The fault of electrical transmission lines and function relay protection & automation

In result from several reasons technical injures and fault of electrical transmission lines have not
decreased in Mongolia. For 100 kV and more voltage transmission lines, the number of the shut
down in electrical lines, tend to increase year by year. The most of these shut down processes the
result of the wrong operating consequent on the long time usage and decrepitude of relay
protection. Safety and stability of the electrical system depends on the normal, distinct and good
operation of the protection equipment and accuracy of the measurement tools. Consequently, we
need to modify the relay protection and automation equipment. We have to change these old
protection and automation equipments by new technology such as microprocessor terminal tools
and digital protection tools. This changing and modifying will be the major factor and step to
decrease electrical line fault and shut downs number in electrical transmission system.

Effects of transmission line faults on dynamic voltage stability

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest for the analysis of dynamic voltage stability
on power systems. It is well known that induction motor loads have a particularly hazardous role
in the voltage stability. On the other hand, in transmission systems loaded by induction motor
loads, configuration changes such as line tripping, may cause voltage collapse. Moreover, if
there is a fault on transmission lines, the disturbance effect will then significantly increase the
possibility of voltage collapse. In this study, a transmission system subjected to different faults
on different locations is examined from the viewpoint of voltage stability. The study shows that
in the certain cases of paralleled transmission lines, single or double phase tripping of a faulted
line will have positive effects on voltage stability, instead of all three phase tripping.

The effects of faults on voltage stability of long electrical power transmission systems

Voltage stability is one of the most important problems faced in power system operation and
control. Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to the subject of dynamic voltage stability. It is
well known that the major components of the power system affecting the dynamic voltage
stability are constant power loads and transmission lines. In this study, the effects of faults on
transmission lines from the viewpoint of voltage stability are investigated. It is shown that
transmission line faults significantly increase the disturbance effect, which causes dynamic
voltage instability.
 Specifications LCC VSC

Switching device Thyristor IGBT

Switching losses Negligible High
Station size Large Significantly reduced
(around 50% of LCC)
Active power Continuous with fast Continuous from 0 to
control reversal but cannot operate ±100%
within ±10%
Active power DC voltage polarity must Instantaneous(0.1s) and
reversal be changed(0.5-1s) no change of DC voltage
polarity
Independent NO YES
control of active
and reactive power

Power levels Up to 6400MW Up to 1200MW

Higher currents
paralleling converters
Controllability Fast (0.1-0.2) Very fast (0.03-0.05)
(response time (s))

Reactive power 50-60% NO

demand
Commutation Present for AC disturbance NO
failure (5-10%)

DC Cable Must withstand fast Less expensive and Light

voltage polarity reversal weight extruded cable
during power reversal

gcs1='HVDC_MMCCopy1c';
set_param([gcs1, '/Half-Bridge MMC Ap'], 'BackgroundColor', 'white')
set_param([gcs1, '/Half-Bridge MMC Bp'], 'BackgroundColor', 'white')
set_param([gcs1, '/Half-Bridge MMC Cp'], 'BackgroundColor', 'white')
set_param([gcs1, '/Half-Bridge MMC Am'], 'BackgroundColor', 'white')
set_param([gcs1, '/Half-Bridge MMC Bm'], 'BackgroundColor', 'white')
set_param([gcs1, '/Half-Bridge MMC Cm'], 'BackgroundColor', 'white')

Topen_Filter=1e6;
Fn_filter=1000;
Zeta_filter=1;
Fc=Fnom*3.37; % Carriers frequency (Hz)

Kp_Preg= 0.5/3;
Ki_Preg= 1.0;
Kp_Qreg= 0.5/3;
Ki_Qreg= 1.0;
Kp_Ireg= 0.6;
Ki_Ireg= 6;
Kp_VDCreg=4; % Proportional gain
Ki_VDCreg=100; % Integral gain

Vnom_dc= 640e3;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
C_PM= 1.758e-3;
Vc0_PM=0;

Limits_VDCreg= [ 2.0, -2.0];

Limits_Ireg= [ 2.0, -2.0];
Limits_Qreg = [ 0.25, -0.25 ];
Limits_Preg = [ 1.2, 0.8 ];

Tbrk1_On=0.1;
Tbrk2_On=1.0;
Ton_Converter2=4;
Tdeblock=1.5;
Ton_VDCreg=1.5;
Ton_PQreg=4;
Ts=20e-6;
Ts_Power= 20e-6;
Ts_Control=20e-6;

Tramping_Pref=Ton_PQreg+0.2;
Tramping_Qref=Ton_PQreg+3.5;
Tramping_Vdc_ref=2;

Slope_Pref=0.5;
Slope_Qref=0.5;
Slope_Vdc_ref=128e6;

Rfilter=6.283;
Cfilter=1.6867e-5;
Psc= 2e10;
X_R= 7;
P_Ld1=666.67e6;
R_startup= 400;

Rarm/2=7.5e-4;
Larm/2=0.075;%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Larm_pu=0.15;%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Rarm_pu=1.5e-3;
Lff=Larm_pu/2;
Rff= Rarm_pu/2;%%%%%%%%%%%%%

R_cable = 0.5;
L_cable= 15e-3;
Rg= 100;
Cg= 50e-9;
R_startup= 400;
Lxfo= 0.12;
Rxfo= 0.003;
Tfault= 9999;
Rfault=1;
Fnom= 50;
Pnom= 1000e6;
Vnom_prim= 400e3;
Vnom_sec= 333e3;
Nb_PM=36;
Figure 4.1 MMC-HVDC system configuration
Figure4.2 Interconnection of two ac voltage sources through a lossless reactor
Figure 4.3 Phasor diagram of two ac voltage sources interconnected through a lossless reactor
Figure 4.4 Active-reactive locus diagram of VSC based power transmission system
Figure 4.5 Transformation between different coordinate system
Figure 4.6 Schematic representation of the MMC-HVDC system
Figure 4.7 Feedback control block of d and q axis current
Figure 4.8 Schematic diagram of MMC-HVDC system
Figure 4.9 Block diagram of PLL
Figure 4.10 The structure of the inner current controller implemented in synchronous reference
frame
Figure 4.11 DC voltage controller
Figure 4.12 Outer active and reactive power controller

Figure 5.1 Simulink Model of MMC based HVDC System

Figure 5.2. Simulation Model of MMC Station 1 (Rectifier side) based HVDC system
Figure 5.3. Simulation Model of MMC Controller Station 1 (Rectifier side)
Figure 5.4 Simulation Model of PWM generator with MMC (Station 1)
Figure 5.5 Simulation Model of Signal Calculation with MMC (Station 1)
Figure 5.6 Simulation Model of inner current controller with MMC (Station 1)
Figure 5.7 Simulation Model of DC voltage controller with MMC (Station 1)
Figure 5.8 Simulation Model of outer current controller with MMC (Station 1)
Figure 5.9. Simulation Model of MMC Station 2 (Inverter side) based HVDC system
Figure 5.10. Simulation Model of MMC Controller Station 2 (Inverter side)
Figure 5.11 Simulation Model of PWM generator with MMC (Station 2)
Figure 5.12 Simulation Model of Signal Calculation with MMC (Station 2)
Figure 5.13 Simulation Model of inner current controller with MMC (Station 2)
Figure 5.14 Simulation Model of DC voltage controller with MMC (Station 2)
Figure 5.15 Simulation Model of outer controller with MMC (Station 2)
Figure 5.16 Simulation Results Power, Reactive power at B1, VoltagesVabc at B1, Currents iabc
at B1
Figure 5.17 Simulation results of MMC Station 1 with upper and lower arm voltage
Figure 5.18 Simulation Results of DC bus voltage and DC power with MMC-HVDC

Figure 2.1. Basic for HVDC Transmission system

Figure-2.2 Comparison of HVAC & HVDC system [3]
Figure 2.3 Monopolar HVDC system
Figure 2.4-Bipolar HVDC system
Figure-2.5 Back to back HVDC system
Figure-2.6 Multi-terminal HVDC System
Figure-2.7 VSC-HVDC system Configuration
Figure 2.8 LCC-HVDC configuration
Figure 2.9 VSC-HVDC configuration [4]
Figure 2.10 Basic scheme of a three phase two-level Converter.
Figure 2.11 Multilevel Converters Classification [2]
Figure 2.12 Three-level diode clamped converter
Figure 2.13 Three-level flying capacitor converter
Figure 2.14-Five Level Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Converter
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Aims and Objectives
1.4 Scope of the Thesis
1.5 Outline of the Thesis

2.1 Introduction of HVDC Transmission System

2.1.1 Comparison of the HVAC and HVDC Transmission System
2.1.2 Configuration of HVDC Transmission
2.1.2.1 Monopolar HVDC System
2.1.2.2 Bipolar HVDC System
2.1.2.3 Back to Back HVDC System
2.1.2.4 Multi-terminal HVDC System
2.2 Main Components of HVDC Station
2.2.1 Converter Station
2.2.1.1 Thyristor Valves
2.2.1.2 Voltage Source Converter (VSC Valves)
2.2.2 Transformer
2.2.3 Phase Reactors
2.2.4 AC Filter
2.2.5 DC Filter
2.2.6 DC Capacitor
2.2.7 DC Smoothing Reactor
2.2.8 Reactive Power Compensation
2.2.9 DC Cable
2.3 The HVDC Transmission System Based on Line-Commutated Converters (LCC)
2.4 The HVDC Transmission System Based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
2.4.1 VSC-HVDC Transmission
2.4.2 Comparison with Line-Commutated Converters (LCC)-HVDC
2.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Topologies
2.5.1 VSC-HVDC with Two-level Converter
2.5.2 VSC-HVDC Multilevel Topologies
2.5.2 1 Neutral Point Clamped Converter(NPC)
2.5.2.2 Flying Capacitor Converter(FC)
2.5.2.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Converter(CHB)

3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) Basic structure
3.2.1 Modular Multilevel Converter of Sub-modules topologies
3.3 Basic operation principle of Modular Multilevel Converter
3.3.1 MMC Number of Submodules per Arm
3.3.2 MMC Submodule Capacitor
3.3.3 MMC Arm Inductance
3.4 Mathematical Modelling of MMC
3.4.1 MMC of Phase Arm
3.4.2 MMC (rectifier model) of Phase Leg
3.4.3 MMC (inverter model) of Phase Leg
3.4.4 DC side of the converter
3.4.5 AC side of the converter
3.5 Modulation techniques
3.5.1 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
3.5.2 Space vector Modulation(SVM)
3.5.3 Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE)
3.5.4 Nearest Level Modulation (NLM)
3.6 Advantage of MMC-HVDC system

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Principles of HVDC Control
4.3 Park and Clark transformation
4.4 Dynamic model of MMC-HVDC
4.5 Control Strategy of MMC-HVDC
4.5.1 Phase-Locked loop (PLL)
4.5.2 Inner current controller
4.5.3 The outer controller
4.5.3.1 DC Voltage Controller
4.5.3.2 Active Power and Reactive Power Controller
4.6 Theoretical calculation

5.1 Simulation Model of MMC based HVDC System

5.2 Simulation model of MMC Station 1 (Rectifier side) based HVDC system
5.2.1 Simulation Model of MMC-HVDC Controller Station 1 (Rectifier side)
5.3 Simulation Model of Inverter side with MMC-HVDC System
5.3.1 Simulation Model of MMC-HVDC Controller station 2(Inverter side)
5.4 Simulation Results
5.4.1 Simulation Results of MMC-HVDC with AC system at rectifier side
5.4.2 Simulation Results of MMC-HVDC with DC system
5.4.3 Simulation Results of MMC-HVDC with AC system at inverter side