 0 = 3π × 10 − 7 Wb
φ final = 3 × 10 − 5 × π × 10 − 2 × cos180 = − 3π × 10 − 7 Wb

500 × 2 × 3π × 10 − 7 ε 3.8 × 10 − 3
ε = = 3.8 × 10 − 3 V I= = = 1.9 × 10 − 3 A
0.25 R 2
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In Figure a long straight wire with current i passes (without
touching) three rectangular wire loops with edge lengths L, 1.5L,
and 2L. The loops are widely spaced (so as not to affect one
another). Loops 1 and 3 are symmetric about the long wire.
Rank the loops according to the size of the current induced in
them if current i is (a) constant and (b) increasing, greatest first.

(a) ALL ZERO as NO Flux changes

(b) 2 and 1 & 3 TIE (ZERO)

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In Figure a wire loop has been bent so that it has three segments:
segment bc (a quarter-circle), ac (a square corner), and ab
(straight). Here are three choices for a magnetic field through the
loop: B is in milliteslas and t is in seconds. Without written
Where
calculation, rank the choices according to (a) the work done per unit
charge in setting up the induced current and (b) that induced
current, greatest first. (c) For each choice, what is the direction of
the induced current in the figure?

(i) B = 3i + 7 j − 5tk

(ii) B = 5ti − 4 j − 5k

(iii) B = 2i − 5tj − 12k
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(i) B = 3i + 7 j − 5tk (ii) B = 5ti − 4 j − 5k (iii) B = 2i − 5tj − 12k

π 2 1 2
bc = r k̂ ac = r î
2
ab = r ĵ
4 2
π 2 1 2
φ bc = r . − 5t φ ac = 3r 2 φ ab = r .7
4 2

π 2 1 2
φ bc φ
= r . − 5 ac = 3r 2
.5t φ ab = r .− 4
4 2
π 2 1 2
φ bc = r . − 12 φ ac = 3r .22
φ ab = r . − 5t
4 2
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LENZ’S LAW

Induced B Induced B
Left motion I Right motion

N S N S
I
Flux increasing to left induces Flux decreasing by right move
loop flux to the right. induces loop flux to the left.
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Lenz Rule is in accordance to

conservation of energy principle
Example 2: Use Lenz’s law to determine direction of
induced current through R if switch is closed for circuit
below.
Close switch. Then what is
direction of induced current?

The rising current in right circuit causes flux to increase to

the left, inducing current in left circuit that must produce a
rightward field to oppose motion. Hence current I through
resistor R is to the right as shown.
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MOTIONAL EMF

FLUX φ = B × l × x

dφ d (Blx)
EMF ε = =
dt dt
d( x )
EMF ε = Bl ⇒ Blv
dt

ε Blv
I= =
R R
DIRECTION Q to P
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A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is
moving out of a region of uniform magnetic field of magnitude
0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the emf developed
across the cut if the velocity of the loop is 1 cm/s in a direction
normal to the (a) longer side, (b) shorter side of the loop? For
how long does the induced voltage last in each case?

(a) BLv = 0.3  0.08  0.01 = 0.24 mV

T = 2/1 = 2 sec

(b) BLv = 0.3  0.02  0.01 = 0.06 mV

T = 8/1 = 8 sec
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SELF INDUCTION
Whenever induced emf is produced due to change in
current in coil itself, the phenomenon is termed as self
induction

Examples
BULB RADIO HEADLIGHT of CAR
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φ ∝ I ⇒ φ = LI

L is coefficient of SELF INDUCTION

WEBER
with unit
AMPERE
If I = 1 Ampere, φ = L
Click to of
Coefficient editSELF
Master INDUCTION
subtitle style is numerically equal
to FLUX when 1 Ampere current flows through it
If I = 1 Ampere, φ = 1 Wb, L = 1 HENRY
If 1 Ampere of current produces FLUX of 1 WEBER,
the self induction of coil is said to be 1 HENRY
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dφ dI dI
φ = LI ⇒ = L ⇒ ε = −L
dt dt dt
dI Amp
If =1 ⇒ ε = (− )L
dt sec

Coefficient of SELF INDUCTION is numerically equal to

induced emf when rate of change of current is 1 Amp/sec
dI Amp
If = 1 , ε = 1 V; L = 1 HENRY
dt sec
If rate of change of current 1 Ampere/sec produces emf of
1 VOLT, the self induction of coil is said to be 1 HENRY
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SELF INDUCTION of SOLENOID

A area of coil, N total number of turns

l length of Solenoid
IDEAL : Area negligible as compared to length
Magnetic field confined to finite region
N  
n= ⇒ N = nl φ = B.A = BA Now B = µ 0 nI
l
φ = µ 0 nI × A φ T = µ 0 nI × A × (nl) = µ 0 n 2 IAl

φ µ 0 n 2 IAl µ 0 N 2 Al µ 0 N 2 A
L= = = µ 0 n 2 Al L= =
I I l 2
l
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ENERGY in INDUCTOR

dI
ε = −L
dt

dI
dW = ε .dq = L .dq
dt

dI dq
dW = L .dq = L .dI = LI.dI
dt dt

I 1 2
U= ∫ dW = L ∫ I.dI = LI
0 2
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MUTUAL INDUCTION
Whenever induced emf is produced due to change in
current in neighboring coil, the phenomenon is termed
as mutual induction
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φ 1 ∝ I 2 ⇒ φ 1 = M12 I 2

M is coefficient of MUTUAL INDUCTION

WEBER
with unit
AMPERE
If I = 1 Ampere, φ 1 = M12

Coefficient of MUTUAL INDUCTION is numerically equal to

FLUX when 1 Ampere current flows through neighbouring coil
If I = 1 Ampere, φ 1 = 1 Wb, M12 = 1 HENRY
If 1 Ampere of current produces FLUX of 1 WEBER, in
neighbouring coil, the mutual induction of coils is said to be 1
HENRY
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dφ 1 dI 2 dI 2
φ 1 = M12 I 2 ⇒ = M12 ⇒ ε 1 = − M12
dt dt dt
dI 2 Amp
If =1 ⇒ ε 1 = (− )M12
dt sec
Coefficient of MUTUAL INDUCTION is numerically equal to
induced emf in neighboring coil when rate of change of current is
coil is 1 Amp/sec

dI 2 Amp
If =1 , ε = 1 V; M12 = 1 HENRY
dt sec
If rate of change of current 1 Ampere/sec produces emf of 1
VOLT in neighboring coil, the mutual induction of coils is
said to be 1 HENRY
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A area of coil, N1 and N2 total number
of turns, ‘l’common length of Solenoid

N  
n1 = 1 ⇒ N1 = n1l φ 12 = B.A = B1A 2 Now B = µ 0 n1I
l
φ 12 = µ 0 n1I × A 2

φ T = µ 0 n1I × A 2 × (n 2 l) = µ 0 n1.n 2 IA 2 l

φ T µ 0 n1n 2 IAl
M12 = = = µ 0 n1n 2 Al
I I
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Applications of Eddy current
(i) Dead beat galvanometer
When current is passed through a galvanometer, the coil oscillates
about its mean position before it comes to rest. To bring the coil to rest
immediately, the coil is wound on a metallic frame. Now, when the coil
oscillates, eddy currents are set up in the metallic frame, which opposes
further oscillations of the coil. This inturn enables the coil to attain its
equilibrium position almost instantly. Since the oscillations of the coil
die out instantaneously, the galvanometer is called dead beat
galvanometer.
(ii) Induction furnace
In an induction furnace, high temperature is produced by generating eddy
currents. The material to be melted is placed in a varying magnetic field of
high frequency. Hence a strong eddy current is developed inside the metal.
Due to the heating effect of the current, the metal melts.
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SOLVED
6.2,
6.3, UNSOLVED
6.6, 3, 4,
6.7, 5,6,
6.8, 7, 8,
6.9, 9, 10,
6.10 15, 16