HVAC

TYPES OF HVAC SYSTEMS

 HVAC types
Window AC

1. Based on method used to convey energy

1. All- air systems
2. Air-and-water systems
3. All-water systems

2. Based on type of air- conditioner used Packaged AC

1. Window Air Conditioning System
2. Split Air Conditioner System
3. Packaged Air Conditioners
4. Central Air Conditioning

Split AC
Window air conditioner is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms. In this air
conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator
and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room, or
more commonly a window sill.
The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor
unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve.
The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t
have to make any slot in the wall of the room. Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks
and add to the beauty of the room. The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.
The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels, theaters,
airports, shopping malls etc are to be air conditioned completely. The window and split air
conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces. If the whole building is to be cooled it is
not economically viable to put window or split air conditioner in each and every room. Further, these
small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls, auditoriums, receptions areas etc.
Central air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms, movie theaters,
factories etc. If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that putting individual units in
each of the rooms is very expensive making this a better option. A central air conditioning system is comprised
of a huge compressor that has the capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big halls,
malls, huge spaces, galleries etc is usually only feasible with central conditioning units.
THERMAL COMFORT
 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI)
General Design Criteria

General Category Specific Category Inside Design Conditions Air Movement Circulation,
Winter Summer air changes per hour
Dining Cafeterias and 21 to 23°C 26°C e 0.25 m/s at 1.8 m 12 to 15
and Luncheonettes 20 to 30% rh 50% rh above floor
Entertainment
Centers Restaurants 21 to 23°C 23 to 26°C 0.13 to 0.15 m/s 8 to 12
20 to 30% rh 55 to 60% rh

Bars 21 to 23°C 23 to 26°C 0.15 m/s at 1.8 m 15 to 20

20 to 30% rh 50 to 60% rh above floor

Nightclubs and 21 to 23°C 23 to 26°C below 0.13 m/s at 20 to 30

Casinos 20 to 30% rh 50 to 60% rh 1.5 m above floor
Kitchens 21 to 23°C 29 to 31°C 0.15 to 0.25 m/s 12 to 15h

Office Buildings 21 to 23°C 23 to 26°C 0.13 to 0.23 m/s 4 4 to 10

20 to 30% rh 50 to 60% rh to 10 L/(s·m2)

Museums, Average 20 to 22°C 8 to 12

Libraries, and 40 to 55% rh below 0.13 m/s
Archives
(Also see Chapter 20.) Archival See Chapter 20, Museums, below 0.13 m/s 8 to 12
Libraries, and Archives

Bowling 21 to 23°C 24 to 26°C 0.25 m/s at 1.8 m 10 to 15

Centers 20 to 30% rh 50 to 55% rh above floor

Communication Telephone Terminal 22 to 26°C 22 to 26°C 0.13 to 0.15 m/s 8 to 20

Centers Rooms 40 to 50% rh 40 to 50% rh
Radio and Television 21 to 23°C 23 to 26°C 0.13 to 0.15 m/s 15 to 40
Studios 40 to 50% rh 45 to 55% rh
Transportation Airport 23 to 26°C 23 to 26°C below 0.13 m/s at 8 to 12
Centers Terminals 30 to 40% rh 40 to 55% rh 3.7 m above floor

Ship 21 to 23°C 23 to 26°C 0.13 to 0.15 m/s at 8 to 12

Docks 20 to 30% rh 50 to 60% rh 1.8 m above floor

Bus 21 to 23°C 23 to 26°C 0.13 to 0.15 m/s at 8 to 12

Terminals 20 to 30% rh 50 to 60% rh 1.8 m above floor

Garagesl 4 to 13°C 27 to 38°C 0.15 to 0.38 m/s 4 to 6

Warehouses Inside design temperatures for warehouses often 1 to 4

depend on the materials stored.
 HVAC
SYSTEM TYPE SELECTION
 HVAC system selection
The window and split air conditioners are usually used for Commercial buildings commonly choose several types
the small air conditioning capacities up to 5 tons. of systems based on the space conditioning needs of
different systems.
The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed
rated capacities of 3, 5,7,10 and 15 tons. These units are
1. A constant-volume system might cool the interior, which
used commonly in places like restaurants, telephone
has relatively uniform cooling requirements
exchange, homes, small halls, etc.
2. A VAV system conditions perimeter areas, which have
variable requirements.
The central air conditioning system are used for where the
3. Where precision control is required (e.g., laboratories,
cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons.
precision electronic industry or hospital operating rooms),
custom single-zone air handlers may be used.

In large facilities, which have widely varying requirements,

flexibility is extremely important.

Table showing some typical applications for various types of

 HVAC
LOAD CALCULATIONS
 There are many factors which effect the hvac loads calculation.

Climate
For the classification purpose these can be categorized as follows
Orientation
•Latitude

TYPES OF LOADS IN HVAC

Internal Loads
Lighting
Occupants
Equipment
Humidification and
dehumidification

External loads
Fenestration
Infiltration
Building envelope

Ventilation Loads
The air flow rates for ventilation
purposes
 HVAC LOAD CALCULATION METHODS

Rule-of-thumb sizing
One ton of cooling equipment for every 400 square feet of conditioned space. In a concession to recent
improvements in insulation levels and window specifications, some HVAC contractors have adjusted their
rule of thumb, and now size air conditions at one ton per 600 square feet.

One ton of cooling per 1,000 square feet. According to Blasnik, “Sizing an air conditioner using tons per
square foot actually works pretty well, as long as you choose the right rule of thumb.”

ADVANTAGES DISVANTAGES

1. Easy to calculate HVAC loads 1. Can not be generalized, varies according to

climatic conditions, site location etc
2. Used for initial design stages
2. Rule-of-thumb sizing “does not account for
3. Takes into account similar types of building orientation of the walls and windows,
categories around the given site location
3. The difference in surface area between a one-
4. Usually these rules of thumb may result in gross story and a two-story home of the same floor
oversizing of cooling equipment. area,

4. The differences in insulation and air leakage

between different buildings, the number of
occupants, and many other factors.”

NOTES
1. Rule of thumb to size an air conditioner is no substitute for performing a room-by-room cooling load calculation.

2. Room-by-room calculations are necessary for many reasons: to properly size ductwork, for example, and to
address unusual architectural features like rooms with large west-facing windows.
HVAC LOAD CALCULATION METHODS

Software Programs
The physics involved in the transfer of heat and energy between buildings, occupants, and the environment is quite complex.
The most current and best math models of this problem require significant input data and thousands of calculations in an
iterative process.

ASHRAE has TETD (Total Equivalent Temperature Difference), CLTD (Cooling Load Temperature Difference), TFM
(Transfer Function Method), HB (Heat Balance) and RTS (Radiant Time Series).
 INITIAL HVAC LOAD CALCULATION
URBAN DESIGN PROBLEM MAHINDRA SEZ

DESIGN BRIEF

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Total

Building block Area (sq. ft.)
Population Pop. Pop. Population

Software
7500 12000 10500 30000 3900000
development block
Food Court 2000 3200 2800 8000 360000
Education &
0 0 3000 3000 300000
Research Block
Employee Care
150 0 150 300 162000
Centre
Support Staff 100 160 140 400
Parking- Cars 1575 2520 2205 6300 (no.)
Parking- Two
675 1080 945 2700 (no.)
Wheelers

Surface Parking- Bus 154 (no.)

39 62 54
Bay (45 No)
HVAC LOAD CALCULATION : Using Rule-of-thumb sizing method
PHASE-1

DESIGN BRIEF PHASE-1

Total Density Phase 1 Phase 1

Building block Area (sq. ft.) Area (sq. ft.)
Population (area/person) Population

Software
development block 3900000
÷ 30000
= 130 sq.ft./person x 7500 = 975000

Food Court 360000

÷ 8000 = 45 sq.ft./person x 2000 = 90000

Education &
Research Block 300000
÷ 3000 = 100 sq.ft./person x 0 = 0

Employee Care
Centre 162000 ÷ 300
= 540 sq.ft./person
x 150 = 81000

Support Staff 400 100

Parking- Cars 6300 (no.) 1575
Parking- Two 675
2700 (no.)
Wheelers

Surface Parking- Bus 154 (no.) 39

Bay (45 No)

TOTAL BUILT UP AREA IN PHASE-1 1146000 sq. ft.

= 106466.9 sq. mtr.

EXCLUDING 15 % CIRCULATION AREA AND ASSUMING
THAT 60 % OF THE TOTAL BUILT UP AREA TO BE AIR CONDITIONED,
THE TOTAL AREA TO BE AIR CONDITIONED WILL BE = 54298.1 sq. mtr

Applying rule of thumb : one ton of cooling per 1,000 square feet
Total HVAC cooling Load = 584.46 ton= 85 kwhr ( 1 ton=3.5kw )
 was one ton of cooling equipment for every 400 square
feet of conditioned space. In a concession to recent
improvements in insulation levels and window
specifications, some HVAC contractors have adjusted their
rule of thumb, and now size air conditions at one ton per
600 square feet.

one ton of cooling per 1,000 square feet. According to Blasnik,

“Sizing an air conditioner using tons per square foot actually
works pretty well, as long as you choose the right rule of
thumb.”

rule-of-thumb sizing “does not account for orientation of the

walls and windows, the difference in surface area between a
one-story and a two-story home of the same floor area, the
differences in insulation and air leakage between different
buildings, the number of occupants, and many other factors.”