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MENSURATION OF
PLANE FIGURES
LECTURE 1
BY MARIA DINDY D.S. REYES

Polygon
A polygon is a closed plane figure
formed by line segments.

Parts of a Polygon
1. Side/Edge – one of the line segments that make up the polygon
◦ Adjacent sides are pairs of sides that share a common endpoint.
2. Vertices – endpoints of each side of the polygon.
◦ Adjacent vertices are endpoints of a side.
3. Diagonal – a line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of the polygon
4. Interior Angle – angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon
5. Exterior Angle – angle that is adjacent to and supplementary to an interior
angle of the polygon

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Parts of a Polygon

Types of Polygons
1. Equiangular Polygon – all angles are congruent
2. Equilateral Polygon – all sides are equal
3. Regular Polygon – both equiangular and equilateral
4. Irregular Polygon – neither equiangular nor equilateral
5. Convex Polygon – every interior angle is less than 180⁰
◦ If a line is drawn through the convex polygon, the line will intersect at most two sides.

6. Concave Polygon – has at least one interior angle that measures more than
180⁰
◦ If a line is drawn through a concave polygon, the line may intersect more than two sides.

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Similar Polygons
Two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior angles are congruent
and their corresponding sides are proportional.
Similar polygons have the same shape but may differ in size.

Similar Polygons
1. The ratio of any two corresponding sides of similar polygons are equal.
𝑥1 𝑦
𝑥2
= 𝑦1
2

2. The ratio of the areas of similar polygons is the square of the ratio of any two
corresponding sides.
𝐴1 𝑥1 2
𝐴2
= 𝑥2
3. The ratio of the perimeters of similar polygons is equal to the ratio of any two
corresponding sides.
𝑃1 𝑥
= 𝑥1
𝑃2 2

Properties of a Regular Polygon

A regular polygon of n sides can be subdivided into n congruent isosceles
triangles, whose base is a side of the polygon.
The common vertex of these triangles is the center of the polygon.

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Properties of a Regular Polygon

1. Central Angle – the angle that is opposite of a side
2. Apothem – the altitude of the isosceles triangles formed from a regular polygon
𝑠
𝑎= 180°
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑛

3. Interior Angle – angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon
180° (𝑛−2)
𝐼. 𝐴. =
𝑛
4. Sum of Interior Angles
𝑆. 𝐼. 𝐴. = 180° (𝑛 − 2)

Properties of a Regular Polygon

5. Perimeter – sum of the lengths of the sides of the polygon
𝑃 = 𝑛𝑠
6. Area – the amount of two-dimensional space that a plane figure occupies
1 𝑛𝑠
𝐴= 2
𝑃𝑎 or 𝐴 = 180°
4𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑛
7. Diagonal – line segment drawn from a vertex to a non-adjacent vertex
𝑛
𝐷= 𝑛−3
2

Example
Find the area of a regular nonagon whose sides measure 3 units. Determine the
number of distinct diagonals that can be drawn in the polygon and the sum of its
interior angles.

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More Examples
1. What is the measure of an interior angle of a 53-sided polygon?
2. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 35. Find the area of the
polygonif its apothem measures 10 centimeters.
3. The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 1,260⁰. Find the area of
the polygon if its perimeter is 45 centimeters.
4. Find the number of sides of each of the two polygons if the total number of
sides of the polygon is 13, and the sum of the number of diagonals of the
polygon is 25.

Exercises
1. Find the sum of the interior angles of a 34-sided polygon.
2. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 65. Find the area of the
polygonif its apothem measures 8 inches.
3. The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 144⁰. Find the apothem
if one side of the polygon measures 5 units.
4. Find the number of sides of each of the two polygons if the total number of
sides of the polygon is 15, and the sum of the number of diagonals of the
polygon is 36.
5. The ratio of areas between two similar triangles is 1:4. If one side of the
smaller triangle is 2 units, find the measure of the corresponding side of the
other triangle.

Triangle - a polygon with three sides

Classifications of Triangles: Accdg. to Accdg. To
SIDES ANGLES

Scalene Right

Oblique
Isosceles • Acute
• Obtuse

Equilateral Equiangular

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Similar and Congruent Triangles

Two triangles are congruent when they
have the same shape and size.

Two triangles are similar if their

corresponding angles are congruent and
their corresponding sides are
proportional.

Parts of a Triangle
Any of the three sides may be considered as the BASE of a triangle.
The angle opposite the base is called VERTEX ANGLE.
The two angles adjacent to the base are called BASE ANGLES.
A line segment drawn from a vertex perpendicular to the opposite side is called
ALTITUDE.
The point of intersection of the altitudes of a triangle is called the
ORTHOCENTER.
A MEDIAN of a triangle is the line segment connecting the midpoint of a side
and the opposite vertex.
The CENTROID is the point of intersection of the medians of a triangle.

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Some Facts about Triangles

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always greater that the third side.
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180⁰.
Two equiangular triangles are similar.
Two triangles are similar if their corresponding sides are parallel.
In any right triangle, the longest side opposite the right angle is called hypotenuse.
If any two sides of a right triangle are given, the third side can be obtained by the Pythagorean
Theorem.
In any triangle, the longest side is opposite the largest angle, and the shortest side is opposite
the smallest angle.

Perimeter of a Triangle
Perimeter

𝑃 =𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 a b

Area of Triangles
Area Given BASE and ALTITUDE Given TWO SIDES and their
INCLUDED ANGLE

1 h 1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏sin𝜃 a
2 2 𝜃
b b

Given TWO ANGLES and their Given THREE SIDES

INCLUDED SIDE
𝐵 𝐴= 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )
𝑏2 sin𝐴sinC
𝐴= a 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑐
sin𝐵 𝑠= a
2
𝐶 A
b

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Examples
1. Is it possible to form a triangle with sides 2, 4 and 8 units?
2. Find the altitude and the area of an equilateral triangle whose side is 8 cm
long.
3. One side of an isosceles triangle whose perimeter is 42 units measures 10
units. Find the area of the triangle.

Exercises
1. The base of an isosceles triangle and the altitude drawn from one of the
congruent sides are equal to 18 cm and 15 cm, respectively. Find the lengths of
the sides of the triangle.
2. The ratio of the base of an isosceles triangle to its altitude is 3:4. Find the
measures of the angles of the triangle.

Quadrilateral – a polygon with four sides

Classification of Parallelogram Trapezoid Trapezium
Quadrilaterals - A quadrilateral with - A quadrilateral with - A quadrilateral with no
two pairs of opposite two sides parallel parallel sides
sides parallel

Rectangle – a right-angled parallelogram

Square – a parallelogram with sides of equal length that are

positioned at right angles with each other

Rhombus – a parallelogram with both pairs of opposite sides of

the equal lengths

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Formulas on Parallelogram
d2
h a d1 𝜃
𝜃
b b

1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏sin𝜃 𝐴= 𝑑 𝑑 sin𝜃
2 1 2
𝑃 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏

Properties of a Parallelogram
Opposite sides are equal.
Opposite interior angles are congruent.
Adjacent angles are supplementary.
A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
The two diagonals bisect each other.

Formulas on Rectangle

𝑃 = 2(𝐿 + 𝑊)
W
𝐴 = 𝐿𝑊
L

Remarks: The
diagonals are equal
but not perpendicular.

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Formulas on Square

𝑃 = 4𝑠
s
𝐴 = 𝑠2

Remarks: The
diagonals are equal
and perpendicular.

Formulas on Rhombus
d2
h d1 a
𝜃
b a
1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝐴 = 𝑎 2 sin𝜃
2

Area of a Trapezoid

1
h 𝐴= (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
2
b

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Area of a Trapezium

d1
𝜃 1
𝐴= 𝑑 𝑑 sin𝜃
d2 2 1 2

Examples
1. Find the area and perimeter of a square whose diagonal is 15 units long.
2. The side of a square is x meters. The midpoints of its sides are joined to form another square
whose area is 16 sq.m. Find the value of x.
3. If ABCD is a rhombus, AC=4, and ADC is an equilateral triangle, what is the area of the
rhombus in the figure below?
4. Find the area and the perimeter of the right trapezoid shown in the figure below.
5. If the sides of the parallelogram and an included angle are 8 m, 12 m, and 120⁰, respectively.
Find the length of the shorter diagonal and the area of the parallelogram.
A B 8

60⁰
D C 11

Circle – a set of points in a plane equidistant from a

fixed point
Parts of a Circle
The fixed point on the circle is called the CENTER.
The distance from the center to a point on the circle is called the RADIUS.
r
A segment whose endpoints are on the circle is called a CHORD.
C
The DIAMETER is a chord passing through the center of the circle.
 An ARC is a portion of a circle.
A SECTOR of a circle is a region bounded by two radii and its intercepted arc.
A TANGENT line is one that intersects the circle at only one point.
A SECANT line is one that touches the circle at two distinct points.
CIRCUMFERENCE is the length of the perimeter of the circle.

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Concentric Circles and Annulus

CONCENTRIC CIRCLES are circles with common center with unequal radii.
ANNULUS is a region bounded by two concentric circles.
Annulus

Formulas on Circles

𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝐶 = 𝜋𝑑 r
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 s
𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑠
2 2

Area of an Ellipse

b
a
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏

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Word Problems
1. The figure shown consists of a semicircle, a rectangle, and a triangle. The altitude of a
rectangle is three times the radius of the semicircle, the altitude of the triangle is twice
the same radius and the area of the triangle is 20 sq.ft. Find the area of the section.
2. Find the area of the annulus where r = 6 in and R is 9.75in.
3. A circle is inscribe in a hexagon. Determine the area outside the circle but inside the
hexagon if the radius of the circle is 10 inches.
4. Two concentric circles have radii of 15 cm and 21 cm. The central angle is 45⁰. Find the r
area of the portion of the sector of the larger circle which is outside the smaller circle. R
5. Find the circumference of the circle circumscribing a rectangle with sides 8 and 6
units.
6. Find the area of the largest circle that can be cut from a square whose side is 10
inches.

Exercises
1. Find the area of the largest circle that can be cut from a triangle whose sides
are 10 cm, 12 cm, and 20 cm.
2. The area of a circle is 49π in2. What is the length of the side of a regular
hexagon inscribed in the circle?
3. A central angle of 136⁰ subtends an arc of 28.5 cm. What is the radius of the
circle?
4. The radius of a circle is 1,000 inches. Find the apothem of a regular pentagon
inscribed in the circle.

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