Civil Engineering

Induction Book

Ruaumoko Manual

Volume 5:
Appendices

Author:
Athol J. Carr
Department of Civil Engineering COMPUTER PROGRAM LIBRARY

Program nam e:– Program type:– Program code:–

RUAUM OKO In-elastic Tim e-History Analysis ANSI Fortran77

Author:– Date:–
Athol J Carr May 3, 2007

APPENDICES
for programs

RUAUMOKO2D, RUAUMOKO3D, HYSTERES & INSPECT

APPENDIX A - STRENGTH DEGRADATION

APPENDIX B - STIFFNESS DEGRADATION

Hysteresis Loop data

Copyright \ Athol J. Carr, University of Canterbury, 1981-2007. All Rights reserved.

1
 APPENDIX A

DEGRADING STRENGTH parameters (Only if ILOS > 0)

DUCT1 DUCT2 RDUCT DUCT3 RCYC

DUCT1 Ductility at which degradation begins ( > 1.0) F

DUCT2 Ductility at which degradation stops ( > DUCT1) F
RDUCT Residual Strength as a fraction of the Initial Yield Strength F
DUCT3 Ductility at 0.01 initial strength ( blank or > DUCT2) F
RCYC % reduction of strength per cycle of inelastic behaviour (ILOS = 4, 5, 6 or 7 only) F

Notes:
1. ILOS, the param eter that controls the strength degradation (see Properties tables)
ILOS = 0, No Strength Degradation.
ILOS = 1, Strength loss in each direction is a function of the ductility in that direction.
ILOS = 2, Strength loss in each direction is a function of the num ber of inelastic cycles.
ILOS = 3, Strength loss in each direction is a function of the m axim um ductility.
ILOS = 4, As for ILOS = 1 above but strength loss is also proportional to the num ber of inelastic
cycles.
ILOS = 5, As for ILOS = 4 above but strength loss is also proportional to the num ber of inelastic cycles
and the strength due to ductility for ductilities greater than DUCT2 rem ains at the level of
RDUCT until the ductility reaches DUCT3 when the strength suddenly reduces to 1% of the
original strength.
ILOS = 6, As for ILOS = 3 above but strength loss is also proportional to the num ber of inelastic
cycles.
ILOS = 7 As for ILOS = 6 above but strength loss is also proportional to the num ber of inelastic cycles
and the strength due to ductility for ductilities greater than DUCT2 rem ains at the level of
RDUCT until the ductility reaches DUCT3 when the strength suddenly reduces to 1% of the
original strength.
2. If Strength Loss is based on cycle num ber rather than the ductility then DUCT1 is the cycle num ber that
the strength starts to reduce and DUCT2 is the cycle num ber at which the strength reaches the residual
value. It m ust be noted that the cycle num ber is com puted as the num ber of tim es the hysteresis rule
leaves the post-yield back-bone or skeleton curve divided by 2 and this m ight be greater than the
num ber of cycles of hysteresis particularly if there has been a one sided ratchet-like behaviour of the
hysteresis. The m inim um value perm itted for RDUCT is 0.01. If the strength was to reduce to 0.0,
Ruaum oko would then take the m em ber behaviour as elastic which would not be the intention of the
user.
3. If a num ber is provided for the variable DUCT3 above then the strength decreases linearly from
RDUCT tim es the initial strength at DUCT2 to 0.01 of the initial strength at ductility (cycle num ber)
DUCT3. If this num ber is om itted then the strength rem ains constant after DUCT2 is reached.
4. See Appendix B for inform ation on which Hysteresis rules are able to accept strength degradation.
5. If ILOS is greater than 0 then as the strength is reduced the stiffness is reduced to m atch. This m eans
that the yield displacem ent, rotation or curvature rem ains constant as the strength decreases m aking
the definition of m em ber ductility consistent. If the hysteresis loop being used has other strength
param eters such as a cracking force or m om ent then these are also reduced proportionally to the yield
strength. If this is not done then som e of the hysteresis loops m ay be im possible to follow where the
yield strength would becom e less than the cracking strength.
6. If ILOS is supplied as a negative num ber, i.e. -5, the strength degradation rule would follow that for
ILOS=5 but the stiffness would not be reduced and other hysteresis rule actions would also not be
reduced. This m eans that the definition of ductility would be difficult to follow as the yield displacem ent.
rotation or curvature, which is the denom inator in the expression for ductility, would decrease as the
strength decreases. Care would also be necessary insetting the levels of strength degradation to
ensure that the hysteresis loop does not becom e im possible to follow. See the note below.

2
 Strength Reduction Variation

In earlier versions of Ruaumoko when the strength degraded the stiffness rem ained using its input values.
This causes problem s with the definition of ductility in that as the yield force reduces and the stiffness
rem ains constant the yield displacem ent reduces and therefore for a given m em ber deform ation the apparent
ductility increases. This has shown up in that the residual strength, or the 1% strength, is reached at m uch
sm aller displacem ents, or curvatures, than the user had expected. The program has now been m odified
such that as the yield forces, or m om ents, degrade the stiffness also degrades. This m eans that the yield
displacem ents rem ain constant and the definitions of ductilities rem ain m ore consistant. As som e hysteresis
rules have other force, or m om ent quantities such as cracking forces, or intercept forces (see Appendix B),
which can also cause difficulties when the yield strength degrades, such that the yield strength m ay reduce to
a sm aller level than say the cracking m om ent leading to confusion within the hysteresis rule, such force
quantities are now also degraded as the yield strength degrades. This is m ore likely to be realistic than the
earlier operation of the strength degradation in that for m ost m em ber sections the yield point is defined by the
extrem e fibre yield strain and given the section properties the yield strain, or curvature, is m ore likely to
rem ain constant than is the yield force or m om ent. There are still som e difficulties when there are different
degradations in each direction, ILOS =1, 4 or 5 as the stiffness will vary depending whether the m em ber
displacem ent is positive or negative.

3
 APPENDIX B

STIFFNESS DEGRADATION parameters

Hysteresis Rules for Inelastic Mem ber Behaviour

Each of the rules is designated by the num ber as shown below.

0 = Elastic (default)
1 = Elasto-plastic
2 = Bi-linear
3 = Ram berg-Osgood
4 = Modified Takeda Degrading Stiffness
5 = Bi-linear with Slackness
6 = Kivell Degrading Stiffness
7 = Origin Centered Bi-linear Hysteresis
8 = SINA Degrading Stiffness
9 = Stewart Degrading Stiffness with Slackness
10 = Bi-linear Degrading Stiffness
11 = Clough Degrading Stiffness
12 = Q-HYST Degrading Stiffness
13 = Muto Tri-linear Degrading Stiffness
14 = Fukada Tri-linear Degrading Stiffness
15 = Bi-linear Elastic
16 = Non-linear Elastic (Un-Reinforced Masonry)
17 = Degrading Elastic
18 = Ring-Spring Isolator or Dam per
19 = Hertzian Contact Non-linear Spring
20 = Mehran Keshavarzian's Degrading Stiffness
21 = W idodo Foundation Com pliance
22 = Li Xinrong Reinforced Concrete Colum n Degrading Stiffness
23 = Bouc Degrading Stiffness
24 = Rem ennikov Out-of-plane Buckling Steel Brace
25 = Takeda with Slip Degrading Stiffness
26 = Al-Berm ani Bounding Surface Hysteresis
27 = Peak Oriented Hysteresis
28 = Matsushim a Strength Decay m odel
29 = Kato Shear m odel
30 = Elastom eric Dam per Spring
31 = Com posite Section, m odified SINA m odel
32 = Different Stiffness in Positive and Negative directions. Modified Bi-linear rule
33 = Masonry Strut Hysteresis
34 = Hyperbolic Hysteresis
35 = Degrading Bi-linear with Gap Hysteresis
36 = Bi-linear with Differing Positive and Negative Stiffness Hysteresis
37 = Non-linear Elastic Power Rule Hysteresis
38 = Revised Origin Centred Hysteresis
39 = Dodd-Restrepo Steel Hysteresis
40 = Bounded Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis
41 = Modified (Payne) Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis
42 = HERA-SHJ Steel Hinge unit.
43 = Resetting Origin Loop
44 = Pam panin Reinforced Concrete Hinge hysteresis
45 = Degrading Stiffness Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis
46 = Dean Saunders Reinforced Concrete Colum n
47 = Multi-linear Elastic
48 = Isotropic/Kinem atic Strain Hardening Bi-Linear
49 = Isotropic/Kinem atic Strain-Hardening Ram berg-Osgood
50 = Flag-shaped Bi-linear Hysteresis
51 = Two-Four Hysteretic dam per
52 = Schoettler-Restrepo Reinforced Concrete Hysteresis
53 = Rajesh Dhakal Steel Hysteresis

4
54 = Brian Peng Concrete Hysteresis
55 = Sem i-active Air-dam per Hysteresis
56 = Modified SINA Hytseresis
57 = Revised TAKEDA Hysteresis

5
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Frame members in RUAUM OKO-2Dand RUAUM OKO-3D

Hysteresis 1cpt R-C Steel Gen 2cpt VFlex

IHYST
Rule beam col. col. col. beam beam
0 Elastic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1 Elasto-Plastic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
2 Bi-linear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
3 Ramberg-Osgood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
4 Takeda Yes Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes Yes
5 Bi-linear - Slackness Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
6 Kivell Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
7 Origin-Centered Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
8 SINA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
9 Stewart Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
10 Degrading Bi-linear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
11 Clough Yes Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes Yes
12 Q-HYST Yes Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes No
13 Muto Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
14 Fukada Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
15 Bi-linear Elastic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
16 Non-Linear Elastic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
17 Degrading Elastic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
18 Ring-Spring Yes No No No No No
19 Hertzian Contact No No No No No No
20 Keshavarzian Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
21 Widodo Foundation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
22 Li-Xinrong Column No Yes No No No No
23 Bouc Yes No No No Yes Yes
24 Remennikov Yes No Yes No No No
25 Takeda with slip Yes No No No Yes No
26 Al-Bermani Bound-Surface Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
27 Peak Oriented Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
28 Matsushima Degrading Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
29 Kato Degrading Shear Yes Yes No No Yes No
30 Elastomeric Spring No No No No No No
31 Composite Section Yes No No No Yes Yes
32 Different +/- Stiffness Yes No No No Yes Yes
33 Masonry Strut No No No No No No
34 Hyperbolic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
35 Degrading Bi-linear Yes No No No Yes No
36 Bi-linear Differing +/- Stiffness Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
37 Non-linear Elastic Power Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
38 Revised Origin Centred Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
39 Dodd-Restrepo Steel Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

40 Bounded Ramberg-Osgood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

41 Payne Ramberg-Osgood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

42 HERA-SHJ Yes No No No Yes No

43 Resetting Origin No No No No No No

6
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Frame members in RUAUM OKO-2Dand RUAUM OKO-3D

Hysteresis 1cpt R-C Steel Gen 2cpt VFlex

IHYST
Rule beam col. col. col. beam beam
44 Pampanin Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
45 Degrading Ramberg-Osgood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
46 Dean Saunders Conc. Column Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

47 Multi-linear Elastic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

48 Isotropic Strain Hard. Bi-linear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

49 Isotropic Strain Hard. Ramberg Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

50 Flag-shaped Bi-linear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

51 Two-Four Hystertic damper No No No No No No

52 Schoettler-Restrepo Yes No No No Yes No

53 Rajesh Dhakal Steel No No No No No No

54 Brian Peng Concrete No No No No No No

55 Semi-active Air-damper No No No No No No

56 Modified SINA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

57 Revised TAKEDA hysteresis Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

7
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Spring members in RUAUM OKO-2D

IHYST Hysteresis Rule ITYPE = 1,3,4,5,6,7

0 Elastic Yes
1 Elasto-Plastic Yes
2 Bi-linear Yes
3 Ramberg-Osgood Yes
4 Takeda Yes
5 Bi-linear - Slackness Yes
6 Kivell Yes
7 Origin-Centered Yes
8 SINA Yes
9 Stewart Yes
10 Degrading Bi-linear Yes
11 Clough Yes
12 Q-HYST Yes
13 Muto Yes
14 Fukada Yes
15 Bi-linear Elastic Yes
16 Non-Linear Elastic Yes
17 Degrading Elastic Yes
18 Ring-Spring Yes
19 Hertzian Contact Yes
20 Keshavarzian Yes
21 Widodo Foundation Yes
22 Li-Xinrong Column No
23 Bouc Yes
24 Remennikov No
25 Takeda with slip Yes
26 Al-Bermani Bound-Surface Yes
27 Peak Oriented Yes
28 Matsushima Degrading Yes
29 Kato Degrading Shear Yes
30 Elastomeric Spring Yes
31 Composite Section No
32 Different +/- Stiffness Yes
33 Masonry Strut Hysteresis Yes
34 Hyperbolic Hysteresis Yes
35 Degrading Bi-linear Hysteresis Yes
36 Bi-linear Differing +/- Stiffness Yes
37 Non-linear Elastic Power Yes
38 Revised Origin Centred Yes
39 Dodd-Restrepo Steel Yes

40 Bounded Ramberg-Osgood Yes

41 Payne Ramberg-Osgood Yes

42 HERA-SHJ Yes

43 Resetting Origin Yes

8
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Spring members in RUAUM OKO-2D

IHYST Hysteresis Rule ITYPE = 1,3 or 4

44 Pampanin Yes
45 Degrading Ramberg-Osgood Yes
46 Dean Saunders Concrete Column Yes
47 Multi-linear Elastic Yes
48 Isotropic Strain Hard Bi-linear Yes
49 Isotropic Strain Hard Ramberg Yes
50 Flag-shaped Bi-linear Yes
51 Two-Four Hysteretic Damper Yes
52 Schoettler-Restrepo Yes
53 Rajesh Dhakal Steel Yes
54 Brian Peng Concrete Yes
55 Semi-active Air-damper Yes
56 Modified SINA Yes
57 Revised TAKEDA Hysteresis Yes

9
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Spring members in RUAUM OKO-3D

IHYST Hysteresis Rule ITYPE = 1,2 or 4

0 Elastic Yes
1 Elasto-Plastic Yes
2 Bi-linear Yes
3 Ramberg-Osgood Yes
4 Takeda Yes
5 Bi-linear - Slackness Yes
6 Kivell Yes
7 Origin-Centered Yes
8 SINA Yes
9 Stewart Yes
10 Degrading Bi-linear Yes
11 Clough Yes
12 Q-HYST Yes
13 Muto Yes
14 Fukada Yes
15 Bi-linear Elastic Yes
16 Non-Linear Elastic Yes
17 Degrading Elastic Yes
18 Ring-Spring Yes
19 Hertzian Contact Yes
20 Keshavarzian Yes
21 Widodo Foundation Yes
22 Li-Xinrong Column No
23 Bouc Yes
24 Remennikov No
25 Takeda with slip Yes
26 Al-Bermani Bound-Surface Yes
27 Peak Oriented Yes
28 Matsushima Degrading Yes
29 Kato Degrading Shear Yes
30 Elastomeric Spring Yes
31 Composite Section No
32 Different +/- Stiffness Yes
33 Masonry Strut Hysteresis Yes
34 Hyperbolic Hysteresis Yes
35 Degrading Bi-linear Hysteresis Yes
36 Bi-linear Differing +/- Stiffness Yes
37 Non-linear Elastic Power Yes
38 Revised Origin Centred Yes
39 Dodd-Restrepo Steel Yes

40 Bounded Ramberg-Osgood Yes

41 Payne Ramberg-Osgood Yes

42 HERA-SHJ No

43 Resetting Origin Yes

10
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Spring members in RUAUM OKO-3D

IHYST Hysteresis Rule ITYPE = 1,2 or 4

44 Pampanin Yes
45 Degrading Ramberg-Osgood Yes
46 Dean Saunders Concrete Column Yes
47 Multi-linear Elastic Yes
48 Isotropic Strain Hard. Bi-lineaqr Yes
49 Isotropic Strain Hard. Ramberg Yes
50 Flag-shaped Bi-linear Yes
51 Two-Four Hysteretic Damper Yes
52 Schoettler-Restrepo Yes
53 Rajesh Dhakal Steel Yes
54 Brian Peng Concrete Yes
55 Semi-active Air-damper Yes
56 Modified SINA Yes
57 Revised TAKEDA Hysteresis Yes

11
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Foundation members in RUAUM OKO-2D and RUAUM OKO-3D

IHYST Hysteresis Rule ITYPE = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5

0 Elastic Yes
1 Elasto-Plastic Yes
2 Bi-linear Yes
3 Ramberg-Osgood Yes
4 Takeda Yes
5 Bi-linear - Slackness No
6 Kivell No
7 Origin-Centered No
8 SINA Yes
9 Stewart No
10 Degrading Bi-linear Yes
11 Clough Yes
12 Q-HYST Yes
13 Muto Yes
14 Fukada Yes
15 Bi-linear Elastic Yes
16 Non-Linear Elastic No
17 Degrading Elastic No
18 Ring-Spring No
19 Hertzian Contact No
20 Keshavarzian Yes
21 Widodo Foundation Yes
22 Li-Xinrong Column No
23 Bouc Yes
24 Remennikov No
25 Takeda with slip No
26 Al-Bermani Bound-Surface Yes
27 Peak Oriented No
28 Matsushima Degrading Yes
29 Kato Degrading Shear No
30 Elastomeric Spring No
31 Composite Section No
32 Different +/- Stiffness Yes
33 Masonry Strut Hysteresis No
34 Hyperbolic Hysteresis Yes
35 Degrading Bi-linear Hysteresis Yes
36 Bi-linear Differing +/- Stiffness Yes
37 Non-linear Elastic Power Yes
38 Revised Origin Centred Yes
39 Dodd-Restrepo Steel No

40 Bounded Ramberg-Osgood Yes

41 Payne Ramberg-Osgood Yes

42 HERA-SHJ No

43 Resetting Origin No

12
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Foundation members in RUAUM OKO-2D and RUAUM OKO-3D

IHYST Hysteresis Rule ITYPE = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5

44 Pampanin Yes
45 Degrading Ramberg-Osgood Yes
46 Dean Saunders Concrete Column Yes
47 Multi-linear Elastic Yes
48 Isotropic Strain Hard. Bi-linear Yes
49 Isotropic Strain Hard. Ramberg Yes
50 Flag-shaped Bi-linear Yes
51 Two-Four Hysteretic Damper No
52 Schoettler-Restrepo No
53 Rajesh Dhakal Steel No
54 Brian Peng Concrete No
55 Semi-active Air-damper No
56 Modified SINA Yes

57 Revised TAKEDA Hysteresis Yes

13
Use of Strength Degradation and Damage Indices in RUAUM OKO-2D and RUAUM OKO-3D

IHYST Hysteresis Rule Strength Degradation Damage Indices

0 Elastic No No
1 Elasto-Plastic Yes Yes
2 Bi-linear Yes Yes
3 Ramberg-Osgood Yes Yes
4 Takeda Yes Yes
5 Bi-linear - Slackness Yes Yes
6 Kivell Yes Yes
7 Origin-Centered Yes Yes
8 SINA Yes Yes
9 Stewart Yes Yes
10 Degrading Bi-linear Yes Yes
11 Clough Yes Yes
12 Q-HYST Yes Yes
13 Muto Yes Yes
14 Fukada Yes Yes
15 Bi-linear Elastic No No
16 Non-Linear Elastic No No
17 Degrading Elastic No No
18 Ring-Spring No No
19 Hertzian Contact No No
20 Keshavarzian Yes Yes
21 Widodo Foundation No Yes
22 Li-Xinrong Column No Yes
23 Bouc No* Yes
24 Remennikov No Yes
25 Takeda with slip Yes Yes
26 Al-Bermani Bound-Surface Yes Yes
27 Peak Oriented Yes Yes
28 Matsushima Degrading No* Yes
29 Kato Degrading Shear No Yes
30 Elastomeric Spring No No
31 Composite Section Yes Yes
32 Different +/- Stiffness Yes Yes
33 Masonry Strut Hysteresis No Yes
34 Hyperbolic Hysteresis Yes Yes
35 Degrading Bi-linear Hysteresis No No
36 Bi-linear Differing +/- Stiffness Yes Yes
37 Non-linear Elastic Power No No
38 Revised Origin Centred Yes Yes
39 Dodd-Restrepo Steel No Yes

40 Bounded ramberg-Osgood Yes Yes

41 Payne Ramberg-Osgood Yes Yes

42 HERA-SHJ Yes No

43 Resetting Origin No No

14
Use of Strength Degradation and Damage Indices in RUAUM OKO-2D and RUAUM OKO-3D

IHYST Hysteresis Rule Strength Degradation Damage Indices

44 Pampanin No No
45 Degrading Ramberg-Osgood Yes Yes
46 Dean Saunders Concrete Column Yes Yes
47 Multi-linear Elastic Yes No
48 Isotropic Strain Hard. Bi-linear No Yes
49 Isotropic Strain Hard. Ramberg No Yes
50 Flag-shaped Bi-linear Yes Yes
51 Two-Four Hysteretic Damper No No
52 Schoettler-Restrepo No No
53 Rajesh Dhakal Steel No No
54 Brian Peng Concrete No No
55 Semi-active Air-damper No No
56 Modified SINA Yes Yes
57 Revised TAKEDA Hysteresis Yes Yes

15
Notes on notation for hysteresis rules:

In all of the diagram s associated with the hysteresis rules the following notation is used.

F is the force or m om ent in the m em ber.

d is the deform ation or curvature in the m em ber.
K 0 is the initial elastic stiffness, i.e. the EI of a flexural beam or beam colum n, the AE/L for the axial
stiffness of a beam or beam colum n, or the stiffness K of a spring m em ber.
F y is the yield force or m om ent.
r is the bi-linear factor or Ram berg-Osgood factor.
: is the ductility where : = d / d y where, in general, the yield displacem ent d y = F y / K 0

Som e of these rules require further data which is described in the following pages.

Notes on the preceding tables:

If a hysteresis rule is selected and the rule is not allowed for that m em ber then an error m essage is
printed in the output for the section properties and the analysis will be term inated.

Yes* im plies that the hysteresis rule is now allowed for colum n m em bers. However, the effects on the
sm all-cycle hysteresis loops of the yield m om ents varying with the changes in the axial force in the
m em ber have not been studied.

If both Strength Degradation and Dam age Indices are selected then the effects of Strength Degradation
on the com puted Dam age Indices is uncertain and a warning is printed after reading the m em ber
properties.

If Strength Reduction or Dam age Indices are not allowed for the specified Hysteresis Rule and they are
specified in the input data, the data is read and then the control param eters ILOS and/or IDAM G are
reset to zero. W arnings of these re-settings are printed in the output.

No*. The Bouc and Matsushim a Hysteresis rules have their own strength degradation capability.

Dam age indices for the m asonry strut hysteresis only outputs the hysteretic work done.

For the Ruaum oko (2D) version Spring m em ber ITYPE=2 is tri-linear hysteresis only. If ITYPE=3 then
the SINA hysteresis is used for the transverse (local y) direction.

For the Ruaum oko (2D) version the Fram e m em ber ITYPE=7, the four hinge beam has the allowable
hysteresis table that follow the sam e rules as that for the variable flexibility beam .

16
DEGRADING STIFFNESS param eters

IHYST = 0 Linear Elastic. - No further data required.

Linear Elastic Hysteresis

17
IHYST = 1 Elasto-Plastic Hysteresis. - No further data required.

Note: This rule is not available for Variable Flexibility Beam Mem bers.

Elasto-Plastic Hysteresis

18
IHYST = 2 Bi-Linear Inelastic. - No further data required.

Bi-Linear Hysteresis

19
IHYST = 3 RAMBERG-OSGOOD Hysteresis [Kaldjian 1967] - No further data required.

Note: The bi-linear factor in the section data is used as the Ram berg-Osgood factor r and m ust be
greater than or equal to 1.0

Ramberg-Osgood Hysteresis

20
It m ust be noted that the Ram berg-Osgood loop works well when large cycle loops are exercised but an off-
set of the forces can occur in som e sm all cycles as is shown in the diagram above. In 1984 the Ram berg-
Osgood hysteresis loop in Ruaum oko was m odified to bound the forces within an envelope obtained by the
loops from the m axim um and m inim um displacem ents. In the year 2000 the Ram berg-Osgood loop reverted
to its original definition and the bounded version was m oved to IHYST = 40.

21
IHYST = 4 Modified TAKEDA Hysteresis [Otani 1974].

Modified Takeda rule.

ALFA BETA NF KKK

ALFA Unloading stiffness (0.0 # ALFA # 0.5) F

BETA Reloading stiffness (0.0 # BETA # 0.6) F
NF Reloading stiffness power factor (NF $ 1) I
KKK =1; Unloading as in DRAIN-2D I
=2; Unloading as by Emori and Schnobrich

Note: Increasing ALFA decreases the unloading stiffness and increasing BETA increases the reloading
stiffness. The power factor NF is usually taken as 1.0

M odified Takeda Hysteresis

22
IHYST = 5 Bi-linear with Slackness Hysteresis.

The bi-linear with slackness m odel can be used to represent diagonal braced system s where yield in in one
direction m ay stretch the m em bers leading to slackness in the bracing system . The m odel allows for either
yield in com pression, in say a cross-braced system , or for a sim ple elastic buckling in com pression which
would be m ore appropriate in a single brace m em ber.

Bi-linear with Slackness rule.

GAP+ GAP- IM ODE RCOM P C EPS0 ILOG

GAP+ Initial slackness, positive direction. ( > 0.0) F

GAP- Initial slackness, negative direction ( < 0.0) F
IM ODE = 0; Default case, norm al rule holds I
= 1; Bi-linear elastic buckling in com pression.
= 2; Bi-linear Elastic in Tension and Com pression
RCOM P Bi-linear Factor r in Com pression F
C Strain-Rate Constant (if # 0.0 Strain-rate effects are ignored) F
EPS0 Quasi-static Strain-rate (if # 0.0 then C = 0.0) F
ILOG = 0; Natural Logarithm s are used for Strain-rate effects I
= 1; Base 10 Logarithm s are used for Strain-rate effects

Notes:
1 Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require GAP+ = - GAP-.
2 If no value is prescribed for RCOM P, i.e. there are less than four item s on the line or RCOM P is the
word DEFAULT or D then the bi-linear factor in com pression is the sam e as that for tension.
3 For the SPRING m em bers the hysteresis data is the sam e for all actions. If different properties are
desired in the different actions then separate m em bers should be used for the different actions. The
default bi-linear factor is that for the force com ponents.
4 If the strain rate constant C is non zero then the positive and negative yield forces are m ultiplied by the
factor

where is the current strain rate and is the quasi-static strain rate EPS0.

Bi-Linear w ith Slackness Hysteresis

23
HYST = 6 KIVELL Degrading Stiffness [Kivell 1981].

The pinching m odel of Kivell was designed to represent the behaviour of the nails in steel nail-plates
connecting tim ber m em bers together at the joints. The assum ed cubic unloading-reloading curve is
represented by three straight lines.

Kivell Degrading rule.

ALFA

ALFA Unloading stiffness (0.0 # ALFA # 0.4) F

Kivell Degrading Hysteresis

24
IHYST = 7 Origin-Centered Bi-linear Hysteresis - No further data is required,

On unloading and on subsequent reloading the path is on a line passing through the origin.

Origin-Centred Hysteresis

25
IHYST = 8 SINA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Saiidi 1979].

SINA Degrading Tri-linear rule.

ALFA BETA FCR(i)+ FCR(i)- FCC(i)

ALFA Bi-linear factor (positive cracking to yield) F

BETA Bi-linear factor (negative cracking to yield) F
FCR(i)+ Cracking m om ent or force at i ( > 0.0) F
FCR(i)- Cracking m om ent or force at i ( < 0.0) F
FCC(i) Crack closing m om ent or force at i ( > 0.0) F

Notes:
1. The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber of
actions and which action they refer to.
2. Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require sym m etry in m om ents and thus
FCR(i)- = - FCR(i)+ etc. and that ALFA = BETA

SINA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis

26
IHYST = 9 W ayne Stewart Degrading Stiffness Hysteresis. [Stewart 1984].

This very general rule was initially developed by W ayne Stewart for the representation of tim ber fram ed
structural walls sheathed in plywood nailed to the fram ework. The m odel allows for initial slackness as well as
subsequent degradation of the stiffness as the nails enlarged the holes and withdrew them selves from the
fram ework.

Stewart Degrading with slackness rule.

FU FI PTRI PUNL GAP+ GAP- BETA ALPHA LOOP

FU Ultim ate force or m om ent (> 0.0) F

FI Intercept force or m om ent (> 0.0) F
PTRI Tri-linear factor beyond ultim ate force or m om ent F
PUNL Unloading stiffness factor (> 1.0) F
GAP+ Initial slackness, positive axis (> 0.0) F
GAP- Initial slackness, negative axis (< 0.0) F
BETA Beta or Softening factor ($ 1.0) F
ALPHA Reloading or Pinch power factor (# 1.0) F
LOOP =0 Loop as defined I
=1 Modified loop

Notes: Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require GAP+ = - GAP- and that all other
com ponents m aintain sym m etry about the zero force or m om ent axis
This rule is not available for the Variable Flexibility or 4-Hinge Beam m em bers.

M odified loop;
Mem ber section yield values are taken as Fu+ and Fu- and the Fu on this line is taken as Fy+ and Fy-.
This m odification allows the use of strength degradation. In the original m odel strength degradation
affects only the cracking m om ents Fy and not Fu. Also the PTRI (read as part of this data line) and r
(read as part of the m em ber section data) are interchanged.

W ayne Stew art Degrading Hysteresis

27
Operation of W ayne Stew art Hysteresis rule
Note: Vos = Fi etc.

28
W ayne Stewart used the following hysteresis values in his plywood wall exam ples [Stewart 1984].

FU = 1.5 tim es yield force or m om ent

FI = 0.25 tim es yield force or m om ent
PTRI = 0.0
PUNL = 1.45
BETA = 1.09
ALPHA = 0.38

Exam ple: The diagram below shows the use of the m odified W ayne-Stewart hysteresis loop to m odel a pre-
1970 reinforced concrete colum n hinge where plain round longitudinal reinforcem ent bars are
used [Liu,2001]. The two loops com pare the observed experim ental loop with that com puted using
the program HYSTERES using the following param eters

Section Stiffness properties

K0 = 51.1 kN/m m
R = 0.001
FY+ = +58.4 kN
FY- = -58.4 kN

IHYST=9 Stiffness Degradation param eters (see preceding pages)

FRC (i.e. FU) = 27.6 kN
FI = 6.0 kN
PTRI = 0.14
PUNL = 1.1
GAP+ = 0.0
GAP- = 0.0
BETA = 1.2
ALPHA = 0.8
LOOP = 1

There is no strength degradation applied in this exam ple.

29
IHYST = 10 Degrading Bi-linear Hysteresis. [Otani 1981].

This is sim ilar to the Bi-linear rule except that the stiffness degrades with increasing inelastic deform ation.

Degrading Bi-linear rule.

ALFA

ALFA Unloading stiffness (0.0 # ALFA # 0.5) F

Degrading Bi-linear Rule

30
IHYST = 11 CLOUGH Degrading Hysteresis. [Otani 1981] - No further data is required.

This rule was the first degrading stiffness rules to represent reinforced concrete m em bers. The rule is the
sam e as the m odified TAKEDA rule with the param eters ALFA and BETA both equal to 0.0.

Clough Degrading Stiffness Hysteresis

31
IHYST = 12 Q-HYST Degrading Stiffness Hysteresis. [Saiidi 1979].

This rule is the sam e as the Modified Takeda rule with the param eter BETA set to 0.0 and unloading as per
Em ori and Schnobrich.

Q-HYST Degrading rule.

ALFA

ALFA Unloading stiffness (0.0 # ALFA # 0.5) F

Note: This rule is not available for the Variable Flexibility and 4-Hinge Beam Mem bers.

Q-HYST Degrading Stiffness Hysteresis

32
IHYST = 13 MUTO Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Muto 1973].

After cracking the m odel is an Origin-Centered rule. After yield is reached the m odel becom e a Bi-linear
hysteresis with the equivalent elastic stiffness equal to the secant stiffness to the yield point.

Muto Degrading Tri-linear rule.

ALFA FCR(i)+ FCR(i)-

ALFA Bi-linear factor (cracking to yield) F

FCR(i)+ Cracking m om ent or force at i ( > 0.0) F
FCR(i)- Cracking m om ent or force at i ( < 0.0) F

Notes:
1. The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber of
actions and which action they refer to.
2. Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require sym m etry in m om ents and therefore
FCR(i)- = - FCR(i)+ etc.

M uto Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis

33
IHYST = 14 FUKADA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Fukada 1969].

Fukada Degrading Tri-linear rule.

ALFA BETA FCR(i)+ FCR(i)-

ALFA Bi-linear factor (cracking to yield) F

BETA Unloading Stiffness factor (see Takeda ALFA) F
FCR(i)+ Cracking m om ent or force at i ( > 0.0) F
FCR(i)- Cracking m om ent or force at i ( < 0.0) F

Notes:
1. The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber of
actions and which action they refer to.
2. Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require sym m etry in m om ents and thus
FCR(i)- = - FCR(i)+ etc.

Fukada Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis

34
IHYST = 15 Bi-linear Elastic Hysteresis. - No further data is required.

This rule is sim ilar to the Bi-linear hysteresis except that the rule unloads elastically down the sam e path which
m eans that no hysteretic energy is dissipated..

Bi-linear Elastic Rule

35
IHYST = 16 Non-linear Elastic Hysteresis - No further data is required.

This non-linear elastic m odel represents the non-linear behaviour of face-loaded m asonry wall units.
No hysteretic energy is dissipated.

Non-linear Elastic Rule (URM )

36
IHYST = 17 Degrading Elastic Rule. - No further data is required.

The degradation of the elastic stiffness is proportional to the am ount of equivalent ductility. This equivalent
ductility is equal to the displacem ent divided by the nom inal yield deform ation.

Degrading Elastic Rule

37
IHYST = 18 Ring-Spring Hysteresis. [Hill 1994]

This device can be used as a seism ic energy dissipation device. The default m odel operates in the com pressive
force - com pressive displacem ent quadrant of the force-displacem ent plot.

Ring-Spring

RSTEEP RLOW ER DXINIT KTYPE KLOOP

RSTEEP Unloading Steep Stiffness factor (usually greater than 1.0) F

RLOW ER Unloading Lower Stiffness factor (usually less than the Bi-linear factor) F
DXINIT Initial Displacem ent F
KTYPE = 0 ; Uni-directional, = 1 ; Bi-directional I
KLOOP = 0 ; New Definition, = 1 ; Original Definition. I

Note:
1. This rule is norm ally only available for the Spring Mem bers. In this case do not supply yield data as the
yield point is defined by DXINIT, see below.
2. The rule m ay be used for the flexural com ponents of the Giberson one-com ponent beam option of the
FRAME m em bers when it would norm ally be expected to be used in the bi-directional m ode. It m ay also
be used for the axial com ponent of the Giberson beam m em bers provided the beam has no flexural
stiffness i.e. EI is zero, representing a truss-like action. In both of these cases the appropriate yield
m om ents or yield forces m ust be provided with dum m y non-zero values (the actual yield values are
com puted internally by the hysteresis rule but non-zero yield forces or m om ents are required in order that
the m em ber is treated as non-linear).
3. W hen initial pre-stress (FRAME m em bers) or pre-load (SPRING m em bers) forces are applied to the Uni-
directional Ring-spring (KTYPE = 0) they m ust be com pressive (i.e. negative) forces.

Ring-Spring Hysteresis

38
IHYST = 19 Hertzian Contact Spring Hysteresis Rule. [Davis 1992]

The Hertzian contact spring is useful for m odelling the contact between im pacting structures. It really m odels
contact between spheres but this seem s to be used in wider applications. It is only available for the SPRING
m em bers and the CONTACT m em bers.

Hertzian Contact Spring

M PP M PN PFP PFN GAP+ GAP-

M PP Stiffness Multiplier for Positive Displacem ent F

M PN Stiffness Multiplier for Negative Displacem ent F
PFP Power factor for Positive Displacem ent F
PFN Power factor for Negative Displacem ent F
GAP+ Initial slackness in Positive direction ($ 0.0) F
GAP- Initial slackness in Negative direction (# 0.0) F

Hertzian Contact Spring

39
IHYST = 20 MEHRAN KESHAVARZIAN Degrading and Pinching Hysteresis. [Keshavarzian 1984]

Mehran Keshavarian Degrading and Pinching rule.

ALFA

ALFA Unloading stiffness (0.0 # ALFA # 0.5) (see Takeda) F

Note: This rule is not available for the Variable Flexibility and 4-Hinge Beam Mem bers.

M ehran Keshavarian Hysteresis

40
IHYST = 21 W IDODO Foundation Com pliance Model.[W idodo 1995]

These non-linear elastic rules are designed to m odel foundation com pliance springs including the m odelling of
a wall footing that can suffer partial or tip uplift. This is only appropriate to SPRING m em bers, see section 12..

W idodo Foundation Compliance.

A(i) P(i) Q(i)

A(i) Multiplier for i th Com ponent F

P(i) Power Factor for First part of i th Com ponent F
Q(i) Power Factor for Second Part of i th Com ponent F

Notes:
1. The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber
of actions and which action they refer to.
2. This rule is not available for the Variable Flexibility Beam m em bers.

W idodo Foundation Com pliance

41
IHYST = 22 Li XINRONG Reinforced Concrete Column Hysteresis. [Li Xinrong 1994]

This rule is only available for the Reinforced Concrete colum n option for the FRAME m em bers, see section 11.
The degrading rule m odifies the stiffness of the m em ber to allow for the effects due to variation of the axial force
acting in the colum n.

Li Xinrong Degrading Reinforced Concrete Column.

FPC RHO PB U ALFA BETA PINCH

FPC Concrete Com pressive Strength f'c ( < 0.0) F

RHO Percentage Longitudinal Steel content F
PB Yield Mom ent - Axial Force Diagram Balance Axial Force F
U Unloading Coefficient (0.7 to 1.0) (Li Xinrong used 0.9) F
ALFA Factor for unloading (0.5 to 1.0) (Li Xinrong used 0.9) F
BETA Factor used in relocation of unloading point (0.8) F
PINCH Pinching Factor (0.7 to 0.9) F

Li Xinrong Reinforced Concrete Column Hysteresis

42
IHYST = 23 BOUC Hysteresis Rule. [W en 1976]

This very general param etric hysteresis rule gives a sm ooth transition of the change of stiffness as the
deform ation of the m em ber changes. It has been used to represent lead-rubber bridge bearings or energy
dissipators [Bessasson 1992] and has been used for the analysis of inelastic buildings subjected to random
vibration [Baber 1981].

Bouc Degrading Stiffness.

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 N D3 D4 D5 M ODE INIT

A1 Loop Fatness param eter ( 0.1 to 0.9) F

A2 Loop Pinching param eter (-0.9 to 0.9) F
A3 Stiffness param eter (usually 1.0) F
A4 Degradation param eter (usually 1.0) F
A5 Strength param eter (usually 1.0) F
N Power Factor, Controls Abruptness (1 to 3, usually 1) I
D3 Strength Degradation param eter (0.0 to 0.1) (0.0 no degradation) F
D4 Loop Size Degradation (0.0 to 0.2) (0.0 no degradation) F
D5 Stiffness Degradation (0.0 to 0.2) (0.0 no degradation) F
M ODE = 0 Constantinou Version
= 1 Baber and W en Version
INIT = 0 Norm al
= 1 Bi-linear until first unloading after yielding

Note: This rule is not available for the Beam -Colum n Mem bers

Bouc Hysteresis Versions

Baber and W en

Constantinou

where and are the displacem ent velocity, is the elastic stiffness, is the bi-linear factor and is the yield
displacem ent. is the yield force and is the change in displacem ent. Q is the force in the spring and F is
the current stiffness factor. The tangent stiffness is . and are the Bouc hysteresis control
param eters, is the power factor.

43
The Bouc rule is controller by the param eter , which in RUAUMOKO is initially 0.0 and is integrated step-by-step
as in the above equations. The rule is such that at the static analysis which m eans that the initial
stiffness is the bi-linear stiffness and the force in the mem ber is proportional to the bi-linear stiffness and the
displacem ent. To over com e som e of these effects an option is to force the rule to be bi-linear until reversal after
the first yield. A result is that there is a m arked reduction in m em ber force at the change of rule. further work is
being done to fully understand the im plications of the use of this hysteresis.

Bouc Hysteresis Rule

44
IHYST = 24 REMENNIKOV Steel Brace Mem ber Hysteresis.

Represents the out-of-plane buckling of a steel brace m em ber.

REMENNIKOV Steel Brace rule.

Iminor Sminor k ALFA BETA THETA0 E1 E2 E3 E4 N SHAPE

Iminor Second Mom ent of Area about Minor axis F

Sminor Plastic Section Modulus about Minor axis F
k Effective Length Param eter (L eff = kL) F
ALFA Strain Hardening Alpha (1.0 # " # 1.5) F
BETA Beta factor ($ > 1.0) recom m ended range 1.2 to 1.4 F
THETA0 Initial out-of-straightness (length units) F
E1 Effective m odulus e1 (>0.0) F
E2 Effective m odulus e2 (>0.0) F
E3 Effective m odulus e3 (>0.0) F
E4 Effective m odulus e4 F
N = 0; ALFA above used for strain hardening effects. I
= 1; Built-in strain hardening rule and ALFA is reset to 1.0
SHAPE = 1; Flanged section such as an I section. I
= 2; Circular hollow section
= 3; RHS or SHS section

Notes:
1. This hysteresis is available only for the Giberson One-com ponent beam and the Steel beam -colum n
options of the FRAME m em ber type. (see Section 11a)
2. The m em ber only perm its this hysteresis in the axial component. The m em ber is assum ed to be bi-linear
in flexure (provided the yield m om ents are non-zero in sections 11e or 11g).
3. The beam or beam -colum n cross-section area and the axial yield forces in section 11e or the yield
interaction forces and m om ents in section 11g m ust be supplied.
4. It is recom m ended that Iteration on Residuals, say M AXIT = 3 and FTEST = 0.001, be used with this rule
(see section 5).
5. It is recom m ended that a sm all tim e step be used so that the transitions within the rule m ay be followed.

Steel Brace M ember Hysteresis

45
Idealization Curves for Tangent M odulus History

Definition of Dif

Analytical Axial Force – Plastic Hinge Rotation Curve

Tangent M odulus – Axial Force Relationship

46
IHYST = 25 TAKEDA with SLIP Hysteresis. [Kabeyasawa 1983]

This rule allows slip when the deform ation reloads in the m em ber strong direction.

TAKEDA with SLIP rule.

ALFA BETA1 BETA2 FC(i) RC(i)

ALFA Unloading Degradation param eter (see Takeda ALFA) (0.0 # ALFA # 1.0) F
BETA1 Slipping stiffness param eter F
BETA2 Re-loading stiffness param eter F
FC(i) Cracking Force for Com ponent i ( > 0.0) F
RC(i) Cracking Displacem ent for Com ponent i ( > 0.0) F

Notes:
1. The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber
of actions and which action they refer to.
2. The initial elastic stiffness supplied with the section properties is the secant stiffness passing through the
origin and the yield points on the m em ber hysteresis curve.
3. The yield points in the negative direction for com ponent i is at ( -FC(i), -RC(i) )
4. Slip only occurs when re-loading towards the stronger direction.

Takeda with Slip Hysteresis

47
The following exam ple show the use of the Takeda with Slip hysteresis loop to m odel the behaviour of a pre-1970
reinforced concrete beam which is reinforced with plain round bar reinforcem ent [Liu, 2001]. The loops show the
observed experim ental loop and the m atching loop from the program HYSTERES using the loop param eters
provided below.

Section Property param eters

K0 = 10.4 kN/m m
R = 0.05
YP+ = +93.4 kN
YP- = -61.4 kN

IHYST=25 Stiffness Degradation param eters (see previous page)

ALFA = 0.2
BETA1 = 1.2
BETA2 = 1.5
FC = 26.9 kN
RC = -0.65 m m

Strength Degradation param eters

ILOS = 1
DUCT1 = 3
DUCT2 = 8
RDUCT= 0.3
DUCT3 = 10

48
IHYST = 26 AL-BERMANI Bounding-surface Hysteresis. [Zhu, 1995]

This rule allows for the Bauschinger effects in steel m em bers by using a bounding surface rather than the m ore
often used but m ore com plicated Ram berg-Osgood functions.

Bounding Surface rule.

ALFA BETA

ALFA Positive ALFA (0.0<ALFA<0.9) F

BETA Negative BETA (0.0<BETA<0.9) F

Notes:
1. The bi-linear factor p m ust be greater then 0.001. (see section 11c or section 12a)
This lim itation on p should prevent m athem atical difficulties with the logarithm ic and exponential
functions.
2 The use of this rule in Concrete and Steel Beam colum n m em bers will require sym m etry in the actions
at each end, i.e. ALFA = BETA etc.

Bounding-Surface Hysteresis

49
IHYST = 27 PEAK Oriented Hysteresis. - No further data is required.

This rule is sim ilar to the Origin Centered rule except that on unloading the force-displacem ent relationship m oves
along a line to the m axim um force-displacem ent point in the opposite direction. If yield has not occurred in that
direction the opposite yield point is used as the target.

Peak Oriented Hysteresis

50
IHYST = 28 MATSUSHIMA Strength Reduction Hysteresis. [Matsushim a 1969]

This rule represents the behaviour of short reinforced concrete colum ns failing in shear. The rule uses basically
a bi-linear hysteresis but that the elastic stiffness and strength degrade every tim e unloading takes place from
the post-yield part of the bi-linear force displacem ent curve.

Matsushima rule.

A B

A Stiffness Multiplier A (0.0 < A < 1.0) F

B Strength Multiplier B (0.0 < B < 1.0) F

Notes:
1. A and B are raised to then power N where N is the num ber of tim es the system unloads from the bi-linear
force-displacem ent hysteresis back-bone.

M atsushima Degrading Hysteresis

51
IHYST = 29 KATO Degrading Shear Model. [Kato 1983]

Represents the behaviour of a reinforced concrete m em ber failing in shear. A tri-linear skeleton curve with a
falling bi-linear part is used.

Kato Shear rule.

PTRI ALFA BETA GAM M A FU(i)+ FU(i)-

PTRI Tri-linear Factor (m ust be less than or equal to zero) F

ALFA Unloading Degrading Factor (0 < ALFA < 1) (see Takeda) F
BETA Slip Stiffness Factor (0 # BETA < 1) F
GAM M A Slip Length Factor (0 # GAM M A < 1) F
FU(i)+ Positive FU at com ponent i (>0.0) F
FU(i)- Negative FU at com ponent i (<0.0) F

Notes:
1. The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber
of actions and which action they refer to.
2. The bi-linear factor p m ust be less than 0.0 and less than the tri-linear factor PTRI. (see section 11c or
section 12a)
3. The actions FU should less than the appropriate yield actions FY.
4. The use of this rule in Concrete m em bers will require sym m etry in the actions at each end, i.e. FU(i)+
= -FU(i)- etc.
5. For reinforced concrete m em bers failing in shear the recom m ended values are ALFA = 0.4, BETA = 0.6
and GAM M A = 0.95.
6. For reinforced concrete m em bers flexure dom inated m em bers the recom m ended values are ALFA =
0.2, BETA = 0.0 and GAM M A = 0.0.

KATO Shear Hysteresis

52
IHYST = 30 Elastom eric Spring Dam per Hysteresis. [Pekcan 1995]

Represents a double-acting elastom eric spring which has resistance due to both displacem ent and velocity. The
stiffness properties are basically bi-linear elastic.

Elastomeric Spring Damper rule.

C DM AX ALFA

C Dam per Constant ($0.0) F

DM AX Maxim um Dam per Stroke ($0.0) F
ALFA Velocity Exponent (>0.0) F

Notes:
1. The force F D in the elastom eric dam per is given by

where the d is the displacem ent of the spring and where K 0 is the initial stiffness of the device and is the
longitudinal spring stiffness of the m em ber. The stiffness rK 0 is the stiffness after the prestress F y is
overcom e where r is the bi-linear factor for the spring m em ber. The prestress force F y is taken as the
positive longitudinal yield force of the m em ber and if the prestress is zero the spring stiffness is taken
as constant equal to rK 0.
2. If DM AX is zero then the ratio of d to d max is taken as 1.0. This has the effect of taking the exponent $
in the reference paper as zero.
3. The exponent ALFA was taken as 0.2 in the reference.

Elastom eric Spring Damper

53
IHYST = 31 Com posite Section. - Modified SINA Hysteresis.

This rule allows for the m odelling of com posite concrete-steel beam s or concrete T beam s where the behaviour
is different in the positive and negative flexural actions.

Composite Section rule.

BETA FCR(i) FCC(i)

BETA Stiffness Factor Cracking to Yield in Negative direction (ALFA < 1.0) F
FCR(i) Cracking Force in Negative direction at com ponent i (FRC(i) < 0.0) F
FCC(i) Cracking Closing Force at com ponent i (FCC(i) < 0.0) F

Notes:
1. The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber
of actions and which action they refer to.
2. The post cracking stiffness factor BETA m ust be greater than the bi-linear factor r (see m em ber
properties sections)

Composite Section Hysteresis

54
IHYST = 32 Different Positive and Negative Stiffness. Modified Bi-linear Hysteresis.

This rule allows for different stiffnesses in the positive and negative directions. The basic hysteresis rule is a
m odification of the degrading Bi-linear rule.

Different Positive and Negative Stiffness rule.

ALFA BETA

ALFA Negative stiffness factor of the positive stiffness (ALFA > 0.1) F
BETA Unloading Degrading Factor, see TAKEDA ALFA (0.0 < BETA < 0.9) F

Different Positive-Negative Stiffness Hysteresis

55
IHYST = 33 Masonry Strut Hysteresis (Crisafulli 1997).

This rule allows for the m odelling of m asonry panels in fram ed structures. If the strut m odel is used with the
spring m em bers then only the longitudinal stiffness is specified for the strut m em ber and two struts are required
to m odel each panel, one strut across each diagonal of the panel. The m asonry strut hysteresis is also used for
the Masonry Panel Elem ent where four struts represent the panel together with a shear spring..

Masonry Strut Hysteresis rule.

Stress-strain relationship

FC FT UC UUL UCL EM O GUN ARE

FC Com pressive strength (stress units) (FC < 0.0) F

FT Tensile strength (stress units) (FT > 0.0) F
UC Strain at FC (UC < 0.0) F
UUL Ultim ate strain (UUL < 0.0) (UUL # 1.5 UC) F
UCL Closing strain F
EM O Initial m asonry m odulus (EM O $ 2 FC/UC) F
GUN Stiffness unloading factor (GUN $ 1.0) F
ARE Strain reloading factor (ARE > 0.0) F

Strut data

AREA1 AREA2 R1 R2 IENV

AREA1 Initial strut cross-sectional area (AREA1 > 0.0) F

AREA2 Final strut cross-sectional area (AREA2 # AREA1) F
R1 Displacem ent at 1 (R1 < 0.0) F
R2 Displacem ent at 2 (R2 # R1) F
IENV = 0 ; Sargin stress-strain envelope descending branch I
= 1 ; Parabolic stress-strain envelope descending branch

56
 M asonry Strut Strength Envelope

M asonry Strut Hysteresis

57
Notes:
FC The com pressive strength f 'm2 is the m ain param eter controlling the resistance of the strut. It m ust be
noted that FC does not represent the standard com pressive stress of m asonry but should be adopted
taking into account the inclination of the com pressive principal stresses and the m ode of failure expected
in the m asonry panel. See Crisafulli 1997.

FT Tensile strength f't represents the tensile strength of the m asonry or the bond strength of the panel-fram e
interface, whichever is sm allest. The consideration of the tensile strength has been introduced in the
m odel in order to gain generality. However, results obtained from different exam ples indicate that the
tensile strength, which is generally m uch sm aller than the com pressive strength, has no significant
influence on the overall response. Therefore, in the absence of m ore detailed inform ation, the tensile
strength can be assum ed to be zero.

UC The strain at m axim um stress g'm usually varies between -0.002 and -0.005 and its m ain effect on the
overall response of the infilled fram e is the m odification of the secant stiffness of the ascending branch
of the stress-strain curve.

UUL The ultim ate strain g u is used to control the descending branch of the stress-strain relationship. W hen
a large value is adopted for, exam ple g u = 20 g'm , a sm ooth decrease of the com pressive stress is
obtained.

UCL The closing strain g cl defines the lim it strain at which the cracks partially close and com pressive stresses
can be developed. Values of the closing strain ranging between 0 and 0.003 lead to results which agree
adequately with experim ental data. If a large negative value is adopted, for exam ple g cl = g u , this effect
is not considered in the analysis.

EM O The elastic m odulus E mo represents the initial slope of the stress-strain curve and its value can exhibit
a large variation. Various expressions have been proposed for the evaluation of the elastic m odulus of
m asonry. It is worth noting, however, that these expressions usually define the secant m odulus at a
stress level between 1/3 and 2/3 of the m axim um com pressive stress. In order to obtain an adequate
ascending branch of the strength envelope it is assum ed that E mo $ 2 f' m2 / g'm .

GUN The unloading stiffness factor ( un controls the slope of the unloading branch. It is assum ed to be greater
than or equal to 1.0 and usually ranges from 1.5 to 2.5.

ARE The reloading strain factor " re defines the point where the reloading curves reach the strength envelope.
The calibration of the hysteretic m odel for the axial behaviour of m asonry showed that good results are
obtained using values ranging between 0.2 and 0.4. However, higher values, for exam ple 1.5, are
required to m odel adequately the cyclic response of the infilled fram es. This is because other sources
of nonlinear behaviour, such as sliding shear, need to be indirectly considered in the response of the
m asonry struts.

Four param eters are required to represent the cross-sectional area of the m asonry strut. These are the initial area
A ms1 = AREA1 and final area A ms2 = AREA2 and the axial displacem ents at which the cross-sectional area
changes, ) R1 = R1 and ) R2 = R2. In a sim plified m odel, it can be assum ed that AREA1 and AREA2 are the
sam e using a low value of the strut area to avoid an excessive increase in the axial strength. In a m ore refined
analysis, a higher value of the initial area can be adopted, whereas the final area can be reduced by about 10%
to 30%. The displacem ent R1 and R2 can be estim ated as g'm d m/5 and g'm d m (where d m is the length of the
m asonry strut) respectively, at least until m ore precise inform ation becom es available. Several em pirical
expressions, which are described in section 6.2.1.3 of the reference, have been proposed for the evaluation of
the equivalent width of the m asonry strut, whose value norm ally ranges from 0.1 to 0.25 of the diagonal length
of the infill panel.

IENV The descending branch of the stress-strain curve is usually m odelled with a parabola instead of the curve
associated with Sargin's equation in order to obtain a better control of the response of the strut after the
m axim um stress has been reached.

58
IHYST = 34 Hyperbolic Hysteresis (no further data required)
(Konduor and Zelansko (1963))
(also Duncan and Chang (1970))

This rule has been popular in representing the shear stress–shear strain relationships in soils subjected to
earthquake excitation.

Hyperbolic Hysteresis

59
IHYST = 35 Degrading Bilinear with Gap Hysteresis

This hysteresis was initially developed to m odel a strain-hardening behaviour which changed with increasing cycle
num ber. The m em bers were used in parallel with a m em ber having a m ore conventional hysteretic behaviour
such as Bi-linear or Ram berg-Osgood. The total m em ber force was taken as the sum of the two num ber forces.

Degrading Bi-linear with Gap

GAP+ GAP– PUN

GAP+ Initial gap in positive direction ($ 0.0) F

GAP– Initial gap in negative direction (# 0.0) F
PUN Unloading stiffness factor ($ 1.0) F

Degrading Bi-linear W ith Gap Hysteresis

60
IHYST = 36 Bi-linear with Different +/– stiffness hysteresis

The rule is to represent actions which exhibit different stiffnesses under positive or negative forces or m om ents.
This m ay be typical of reinforced concrete T sections for exam ple.

Bi-linear with +/– stiffness

ALFA BETA GAM M A IOP

ALFA Positive stiffness is ALFA * nom inal stiffness ALFA $ 0.1 F

BETA Negative stiffness is BETA * nom inal stiffness BETA $ 0.1 F
GAM M A Unloading degradation factor F
see Takeda (IHYST=4) ALFA 0.5 $ GAMMA $ 0.0
IOP = 0 ; Bi-linear factor is the sam e in both directions I
= 1 ; Positive bi-linear factor = ALFA * bi-linear factor
Negative bi-linear factor = BETA * bi-linear factor

Bi-linear w ith Differing Positive and Negative Stiffness Hysteresis

61
IHYST = 37 Non-linear Elastic Power Rule

This rule is sim ilar to the Bi-linear Elastic Hysteresis, IHYST = 15 except that it avoids the problem s with the
sudden change of stiffness on unloading encountered due to the lack of energy dissipation in these non-linear
elastic hysteresis rules.

Non-linear Elastic Power Rule

PFP(i) PFN(i)

PFP(I) Power factor in positive direction for com ponent i (0.01 # PFP # 3.0) F
PFN(i) Power factor in negative direction for com ponent i (0.01 # PFN # 3.0) F

Notes:
1. The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber
of actions and which action they refer to.
1. Norm ally PFP and PFN are less than 1.0

Non-linear Elastic Pow er Rule

62
IHYST = 38 Revised Origin Centred Bi-linear Hysteresis (No further data is required)

On unloading the path is back to the origin. In reloading the path follows the previous unloading path on that side
of the origin.

Revised Origin-Centred Bi-linear Hysteresis

63
IHYST = 39 Dodd-Restrepo Steel Hysteresis Rule

This hysteresis rule is designed to allow for the Bauschinger effects in the steel hysteresis.

Dodd-Restrepo Steel Rule

ESH Esu Fsu OmegaF

ESH Deform ation (curvature) at initiation of strain hardening F

Esu Deform ation (curvature) at peak load F
Fsu Force (m om ent) at peak load F
OmegaF Bauschinger Effect Factor (0.6 < Om egaF < 1.3) F
(Default value = 1.0)

Reference:

Dodd, L.L. and Restrepo-Posada, J.I. Model for Predicting Cyclic Behaviour of Reinforcing Steel. J. Structural
Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 3, Mar. 1995, pp 433–445.

Dodd-Restrepo Steel Hysteresis Rule

64
 Plot of Displacement History

Plot of Com puted and Experimental Force Histories

65
IHYST = 40. Bounded Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis. No extra data required.

This loop is sim ilar to that for IHYST = 3 except that bounds have been applied to the forces so that off-sets to
the forces do not occur during sm all cycles of displacem ent.

66
IHYST = 41. Pyke m odification to the Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis. No extra data required.

This loop is sim ilar to that for IHYST = 3 except that the sm all cycle behaviour has been m odified to prevent off-
sets on the force in these sm all cycles. These loops were initially used to m odel the behaviour of soils.The sm all
loops indicate a greater rate of change of force with increasing displacem ent i.e. a greater curvature in the plots.

67
IHYST = 42. HERA - SHJ (Sliding Hinge Joint) Hysteresis.

This loop developed by the Heavy Engineering Research Association (New Zealand) is to represent the
behaviour of a sliding m om ent connection between steel beam s with a concrete slab above them and connected
to at the joints to steel colum ns.

HERA-SHJ Hysteresis Rule

Cspp Cspn Ru Tdp Tdn Ispr

Cspp Positive Mom ent Intercept (> 0.0 ) F

Cspn Negative Mom ent Intercept (< 0.0 ) F
Ru Unloading stiffness factor (> 0.0 ) F
Tdp Positive Design Theta (> 0.0 ) F
Tdn Negative Design Theta (< 0.0 ) F
Ispr = 0; W ithout Belleville Springs I
= 1; W ith Belleville Springs

68
69
IHYST = 43 Resettable Actuator Hysteresis. No extra data required.

This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of a sem i-active dam per m em ber [Hunt, 2003]. The force is
proportional to the displacem ent until a saturation force is attained, Fy+ or Fy- (the yield forces for the
m em ber) when the system appears to show a perfectly plastic response. On any reversal of displacem ent the
force is autom atically reset to zero and the origin is m oved to the existing displacem ent and the system will
then behave as an elastic m em ber until either saturation is achieved or the displacem ent again changes sign.

70
IHYST = 44 Pam panin Reinforced Concrete Beam -Colum n Joint Hysteresis.

Pampanin Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joint rule.

IOP AlfaS1 AlfaS2 AlfaU1 AlfaU2 DeltaF Beta

IOP =1; Option 1 - Reloading Power Factor I

=2; Option 2 - Reloading Slip Factor
AlfaS1 Slip Stiffness Power Factor As1 ( 1.5 # As1 # 3.0) F
AlfaS2 Option 1- Reloading Power Factor As2 ( 0.5 # As2 # 1.0) F
Option 2- Reloading Slip Factor Xi ( 1.0 # Xi # 1.5)
AlfaU1 Initial Unloading Power Factor Au1 (-1.0 # Au1 # 0.0) F
AlfaU2 Final Unloading Power Factor Au2 ( 0.3 # Au2 # 1.0) F
DeltaF Unloading Force Factor (%) Df (-1.0 # Au1 # 0.0) F
Beta Reloading Factor Beta (-1.0 # Beta # 0.0) F

Pam panin Hysteresis IOP=1

71
Pam panin Hysteresis IOP=2

72
IHYST = 45 Degrading Stiffness RAMBERG-OSGOOD Hysteresis.

Degrading Stiffness Ramberg-Osgood rule.

IOP ALFA BETA GAM M A RESID

IOP =1; Original Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis (see IHYST= 3) I

=2; Lim ited Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis (see IHYST=40)
=3; “Pyke” Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis (see IHYST=41)
ALFA % stiffness degradation per cycle (0.0 # ALFA # 10) F
BETA Ductility where stiffness starts to degrade with ductility (BETA $ 1.0 or = 0.0) F
If BETA=0.0 then there is NO degradation with ductility.
GAM M A Ductility where stiffness stops degrading with ductility (GAM M A > BETA) F
RESID Residual Stiffness when degrading with Ductility (RESID $ 0.50) F

Note: The bi-linear factor in the section data is used as the Ram berg-Osgood factor r and m ust be greater
than or equal to 1.0

Ramberg-Osgood Hysteresis

73
IHYST = 46 DEAN SAUNDERS Reinforced Concrete Colum n Hysteresis.

This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of Older Reinforced Concrete Colum ns where plain round
reinforcem ent is used.

DEAN SAUNDERS Reinforced Concrete Column rule.

PHIY+ PHIY- M TH+ M TH- ALFA BETA IOP

PHIY+ Positive Yield Deform ation. Must be greater than (Yield Action)/Stiffness. F
PHIY- Negative Yield Deform ation. Must be less than (Yield Action)/Stiffness. F
M TH+ Positive Threshold Action. Must be less than Positive Yield Action. F
M TH- Negative Threshold Action. Must be greater than Negative Yield Action. F
ALFA Unloading stiffness degradation factor (0.0 # ALFA # 0.5) F
BETA Reloading Factor (BETA $ 1.0) F
IOP =0; Threshold actions reduce with strength degradation. I
=1; Threshold actions rem ain constant when yield actions degrade.

Notes: 1. There is a 4 point Bezier curve fitted between the point (M TH+,(M TH+)/STIFF) and
(YP,PHIY+) with the initial slope STIFF and the final slope r*STIFF.
2. On unloading the rule is origin centered when the action is less than M TH+. W hen the action
is greater than M TH+ the unloading stiffness degrades with the factor ALFA as observed in
the Dergading Bi-Linear Hysteresis (IHYST = 10).
3. The behaviour in the negative Action-Deform ation quadrant is identical to that in the positive
Action-Deform ation quadrant.
4. The param eter BETA only com es into action if the deform ation in the other quadrant has
exceeded the yield deform ation.

Dean Saunders Hysteresis Rule

74
Example of Dean Saunders Hysteresis

This exam ple show the behaviour when strength degradation is also applied. It com pares experim ental results
with com putational results.

In this exam ple

M y+ =289 kNm M y- =-250kNm M uni =65kNm ,
Ko =46.3 kNm /m m )y+ =11.35m m )y- =-11.35m m
" =0.01 $ =1.25 r =0.01
Iop =1

W ith the exception of strength degradation, which is progressive in the m odel, the results agree quite well for the
overall response of the observed hysteresis. The current lim itation for the proposed hysteresis rule is that strength
degradation as calculated in Ruaum oko is com puted outside the hysteresis rule. This results in the reloading line
converging to the previously stored force and m axim um displacem ent coordinate before degrading down the
ductility degradation slope. To elim inate this lim itation the rule will need to include a local strength degradation
feature that degrades the reloading line based on cycle num ber and starts from the threshold capacity.

Reference: Saunders, D.B. Seismic Performance of Pre 1970's Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete W affle
Slab Frame Structures Constructed with Plain Round Reinforcing Steel. Ph.D Thesis,
Departm ent of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 2004,
p184+appendices.

75
IHYST = 47 Multi-Linear Elastic Hysteresis.

Multi-Linear Elastic rule.

N F1 D1 F2 D2 F3 D3

N Num ber of segm ents beyond Bi-linear (1 # N # 3) I

F1 Fraction of stiffness in first segm ent beyond Bi-linear F
D1 Multiplier on Yield Displacem ent where F1 applies (D1 $ 1.05) F
F2 Fraction of stiffness in second segm ent beyond Bi-linear F
D2 Multiplier on Yield Displacem ent where F2 applies (D2 $ 1.05*D1) F
F3 Fraction of stiffness in third segm ent beyond Bi-linear F
D3 Multiplier on Yield Displacem ent where F3 applies (D3 $ 1.05*D2) F

Note: The F1, F2 and F3 factors should not be less than 0.0 for single degree of freedom system s.

Multi-Linear Elastic Hysteresis

76
IHYST = 48 Kinem atic/Isotropic Strain Hardening Bi-Linear Hysteresis.

Kinematic/Isotropic Strain Hardening Bi-Linear rule.

ALFA BETA

ALFA Stiffness Degrading Factor (See IHYST=10) (0.0 # ALFA # 0.5) F

BETA Isotropic Hardening Factor (0.0 # BETA # 1.0) F
If BETA=0.0 then there is NO Isotropic Strain Hardening.
If BETA=1.0 then there is Full Isotropic Strain Hardening.

Note: The bi-linear factor ‘r’ in the section data must be greater than 0.0 if Kinem atic or Isotropic strain
hardening is to occur

77
IHYST = 49 Kinem atic/Isotropic Strain Hardening RAMBERG-OSGOOD Hysteresis.

Kinematic/Isotropic Strain Hardening Ramberg-Osgood rule.

ALFA BETA IOP

ALFA Ram berg-Osgood m ultiplier (0.0 # ALFA) F

If ALFA=0.0 then ALFA is taken as 1.0 (Default value)
BETA Isotropic Hardening Factor (0.0 # BETA # 1.0) F
If BETA=0.0 then there is NO Isotropic Strain Hardening.
If BETA=1.0 then there is Full Isotropic Strain Hardening.
IOP =1; Original Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis (see IHYST= 3) I
=2; Lim ited Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis (see IHYST=40)
=3; “Pyke” Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis (see IHYST=41)

Note: The bi-linear factor in the properties section data is used as the Ram berg-Osgood factor r and m ust
be greater than or equal to 1.0

Ramberg-Osgood Hysteresis

78
IHYST = 50 Flag-Shaped Bi-Linear Hysteresis.

Flag-shaped Bi-Linear rule.

BETA1 BETA2 ... BETAi (i = 1 to N)

BETA1 Flag Height Action 1 (0.0 # BETA1 # 1.0) F

BETA2 Flag Height Action 2 (0.0 # BETA2 # 1.0) F
BETAi Flag Height Action i (0.0 # BETAi # 1.0) F

Note: If BETA=0.0 then the loop is Bi-linear elastic.

If BETA=1.0 then the loop on unloading returns to the origin
N is the num ber of actions requiring data for the m em ber. See Spring or Fram e m em ber data.

Flag-Shaped Bi-linear Hysteresis

79
IHYST = 51 Two-Four Hysteretic Dam per

Two-Four Hysteretic Damper rule.

BETAi DELTAi (i = 1 to N)

BETA Initial Sticking Force1 (0.0 # BETA) F

DELTA Change Tim e from linear to sticking force, Seconds F
DELTA=0 im plies instantaneous change

Tw o-Four Hysteresis

80
IHYST = 52 SCHOETTLER-RESTREPO Reinforced Concrete Colum n Hysteresis. (2 lines of data)

This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam s

SCHOETTLER-RESTREPO Reinforced Concrete Beam rule. Line 1

Kneg Rneg Fcr+ Fcr- Rho+ Rho- Dult+ Dult-

Kneg Ratio of negative (com pressive) stiffness to positive stiffness. (Kneg > 0.0) F
Rneg Bi-linear Factor in negative direction. (Rneg > 0.0) F
Fcr+ Ratio of positive Cracking Strength to Yield strength. (Fcr+ < 1.0) F
Fcr- Ratio of negative Cracking Strength to Yield strength. (Fcr- < 1.0) F
Rho+ Secant Stiffness Factor to Positive Yield. (Rho+ < 1.0) F
Rho- Secant Stiffness Factor to Negative Yield. (Rho- < 1.0) F
Dult+ Ultim ate deform ation factor. Positive direction. (Dult+ > 1.0) F
Dult- Ultim ate deform ation factor. Negative direction. (Dult- > 1.0) F

Notes: 1. The positive stiffness is that provided in the section properties.

2. The positive bi-linear factor is that provided in the section properties.
3. The cracking strengths are taken as fractions of the positive and negative yield strengths
provided under yield forces and m om ents in the section properties.
4. The Rho*Stiffness is the secant stiffness to the yield point.
5. The ultim ate deform ations are input as a m ultiplier of the respective yield displacem ent and
m ust be greater than 1.0..

SCHOETTLER-RESTREPO Reinforced Concrete Beam rule. Line 2

Alpha Beta Pinch Kappa Fresid Dfactor

Alpha Unloading stiffness factor . (0.0 < Alpha < 0.9) F

Beta Reloading stiffness factor . (0.0 < Beta < 5.0) F
Pinch Pinching factor (0.0 < Pinch < 1.0) F
Kappa Kappa factor. . (0.0 < Kappa < 10.0) F
Fresid Residual Force factor (ratio of Cracking strength) (0.0 < Fresid < 1.0) F
Dfactor Bauschinger Effect Flag. (Dfactor = 0) I

Notes: 1. See IHYST=4 Modified Takeda Hysteresis with the Em ori and Schnobrich unloading option
for use of factor Alpha.
2. The Kappa Factor controls the rate of strength degradation.
3. The Fresid is the fraction of the Cracking strength at residual strength after degradation has
finished
4. The Bauschinger effect Dfactor param eter is reserved for future use.

81
 Figure 1: Backbone Curve

Figure 2: Uncracked – Yielded States

82
Figure 3: Cracked – Yielded States

Figure 4: Yielded – Yielded States

83
Figure 5: Yielded – Yielded States with pinching

84
IHYST = 53 DHAKAL Steel Hysteresis.

This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of Reinforcing Steel

DHAKAL Reinforcing Steel rule. Line 1

IHARD IBCKL FYAV eHARD1 FU eU FHARD2 eHARD2 RATIO EBLKT

IHARD =1; Parabolic from initial hardening stiffness (Mander et.al. 1984) I
=2: Parabolic from interm ediate point (Rodriguez et al 1999)
=3; Bilinear from interm ediate point (Dhakal 2002)
IBCKL =1; Buckling included (Dhakal and Maekawa 2001) I
=0; Buckling is neglected (Tension envelope is used for com pression)
FYAV Average Tensile Yield Strength, Multiplier on Yield Strength (Default= 1.0) F
eHARD1 Strain at the start of strain hardening, Multiplier of Yield Strain (Default= 10.0) F
FU Ultim ate tensile strength Multiplier of Yield Strength (Default= 1.5) F
eU Strain at the ultim ate point, Multiplier of Yield Strain F
(Default = 1 0.0*eHARD1)
FHARD2 Stress at interm ediate point in hardening zone, Multiplier of Yield action F
(Default= FY+0.75(FU-FY))
or if (IHARD = 1) the 2nd Strain Hardening Stiffness Factor ESH2
eHARD2 Strain at interm ediate point in hardening zone, Ratio of Yield Strain F
(Default = eHARD1+0.5(eU-eHARD1))
RATIO Buckling length to bar diam eter ratio (Used if IBCKL=1) F
EBLKT Buckling length (if 0.0 taken as elem ent length) (Used if IBCKL=1) F

Dhakal Reinforcing Steel Hysteresis Loop

85
 IBCKL = 0
Dhakal Reinforcing Steel Hysteresis Loop

86
IHYST = 54 BRIAN PENG Concrete Hysteresis.

This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of Concrete

BRIAN PENG Concrete rule. Line 1

TLIM IT CLIM IT BETA Fbo L TFACTOR CFACTOR eTT

TLIM IT Lim it to calculate eTL (Strain at start of contact stress effect) (Default = 0.0025) F
CLIM IT Lim it to calculate eCL (Strain at end of stress contact effect) (Default = 0.005) F
BETA Strain Rate factor (Static = 1.5 to 2.0; Dynam ic = 1.0) (Default = 2.0) F
Fbo Residual Com pressive Bond Strength (Default = 0.2) F
(Default = -0.2*FT where FT is tensile strength)
L Length of Hinge (Default =1.0) F
TFACTOR Factor for eTL (m ultiplying factor to m agnify eTL) (Default =1.0) F
CFACTOR Factor for eCL (m ultiplying factor to m agnify eCL) (Default =1.0) F
eTT Tensile Concrete Strain for Contact Stress Effect (Default = Ft/KC) F

Brian Peng Concrete Hysteresis Loop

87
Effect of varying Tlimit and Climit

Effect of varying Beta

88
 Effect of Varying Fbo

Effect of varying Tfactor and Cfactor

89
IHYST = 55 Resettable Air-Cylinder Sem i-Active Dam per.

This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of a sem i-active resettable control device.

Resettable Air-cylinder Semi-Active Damper. data

IOPT AREA COEFF GAM M A FreeD+ FreeD- Fstiff Friction+ Friction-

IOPT = 1: 1-2-3-4 quadrant action (see figure below) I

= 2; 2-4 quadrant action (see figure below)
= 3; 1-3 quadrant action (non-linear elastic-like on loading)
= 4; 1-2-3-4 quadrant action (Standard 1-2-3-4 loop see IHYST = 43)
= 5; 2-4 quadrant action (Standard 2-4 loop see IHYST = 51)
= 6; 1-3 quadrant action (Linear Force-displacem ent on loading)
AREA Area of piston F
COEFF Gas Coefficient F
GAM M A Power Factor (Default =1.4) F
FreeD+ Free Length Positive direction F
FreeD- Free Length Negative direction F
Fstiff Friction Stiffness factor (tim es nom inal m em ber stiffness) (Default =20.0) F
Friction+ Friction lim it force Positive direction F
Friction- Friction lim it force Negative direction F

Note: The behaviour of the resettable device follows a com pressible gas law.for IOPT=1,2 or 3

or for IOPT=4,5 or 6

W here Ko is the m em bers nom inal stiffness (see section properties data).

For IOPT = 2 or 5 Force = 0.0 if the displacem ent and the velocity have the sam e signs.
For IOPT = 3 or 6 Force = 0.0 if the displacem ent and the velocity have opposing signs. d reset is set to
zero
In all cases, on reversal of direction of displacem ent the force is set to zero and the displacem ent resets.

If both friction force lim its are equal to zero then Fstiff is set to zero and there is no friction.
If Fstiff is less than or equal to zero then there is no friction The friction follows the standard Elasto-
plastic hystersis rule (see IHYST=1).

The yield actions (forces or m om ents) specified for the loop are taken as lim iting actions for the loop.
This m eans that the force (m om ent) cannot be greater than YP or less than YN. These m ust be supplied
as non-zero values if the loop is to operate.

For IOPT = 1, 2 or 3 the displacem ent cannot be greater or equal to FreeD+ or be less than or equal
FreeD-. If these values are reached or exceeded the analysis will term inate with an error m essage.
For IOPT = 4, 5, or 6 there are no displacem ent lim its.

90
IOPT = 1 or 4 (One to Four damping)

IOPT = 2 or 5 (Two-Four damping)

91
 IOPT = 3 or 6 (One-Three damping)

Resettable Air-cylinder Semi-active (1-4) Device Loop

92
IHYST = 56 Modified SINA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Saiidi 1979].

Modified SINA Degrading Tri-linear rule. One line for each action requiring data.

ALFA BETA GAM M A DELTA PHI FCRP FCRN FCCP FCCN IOP PM AX PM IN

ALFA Bi-linear factor (positive cracking to yield) (0.2 # ALFA # 0.9) F

BETA Bi-linear factor (negative cracking to yield) (0.2 # BETA # 0.9) F
GAM M A Unloading power factor (0.0 # GAM M A # 0.5) F
DELTA Pinching Factor (0.0 # DELTA # 0.8) F
PHI Ratio of Com pression to Tensile Stiffness (0.1 # PHI #10.0) F
If PHI = 0.0 then PHI reset to 1.0
FCRP Cracking action as ratio of Positive Yield (0.3 # FCRP # 0.9) F
FCRN Cracking action as ratio of Negative Yield (0.3 # FCRN # 0.9) F
FCCP Crack closing action as ratio of Positive Yield (0.1 # FCCP # 0.7) F
FCCN Crack closing action as ratio of Negative Yield (0.1 # FCCN # 0.7) F
IOP =0; Cracking and yield deform ations set at static analysis I
=1; Cracking and yield deform ations set at first cracking
=2; Cracking and yield deform ations set at first yield or when axial force falls
outside range of PM IN to PM AX
PM AX Maxim um (Most tensile) axial force to set deform ation lim its. F
PM IN Minim um (Most com pressive) axial force to set deform ation lim its. F

Notes:
1. One com plete line is required for each non-linear action, i.e. 2 lines for Fram e m em bers in Ruaumoko2d
and 4 lines for Fram e m em bers in Ruaumoko3D
2. Sym m etric Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require sym m etry in m om ents and thus
FCRP = FCRN etc. and that ALFA = BETA
3. The tri-linear factor is the bi-linear factor supplied as part of the basic m em ber section data and is the
sam e in both positive and negative directions.
4. If the yield forces vary as a result of axial force-m om ent interaction or because of strength degradation
the stiffness in each of the positive and negative directions are adjusted to retain the sam e cracking and
yield deform ations.

93
M odified SINA Hysteresis

94
IHYST = 57 Revised TAKEDA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Saiidi 1979].

Revised TAKEDA Degrading Tri-linear rule. One line for each action requiring data.

ALFA BETA GAM M A DELTA PHI FCRP FCRN IOP PM AX PM IN

ALFA Bi-linear factor (positive cracking to yield) (0.2 # ALFA # 0.9) F

BETA Bi-linear factor (negative cracking to yield) (0.2 # BETA # 0.9) F
GAM M A Unloading power factor (0.0 # GAM M A # 0.5) F
DELTA Reloading Intersection Factor (-0.1# DELTA # 0.5) F
PHI Ratio of Com pression to Tensile Stiffness (0.1 # PHI #10.0) F
If PHI = 0.0 then PHI reset to 1.0
FCRP Cracking action as ratio of Positive Yield (0.3 # FCRP # 0.9) F
FCRN Cracking action as ratio of Negative Yield (0.3 # FCRN # 0.9) F
IOP =0; Cracking and yield deform ations set at static analysis I
=1; Cracking and yield deform ations set at first cracking
=2; Cracking and yield deform ations set at first yield or when axial force falls
outside range of PM IN to PM AX
PM AX Maxim um (Most tensile) axial force to set deform ation lim its. F
PM IN Minim um (Most com pressive) axial force to set deform ation lim its. F

Notes:
1. One com plete line is required for each non-linear action, i.e. 2 lines for Fram e m em bers and 3 lines for
Spring m em bers in Ruaumoko2d and 4 lines for Fram e m em bers and 6 lines for Spring m em bers in
Ruaumoko3D
2. Sym m etric Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require sym m etry in m om ents and thus
FCRP = FCRN etc. and that ALFA = BETA
3. The tri-linear factor is the bi-linear factor supplied as part of the basic m em ber section data and is the
sam e in both positive and negative directions.
4. If the yield forces vary as a result of axial force-m om ent interaction or because of strength degradation
the stiffness in each of the positive and negative directions are adjusted to retain the sam e cracking
and yield deform ations.

95
Revised TAKEDA Hysteresis

96
M EM ORANDA

97
M EM ORANDA

98