INDEX

1. - Introduction.........................................................................................................02

3. – Grammatical theme: SIMPLE PAST………………………………………………….………..…….03

3.1.- What is simple past?....................................................................................03

3.2.- GRAMMATICAL RULES …..............................................................................05

3.1.1. – Form: …...........................................................................................05

3.1.2. - Exceptions........................................................................................06

4. – Pronunciation……………………………………………………………………………………..……..……...07

5. - ESTRUCTURE …………………………………………………………………….……………..………………..11

6. - USES.………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..…..08

7. – Listening Simple Past: the man who sold world….……………..………………..…………..11

8. – Transversal topic: Thomas Edison…………………………..……….………………………….……13

8.1. Biography ………………………..…………………..…………………………….…………………....13

8.2. Inventions …..................................................................................................14

9. - Conclusions …………………………………………………………………………..…..…………………....16

10. - Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………..…..………………....16

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 INTRODUCTION

There are many ways to talk about the past in English, but the simple past is the most
common way. We use the past simple for complete actions in the past. In the simple
past there are regular verbs and irregular verbs.

In the present report the grammatical way will be taught, a cross-sectional theme with
respect to the subject and likewise a song of the subject.

Dedication
The present work is especially dedicated to my parents who try hard to give me
a better education; to my professor who transmits knowledge that will be very
useful for our future and is also dedicated to all my colleagues with whom I share
experience day by day and between whom we support to face any obstacle.

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GRAMMATICAL THEME: SIMPLE PAST

WHAT IS SIMPLE PAST?

The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be
in the recent past or the distant past and action duration is not important..

Examples:

Example 1: John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

Example 2: My father died last year.

Example 3: He lived in Hawaii in 1976.

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The "simple past" is always used to refer to when something happened, so it is
associated with certain temporary expressions that indicate:

 Frequency: often, sometimes, always

 I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
 I often brought my lunch to school.
 A certain time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
 We saw a good film last week.
 Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
 She finished her work at seven o'clock
 I went to the theater last night
 An indeterminate time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in
caves a long time ago.
 She played the piano when she was a child.

Note: the term ago is useful for expressing temporal distance in the past. It is placed
after the period of time in question: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

Formation of the "simple past" with regular verbs

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1.1 GRAMMATICAL RULES
1.1.1 Form:

Affirmative

Subject + raíz + ed

skipped.
I
Negative

Subject + did not + infinitive sin to

They didn't go.

Interrogative

Did + Subject + infinitive sin to

Did she arrive?

Negative question

Did not + Subject + infinitive sin to

Didn't you play?

To form the simple past with regular verbs, use the infinitive and add the ending "-ed".
The form is the same for all people (me, you, he, she, he, us, them).

Examples:

want → wanted

learn → learned

stay → stayed

walk → walked

show → showed

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1.1.2 EXCEPTIONS:

1. For verbs that end in an "e", we only add "-d".

Examples:

change → changed

believe → believed

2. If the verb ends in a short vowel and a consonant (except "y" or "w"), we
double the final consonant.
Examples:

stop → stopped

commit → committed

3. With verbs that end in a consonant and a "y", the "y" is changed to an "i".
Examples:

study → studied

try → tried

Note: There are many irregular verbs in English. Unfortunately, there isn’t established
norm to train them. See a list of irregular verbs here. Below are the three most
common irregular verbs and those that act as auxiliary verbs.

Verb Past simple

was (I, he, she, it)

be
were (you, we, they)

do did

have had

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1.2 PRONUNCIATION
We pronounce the ending "-ed" differently depending on the letter that goes to the
end of the infinitive. In general, the "e" is silent.

1. With the infinitives ending in "p", "f", "k" or "s" (unvoiced consonants, except
"t") we pronounce the ending "-ed" as a "t".
Examples:

Looked [lukt]

Kissed [kisst]

2. With infinitives ending in "b", "g", "l", "m", "n", "v", "z" (voiced consonants,
except "d") or a vowel, we pronounce only the D".
Examples:

Yelled [jeld]

Cleaned [klind]

3. With the infinitives that end in "d" or "t", we pronounce the "e" as an "i".
Examples:

Ended [endid]

Waited [weitid]

1.3 ESTRUCTURE
1. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + main verb…

Examples:

She was a doctor. (Era doctora.)

The keys were in the drawer. (Las llaves estaban en el cajón.)

I wanted to dance. (Quería bailar.)

They learned English. (Aprendieron inglés.)

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 We believed him. (Le creímos.)

I bought a blue car. (Compré un coche azul.)

2. NEGATIVE SENTENCES
To be
Subject + "to be" + "not" ...

Examples:
She wasn’t a doctor. (Ella no era doctora.)
The keys weren’t in the drawer. (Las llaves no estaban en el
cajón.)
Note: The verb "to have got", which in the present simple follows the same rules as the
verb "to be", can’t be used in the past. To indicate possession in the past, we use the
verb "to have".
All other verbs:
Subject + auxiliary verb (to do) + "not" + main verb (in infinitive) ...

Examples:
I didn’t want to dance. (No quería bailar.)
They didn’t learn English. (No aprendieron inglés)
We didn’t believe him. (No le creímos.)
I didn’t buy a blue car. (No compré un coche azul.)

Note: In negative sentences, the auxiliary verb goes in the past ("did") and the main
verb stays in the infinitive.

3. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

To be

“To be” + subject…?

Examples:
Was she a doctor? (¿Era doctora?)

Were the keys in the drawer? (¿Estaban las llaves en el cajón?)

All other verbs:

Auxiliary verb (to do) + subject + main verb (in infinitive) ...?

Examples:
Did you want to dance? (¿Querías bailar?)

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 Did they learn English? (¿Aprendieron inglés?)

Did you believe him? (¿Le creíste?)

Did you buy a blue car? (¿Compraste un coche azul?)

Note: As in the negative sentences, the auxiliary verb goes in the past ("did") and the
main verb stays in the infinitive.

1.4 USES
1. The simple past is used to talk about a concrete action that began and ended in
the past. In this case it is equivalent to the indefinite Spanish preterit.
Generally, we use it with adverbs of time like "last year", "yesterday", "last
night" ...
Examples:
 Tom stayed at home last night. (Tom se quedó en casa anoche.)

 Kate worked last Saturday. (Kate trabajó el sábado pasado.)

 I didn’t go to the party yesterday. (No fui a la fiesta ayer.)

 Did they walk to school this morning? (¿Han andado a la escuela esta
mañana?)

2. The past simple is used for a series of actions in the past.

Examples:
 I received the good news and immediately called my husband. (Recibí la
buena noticia y llamé de inmediato a mi marido.)

 He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn’t return
home until 10 at night. (Estudió durante una hora por la mañana, trabajó toda
la tarde y no regresó a casa hasta las 10 de la noche.)

3. We also use it for repeated or habitual actions in the past, as the imperfect
Spanish imperfect is used.
Examples:

 We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young. (Siempre

viajábamos a Cancun durante las vacaciones cuando éramos jóvenes.)

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  He walked 5 kilometers every day to work. (Caminaba 5 kilómetros hasta el
trabajo cada día.)

4. We use it for narratives or actions of long periods in the past, such as the
imperfect Spanish past tense.
Examples:

 I worked for many years in a museum. (Trabajaba en un museo durante

muchos años.)

 She didn’t eat meat for years. (No comía carne durante años.)

5. It is used to talk about generalities or past events.

Examples:

 The Aztec lived in Mexico. (Los aztecas vivían en México)

 I played the guitar when I was a child. (Tocaba la guitarra cuando era niño.)

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LISTENING: “Nirvana - The Man Who Sold The World”

LYRICS

We passed upon the stair

We spoke of was and when
Although I wasn't there
He said I was his friend
Which came as a surprise
I spoke into his eyes
I thought you died alone
A long long time ago

Oh no, not me
We never lost control
You're face to face
With the man who sold the world

I laughed and shook his hand

And made my way back home
I searched for form and land
For years and years I roamed
I gazed a gazeless stare
We walked a million hills
I must have died alone
A long, long time ago

Who knows?
Not me
I never lost control
You're face to face
With the man who sold the world

Who knows?
Not me
We never lost control
You're face to face
With the man who sold the world

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 NIRVANA

Nirvana was an American rock band formed by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and
bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987. Nirvana went through a
succession of drummers, the longest-lasting and best-known being Dave Grohl, who
joined in 1990. Despite releasing only three full-length studio albums in their seven-year
career, Nirvana has come to be regarded as one of the most influential and important
alternative bands in history. Though the band dissolved in 1994 after the death of
Cobain, their music maintains a popular following and continues to influence modern
rock and roll culture.

In the late 1980s, Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene, releasing
its first album, Bleach, for the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989. They developed
a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts, often between quiet verses and loud, heavy
choruses. After signing to major label DGC Records, Nirvana found unexpected success
with "Smells Like Teen Spirit", the first single from the band's second album Nevermind
(1991). Nirvana's sudden success widely popularized alternative rock, and Cobain found
himself referred to in the media as the "spokesman of a generation", with Nirvana
considered the "flagship band" of Generation X. Nirvana's third studio album, In Utero
(1993), released to critical acclaim, featured an abrasive, less mainstream sound and
challenged the group's audience.

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Nirvana's active career ended following the death of Cobain in 1994, but various
posthumous releases have been issued since, overseen by Novoselic, Grohl, and
Cobain's widow Courtney Love. Since its debut, the band has sold over 25 million records
in the United States alone, and over 75 million records worldwide, making them one of
the best-selling bands of all time. Nirvana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of
Fame in 2014, in its first year of eligibility.

TRANSVERSAL TOPIC: THOMAS ALVA EDISON

Biography

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11,

1847 – October 18, 1931) was an
American inventor and
businessman, who has been
described as America's greatest
inventor.[1][2][3] He developed many
devices that greatly influenced life
around the world, including
the phonograph, the motion picture
camera, and the long-lasting,
practical electric light bulb. Dubbed
"The Wizard of Menlo Park",] he was
one of the first inventors to apply
the principles of mass
production and large-scale
teamwork to the process of invention, and is often credited with the creation of the first
industrial research laboratory.
Edison was a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many
patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. More significant than the number
of Edison's patents was the widespread impact of his inventions: electric light and
power utilities, sound recording, and motion pictures all established major new
industries worldwide. Edison's inventions contributed to mass communication and, in
particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote
recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion
pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as
a telegraph operator. Edison developed a system of electric-power generation and
distribution to homes, businesses, and factories – a crucial development in the modern
industrialized world. His first power station was on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York.

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Inventions

The phonograph
The phonograph was the first most common
device for recorded sounds from the 1870s to the
1880s. The phonograph was invented by Thomas
Alva Edison, Eldridge R. Johnson and Emile
Berliner. In its later forms, it is also called a
gramophone (as a registered trademark since
1887, as a generic name in the United Kingdom
since 1910), or, since the 1940s, a record player.

Incandescent lamp
Who discovered the incandescent lamp? ,
Benjamin Franklin and his discovery of the
lightning rod, Otto Van Guericke and his
electrostatics studies, Stephen Gray, who
contributed with his studies on electrical conduc
tivity and how certain bodies attracted each
other; but it was Edison's contribution that
improved the use of light when inventing the
incandescent lamp, this invention was
announced on December 21, 1879, the lamps
were accessible to the general public a year later and then the rest is history, quickly,
people used less and less gas-based lamps and electric lighting was more frequent in
avenues, homes and factories.

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Fluoroscope
Since Tomás Edison invented the fluoroscope in 1896, this
has been a very valuable tool in the practice of radiology. The
fluoroscope is used for dynamic studies. During fluoroscopy,
the radiologist observes a continuous image of the
movement of the internal structures while the x-ray tube
provides the energy.

The kinetoscope
The kinetoscope was a device prior to the cinematographic
projector invented by Thomas Alva Edison and William
Dickson in the late 1880s, based on the zoopraxis version
of Eadweard Muybridge.

The device was an apparatus intended for individual

viewing of continuous image bands but without the
possibility of projecting on a screen.

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 9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS

 It is of great importance to take into account the structuring of the sentences

used in the simple past tense, and their use in the English Language, since these
indicate to us things that we do frequently be activities, habits, routines, among
others.
 We must take into account the uses of the simple past, since it is widely used
and explained in a brief but concrete way
 Listening to this type of music and even more in English, it helps us to develop
our ability to understand this language that is quite global today.

REFERENCES
WEB LINES:

 https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-intermedio/verb-tenses-
past/past-simple
 https://www.ef.com.es/recursos-aprender-ingles/gramatica-inglesa/simple-
past/
 http://inglesparaturismo.com/pasado-simple-estructura-y-cuando-usarlo/
 https://centralasiainstitute.org/top-10-ways-education-promotes-peace/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_education

RESEARCH BOOK:

 OPEN MIND; LEVEL 1; 2da EDITION; BY MICKEY ROGERS, JOANNE TAYLORE AND
STEVE TAYLORE; THIS EDITION PUBLISHED 2014.

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