[Subtítulo del documento]

NETWORKS
OPEN

COURSE:
Mecánica de Fluidos II
TEACHER:

Dr. Ing. José Arbulu Ramos

MEMBERS: (GROUP 2)

-Ayala Seminario Kevin Roberto 154531-G

-Gonzales Medina Bem 152015-A
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

INDEX

 Open networks ......................................................................4

 Analysis of open networks: quantity balance ..........................4

 The problem of the three reservoirs ........................................7

 Pumping from one reservoir to another two .........................10

 Pipes with two or more independent discharge branches .......12

 APPLICATION EXERCISES………………………………………13

1
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

INTRODUCTION

In hydraulic engineering, piping systems are quite complex and used.

That is why fluid mechanics are a previous study to understand the
system of basic concepts and criteria pipes.
Pipes are very important for the transport of flows such as water,
sewage, natural gas, others.
In this chapter we will study and analyze open pipe networks, which
are widely used because they tend to be economical, since each node
is supplied by a single pipe as examples of these are: rainwater
collectors.

2
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

OBJETIVOS

General Objetives:
 Know what an open network is and how it works

Specific Objectives:
 Develop the different cases that arise in an open network: the problem of
the three reservoirs, pumping from one reservoir to another two,
pipelines with two or more independent discharge branches.

3
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

OPEN NETWORKS
Networks of mother tubes or express lines in aqueduct systems. They are characterized
by having no "closed circuit" in the system. Figure 1 shows a scheme of this type of
network, which joins four storage tanks within the aqueduct system of a hypothetical
city.

FIGURE 1 - Open network. The diagram shows a pipe system that joins four storage tanks (A, B, C, D). The system is
composed of 5 mother tubes (A • U1, U1-B, U1-U2, U2-C and U2-D) with two unions (U1 and U2), The unions can have
lateral flow rates of extraction (QL1 Y QL2). The demanded flows are taken directly from the storage tanks (QDB ,QDC Y
QDD) Tank A works as a main storage tank or primary supply tank.

EXAMPLE
A piping system that joins a battery of water wells with a supply tank or a treatment
plant, or the system consisting of the main and secondary pipes in a localized high
frequency irrigation system are examples of piping systems described as open networks.

ANALYSIS OF OPEN NETWORKS: BALANCE OF AMOUNT

The specific objective of this chapter is to analyze the open networks by means of the
quantity balance method, that is, conserving the mass throughout the entire network. As
a principle, it is stated that in each of the joints or nodes of the network, the continuity
equation must be fulfilled and in each of the reservoirs or tanks, the requested flow must
be supplied.
In general, the problem consists of determining the diameters and the flows in each of
the pipes of the network for permanent flow conditions and, at the same time, in
verifying that in each one of the reservoirs the conditions of demand of flow are fulfilled
Figure 2 shows a diagram of this type of networks.

4
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

FIGURE 2-Open network connecting a supply tank (A), which enters the total flow demanded by the system (QE) and
three storage tanks (B, C, D) with their respective demands (QDB ,QDC Y QDD) .

Equation of Energy in each of the pipes of the network

𝒍𝒊𝑼 𝑽𝒊𝑼 𝟐
|𝒛𝒊 − 𝒛𝑼 | = (𝒇𝒊𝑼 + ∑ 𝒌𝒎𝒊𝑼 ) 𝒔𝒊 (𝒊 = 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪, 𝑫)
𝒅𝒊𝑼 𝟐𝒈

 Zu = piezometric head in the union (it is always an unknown variable).

 Zi = piezometric head in the tank i.
 V iU = flow velocity in the pipeline iu.
 d iU = diameter in the pipe iu.
 I iU = length of the pipe iu.
 f iU = Darcy friction factor for the iu pipe.
 ∑ 𝒌𝒎𝒊𝑼 = global coefficient of minor losses of the iu pipe.

This equation can be transformed like this:

𝒇𝒊𝑼 𝒍𝒊𝑼 ∑ 𝒌𝒎𝒊𝑼 𝑸𝒊𝑼 𝟐
|𝒛𝒊 − 𝒛𝑼 | = ( + )
𝟐𝒈𝒅𝒊𝑼 𝟐𝒈 𝑨𝒊𝑼 𝟐

𝒛𝒊 − 𝒛𝑼 = 𝒌𝒊𝑼 𝑸𝒊𝑼 𝟐

Equation of conservation of the mass in the union or node U

𝒏

∑ 𝑸𝒊 𝑼 − 𝑸𝑳𝑼 = 𝟎
𝒊=𝟏

5
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

Where:
 Q iU = flow in the pipe iu (it is taken as positive if it reaches the node or as a
negative if it leaves the node)
 n = number of pipes that reach the junction or node U
 Q LU = flow consumed in the union (can be zero)

Eye:
With the use of the above equations and the methods and equations introduced in the
previous chapters, the three types of problems mentioned below can be solved in the
case of open networks.

 Calculation of power:
In this case, the characteristics of all the sections (L, D, e), the coordinates of the
nodes and the discharged flows in each node (q) are known. It is required to
know the service pressure at each end of the network (psi / g), which requires
calculating the energy losses in all the sections. The continuity equations must be
proposed, one for each node, and the energy equation between the highest tank
and each end of the network.
 Hydraulic capacity revision:
In this case, the characteristics of all the sections (L, D, e), the service pressure at
each end (psi /g) and the topography of the network (HTi) are known. It is
required to know the discharge that is discharged in each node and the flow in
each section. The continuity equations must be proposed, one for each node,
and the energy equation between the highest tank and each end of the network.
 Network design:
In this case, some characteristics of all the sections (L, e), the service pressure at
each end (psi / g), the topography of the network (HTi) and the consumptions at
the nodes (qj) are known. It is required to know the diameter of each section
(D). The continuity equations must be proposed, one for each node, and the
energy equation between the highest tank and each end of the network. This
problem has multiple solutions. The one with the least cost will be preferred.

6
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

THE THREE-RESERVOIR PROBLEM

If the flow from the upper reservoir passes through a single pipe which then divides and
the two branch pipes lead to two separate reservoirs with different surface levels, as
shown in Fig.3, the problem is more complex, particularly as it is sometimes difficult to
decide the direction of flow in one of the pipes. Thus, in Fig.3, if we draw the hydraulic
gradient lines as shown, flow will be from D to B if the level of the hydraulic gradient at
D is above the level of the free surface at B, but if it is below the level of B then flow
will be in the reverse direction from B to D. Unfortunately, the hydraulic gradient
cannot be drawn until the problem has been solved and so its value

(ZD + pD/ρg), at D cannot be determined initially. In many cases, the direction of flow is
reasonably obvious, but if it is doubtful, e.g. in DB, imagine that this branch is closed
and calculate the value of (ZD + pD/ρg) when there is flow from A to C only. If (ZD +
pD/ρg) is greater than ZB for this condition, flow will initially be from D to B when
branch DB is opened. In some cases, conditions at D might then change sufficiently for
the flow to reverse, but, if the correct assumption has been made, the continuity
requirement that the sum of the flows into the junction is equal to the sum of the flows
leaving the junction will be satisfied. If this is not the case, the assumed direction of flow
must be reversed and a new solution calculated.

There are three possible solutions of this problem:

𝒑
a) (𝒛 + 𝜸) = 𝒁𝑨
𝑷

7
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

𝒑
 Since (𝒛 + 𝜸) = 𝒁𝑨 there will be no flow from or to reservoir A, and
𝑷

therefore,
𝑸𝑨𝑫 = 𝟎, 𝑽𝑨𝑫 = 𝟎, 𝑱𝑨𝑫 = 𝟎

𝑸𝑩𝑫 = 𝑸𝑫𝑪
 The relations between the reservoir levels B, and D and the piezometric

head at the junction D are:

𝑷𝑫
𝒁𝑩 − 𝒉𝑳𝑩𝑫 = 𝒁𝑫 + = 𝒁𝑪 + 𝒉𝑳𝑪𝑫
𝜸

 Energy line slope (JBD) of the BD pipe can be found as:

𝑷
𝒁𝑩 − 𝒁𝑫 − 𝜸𝑫 𝒁 − 𝒁 𝒉𝑳
𝑩 𝑨
𝑱𝑩𝑫 = = = 𝑩𝑫
𝑳𝑩𝑫 𝑳𝑩𝑫 𝑳𝑩𝑫

 Using the Darcy-Weisbach equation:

𝒇𝑽𝟐
𝑱=
𝑫𝟐𝒈
 The flow velocity in the BD pipe can be calculated by:

𝟏⁄
𝟐𝒈𝑫𝑩𝑫 𝑱𝑩𝑫 𝟐
𝑽𝑩𝑫 =( )
𝒇𝑩𝑫
 And the discharge is:

𝑸𝑩𝑫 = 𝑨𝑩𝑫 𝑽𝑩𝑫

 The energy line slope, the velocity and the discharge of the CD pipe are

then:

𝒁𝑨 − 𝒁𝑪 𝒉𝑳𝑪𝑫
𝑱𝑪𝑫 = =
𝑳𝑪𝑫 𝑳𝑪𝑫
𝟏
𝟐𝒈𝑫𝑪𝑫 𝑱𝑪𝑫 ⁄𝟐
𝑽𝑪𝑫 = ( )
𝒇𝑪𝑫
𝑸𝑪𝑫 = 𝑨𝑪𝑫 𝑽𝑪𝑫 = 𝑸𝑩𝑫
𝒑
b) 𝒁𝒄 < (𝒛 + 𝜸) < 𝒁𝒂 < 𝒁𝑩
𝑫

8
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

 The continuity equation for this case is:

𝑸𝑩𝑫 = 𝑸𝑨𝑫 + 𝑸𝑫𝑪

 The relations between the reservoir levels B, A, and C and the

piezometric head at the junction D are:

𝒑
𝒁𝑩 − 𝒉𝑳𝑩𝑫 = (𝒛 + ) = 𝒁𝑨 + 𝒉𝑳𝑨𝑫 = 𝒁𝑪 + 𝒉𝑳𝑪𝑫
𝜸 𝑫

 The energy line slopes of the pipes are:

𝒑
𝒁𝑩 − (𝒛 + 𝜸) 𝒉𝑳𝑩𝑫
𝑫
𝑱𝑩𝑫 = =
𝑳𝑪𝑫 𝑳𝑩𝑫
𝒑
(𝒛 + 𝜸) − 𝒁𝑨 𝒉
𝑫 𝑳
𝑱𝑨𝑫 = = 𝑨𝑫
𝑳𝑨𝑫 𝑳𝑨𝑫
𝒑
(𝒛 + 𝜸) − 𝒁𝑪 𝒉
𝑫 𝑳
𝑱𝑪𝑫 = = 𝑪𝑫
𝑳𝑪𝑫 𝑳𝑪𝑫
𝒑
c) 𝒁𝒄 < (𝒛 + 𝜸) < 𝒁𝒂 < 𝒁𝑩
𝑫

9
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

 The continuity equation is:

𝑸𝑩𝑫 + 𝑸𝑨𝑫 = 𝑸𝑫𝑪

 The relations between the reservoir levels B, A, and C and the piezometric head

at the junction D are:

𝒑
𝒁𝑩 − 𝒉𝑳𝑩𝑫 = (𝒛 + ) = 𝒁𝑨 − 𝒉𝑳𝑨𝑫 = 𝒁𝑪 + 𝒉𝑳𝑪𝑫
𝜸 𝑫
 The energy line slopes of the pipes are:

𝒑
𝒁𝑩 − (𝒛 + )
𝜸 𝑫 𝒉𝑳𝑩𝑫
𝑱𝑩𝑫 = =
𝑳𝑪𝑫 𝑳𝑩𝑫
𝒑
𝒁𝑨 − (𝒛 + 𝜸) 𝒉𝑳
𝑫
𝑱𝑨𝑫 = = 𝑨𝑫
𝑳𝑨𝑫 𝑳𝑨𝑫
𝒑
(𝒛 + 𝜸) − 𝒁𝑪 𝒉
𝑫 𝑳
𝑱𝑪𝑫 = = 𝑪𝑫
𝑳𝑪𝑫 𝑳𝑪𝑫

BOMBEO DE UN RESERVORIO A OTROS DOS

In the figure 4 there is shown a reservoir feeder 1, a suction pipe 1, a pump B, a delivery
pipe 2, which branches into the pipes 3 and 4 to feed two tanks

10
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

FIGURA 4

Consider that the diameters, lengths and coefficients of roughness of each pipeline are
known, as well as the elevations of the tanks and the power of the pump, it is about
calculating the expense in each branch. The following method is suggested.

1. Assume a value for the Q expense driven by the pump (Q1 = Q2 = Q).
2. Calculate the head loss hf1 in pipe 1 with the Darcy equation as a function of the
expense.
𝑓𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 0.0827 5 𝑄 2
𝐷

3. Calculate the piezometric dimension ZE at the inlet of the pump with the
following equation.

𝒁𝑬 = 𝒁𝟏 − 𝒉𝒇𝟏

4. Previously, the theoretical Power is calculated:

𝑃𝑇 = n %*𝑃𝑅

5. Calculate the theoretical H energy supplied by the pump, from the following
equation.
𝟕𝟔𝑷𝑻
𝑯=
𝜸𝑸

Where H is the energy in meters, P is the theoretical power in HP, γ is the specific
weight of the fluid in Kg / m3 and Q is the expenditure in m3 / s.

6. Calculate the ZS piezometric dimension at the pump outlet.

𝒁𝑺 = 𝒁𝑬 + 𝑯

7. Calculate the head loss hf2 in section 2 with the Darcy equation
8. Calculate the piezometric coordinate in the node P.

𝒁𝑷 = 𝒁𝑺 − 𝒉𝒇𝟐

9. Calcular la energía disponible hf3 para el tramo 3.

𝒉𝒇𝟑 = 𝒁𝑷 − 𝒁𝟑

10. Calculate the expense in pipe 3 by applying the Darcy equation by clearing the
expense or flow.

11
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

𝑫𝟓 𝟏𝟐
𝑸 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟕√ 𝒉
𝒇𝑳 𝒇

11. Apply steps 8 and 9 to pipe 4.

12. Finally check if the equation of continuity in the node is met
𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 + 𝑸𝟒

Otherwise it restarts the calculation assuming another value for the expenditure driven
by the pump.
In order not to increase the number of scores, a graphic method similar to that described
in the previous section is used.

TUBERÍAS CON DOS O MÁS RAMALES DE

DESCARGA INDEPENDIENTE
Be a feeder pond from which comes a tube of length L1, diameter D1 and coefficient of
resistance f1. This pipeline is divided into branches 2 and 3. The elevation of the pond
and the discharge levels are known. It is about calculating the expense in each branch.

The suggested calculation method is as follows.

1. Assume a piezometric coordinate at point P.
2. Calculate the available energies for each branch.
3. Calculate the expense in each pipeline. You can use Darcy's equation.

𝑫𝟓 𝟏𝟐
𝑸 = 𝟑, 𝟒𝟕𝟕 √ 𝒉
𝒇𝑳 𝒇

Or another equation of the form.

𝑸 = 𝒌𝒉𝒙𝒇
4. Verify if the equation of continuity in the node is met.
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑
5. Otherwise repeat the procedure and / or resort to an auxiliary graph until
finding the value of the piezometric level of point P necessary to satisfy the
continuity equation.

12
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

APPLICATION EXERCISES
Example n°1:

Be a system of three reservoirs. The son data:

𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟖𝟎𝒎

𝑳𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝑳𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝑳𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎

𝑫𝟏 = 𝟖′′ 𝑫𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎′′ 𝑫𝟑 = 𝟔′′

𝒇𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒇𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒇𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓

Calculate the expense in each of the branches

Solution:

From the equation :

𝐷5 1
𝑄 = 3.477√ ℎ𝑓 2
𝑓𝐿

We determine the discharge equation of each pipe::

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟓𝒉𝒇𝟏 𝟐 𝑸𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟖𝒉𝒇𝟐 𝟐 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟒𝒉𝒇𝟑 𝟐

We start the calculation assuming the 110 m height for the P node

13
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

𝑧𝑃 = 110𝑚
ℎ𝑓1 = 10𝑚 𝑄1 = 45.9 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓2 = 10𝑚 𝑄2 = 59.5 𝑙𝑡/𝑠 𝑄1 − (𝑄2 + 𝑄3 ) = −54.1 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓3 = 30𝑚 𝑄3 = 40.5 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

As the continuity equation has not been verified, a new score is made:
𝑧𝑃 = 105𝑚
ℎ𝑓1 = 15𝑚 𝑄1 = 56.2 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓2 = 5𝑚 𝑄2 = 42 𝑙𝑡/𝑠 𝑄1 − (𝑄2 + 𝑄3 ) = −22.8 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓3 = 25𝑚 𝑄3 = 37 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

We will do some additional calculations

𝑧𝑃 = 101𝑚
ℎ𝑓1 = 19𝑚 𝑄1 = 63.2 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓2 = 1𝑚 𝑄2 = 18.8 𝑙𝑡/𝑠 𝑄1 − (𝑄2 + 𝑄3 ) = 10.5 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓3 = 21𝑚 𝑄3 = 33.9 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

𝑧𝑃 = 100.5𝑚
ℎ𝑓1 = 19.5𝑚 𝑄1 = 64 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓2 = 0.5𝑚 𝑄2 = 13.3 𝑙𝑡/𝑠 𝑄1 − (𝑄2 + 𝑄3 ) = 16.4 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓3 = 21.5𝑚 𝑄3 = 34.3 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

14
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

𝑧𝑃 = 100𝑚
ℎ𝑓1 = 20𝑚 𝑄1 = 64.8 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓2 = 0𝑚 𝑄2 = 0 𝑙𝑡/𝑠 𝑄1 − (𝑄2 + 𝑄3 ) = 31.7 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

ℎ𝑓3 = 20𝑚 𝑄3 = 33.1 𝑙𝑡/𝑠

Taking these values to a graph you get the result

𝑸𝟏 = 𝟔𝟐 𝒍𝒕/𝒔
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕 𝒍𝒕/𝒔
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒍𝒕/𝒔

and the piezometric level of point P is 102 m

Example N°2:

In the system shown in the figure there is a pump that supplies the power with a power
of 40 HP. Calculate the expense in each pipeline. Consider f = 0.02 in all pipes. (For the
effects of the problem, consider the pump an efficiency of 100%)

15
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

Solution:

Let's start the calculation assuming an expense Q = 100 Lts / s (At the pump)

 The loss of load in pipes 1 and 2 is given by the following equation

𝑓𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 0.0827 5 𝑄 2
𝐷
 Where replacing the data the load loss of 1 is:
ℎ𝑓1 = 0.15 𝑚
 We calculate the piezometric level at the entrance of the ZE Pump.

𝑍𝐸 = 𝑍1 − ℎ𝑓1
𝑍𝐸 = 100 − 0.15
𝑍𝐸 = 99.85 𝑚
 The theoretical Power is calculated briefly, in this case it is the same as the real
one since the efficiency is 100%.

𝑃𝑇 = n %*𝑃𝑅

 The theoretical energy supplied by the pump is:

76𝑃𝑇 76𝑥40
𝐻= = =30.4 m
𝛾𝑄 1000𝑥0.1

 We calculate the piezometric dimension at the output of the ZS pump:

𝑍𝑆 = 𝑍𝐸 + 𝐻
𝑍𝑆 = 99.85 + 30.4
𝑍𝑆 = 130.25 𝑚

 The loss of load in section 2 is:

ℎ𝑓2 = 1.08 𝑚
 The piezometric level the in node P is.
𝑍𝑃 = 𝑍𝑆 − ℎ𝑓2
𝑍𝑃 = 130.25 − 1.08
𝑍𝑃 = 129.17 m.
 We calculate the available energy (which we assume is consumed entirely in
friction) in section 3:
ℎ𝑓3 = 𝑍𝑃 − 𝑍3

ℎ𝑓3 = 129.17 − 125 = 4.17𝑚

16
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

 The discharge equation in pipes 3 and 4 is given by the following equation

(Darcy):
1
𝐷5
𝑄 = 3.477√ 𝑓𝐿 ℎ𝑓2

 Replacing the data the expense in pipeline 3 is:

𝑄3 = 38.4 𝑙/𝑠
 We calculate the available energy for section 4 is
ℎ𝑓4 = 𝑍𝑃 − 𝑍4

ℎ𝑓4 = 129.17 − 120 = 9.17 𝑚

 Replacing the data, the expense in line 4 is:
𝑄4 = 98.7 𝑙/𝑠
 To verify the continuity equation, it would be required that:
𝑄2 = 𝑄3 + 𝑄4

 all right
𝑄2 − (𝑄3 + 𝑄4 ) = 0

 However we found that for the supposed expense is:

𝑄2 − (𝑄3 + 𝑄4 ) = −37.1 𝑙/s

 Since the continuity equation has not been verified, we must continue with the
scores.
We make a new calculation with Q equal to 110 l / s and we obtain.
𝑄2 − (𝑄3 + 𝑄4 ) = 9.8 𝑙/𝑠
 We make a new score with Q equal to 108 l / s and we obtain.
𝑄2 − (𝑄3 + 𝑄4 ) = −1.2 𝑙/𝑠
 With Q equal to 108.7 l / s you get
 𝑄2 − (𝑄3 + 𝑄4 ) = 2.1 𝑙/𝑠

 We take these values to a graph, finally we obtain Q = 108.3 l / s. rounding the

values (l / s) you get:
𝑄 = 108 𝑙/𝑠
𝑙
𝑄3 = 24
𝑠
𝑄4 = 84 𝑙/𝑠

17
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

Example N° 3

Find H and the flow rates of each of the branches in lts/s.

Solution:
Applying the formula Hazen Williams:

𝑄 = 0.000426 ∗ 𝐶𝐻 ∗ 𝐷2.63 ∗ 𝑆 0.54

𝑄 = 0.000426 ∗ 𝐶𝐻 ∗ 𝐷2.63 ∗ 𝑆 0.54

18
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

Interpolating:

Bibliography
 John F. Douglas, J. M. (2005). FLUID MECHANIC (Fifth Edition). England: PEARSON
Pretince Hall. (Chapter-14)

 Saldarriaga, J. G. (1998). Hidráulica de Tuberías. Santafé de Bogota: Mc Graw Hill.

Webgrafy

 https://es.slideshare.net/kocamanyakup/lecture-notes-03

 http://www.slideshare.net/muhsenbd/local-energy-head-losses-lecture-notes-
03

19
Escuela
Escuela
Profesional
de Ingeniería
de Ingeniería
Civil Civil Mecánica de Fluidos II

20