TWO TYPES OF DC GENERATOR

According to the method of excitation,

1. Self – excited Generator

- the shunt field is excited by current supplied to it by its
own armature.

2. Separately-Excited Generator
- the shunt field is excited by current supplied to it from a
separate source of dc supply.
TYPES OF A SELF-EXCITED DC GENERATOR
Three General Types
- each type is distinguished by its field winding or windings
i.e., by the manner in which the excitation is produced, which are
absolutely independent of the kind of armature winding.

1. Shunt Generator
2. Series Generator
3. Compound Generator
3.1 Long-shunt compound generator
3.2 Short-shunt compound generator
 Shunt Generator
- the excitation is produced by a field winding that is
connected to full, or nearly full, line voltage.

 Series Generator
- the excitation originates in a field winding connected in
series with the armature, so that the flux depends upon the current
delivered to the load.

 Compound Generator
- the excitation is produced by two field windings, one
connected to the full, or nearly full, line voltage and the other
excited by the line or armature current, a comparatively large
current.
In a compound generator,
 the series coil is wound over the shunt coil; this is good general practice
because the series field, carrying high values of current, is kept cool more
readily when placed on the outside.
 the shunt field contains many turns of comparatively fine wires
 the series field is wound with few turns of heavy wires

 When a generator is in operation, whether or not it is delivering a load

current,
- the shunt field is always excited
- the series field is excited only when a load current is being supplied
In a series generator, therefore, the terminal voltage is very low at light loads
because the excitation or current is low under this condition.

NOTE: The voltage of a generator depends, among other things,

upon the flux.

In a compound generator, the series field, acting together with the fairly
constant shunt excitation, adds to or subtracts from the latter as the load
changes.
BUILDING UP THE VOLTAGE OF A SELF-EXCITED
SHUNT GENERATOR

―When a self-excited shunt generator is operated at a speed

approximating the rated speed (nameplate value) with the field
switch open, the armature will generate a residual voltage, i.e., an
emf resulting from the cutting of a residual magnetic field.‖
FOUR REQUIREMENTS FOR VOLTAGE BUILD-UP:

1. Small voltage resulting from residual magnetism.

2. Field-circuit resistance must be less than the ―critical field

resistance‖.

3. Speed must be high enough for the shunt field resistance used.

4. There must be a proper relation between the direction of

rotation and the field connections to the armature.
BEHAVIOR OF A SHUNT GENERATOR UNDER LOAD
When the load current is increased, the terminal voltage
always decreases its magnitude.
THREE REASONS:
1. As Ia increases, voltage drop (IaRa) increases.Thus, lower emf is
found at the terminals. (Apply KVL)
2. When the armature terminal voltage falls, the field winding
suffers a corresponding reduction in current, which in turn,
reduces the flux, the latter further reduces the generated emf.
3. When armature winding carries increasing values of load
current, the armature core becomes an electromagnet—
reacting w/ the main field flux further to reduce the flux, thus,
suffering from an additional drop.
General Consideration:
1. The generated voltage (Eg), which depends upon the flux (other
factors remaining unchanged), is always greater than the
terminal or load voltage by exactly the amount of the voltage
drop in the armature circuit.This is why it is important to keep
the armature circuit resistance as low as possible.
BEHAVIOR OF A SHUNT GENERATOR UNDER LOAD

Load Test:
“Operate the generator at rated speed while the load is
varied from zero current to above rated output.‖

―The load voltage falls from its no-load voltage VNL to its full-load
value VFL, the latter representing the name-plate value.‖

―If the generator is delivering its rated power at rated voltage and
the load switch is quickly opened, the terminal voltage will rise to
the no-load value VNL. This rise in voltage (VFL to VNL) is very
important because it indicates the performance of the generator.‖
PER CENT VOLTAGE REGULATION
- it is defined as the change in voltage from no-load to
full-load.
𝑉𝑁𝐿 −𝑉𝐹𝐿
% 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝐹𝐿
x100

Example:
The voltage of a 100 kW, 250V shunt generator rises to
260 volts when the load is removed. Calculate the per cent
voltage regulation of the machine.
COMPOUND GENERATOR OPERATION UNDER
LOAD
The addition of a second field winding, connected in series
in the line circuit or in the armature circuit, provides a generator
with two sources of excitation.The shunt field excitation is usually
more or less steady and is affected only slightly as the terminal
voltage fluctuates.The effect of the series-field is quite variable,
however, since its ampere-turns depend upon the load current; when
the load current is zero, it produces no component of flux and the
when the load current is high, it creates an appreciable component
of flux. Exactly how much flux it must develop depends upon the
extent to which it must compensate for voltage drop.
COMPOUND GENERATOR OPERATION UNDER
LOAD

Types of Compound Generator based on the direction of

flux created by both shunt and series fields:

1. Cumulative-compounded – flux generated by the shunt

and series field coils are in the same direction.

2. Differential-compounded – flux generated by the shunt

and series field coils are in opposite direction.
Types of Compound Generator based on the degree of
compounding:

1. Flat-compound – terminal voltages at no-load and full-

load are equal.
2. Over-compound – the full-load voltage is higher than the
no-load voltage.
3. Under-compound – the full-load voltage is less than the
zero-load voltage.

―The degree of compounding is based primarily by the number of

series-field turns or, more particularly, by the full-load series-field
ampere turns with respect to the shunt-field ampere-turns.‖
Degree of Compounding Adjustment

Standard compound generators are usually constructed with

sufficient series-field turns to operate over-compounded.Then, by connecting
a very low resistance shunt directly across the series field, the no-load voltage
may be brought up to almost any desired value to meet individual demands.
Such a low resistance shunt is called a diverter resistance Rd. Its purpose
is to divert, or bypass, part of the load current through a section of wire that
creates no flux.Thus, the series field is less effective in creating flux to boost
the generated emf to an extent determined by the diverted current.
When Rd is extremely large, the diverted current will be small and the
generator characteristic will be over-compounded.
When Rd approaches that of a short circuit, practically all the load current
will be diverted and the operating characteristic will resemble that of a shunt
generator.
Since the series-field resistance RSE and the diverter resistance RD are in
parallel, the total line current IL will divide so that ISE and ID are related to
each other by an inverse ratio of the respective resistances. Thus,
𝐼𝑆𝐸 𝑅𝐷
𝐼𝐷
= 𝑅𝑆𝐸

In practice, the diverter material is manganin, german silver, or any other

high-resistivity material with a low temperature-resistance coefficient.
SERIES GENERATOR BEHAVIOR UNDER LOAD
―When a generator has a single field that is connected in series with
the armature, the load current is simultaneously the excitation
current; called a series generator, its voltage will depend upon the
current delivered to the load.‖
―On open circuit, when the load is zero, the series-field ampere-turns
is likewise zero and the generated voltage is that due to the cutting of the
residual flux, i.e,, the residual value Er. However, if the generator terminals
are closed through a load resistance, a current I will flow, in which event the
series field will create additional flux and cause the machine to generate a
higher voltage; at the same time the armature will develop a demagnetizing
action, and a voltage drop will occur in RA and RSE.‖
SERIES GENERATOR BEHAVIOR UNDER LOAD
―The terminal voltage VT will rise as the load amperes are increased
and continue to do so as long as the resultant generated voltage rises more
rapidly than those factors already noted that tend to reduce it. However, at
loads that are considerably above normal values, the iron portions of the
magnetic circuits become highly saturated, under which condition the
subtractive effects exceed the slowly rising generated emf; the terminal voltage
then begins to drop.‖
―Thus, the external volts-vs-load current characteristic curve rises
rapidly from its initial value Er during the light-load stages, then tapers off
to a maximum, and finally drops to zero.‖
―Because of the varying nature of the terminal voltage with respect
to the load, the series generator has few practical applications.‖
SERIES GENERATOR BEHAVIOR UNDER LOAD