Cementing

• Cementing Processes
• Casing
• Liner
• Squeeze
• Plug
• Cement & Additives
• Cementing Equipment
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 Cement is used in Drilling Operations to...

• Support and protect the casing

• Prevent the movement of fluid through the
annular space outside the casing
• Stop the movement of fluid into vugular or
fractured formations
• Close an abandoned well or a portion of a well
• Sidetracking

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 Primary Cementing

Steel
Casing

Borehole

Cement

Steel Liner

Full String Cementing Liner Cementing

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4
5
 API Classification of Oil Well Cements

CLASS A
Ordinary Portland good for wells which moderate depth.

CLASS B
Similar to class-A but has moderate - high sulfate resistance.

CLASS C
high early strength achieved. Available in moderate - high
sulfate resistance.

CLASS D
Good for deeper wells (6,000-10,000’). Available in moderate –
high sulfate resistance.

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 API Classification of Oil Well Cements

CLASS E
Good for deeper wells (6,000-14,000’). Available in moderate – high
sulfate resistance.
CLASS F
Good for deeper wells (6,000-16,000’) with extremely high pressure
and temperature. Available in high sulfate resistance.
CLASS G
Good as basic cement to 8,000’ and deeper with ADDTIVES. Available
in moderate – high sulfate resistance. Worldwide Cement!!
CLASS H
Good as basic cement to 8,000’. Can be run deeper with ADDTIVES.
Available in moderate – high sulfate resistance.
Note:class A, B, G are most favorable in present day cement jobs.
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 Functions of Cement Additives

1.Density control

2.Setting time control

3.Viscosity control

4.Filtration control

5.Lost circulation control

6.Special for unusual problems 8

 Density Control

Light weight additive

•Bentonite (hold water thus decrease slurry
weight)
•Pozzaolanic (volcanic origin and or fly ash from
coal)
•Sodium Silicate, Perlite and Gilsonite

Heavy weight additive

•Barite
•Hematite ore
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 Setting Time Control

Accelerators (low thickening time)

•Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
•Sodium Chloride (NaCl) in low concentrations
•Gypsum (usable only low temperature condition)

Retarders (high thickening time)

•Calcium Lignosulfonate
•Calsium-Sodium Lignosulfonate
•Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate (Borax)
•Carboxymethyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (CMHEC)
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 Functions of Cement Additives

VISCOSITY CONTROL (less pump horse power)

•Calcium Lignosulfonate
•Sodium Chloride
•Long-chain Polymers

FILTRATION CONTROL

•Organic Polymer
•Latex
•Bentonite with a dispersant
•CMHEC
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 Functions of Cement Additives
LOST CIRCULATION CONTROL
•Gilsonite
•Walnut (in crushed Shells)
•Cellophane Flakes
•Saw Dust
OTHER CONTROLS
•Paraformaldehyde and Sodium Chromate – Deflocculants
contamination
•Silica Flour – form stronger and stable, less cement
permeability
•Hydrazine – corrosion control
•Nylon Fibre – more impact resistance 12
 Basic Cement Slurry Design without Additives
CEMENT SACKS

WATER CEMENT
SLURRY

GIVEN : CEMENT CLASS WITH WEIGHT IN (lbs/sack )

WATER REQUIRMENT IN (gallons/sack )

MUST KNOWN :
ABSOLUTE VOLUME OF THAT CEMENT CLASS (gal/bb)
(How many gallons that cement sack can make in form of slurry)
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 Basic Cement Slurry Design with Additives

CEMENT SACKS ADDITIVES

WATER CEMENT
SLURRY

GIVEN :CEMENT CLASS WITH WEIGHT IN (lbs/sack )

WATER REQUIRMENT IN (gallons/sack )

MUST KNOWN :

ABSOLUTE VOLUME OF THAT CEMENT CLASS (gal/bb)

(HOW MANY GALLON (Slurry) THAT CEMENT SHALE CAN MAKE)

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 Basic Volume Calculation

TYPICAL SAFETY FACTOR (% EXCESS)

Type of Casing Typical % Excess

Surface Casing 100%

Intermediate Casing 50-75%

Production Casing 25%

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Basic Cementing Equipment

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Basic Cementing Equipment

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Basic Cementing Equipment

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 Wiper Plugs

Wiper plugs are equipped with rubber-cupped fins

which wipe mud from the walls of the casing ahead
of the cement and clean the walls of casing behind
the slurry.

Examples of wiper plugs are shown in the next

slide. The top plug also serves as a means of
determining when the cement is in place.

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Wiper Plugs

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Cementing Head

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 Large-Hole
Cementing

Normal
Displacement
Method

• Down the inside of the Csg.

• Use two wiper plugs
• Takes a long time . . .
• Large surface area exposed
to the cmt.
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 Large-Hole
Cementing

Inner
String
Cementing

• Down the inside of the DP

• Use top wiper plug
• Stab-in adapter
• Much shorter displ. time
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 Large-Hole
Cementing

Outside Cementing

1. Down the inside

2. Small-dia. pipe outside
• Cmt and gradually
remove the pipes
Alternative:
Pipes attached 24
(for large pipes)
 Drilling Liners

Liners are commonly used to seal the openhole below a

long intermediate casing string to:
1. Case off the open hole to enable deeper drilling.
2. Control water or gas production
3. Hold back unconsolidated or sloughing
formations.
4. Case off zones of lost circulation and/or zones of
high pressure encountered during drilling operations.

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Drill
Pipe

Liner

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 Multi-Stage
Cementing

▪ Pump first stage

▪ Displace cmt.
▪Open stage tool
▪
▪Pump second stage
▪ Displace cmt
▪ Last plug closes tool
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 Opening
Bomb Closing
Plug
Stage
Collar

Cementing
Basket

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 Cmt

Mud

Cmt
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Balanced Cement Plug

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 Cementing (Open-Hole Plugging)

1. Plug-back for abandonment

2. Plug-back for fishing or hole deviation

• Open-hole plugging is usually performed with

“slick” drillpipe or tubing.
• In some cases, reciprocating scratchers may
be run to enhance cement bonding.

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 Types of Balanced Plugs

Case I: No water or other fluid of different

density from that in the hole is run ahead or
behind the cement slurry.

Case II: Water or other fluid of different

density from that hole is run ahead and behind
cement slurry. The volume of fluid ahead and
behind slurry is calculated so that height in
casing is same as height inside the string.

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 Case I
T C

ft 3
C = annular capacity,
ft
ft 3
T = drill pipe capacity,
ft

Height of
plug with Height of plug
pipe in place after pulling pipe
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 T C Case I
ft 3
C = annular capacity,
ft
ft 3
T = drill pipe capacity,
ft
V = volume of slurry, ft 3
H = height of cement plug
wit h pipe in place
H Final V = H*C + H *T
Height = H(C + T)
V
H=
 C+T
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 Example Balanced Plug - Case I

Set a balanced cmt. plug from 8,500-9,000 ft, with

no fluid spacers.

1. Open hole diameter = 10 3/4”

2. Assume no washout
3. Use 5”, 19.50 #/ft DP, open ended
4. Use class H cement, 15.6 #/gal

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 Example - Case I

(a) Calculate volume of cement slurry

DH
required:

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 Example - Case I

(b) Calculate actual height of plug when DP is in place at

9,000 ft.

If

then
T C

= Height of Plug,
with Pipe in place 37
 Example - Case I

(b) cont’d

In this case,

( Halliburton Book )

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 Example - Case I

(b) cont’d

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 Example - Case I

(c) Determine the quantity of mud displacement inside the DP that

will ensure a balanced plug.

Balance requires that the pressures be equal inside the DP and in the
annulus, at 9,000’.

hMD = hMA PD PA
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Example - Case I

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 Example - Case I

Volume of mud displacement

(behind the cement slurry)
3
= 8,469 ft * 0.0997 ft /ft

VDispl = 150.4 bbl (of mud)

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 Example - Case I
Also required:

Class H cement req’d

Mix water req’d

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 Case II hWD = hWA

VWD VWA
mud =
T C
water T 
VWD = VWA  
cement hW C
Height of
water Height of plug
plug with
pipe in place after pulling pipe
mud
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 Example, Balanced Plug - Case II

Set a balanced plug, 500 ft high, with its bottom

at 9,000 ft. Use water spacers of equal height
inside DP and in annulus.

Volume of annular water spacer = 10 bbl

Open hole diameter = 10 3/4”. No washouts
5” DP, 19.50 #/ft, open ended.
Use class H cement, 15.6 #/gal

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 Example - Case II

(a) & (b) From previous example:

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 Example - Case II

(c) Calculate height (length) of water spacer in DP:

In annulus,

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 Example - Case II
(d) Volume of water spacer inside DP

V W,DP

V W,DP = 2.02 bbls

… for spacers of equal height

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 Example - Case II
(e) A balanced plug
requires that

PD PA

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 Example - Case II
(e) cont’d

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 Example - Case II

Volume of mud required to displace cement and

spacers

ft 3
= 8,355.5 ft * 0.0997
ft
VDispl = 148.5 bbls

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Check

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 Pumping Sequence:

1. Water spacer for annulus:

10 bbls
2. Cement Slurry for Plug:

3. Water spacer behind cement:

2.0 bbls

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 Pumping Sequence

4. Mud displacement behind second water spacer:

148.5 bbls

Total fluid pumped = 10 + 56.2 + 2 + 148.5

= 216.7 bbls

(at 10 bbl/min this would require ~22 min)

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 Question

A balanced cement plug is to be set in open hole

between 6600’ and 7200’. Bit diameter is 8-
1/2". Use Class G cement with 15.9 ppg slurry
weight. Spot plug using 5" O.D., 19.5 #/ft drill
pipe. Pump 14 bbls of fresh water ahead of
the cement, and 3 bbls of water behind. Use
5.8 gallons of water per sack of cement. The
weight of the mud in the hole is 12.5 ppg.
Assume 25% excess due to washouts (annulus
only). Determine number of sacks of cement
required and volume of mixing water, the
height occupied by cement plug when bottom
of the drill pipe is at 7200’, and volume of mud
pumped to displace cement.
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