HIC SLILF Baseline Report

Table of Contents
Table of Contents....................................................................................................... 1
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS..............................................................................................3
SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES........5
Executive summary.................................................................................................5
Introduction .......................................................................................................... 18
SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK..................................19
The baseline survey .............................................................................................19
The baseline questionnaire and data collection....................................................19
Understanding the baseline results as presented.................................................20
SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS......21
GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................................................21
HUMAN CAPITAL.................................................................................................... 24
2 FINANCIAL CAPITAL............................................................................................34
3 NATURAL CAPITAL..............................................................................................39
4 PHYSICAL CAPITAL..............................................................................................48
5 SOCIAL CAPITAL..................................................................................................50
SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................63
1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 63
2 Recommendation ..............................................................................................64
HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland / interpretation by Basam

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Acknowledgements
In establishing a baseline situation analysis of the Heifer International Cameroon (HIC)
assisted farm-families, inputs were received from individuals both within and outside
Heifer International Cameroon to whom we are highly indebted. The Contributions of
the HIC Country director Dr Njakoi Henry were invaluable at the planning/design of
the data entry/collation and analysis processes. Special thanks also goes to Basam
Emmanuel the Monitoring and Evaluation Manager for Heifer International Cameroon
who from inception through the development of this report has generously shared his
ideas and provided wonderful uninterrupted technical and material inputs for the
completion of this assignment.
Pamela Tala provided outstanding support during the data entry process and
preparation of final layout of the report. Despite all effort made to minimize data
collection and entry errors, there was still an apparent need for cleaning and sorting
of data prior to data entry.
There are several other individuals not specifically named, within Heifer International
Cameroon who provided remarkable support, raised concerns and made both negative
and positive comments about the baseline data analysis process that energized us. To
list all of them would be impossible and to list only a few is not professional, thus to
them all, we are very indebted. In a sense, this report is the fruit of collective efforts
of the few I mentioned above and the countless others I could not mention. I ask all
those who were involved at any level of the execution of this assignment to accept
our sincere appreciation offered wholeheartedly, considering that these individuals all
know themselves.
We shall be enormously surprised -and greatly disappointed- if we are not shown

certain sections and/or paragraphs of this report that need improvement. We remain
accountable for the errors or deficiencies in interpretation of results and even layout
of this report.
This report is organized into four sections. Section 1 introduces the subject matter,
provides background information leading to the study and the objectives. The field
approaches and methodologies are described in Section 2 while project specific
emerging trends from the survey are presented and discussed in Section 3 leading to
conclusions and recommendations in Section 4.

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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
1. Agric: Agriculture
2. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
3. BOD: Board Of Directors
4. CAHC: Community Animal Health Care
5. Com. M’ber: Committee member
6. Comm.: Community
7. COOP: Cooperative
8. Cum.: Cumulative
9. DM: Discipline master (disciplinarian)
10.Fin. Sec: Financial secretary
11.G.nuts: Groundnuts
12.HI: Heifer International
13.HIC: Heifer International Cameroon
14.HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
15.IPM: Integrated Pest Management
16.Kg: Kilograms
17.M’ber: Member
18.Mgt: Management
19.Min. Sec: Minute secretary
20.PIM: Participatory Impact Monitoring
21.PRO: Public Relations Officer
22.Supp.com: Supervisory committee
23.TV: Television

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SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES
Executive summary
A summary of the baseline status of the household survey of the 374 HIC assisted
farm-families for the Sustainable Livelihoods from Integrated Livestock Farming in
Cameroon is presented below. As you read through the document, it is good for you to
know that the baseline data was collected when the project has already started. This
explains the reason for some high baseline values. For the purpose of baseline
information, we shall consider these values and measure progress against them
accordingly. The numbered list refers to the official numbers on the baseline
questionnaire.
SECTION 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
Indicator Characterization
2. Sex 93.7% male
6.3% female
3. Age - Below 11 years : 00%
- 12 – 24 years :13.6 %
-25 – 40 years : 51.8%
- 41 – 55 years : 21.4%
- 56 years > : 13.1%
4. Marital status - Married : 84.7%
-Single : 2.3%
- Widower : 00%
- widow : 11.8%
- Divorcee : 1.2%
5. Matrimony - Polygamy : 38.5%
- Monogamy : 61.5%

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6. Level of formal education of - None : 71.8%
respondents
- Primary : 23.9%
- Secondary : 2.0%
- High school : 2.3%
- University : 00%
7. Principal occupation of - Farmer : 94.3%

respondents
-Petty trader : 00%
-Civil servant : 0.3%
- Business : 5.4%
8. Number of household dependents Total Max Min Mean
Men 350 05 00 1.00
Women 443 08 00 1.40
Boys 829 10 00 2.21
Girls 745 10 00 2.00
Total 2367 21 00 6.32
SECTION 3: INSTITUTIONAL RELATED ISSUES

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9. Adherence to groups Adherence to groups is a major issue as a majority

of 74.3 % belongs to farming groups followed by
church groups (48.9%), cooperatives (25.1%) and
“njangi” groups (21.7%).
Leadership
10. Leadership role or position in group
11.trainings and sensitizations The is a great need for trainings and sensitization in
this region as only HIV&AIDS sensitization carry the
highest frequency with 55.6% farm-families
reporting having received trainings. It is directly
trailed by hygiene and sanitation(39.0%) and soil
fertility management trainings (28.6%) and the
others ranging from 0 – 20 % with a strong
concentration in the range 0 – 10%

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SECTION 4: FOOD CROP and LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES
4A. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES
Type Characterization
Healthcare Reproduction supplementary Total Total Total

practices systems feeding produced sold revenue
(Percentage) (Percentage) (Percentage) (n) (n) FCFA
Duck None(64.4) Natural(93.2) Non-conv.

(100)
poultry Ethno Natural(92.3) Non-conv. 2380 699 1 057 750

veterinary(33.9) (99.6)
Donkey Ethno Natural(98.6) Non-conv. 16 01 20 000

veterinary(36.6) (100)
Pig None(38.9) Natural(94.4) Non-conv. 478 203 952 400

(98.9)
Sheep Ethno Natural(94.4) Non-conv. 645 226 1 965 100

Goat Ethno Natural(93.3) Non-conv. 2666 834 3 821 950

Beef cattle Orthodox(41) Natural(84.7) Non-conv. 322 53 4 310 000

(98.3)
Dairy cattle Orthodox(60) Natural(83.3) Non-conv. 03 01 135 000

(100)
14. Management system Extensive :11.7%
Intensive :12.0%
Semi intensive :76.2%
17. place of sale of farm produce/products On farm : 00%
At Home : 15.5%
Village Market : 64.4%
Town/city market : 20.1%
4B. CROP PRODUCTION ISSUES
Type1 Characterization
Total produced in Kg Total sold in Kg Total revenue FCFA

Maize Emmanuel 27 864 3 682 485Page
500 9
Millet 259 266 56 480 7 712 000
Sorghum 53354 9 050 1 224 000

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SECTION 5: ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ISSUES
Estimates of household income and savings(FCFA)
Total Max Min Mean
On-farm(crop &livestock) 28 996 650 1 407 000 00 78 158
Off-farm 12 462 450 763 000 00 33 501
Total 41 319 101 1 407 000 00 110 775
Annual savings 3 123 050 100 000 00 8 486
Estimates of household expenditure/investments(FCFA)
Total Max Min Mean
Education 12 901 675 585 000 00 34 681
Household feeding 33 813 100 1 324 800 00 90 651
Healthcare 15 980 900 900 000 00 42 844
Households
11 652 325 570 000 00 31 239
assets/gadgets
Household
maintenance/constructio 9 605 000 2 200 000 00 25 750
n
Contributions to comm.
2 503 140 532 000 00 6 710
Projects
Religious Contributions 3 945 510 500 000 00 10 606
Loan re-
3 385 150 150 000 00 9 075
imbursement/’njangi’
Business venture 6 401 150 1 110 000 00 17 162
Social events 14 388 450 350 000 00 42 695
Household dresses 11 998 150 200 000 00 35 602
22. Financial shock mitigation strategies - Family members :52.4 %
- Friends : 69.8%
- “njangi” : 13.6%
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- Financial institutions : 4.5%
SECTION 6: FOOD SECURITY ISSUES
23. Major problem towards year round - Food availability :26.2%

food security
- Food accessibility : 29.4%
- Food affordability : 24.6%
- consumption of good quality food :

22.5%
24. Frequency of consumption of Frequency most reported

foodstuff
- Animal protein - Rarely (31.1%)

- Plant Protein - Daily (95.5%)
- Carbohydrates - Daily (93.3)
- Vegetables - Daily (98.2)
- Fruits - Rarely (56.4%)

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SECTION 7: SOCIAL ISSUES (GENDER, HUMAN HEALTH &SANITATION)
Total Max Min Mean
25. Number of children in Boys 473 06 00 1.27

school
Girls 374 07 00 01
Total 846 11 00 2.27
26. Number of children not in Boys 328 06 00 0.88

school
Girls 353 08 00 0.95
Total 681 12 00 1.83
27. number of children Boys 21 02 00 0.56

gainfully employed
Girls 04 01 00 00
Total 25 03 00 00
28. Number of children Boys 85 06 00 0.23

unemployed
Girls 46 04 00 0.12
Total 131 10 00 0.35
29. Household decision making pattern
Healthcare Husband and wife (47%)
Education Husband and wife (49%)
Household feeding Husband and wife (49%)
Comm. Project Contribution Husband and wife (46.6%)
Savings Husband and wife (47.6%)
Expansion/construction of Husband (46.5%)

house
Social/religious Contribution Husband and wife (43.2%)
30. Healthcare service mostly Household mostly use government hospitals or health
used centers’ (54.3%)
31. Type of toilet used in Household mostly use pit toilets (79.3%)
households
32. HIV&AIDS status awareness Only 17.4 % are aware of their HIV&AIDS status
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33. Protective sexual behavior Fidelity (78.5%) is the most applied sexual behavior
to mitigate the spread of to mitigate the spread of HIV&AIDS
HIV&AIDS
SECTION 8: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
34. Households with year round water Availability to water is a major concern as
availability only 37.3% have water available year
round.
35. Main source of drinking water for Well (62.6%) is the main source of
households drinking water for households
36. Main quality for drinking water Drinking water is even more of a problem
as 81% report drinking water untreated
37. Soil fertility improvement techniques Organic fertilizer (77.3%) is the main
used source of soil fertility
38. Cooking devices mostly used by Almost if not all households(99.7%) use
households unimproved cooking devices
39. Key agricultural farming techniques - composting (44.9%)

practiced by households
- Slash and burn (32.9%)
- fallowing (31.8%)
40. Main types of agricultural farming - Crop rotation (90.1%)

systems used
- Mixed cropping (88.8%)
- Mono cropping (46.3%)
41. Major farming - Hoe (98.7%)

tools/equipments/inputs used
- Local seeds (96.8%)
- Cutlass (89.6%)

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SECTION 9: PHYSICAL ASSETS AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
42A. Available household gadgets/utilities - Non animal transport (80.2)

- Wooden bed (60.2%)
- Bamboo bed (42.5%)
- Functional radio (38.2%)
- Functional cell phone (23.3%)
42B. Housing conditions
Parameters Characterization
Roof Non durable (74.1%)
Walls Non durable (80.1%)
Floor Non durable (73.6%)

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SECTION 8: ADDENDUM TO 2009 BASELINE QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Nature of dresses worn by Children: fairly used (86.9%)

household members
Adults : fairly used (81.6%)
2. Frequency of falling sick - Adult men: yearly (62%)

- Adult women: yearly (45.8%)
- Youth boys: quarterly (31.1%)
- Youth girls: quarterly (32.1%)
- Children boys: monthly (53.8%)
- Children girls: monthly (59.2)
3. Highest level of education and - Primary school boys: Government
school attended by majority of (82.6%)
children - Primary school girls: Government
(83.2%)
- Secondary school boys: Government
(100%)
- Secondary school girls: Government
(100%)
- High school boys: Government
(100%)
- High school girls:
4. Composition of daily household
diet
5. Major sources or causes of Insufficient
- household income
domestic violence (76.7%)
- Increased workload on women
(45.7%)
- Poor involvement of women and
children in decision making (36,6%)
6. Major sources of resources for the - On-farm income activities (89%)
group - Off farm income activities (58.3%)
- Group ‘Njangi’: (39.3%)
7. Major sources of conflicts within - Absenteeism (53.2%)
group - Poor accountability (43.3%)
- Non – respect of by laws (41.2%)
8. Distribution of work within - Cleaning of home: Girls (46.4%)
households - Cooking: women (85.6%)
- Washing dresses: women (82.9%)
- Caring for children: women (59%)
- Fetching water: Women (55.1%)
- Splitting/fetching wood: women
(49.7%)
- Caring for animals: men (66.6%)
HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland
- Farm/ interpretation by Basam
clearing: Men (72.4%)
Emmanuel - Farm hoeing: women (50.3%) Page 16
- Planting: women (86.7%)
- Harvesting: women (92.3%)
9. Leadership role or position in other
groups in community meetings
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Introduction
Heifer international is a non-profit making, humanitarian international non-

governmental organization dedicated to ending world poverty, hunger and caring for
the earth through integrated crop/livestock agriculture, trainings and other resources
to help resource-limited farm-families around the world attain sustainable livelihoods.
Heifer International became fully operational in Cameroon in 1974 with the arrival of
the first consignment of dairy cows. From inception the project was aimed at
developing the dairy sector in Cameroon but over the years, the project has expanded
to include pigs, sheep, goats, Guinea pigs, bees, rabbits, oxen and donkeys more
recently; non-conventional animals like Cane rats (grass cutters) and snails have been
added to the animal portfolio. Other complementary project activities include
horticulture, agro forestry, par veterinary and ethno veterinary medicine, gender and
later HIV and AIDS.
Heifer international Cameroon operates in four thematic program area namely the
Western Highlands covering the North west and West Regions, the Humid Rainforest
program area covering the Littoral and Southwest Regions, the Equatorial Rainforest
program area covering the Centre Region and the newly created Sudano-Sahel
Program area covering the Far North region. As at now, HIC has assisted more than
27,799 farm families to achieve and sustain livelihood means.
HI Cameroon prior to project implementation requires a baseline survey to assess the

socio-economic characteristics of would-be assisted farm-families in order to
ascertain the level of impact on the lives of the impactees. The survey’s rationale is
to assess basic livelihood parameters of prospective assisted farm-families in five
major asset or capital areas and plan intervention strategies in a better manner that
rationalizes the scarce resources so that improvement can be made in those areas
that are weak and re-enforce or maintain the strong areas of livelihoods in a cost
effective manner.

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SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK
The baseline survey
The baseline questionnaire and data collection
The tool provided for this assignment comprised a fourteen page document subdivided
into nine sections also termed key-asset area. This baseline tool is developed by HIC
staff with coordination from Basam Emmanuel (Monitoring and Evaluation Manager)
and technical inputs and corrections provided by Amagbo Roland (Information
Technology consultant). The tool was field tested and corrections made accordingly.
i. Data collection errors
The questionnaire submitted for analyses was tinted with a great deal of errors
amongst which the most recurrent included but were not limited to:
o Non response errors.

o Multi ticks in single tick areas.
o Non respect of quantity measures resulting in inconsistent data
sets.
ii. Addressing data collection errors
Like in every formal survey, the sources of response errors were diverse. Efforts
should be made throughout the survey period to reduce the chances of occurrence of
response errors through:
 Hands-on training of the enumerators on the usage of the tool and the
indicators to capture on each question.
 Administered questionnaires should be reviewed and edited for
completeness at the end of each day.
 Data reliability can be improved by general spot-checks and revisiting the
farmers in cases of inconsistencies and incompleteness.
 Re-inviting the enumerators in cases of inconsistencies for verification and
clarification.

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Understanding the baseline results as presented
iii. EPIINFO and the baseline survey
Within the framework of analyzing the data comprising the Heifer International data
set, EPIINFO was deemed adept to handle the data as it allows for a database to be
created and from which data can be analyzed in an easy manner that spreadsheet
programs cannot perform and generate comprehensive, reliable and complete
results within a very short time.
iv. Nature of variables and statistical functions used to perform

analyses
The variables found within the database include
 Continuous variables which are represented by numbers or array

of numbers.
 Categorical variables represented by grouping of items or
categories.
The MEAN and FREQUECY commands were used to perform these analyses
respectively.
• The mean command is used to examine one continuous variable,

while providing descriptive statistics such as: mean, mode,
median minimum/maximum values.
• The Frequency command is used to provide frequency counts for a
specified categorical variable, the percentage and the cumulative
percentage

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SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS
GENERAL INFORMATION
Sex
Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Female 343 93.7% 93.7%
Male 23 6.3% 100.0%
Total 366 100.0% 100.0%
Age

>56 47 13.1% 13.1%
12-24 49 13.6% 26.7%
25-40 186 51.8% 78.6%
41-55 77 21.4% 100.0%
Total 359 100.0% 100.0%
Marital Status
DIVORCEE MARRIED SINGLE WIDOW
4 293 8 41
Women are in the majority

(93.7%).Though the youthful age of 25-40 are
many by age group, 34.5% of the project
participants are above 41 years. This picture
shows that The there are still potentials for
labor force. If children are fully integrated in
project activities this will further increase the
chances of project success. Most of the
participants are married but the
disadvantaged persons (divorcee and widows)
are 45.

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Matrimonial type
Monogamy Polygamy
214 134
Though monogamy is common practice, the

effects of polygamy which is also significant
among project partners and in the their life
should be carefully studied, analyzed and
discussed with the people. It will be good to
also know the reasons for this practice.
Level of formal education and principal occupation
HIGH SCHOOL NONE PRIMARY SECONDARY
8 250 83 7
Very few (83 out of 374) of the project

participants have gone pass primary level of
education. This means that the literacy rate
is very low and strategies needs to be put in
place to improve the situation alongside
ensuring that project activities are properly
implemented in order to reap the desired
outcomes. This is very crucial as 72% of the
project participants have not gone to
primary school.

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Principal occupation of respondent

Business 20 5.4% 5.4%
Civil servant 1 0.3% 5.7%
Farmer 347 94.3% 100.0%
Total 368 100.0% 100.0%
Majority of the project participants are farmers, but the few that are civil servants
and business people still have to be checked for their full involvement in project
activities.
Number of household dependents
Men Women Boys Girls
350 443 829 745
Girls and boys constitute the greatest number of

household dependents. This is a strength for project
sustainability if properly utilized i.e. they are fully
engaged from project conception. Average
household size is
6 persons

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HUMAN CAPITAL
1.1. ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

A) Number of children going to school
BOYS GIRLS
473 374
B). Number of children not going to school
BOYS GIRLS
328 353
On the whole, more boys are schooling than girls.

Generally, the reasons for this huge difference
between children schooling and the sex preference
should be sought and practical strategies put in place
to avert the situation.
C). Highest level of education and school attended by children
A).BOY CHILD
Primary Secondary High school
219 33 1

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B). GIRL CHILD
Primary secondary
179 12
Though more boys go to school than girls, most of

them end up at secondary school level together with
the girls. This might be perceived as a gender issue and the situation needs careful
studies for appropriate solution to be sought as the project evolves.
1.1.2. Ability to labor
A) Number of children gainfully employed
Boys Girls
21 4
B) Number of children unemployed
Boys Girls
25 46

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Here, boys have more opportunities for employment than girls. This situation should
equally be careful analyzed and strategies to equilibrate the situation put in place as
it may be a gender issue that can contribute to negative social behaviors especially
among the girls.
1.1.3. GOOD HEALTH

1.1.3.1. ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE SERVICES

Government 201 54.3% 54.3%
None 5 1.4% 55.7%
Private 148 40.0% 95.7%
Traditional 16 4.3% 100.0%
Total 370 100.0% 100.0%
Most people use government healthcare and private services in times of ill health.
This shows the importance they place on their health
1.1.3.2. FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVE NUTRITION.

1.1.3.2.1. Food security
Food availability Food accessibility Food affordability
98 110 92
The crucial problem of food security is at the

level of food availability
and accessibility. This means emphasis should be
placed on building the peoples’ ability to produce
more food for household consumption first before
taking extras to the market if any.

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1.1.3.2.2.b) Frequency of consumption of foodstuff
Daily Forth nightly Monthly Rarely Weekly

Animal protein 14 30 73 75 49
Plant protein 190 2 2 0 5
Carbohydrates 196 1 0 4 9
Vegetables 216 1 1 1 1
Fruits 21 8 23 93 20
Vegetables, carbohydrates,
and plant protein are
mostly consumed on daily
basis, while animal protein
are rarely consumed and if
so, its’ mostly on monthly
basis. Consumption of fruits
is rare. This analysis shows
the critical need for animal
protein sources to
supplement their diets.
Hence, this situation should
be improved especially for
animal protein sources from
a monthly basis to weekly as the project rolls on.
1.1.3.2.2.c) Daily consumption of

foodstuff
Animal protein vegetables Carbohydrates Fruits Plant protein

194 369 71 139 370

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NB: Only 84 (22.5%) out of 374 of the people consume quality food.
This situation is not good since most of the household dependents are children. This
makes the case of improving the quality of food of these people very strong, urgent
and should be a major area of focus for this project.
1.2. ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY

1.2.1. Leadership role or position in group
President vice Min.se Fin. treasurer PRO DM COMMITTEE M’BER
c sec M’BER
21 8 10 5 23 3 19 12 298
Though most of the posts exist in the groups,

there is still need for positions such as vice
president,
minute secretary, financial secretary, public
relations officers and disciplinarian to be
instituted in the groups where such positions are
lacking. This will not only strengthen groups’
accountability, it will also ease communication
and build other’s leadership skills. This situation
calls for the review of group by-laws.
The gender breakdown of these positions should
also be analyzed and monitored.
1.2.2. Leadership role or position in other
groups in the community

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Presiden vic Min.se Fin.se treasure PR D COM.M’BE BO SUPP M’BER
t e c c r O M R D .
COM
34 17 45 16 47 3 5 48 10 12 238
Here, group members are well

represented in other community
groups. This is a huge
opportunity through which these
farmers can ‘Heiferize’ others
and advocate for positive
changes in policies, practices
and systems that will encourage
development. Also, others will
be educated on Heifer’s aided
brand
1.2.3. Trainings and sensitizations
a) Resource management
IPM Waste mgt Ethno veterinary Soil fertility mgt Natural resource mgt
79 40 46 107 20
Very few farmers have

received training the various
topics above. This is a call for

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concern especially in the areas of integrated pest management, waste management,
ethno veterinary medicine and natural resource management. These trainings are
very important for the health of the environment.
b). Resource mobilization and project management

Marketing Project PIM Financial mgt
techniques development/fund
raising
31 48 1 30
This is another area which is very weak

and needs serious re-enforcement. If the
group has to mobilize and manage
resources for their growth, then, its
incumbent on them to acquire and practice
skills linked with resource
mobilization and management
alongside participatory impact
monitoring.
c). Health care and agricultural production

Hygiene & Human CAHC Animal Agric
sanitation nutrition husbandry production&
transformation
146 102 36 69 41
Most persons have been trained

only on hygiene and sanitation,
but its still relatively very low
compared to the 374 persons. Hence,
all the trainings should be strong
points of focus as the project evolves.

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d) Social, organizational and managerial issues
Gender HIV&AIDS COOP mgt Record Group Conflict
keeping leadership mgt
76 208 3 9 24 9
Though a very significant portion of the

partners (208 out of 374) have been
sensitized on HIV & AIDS and related
issues, emphasis still has to be laid on
change of behavior. Other trainings in
which very few people have been trained
on needs serious attention if enough
human capital is to be built.
1.2.4. HIV & AIDS ISSUES
1.2.4.1. Awareness of your HIV status

Yes 40 17.4% 17.4%
No 190 82.6% 100.0%
Total 230 100.0% 100.0%
1.2.4.2. Protective sexual behavioral practices to mitigate spread of HIV&AIDS

abstinence 33 14.5% 14.5%
avoid sharp ob 9 3.9% 18.4%
condoms 2 0.9% 19.3%
fidelity 179 78.5% 97.8%
none 5 2.2% 100.0%
Total 228 100.0% 100.0%
Only (17.4%) out of 230 persons know their HIV status, this strongly justifies why much
has to be done and more so, urgently for the remaining persons and other community
members. This is evident as the main practice to mitigate the spread of HIV&AIDS is
fidelity while very few persons practice other methods except abstinence which is
doubtful. Intensive sensitizations including VCT sessions should be done and positive
persons linked to treatment centers. Also, this approach such involve the entire
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community and other approaches like contact tracing used in collaboration with other
competent institutions.
1.2.5. Frequency of falling sick
Adult Men
monthly 31 9.8% 9.8%
quarterly 33 10.4% 20.3%
semester 56 17.7% 38.0%
yearly 196 62.0% 100.0%
Total 316 100.0% 100.0%
Adult women

monthly 74 20.6% 20.6%
quarterly 58 16.1% 36.7%
semester 63 17.5% 54.2%
yearly 165 45.8% 100.0%
Total 360 100.0% 100.0%
Boy youth

monthly 45 20.0% 20.0%
quarterly 70 31.1% 51.1%
semester 42 18.7% 69.8%
yearly 68 30.2% 100.0%
Total 225 100.0% 100.0%
Girl youth

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monthly 51 26.0% 26.0%
quarterly 63 32.1% 58.2%
semester 35 17.9% 76.0%
yearly 47 24.0% 100.0%
Total 196 100.0% 100.0%
Boy child

monthly 150 53.8% 53.8%
quarterly 55 19.7% 73.5%
semester 36 12.9% 86.4%
yearly 38 13.6% 100.0%
Total 279 100.0% 100.0%
Girl child

monthly 167 59.2% 59.2%
quarterly 50 17.7% 77.0%
semester 37 13.1% 90.1%
yearly 28 9.9% 100.0%
Total 282 100.0% 100.0%
From the above statistics, children, youth and women are those that frequently fall
sick. This situation is accentuated with children whose rate is more than twice that of
youths and women. More probing should be done to understand the root causes of this
and possible solution sought and applied. Most importantly, good and adequate
feeding is needed for these children and may be equitable distribution of workload
within households in order to assist women.

Emmanuel Page 33
2 FINANCIAL CAPITAL
2.1. Mean annual Livestock revenue

milk calves Beef cattle goats sheep poultry pigs donkey
8000 67500 97955 16545 14240 4410 17315 1430
Beef cattle and calve sales yield

income more than pigs, goats, sheep
and poultry. Hence, emphasis should
be placed here if we intentionally
want to focus on income especially
for those that have the means. If not,
then small scale farmers should focus
on pigs, goats, sheep and poultry
rearing.
Notwithstanding, it will be a good
thing to also diversify into other
livestock as the farmer capacity will
permit in order to minimize risks.
2.1.2 Where produce/products are often sold
Cum
Frequency Percentage
Percentage
Home 41 15.5% 15.5%
Town/city 53 20.1% 35.6%
Village market 170 64.4% 100.0%
Total 264 100.0% 100.0%

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Most of the livestock are sold at village and town markets. Taking animals to markets
has an associated disease risk if they are not bought. Also, selling animals on hoof is
detrimental to the farmers as they cannot reap optimal profits in terms of income and
nutrition. Hence, it’s important for these farmers to be sensitized on sales and value
addition techniques.
2.2. Mean annual crop revenue

maize millet sorghum g.nut bean potatoes s.beans Cow pea
s
3790 23160 13600 20220 3480 10000 10930 6595
Crops that yield high income include millet,

groundnuts, sorghum and soybean and to a
lesser extend sweet potatoes and cowpea. It
will be good to focus on these crops in order to
improve household income levels if that is the
main point of focus.
2.3. Mean annual vegetable revenue
hibiscu ‘kelekelen’
s
1670 700
Hibiscus and ‘kelenkelen’ are the two principal

vegetable that generate household income,
with hibiscus dominating.

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2.4. Mean annual fruit revenue
mango
500
Mango stands unique as the crop that Contribution most to household income.
2.4.1. 1. Where farm produce are often sold

Home 21 7.5% 7.5%
Town/city 65 23.2% 30.7%
Village market 194 69.3% 100.0%
Total 280 100.0% 100.0%
Most of these crops are sold at village and then town markets. Very few people buy at
home or at farm gate. This makes the farmers to incur extra cost on transportation,
hence reducing their profitability. Its’ worth noting that a lot of marketing avenues do
prevail for exploitation.
2.5. Estimates of mean annual household income
On-farm Off-farm
78160 33500
On-farm activities are those that generate

a very significant portion (70%) of
household income. Hence,
there is great need for these activities to

be re-enforced if

Emmanuel Page 36
livelihoods are to be ensured and sustained but diversification .
2.6. Total mean annual household revenue = 110775 FCFA

2.7. Estimates of mean annual household savings = 8490 FCFA
Mean annual savings is very small (7%) compared to mean annual income. This paints a
picture of farmer’s in ability to invest or attract loans for other investments and also
bounce back from any financial shock.
2.8. Estimates of mean annual household investments/expenditures

Emmanuel Page 37
educat feedi heal savi utilit Hous Com religi Loan busin soci dressi
ion ng th ng ies e m. ous paym ess als ng
repa ent
irs proj
ect
34680 9065 428 715 3124 2575 6710 10610 9075 1716 426 3560
0 40 0 0 0 0 95 0
Majority of household income goes to feeding, healthcare, socials, dressing education

and house utilities. Very little is invested in community projects, religious activities,
household utilities, savings and businesses. If the impact of the project has to felt
beyond family circles, then emphasis has to made in the
area of assisting others and also investing in community projects
and household assets.
2.9. Financial shock mitigation strategies/options
Family Friends Njangi Financial

members institutions
196 261 51 17
In times of financial hardship, members mostly

turn to their friends and family members for
buffer. Very few people go to
‘njangis’ and financial institutions. Reasons for

this should be gotten and possible solutions
proposed since it will be difficult for the group
and its members to secure bank loans for
scaling up activities or getting grants from
other donors without having accounts and doing

Emmanuel Page 38
transactions with the financial institutions. This situation may also be telling us that
do not actually have a savings culture, something which needs to address.
3 NATURAL CAPITAL
3.1. ENVIRONMENTAL CARE
3.1.1. Livestock healthcare practices
Duck poultr Donkey pigs sheep goats B. cattle A. cattle

y
Both 1 53 20 15 30 54 11 1
Ethno 9 26 28 70 87 23 1
93
veterinary
None 38 91 14 35 29 49 2 0
Orthodox 11 37 11 12 48 80 25 3
The most popularly used

healthcare practice
for poultry, pigs, sheep and
goats is ethno veterinary and
orthodox medicine, except
for poultry where orthodox
medicine is seldom used.
Also, orthodox medicine is
seldom used for sheep while
at times, pigs, goats and to
an extend sheep are not
treated. Its’ worth noting
that though ethno veterinary medicine is mostly used, a greater majority of these
animals go untreated
with either orthodox or ethno veterinary medicine. This means ethno veterinary
practices should be re-enforced using plausible strategies. Also, the people should be
sensitized on the importance of using orthodox medicine to improve the health of the
livestock.
3.1.2. Livestock reproduction systems

Emmanuel Page 39
Duck Donkey poultry pigs sheep goats B. cattle D. cattle
Both 2 0 3 2 2 5 2 1
Artificia 0 0 0 3 5 2 0
13
l
Natural 55 70 253 85 167 252 50 5
None 2 1 5 3 5 8 5 0
Most common reproduction

practice for all the livestock
species is natural
but much care needs to be taken

recognizing
the health consequences’ i.e.

disease transmission among
others.
3.1.3. Livestock supplemental
feeding
Duck Donkey poultry pigs G.pig sheep goats B. cattle D.

cattle
Conventional 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 6
Non conventional 61 70 271 89 176 269 59 6
Non conventional feeding is the choice

of the day. Mention need to made here
that some of these foodstuff are those
consume by human beings and as such,
there is great need to re-enforce their
production in order to have enough to
eat and then feed the animals
especially here that food availability
and accessibility are major problems.
Also, more innovative ways should be
used to convert kitchen, farm and
other wastes or residues to feed these
animals. Along the same line, proper
forage preservation techniques are capital to the success of small ruminant
production.

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3.1.4. Livestock management system
Extensive 38 11.7% 11.7%
Intensive 39 12.0% 23.8%
Semi-intensive 247 76.2% 100.0%
Total 324 100.0% 100.0%
Semi-intensive system is the most common. As a result, proper care in terms of

nutrition and health needs to be applied as these animals can pick up any germ during
their herding. Also, this method can bring environmental and social problems if
animals are not properly controlled as they graze. What is good here is that some
farmers are practicing the intensive method. This gives the potential of easy adoption
of the intensive method as the case may be if the farmers are properly sensitized.
3.2. Mean annual Livestock production and productivity

Milk Calves Butter Beef Goats Sheep Donkey Poultry Pigs g.pigs
(L) (#) (kg) cattle(#) (#) (#) (#) (#) (#) (#)
1 32 2 7 12 5 1 10 9 7
Mean annual production is highest for
calves, goats, poultry, pigs, beef

cattle and then sheep. This means
that emphasis should be laid on these
animal species as the choice of the
people may be linked with their
potentials. The situation of calves is
artificially high due to fact
that mean values were taken and very few people do sell calves. The least
productivity values among the livestock is from donkeys, showing that they cannot be
relied upon in terms of income generation from off springs.

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3.2.1. Mean annual quantity of sales for Livestock and related products
Milk( L) Beef cattle(#) Goats sheep(#) poultry(#) pigs(#)
(#)
1 1 4 2 3 4
Few sheep and beef cattle are sold compared to goats, pigs and poultry in terms of
mean annual productivity. The reason(s) for this needs
to be investigated and adequate strategies put in place
to mitigate the situation. Though poultry and
pigs rank first in terms of number of animals
sold, poultry is one of the least and pigs the
fifth in terms of amount of income generated
for the household compared to beef cattle,
calves, goats and sheep.
3.3. Crop production and productivity
3.3.1a). Mean annual production for perennial and annual crops in Kgs
maize millet sorghum g. nuts bean potatoes S. cowpea
s beans
218 765 586 180 115 100 121 78
Crops with high production include millet, sorghum, maize and groundnuts. This
production figure needs to be
compared with those of high income
generation in order to know which
crops to lay emphasis based on
production motives i.e. income
and/or nutrition.
Millet ranks 1st in terms of quantity
of production and income
generation.
Groundnuts which is the 4th in terms of
productivity is 2nd from the stand point of income generation, sorghum which is 2nd in
terms of productivity is 3rd in terms of cash income. This situation shows that while
millet, groundnut and sorghum are high income generating crops, maize, soybeans,
sweet potatoes are mostly for household consumption.

Emmanuel Page 42
3.3.1b). Mean annual production for vegetables in Kgs
huckleberry hibiscu kelenkelen

s
7 423 53
Hisbiscus and kelenkelen are the most

important crops in term of productivity and
income generation respectively.
3.3.1c). Mean annual production for fruits in Kgs

mango
5
Fruit production is not very popular among these farmers those some people are
engaged in mango production. This account for the reason why development
approaches should carefully consider environmental conditions.
3.3.2a). Mean annual quantity sold for perennial and annual crops in Kgs
maize millet g. nuts bean potatoes S. Sorghum cowpea
s beans
29 167 59 16 50 49 99 35
Millet, sorghum, groundnuts, sweet

potatoes and soybeans
are the crops with more quantity of

sales in that decreasing order. This
further elucidates the fact that millet,
sorghum and groundnut are very

Emmanuel Page 43
important crops in this region. Nonetheless, cowpea, maize and soybean have an
important role to
play when it comes to nutrition.
3.3.2b). Mean annual quantity sold for vegetables in Kgs

hibiscu kelenkelen
s
17 10
Hibiscus is still a very popular Vegetable considering

all aspects. Its production need to be up scaled
while considering the other vegetables.
3.3.2c). Mean annual quantity sold for fruits in Kgs

mango
5
Of all the fruits that farmers’ plant, only mangoes are actually sold.
3.4. Type of toilets used

In the wild 72 20.7% 20.7%
Pit 275 79.3% 100.0%
Total 347 100.0% 100.0%

Emmanuel Page 44
A significant portion of the people use pit latrine but its hygienic nature needs to be
checked and improved upon if necessary. The practice of defecating in the wild is also
common meaning that this practice needs to be arrested since it has negative
consequences on human and environmental health.
3.5. Water year round availability in household

Yes 138 37.3% 37.3%
No 232 62.7% 100.0%
Total 370 100.0% 100.0%
3.6. State your main source of drinking water

borehole 28 7.5% 7.5%
spring 52 14.0% 21.5%
stream 59 15.9% 37.4%
well 233 62.6% 100.0%
Total 372 100.0% 100.0%
3.7. What is your main quality of drinking water

treated 67 19.0% 19.0%
untreated 286 81.0% 100.0%
Total 353 100.0% 100.0%

Emmanuel Page 45
Year round availability and the quality of the drinking water is a very critical life
threatening issue. Food security issues cannot be adequately handled without water
availability. Hence, urgent and appropriate measures should be put in place to
improve this situation. Protection of water sources mentioned above or use of other
water quality improving techniques like Bio Sand Filter could be used as appropriate.
3.8. Soil fertility improvement techniques often use

inorganic 83 22.7% 22.7%
organic fertilizer 283 77.3% 100.0%
Total 366 100.0% 100.0%
Very popular soil fertility improvement technique is the use of organic fertilizer.
Mindful of the livestock species that abound in this region and the quantity of manure
that they produce, this practice should be re-enforced in order to prolong the
productive capacity of the soils and also cater for human and environmental health.
Also, the use of manure, compost should be highly encouraged and monitored amid its
numerous advantages, since a sensitive portion of the people still use inorganic
fertilizer which although expensive also has negative effects on the soils, water
sources and bodies, on human and animal lives.
3.9. Cooking device mostly used

improved 1 0.3% 0.3%
unimproved 371 99.7% 100.0%
Total 372 100.0% 100.0%
Almost all the project partners are using unimproved cooking devices. Mindful of the
negative environmental and human health consequences’ of this practice, its’
important that measures be put in place to ensure that energy serving devices are
used in order to reduce pressure on fuel wood usage and also improve on human
health, especially in this region where wood is as scarce as dog tears.

Emmanuel Page 46
3.10. Agricultural farming techniques
composting Slash and ‘ankara’ Contour Green Slurry from fallowing

burn bonds manuring biogas
168 123 0 16 48 2 119
Appropriate and adaptable farming

techniques are least practiced. ‘Slash
and burn’ should be discouraged
while friendly practices as
composting, contour bond, green
manuring and fallowing encouraged.
3.11. Agricultural farming systems

Crop rotation Mixed cropping Mono cropping Tree planting Alley cropping
337 332 173 49 91
332 out 374 farmers practice mixed cropping

system of farming. Though mixed cropping is
the main system practiced by majority of the
people its negative consequences on soil
fertility out weighs’ its merits. Hence, farmers
should be sensitized on appropriate crop
association techniques and also on the need to
plant environmentally adaptable and friendly
trees and also get involve in alley cropping.
These practices will Contribution to solving the
climate change problem and we are also making
strides towards the carbon market.

Emmanuel Page 47
4 PHYSICAL CAPITAL
4.1a).Tools and equipments

cutlass hoe spade Motor pump Wheel barrow Hand wheel cart sprayer
335 369 53 11 33 47 29
Assistance package should be

tailored to
address those critical farm tools that
farmers really need and cannot
easily buy such as wheelbarrow,
hand wheel cart, motor pump and
sprayers. These needs should be
further analyzed per group to get a
clearer picture of the situation to be
addressed as resources are available.
4.1b).Crop seeds
improved local
10 362
Very significant portion (362 out of 374

i.e. 97%) of the farmers are still using local
seeds. What is very important here is to
check on adaptability and productivity of
these seeds. If food security is to be
ensured in terms of availability, then there
is the need for the use of improved but
adaptable, short cycle and high yielding
planting materials. This is very crucial
mindful of the effects of climate change
and highly dependent rain fed agriculture
and seasonality of crops.
4.2. Household utilities and gadgets

electricity Tap water Functional Functional Functional Modern

Emmanuel Page 48
radio TV cell phone furniture
32 2 143 11 87 3
Areas where more focus needs to

given in terms of utilities are tap
water or potable water source,
functional television and modern
furniture. Notwithstanding,
attention should also be paid to
ensure that most people should
have electricity, functional radios
sets and cell phones for leisure and
also ease communication leading to
greater self esteem and fulfillment.
4.3. Type of bed

Wooden Bed Bamboo/stick Earthen bed Metal
Bed
225 159 27 25
Changes in this area are good to be monitored
as the project evolves in order to ensure that

there is an improvement in this household
asset.
4.4. Means of transport

Animal transport Non animal transport

Emmanuel Page 49
21 300
Though most project participants mostly travel by foot, bikes or vehicles some use
animals like donkeys and horses.
4.5. Housing conditions

Roofs Walls Floors
durable 95 71 94
Non durable 272 286 262
Most houses have non durable roofs, walls and
floors. This situation should be carefully
monitored throughout the life of the project to
ensure that income accruing from project
activities is properly used to ensure that
homesteads are secured by their standards.
5 SOCIAL CAPITAL
5.1. Social integration within groups
Cooperatives Credit Farming Njangi group Church Cultural

unions group group group
94 27 278 81 183 10
Most of the farmers are integrated in

farming, ‘njangi’ and church groups.
Socio-cultural, cooperatives and
micro-credit groups are not of utmost
interest to these people.
It will be good to do an in-depth
studies to understand the reasons why
and if possible discuss how to improve
on the
situation. This is very crucial as we
strive to address the Heifer wide goal
on influencing policies, practices and
systems.
Emmanuel Page 50
5.2. Household decision making pattern
5.2.1. Healthcare decision
Healthcare decision Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

every HH member 9 2.4% 2.4%
husband 128 34.4% 36.8%
husband and wife 175 47.0% 83.9%
wife 60 16.1% 100.0%
Total 372 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.2. Education decision
Education decision Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

husband 114 33.7% 37.6%
wife 43 12.7% 100.0%
Total 338 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.3. Household feeding decision

Household feeding decision Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
husband 116 31.3% 35.0%
wife 56 15.1% 100.0%
Total 371 100.0% 100.0%

Emmanuel Page 51
5.2.4. Community project Contribution
Community project Cum
Contribution Percentage
husband 111 31.9% 37.4%
wife 56 16.1% 100.0%
Total 348 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.5. Saving decisions
Saving decisions Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

husband 124 37.8% 39.6%
wife 42 12.8% 100.0%
Total 328 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.6. Expansion/construction of houses

Expansion/construction of Cum
houses Percentage
husband 155 46.5% 53.5%
wife 33 9.9% 100.0%
Total 333 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.7. Social/religious Contribution

Social/religious Contribution Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
husband 105 29.8% 41.5%
wife 54 15.3% 100.0%

Emmanuel Page 52
Total 352 100.0% 100.0%
Looking at the household as social and productive unit, the situation above shows that
most decisions are jointly taken by the husband and wife except in
expansion/construction of houses where men dominate in the decision making.
Its’ worth noting that men are also partly involve in all of the decisions taken and
there is no area where women are solely involved. This situation is dangerous for a
project like this where children constitute a very significant portion of the
dependents and project sustainability depends’ on them.
5.3. Distribution of work within the household
5.31. Cleaning of home
Cleaning of home Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 16 4.4% 4.4%
Girls 170 46.4% 50.8%
Men 15 4.1% 54.9%
Women 165 45.1% 100.0%
Total 366 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.2. Cooking
Cooking Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 7 1.9% 1.9%
Girls 39 10.6% 12.5%
Men 7 1.9% 14.4%
Emmanuel Page 53
Women 316 85.6% 100.0%
Total 369 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.3. Washing dresses
Washing dresses Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 22 6.0% 6.0%
Girls 31 8.4% 14.4%
Men 10 2.7% 17.1%
Women 306 82.9% 100.0%
Total 369 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.4. Caring for children

Caring for children Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 2 0.6% 0.6%
Girls 4 1.1% 1.7%
Men 142 39.3% 41.0%
Women 213 59.0% 100.0%
Total 361 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.5. Fetching water
Fetching water Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 65 17.6% 17.6%
Girls 74 20.0% 37.6%
Men 27 7.3% 44.9%
Women 204 55.1% 100.0%
Total 370 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.6. Splitting/fetching wood

Emmanuel Page 54
Splitting/fetching wood Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 37 10.1% 10.1%
Girls 60 16.3% 26.4%
Men 88 23.9% 50.3%
Women 183 49.7% 100.0%
Total 368 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.7. Caring for animals
Caring for animals Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 65 18.0% 18.0%
Girls 12 3.3% 21.3%
Men 241 66.6% 87.8%
Women 44 12.2% 100.0%
Total 362 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.8. Farm Clearing

Farm Clearing Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 66 18.0% 18.0%
Girls 4 1.1% 19.1%
Men 265 72.4% 91.5%
Women 31 8.5% 100.0%
Total 366 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.9. Farm hoeing

Farm hoeing Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 38 10.3% 10.3%
Girls 8 2.2% 12.5%
Men 137 37.2% 49.7%
Women 185 50.3% 100.0%
Total 368 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.10. Planting
Emmanuel Page 55
Planting Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 12 3.3% 3.3%
Girls 9 2.4% 5.7%
Men 28 7.6% 13.3%
Women 319 86.7% 100.0%
Total 368 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.11. Harvesting
Harvesting Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 4 1.1% 1.1%
Girls 8 2.2% 3.3%
Men 16 4.4% 7.7%
Women 336 92.3% 100.0%
Total 364 100.0% 100.0%
The above analysis depicts that house, kitchen and farm work is mostly in the hands
of women except for farm clearing and caring for animals where they are less
involved. Men are fully involve only in farm clearing and caring for animals but less
involve in splitting wood, farm hoeing and caring for children. Boys are less involve in
fetching water, caring for animals and farm hoeing. The girl child is very little involve
in both farm, house and kitchen work except that they assist to a lesser degree in
cooking and fetching water except home cleaning that is a major responsibility to
them.
This situation shows clearly that apart from not fully involving the children in
household decision making process, they are also less involved in household, livestock
caring and farm work tasks. This picture presents a big risk not only for project
sustainability but also for personal development or growth of these children
especially for the girl child from the stand point of life skills from which they will tap
continuously for a living. This area is of utmost importance during project design,
planning, implementation and monitoring in order to reduce stereotypes and
vulnerability especially among the girl child.
5.4. Major sources or causes of domestic violence

5.4.1. Level of involvement of children and parents in household work perceive as
stereotypes
Level of involvement of children
Cum
and parents in household work Frequency Percentage
Percentage
perceive as stereotypes

Emmanuel Page 56
Yes 134 35.8% 35.8%
No 240 64.2% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.2. Poor involvement of children and women in decision making

Poor involvement of children Cum
and women in decision making Percentage
Yes 137 36.6% 36.6%
No 237 63.4% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.3. Increased workload on women
Increased workload on
women
Yes 171 45.7% 45.7%
No 203 54.3% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.4. Discrimination among household members

Discrimination among Cum
household members Percentage
Yes 95 25.4% 25.4%
No 279 74.6% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.5. Poor communication
Poor communication Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 98 26.2% 26.2%
No 276 73.8% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%

Emmanuel Page 57
5.4.6. Less access to or control over resources & project benefits by children and
women
Less access to or control over

Cum
resources & project benefits by Frequency Percentage
Percentage
children and women
Yes 126 33.7% 33.7%
No 248 66.3% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.7. Insufficient household income

Insufficient household
income
Yes 287 76.7% 76.7%
No 87 23.3% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.8. Adult and youth delinquency

Adult and youth delinquency Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 50 13.4% 13.4%
No 324 86.6% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
Major sources of household conflicts include: less involvement of children and parents
in household work perceived as stereotypes, poor involvement of children and women
in decision making sessions, increase workload on women, insufficient household
income and less access to and control over project benefits by children and women.
These factors should be carefully analyzed and addressed during the course of this
project in order to have peaceful and productive household members.

Emmanuel Page 58
5.5. Nature of dresses worn
children adults
Fairly used 305 301
Ready made 46 68
More adults dress up better than

children. This picture could be even-out
or gap narrowed with the
implementation of this project.
5.6. Major sources of resources for the

group
Family On-farm Group Loans from Off-farm Grants from

members income njangi financial income donors
institutions
261 333 147 39 218 128
On-farm, family members and to an

extend off-farm activities are major
sources of income for the group and
her members. For the sake of
sustainability, other sources such as
grants from donors and loans from
micro-finance institutions should be
exploited as the project is on course in
order to scale up activities and also
access more donor grants.

Emmanuel Page 59
5.7. Major sources of conflicts within groups
5.7.1. Dictatorial leadership
Dictatorial leadership Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 70 18.7% 18.7%
No 304 81.3% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.2. Poor accountability
Poor accountability Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 162 43.3% 43.3%
No 212 56.7% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.3. Non-respect of by laws

Non-respect of by laws Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 154 41.2% 41.2%
No 220 58.8% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.4. Absenteeism
Absenteeism Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Emmanuel Page 60
Yes 199 53.2% 53.2%
No 175 46.8% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.5. Unfair sharing of benefits/resources

Unfair sharing of Cum
benefits/resources Percentage
Yes 68 18.2% 18.2%
No 306 81.8% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.6. Tribalism, discrimination

Tribalism, discrimination Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 51 13.6% 13.6%
No 323 86.4% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.7. Generation Gap between old and young persons

Generation Gap between old Cum
and young persons Percentage
Yes 66 17.6% 17.6%
No 308 82.4% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.8. Poor communication

Poor communication Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 127 34.0% 34.0%
No 247 66.0% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.9. Poor group structure

poor group structure Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Emmanuel Page 61
Yes 108 28.9% 28.9%
No 266 71.1% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.10. Over dependency on one group member
Over dependency on one Cum

group member Percentage
Yes 101 27.0% 27.0%
No 273 73.0% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.11. Over dependency on donors

Over dependency on donors Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 71 19.0% 19.0%
No 303 81.0% 100.0%
Total 374 100.0% 100.0%
This analysis shows that major causes of conflicts within groups include among others:
poor accountability, poor group structure, over dependency on one group member,
absenteeism, poor communication, and non-respect of by-laws. Nonetheless, other
factors like dictatorial leadership and generation gap are also blamed as sources of
group conflicts. These factors’ alongside others should be carefully studied and
addressed as the case may be in order to strengthen group’s dynamism and
functioning. With this in place, it will be very easy for groups to grow and replicate
the positive impacts of their work.

Emmanuel Page 62
SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Conclusion
This report has attempted to analyze information collected through the HI baseline survey on
the socio-economic and health/nutritional status of the households, and communities in the
areas targeted by the HI Cameroon Program. Specifically, it has provided baseline values for
indicators in a wide range of areas, including: livelihood activities, food security, including
dietary diversity and food production, health, nutrition, and income generation. The findings
from this study are expected to be used as the benchmark against which progress made by
the HI assisted groups in the target communities can be established.
In average, would be assisted groups in this area targeted for assistance by HI comprised in
majority of men representing about 93.7%. It is also perceptible that 84.7 percent of
respondents are married and Widows represent 11.8 %, and this gives an apparent stability in
terms of project sustainability. A large majority of the project partners in this region fall in
the active age of the population. Specifically, about 87 percent of the target project partners
fall in the bracket 12-55 years, a majority of which fall in the age group 25 – 40. This suggests
that there is potential for using the manpower in this area for the implementation of project
activities.
Occupations in the communities mainly revolve around farming (94.3%), with crop production
being the predominant element of the farming system. Income generated from livestock
farming is mostly from the sale of beef cattle, goats, and sheep recording either the highest
number of respondent practicing activity or generating the highest revenue. In terms of
agricultural income generation activities, households in this area rely mostly on the
production and sale of annual and perennial crops including groundnuts, millet, and sorghum.
The sale of vegetables and fruits represent subsidiary sources of income. Aside from this, the
local economies of the sampled population are not very diversified as it can be depicted from
the results that, the mean income generated from off-farm activities represent barely half of
the mean income generated from the On-farm activities.
The average farm output of the main food crops is varied but, the quantities are yet to be
improved. Despite this low output, less than 30 percent of the sampled population access to
food, while food availability, affordability and consumption of good quality food remains a
major problem towards food security. On the other hand, the average sale of these main food
crops is low in relation to production which translates into low incomes derived from
agricultural goods; this can be explained by the lack of marketing techniques as only a
handful reported having received trainings on marketing techniques. According to the data,
while the quantities were not specifically accessed within this survey, a substantial number of
the sampled population (above 90%) reported consumption of plant protein, carbohydrates
and vegetables, a smaller majority reported consumption of animal proteins and fruits to be
rarely. This still confirms the consumption-oriented nature of crop production in the area.
The use of improved technologies and other farming equipment, other than crop varieties,
was found to be very low among the sample farmers. While farmers were not asked
specifically about the factors that may be preventing them from adopting technologies, it is
worth mentioning that there is very limited access to improved agricultural farming
techniques.

Emmanuel Page 63
Regarding health, a good number of people there is great need for sensitization on HIV&AIDS
as only a handful are aware of their HIV&AIDS status (17.4%) and a greater number (78.5%) of
respondents are adopting fidelity as a measure to mitigate the spread of HIV&AIDS. The
frequency of falling sick in the household is mostly (over 50%) assessed to be monthly for
children (boys and girls), while the frequencies for youth (boys and girls) and adult (men and
women) are assessed to be quarterly and yearly respectively. This is confirmed by the fact
that the mean expenditure of households on health is relatively comparable to other key
household issues. While a large number reported using Pit toilets (79.3%) in the households,
availability to water for households remain a major concern as only 37.3% reported having
access to water year round and the quality of drinking water is an even critical as more than
80 percent of the people reported that the quality of drinking water is untreated.
In terms of household decision making, whilst there is still a great need for sensitization on
the subject, there is noticeably a paradigm shift as most, if not all decisions taken within the
households are done by both the parents. In contrast to decision making in the households,
the stereotypes of “who does what” are strictly maintained in this area as, perceptibly, all
household chores are handled by girls and women. It can also be inferred from the data that
boys and girls have equal opportunities of going to school at primary and secondary levels as
the proportion of boys and girls attending school at all levels is slightly comparable.
2 Recommendation
Several program implications and actions for improving the situation of the surveyed
communities have been identified following the analyses provided in this report. Those are
summarized below, looking at each sector in turn.
With regards to the general orientation of the food security intervention, it is essential to
promote diversification of income, as focusing on livestock and crop production alone to
improve access to food will not be sufficient.
With regards to farming (crop and livestock) itself, it was noted that total farm output and
productivity are low; hence it is necessary to identify the key constraints affecting
agricultural performance in the target areas and implement activities that will help farmers
to overcome their production and marketing constraints.
With regards to income generation from the sale of farm output, strategies should be put in
place to support livestock and crops that offer opportunities for value added processing and
marketing.
It will also be good to re-enforce the groups/cooperative’s abilities to mobilize and

better manage their resources’. Gender issues have to be of greater focus as the
project is being implemented. Generally, it will be a good thing for HIC staff to
continuously use this document during the life of the project if monitoring for
reporting against intended results and reflection for quality control has to be a key
issue in the life the project.

Emmanuel Page 64

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Table of Contents

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES........5

SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK..................................19

The baseline survey .............................................................................................19

The baseline questionnaire and data collection....................................................19

Understanding the baseline results as presented.................................................20

SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS......21

SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................63

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland / interpretation by Basam

We shall be enormously surprised -and greatly disappointed- if we are not shown

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland / interpretation by Basam

2. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

3. BOD: Board Of Directors

4. CAHC: Community Animal Health Care

5. Com. M’ber: Committee member

9. DM: Discipline master (disciplinarian)

10.Fin. Sec: Financial secretary

12.HI: Heifer International

13.HIC: Heifer International Cameroon

14.HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

15.IPM: Integrated Pest Management

19.Min. Sec: Minute secretary

20.PIM: Participatory Impact Monitoring

21.PRO: Public Relations Officer

22.Supp.com: Supervisory committee

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland / interpretation by Basam

SECTION 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

2. Sex 93.7% male

3. Age - Below 11 years : 00%

-25 – 40 years : 51.8%

- 56 years > : 13.1%

4. Marital status - Married : 84.7%

5. Matrimony - Polygamy : 38.5%

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland / interpretation by Basam

- High school : 2.3%

7. Principal occupation of - Farmer : 94.3%

-Civil servant : 0.3%

8. Number of household dependents Total Max Min Mean

Men 350 05 00 1.00

Women 443 08 00 1.40

Boys 829 10 00 2.21

Girls 745 10 00 2.00

Total 2367 21 00 6.32

SECTION 3: INSTITUTIONAL RELATED ISSUES

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland / interpretation by Basam

9. Adherence to groups Adherence to groups is a major issue as a majority

10. Leadership role or position in group

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland / interpretation by Basam

4A. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES

Healthcare Reproduction supplementary Total Total Total

(Percentage) (Percentage) (Percentage) (n) (n) FCFA

Duck None(64.4) Natural(93.2) Non-conv.

poultry Ethno Natural(92.3) Non-conv. 2380 699 1 057 750

Donkey Ethno Natural(98.6) Non-conv. 16 01 20 000

Pig None(38.9) Natural(94.4) Non-conv. 478 203 952 400

Sheep Ethno Natural(94.4) Non-conv. 645 226 1 965 100

Goat Ethno Natural(93.3) Non-conv. 2666 834 3 821 950

Beef cattle Orthodox(41) Natural(84.7) Non-conv. 322 53 4 310 000

Dairy cattle Orthodox(60) Natural(83.3) Non-conv. 03 01 135 000

14. Management system Extensive :11.7%

Semi intensive :76.2%

17. place of sale of farm produce/products On farm : 00%

Village Market : 64.4%