Case Study

Topic SMART GRID SYSTEM

Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi

Name: Muneer Ahmed

S, Id: 413-2015

Subject: Signal & System (Lab)

Semester: 5th Be-Electrical (Electronics)

Faculty: Be Electrical Engineering (Fest)

Instructor Name: Engr. Abdul Latif Shah

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Table Of Contents Page No

abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 4

Home Smart Grid ........................................................................................................................... 4

1.1. Home Meters........................................................................................................................ 5

2. Smart Meter And Smart Building ............................................................................................. 6

3. Renewable Energy Resources .................................................................................................... 7

3.1. Power Converter Platforms ................................................................................................. 9

4. Pv Systems In Home ................................................................................................................ 12

4.1. Pv Based Siso Platform ..................................................................................................... 13

5. Wind Energy In Home ............................................................................................................. 14

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... 16

References .................................................................................................................................... 17

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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Table Of Figure Page No

figure 1 Home Grid Infrastructure ............................................................................................... 5

Figure 2 Analog And Digital Meter .............................................................................................. 6

Figure 3 The Power Portal Home Display Unit And Real-Time Power, Cumulative Use, And

Other Data. ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 4 Renewable Energy Sources. ........................................................................................... 8

Figure 5power Electronics Control And Communication Structure In Smart Buildings. ......... 9

Figure 6power Electronics Control And Communication Structure In Smart Buildings. ....... 10

Figure 7 Dc Source-Based Siso Platform For Grid-Tied System. ............................................. 10

Figure 8 Hybrid Source-Based Miso Platform For Grid-Tied System. ..................................... 11

Figure 9 Grid-Connected Siso Pv System Block Diagram. ....................................................... 14

Figure 10 Grid-Connected Wind Turbine Generating System. ................................................. 15

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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ABSTRACT

We know that renewable energies such as sun water fuel cells and bio mass are best source of

energies for on grid and off grid smart green systems. It can be easily generated and stored for later

use.

It can also be delivered to a power grid where an energy source is required and share the

combination of both. The smart grid buildings are connected to the service lines. The smart grid

buildings require inverters which convert direct current to alternating current and some also have

batteries as they store energy for later on usage.

Power electronics is playing a very important role helping these types of technologies enable in

these smart grid systems. The smart meter is installed which observes the interfacing between

green buildings and utility lines. This research is unique electronics platform that is very efficient

for smart grid buildings as well as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI).

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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INTRODUCTION

In near future we know that these green buildings will be a connection to distribution network and

renewable energy resources electric vehicles and heat pumps.

Most energies have direct power so for this an inverter is requires so that dc is converted to ac and

connect them to the utility grid.

Whereas the ac grid can directly be connected to the ac-dc and dc-a conversion stages.

Power electronics converters provide rapid control means to satisfy the grid connected alternative

energy conversion system needs

HOME SMART GRID

A smart home involves three components: smart control and measuring devices, digital

communications systems, and computer software programs [4, 5]. Figure 1 shows the smart grid

simple structure that allows power to be fed into it from different energy sources and provides real-

time management to maximize efficiency.

The home smart grid makes the home efficient by reducing the total power consumed.

Home owners can install can install renewable energy components to supply power and fulfill

power home requirements. Home energy efficiency requires three devices: smart meter that

measures power in real time, home receiver that allows homeowner to monitor power use over

time, and power usage monitor (watt meter) that accurately measures power consumption.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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Figure 1 Home Grid Infrastructure

1.1. HOME METERS

We know there are two types of meters: analog and digital which is shown in the figure 2.The

analog meter measure water gas electric parameters in a given period of time but since it is analog

it cannot transmit the data.

So for this we use the digital metering system advance meter that can be used to monitor the energy

consumption and also remotely transfer it through a communication network and we can display

it digitally to show the energy consumption for the efficiency of customers

The smart meter has following features

1. Take the reading every hour

2. Transmit data every hour

3. Monitor the disturbances

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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Figure 2 Analog and Digital Meter

2. SMART METER AND SMART BUILDING

Now after giving a smart meter to people will not make a smart building, smart meters are essential

component but not the whole, there are more thing like hardware, software, communication links,

and controllers. This called advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) that measures, analyzes, and

regulates energy usage. The IHD plays an important role in the real time monitoring of the system

which communicates direct with the appliances. The figure 3 shows an IHD for homes smart meter

and devices.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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Figure 3 The Power Portal Home Display Unit And Real-Time Power, Cumulative Use, And
Other Data.

3. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

A renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally. Examples

include oxygen, fresh water, solar energy and biomass. Many countries have now developed

renewable resources these countries differ in their source

however, hydro, wind, biomass, tidal stream, and photovoltaic (PV) are common choices. Figure

4 shows renewable energy resources.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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Figure 4 Renewable Energy Sources.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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3.1. POWER CONVERTER PLATFORMS

Power electronics represents the smart green technology in the buildings, it does the conversion

between distribution networks and local micro grid sources. . The following characteristics are

important for power electronics systems of smart grids: high efficiency, optimal energy transfer,

bidirectional power flow, high reliability, synchronization capabilities, smart metering, real-time

information, communications, and fault tolerance. Figure 5 shows power electronics layers of

cluster of prosumers into the smart building.

Figure 5Power Electronics Control And Communication Structure In Smart Buildings.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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Figure 6Power Electronics Control And Communication Structure In Smart Buildings.

Power electronic converters work on off gird and both on grid also they are of two categories:

single input single output (SISO) platform and multi-input single output (MISO) platform.

For example a building has one dc renewable source and then that building is SISO as shown in

figure 7.

Figure 7 DC Source-Based SISO Platform For Grid-Tied System.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
 SMART GRID SYSTEM

Another SISO platform can be used if the source was AC-based variable speed turbines such as

wind, small hydro, and tidal power generation as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 8 shows hybrid connectivity to replenish more energy production to the building as well as

the utility grid which is called as MISO platform. A MISO platform is sometimes called as multi-

port power converter because it combines more than one input port based on the number of the

micro energy sources and storage installed in the building.

Figure 8 Hybrid Source-Based MISO Platform For Grid-Tied System.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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4. PV SYSTEMS IN HOME
The light energy in the sun is transformed in to heat energy that does useful work. Energy sources

originated from sun apart from geothermal energy. The sun’s free energy can be utilized in three

forms:

1. Passive use; for example, allowing natural sunlight in for heat.

2. Direct heat transfer; for example, water heater collects solar heat and transfers it to water.

3. PV effect; causes some substances to generate an electric current when exposed to sunlight.

Many countries now have expanded their PV system to larger capacities.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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Figure 9 PV System To Larger Capacities

4.1. PV BASED SISO PLATFORM

Figure 9 shows the schematic of SISO-based grid-connected PV system. The main elements of

this system are:

1. Boost DC-DC converter to increase the output voltage and extract the max power

2. Single-phase DC-AC voltage source inverter (VSI)

3. Grid interface output filter with/without isolation transformer

4. Voltage/power controller

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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Figure 10 Grid-Connected SISO PV System Block Diagram.

5. WIND ENERGY IN HOME

Wind turbines on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades

around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create

electricity.

A wind turbine is a device that convert kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power.

Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically turn power generators

for electric power. Wind power is an alternative to burning fossil fuels. It is plentiful, renewable,

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no

water, and uses little land. The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those

of nonrenewable power sources. Figure 10 shows us a wind energy turbine.

Figure 11 Grid-Connected Wind Turbine Generating System.

Wind turbine can rotate about either a horizontal or vertical axis, the former being both older and more
common. They can also include blades (transparent or not) or be bladeless.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

CONCLUSION

We studied the different power electronics platforms for grid-tied smart buildings was presented.

Both analog and digital smart metering systems were infrastructures. The main power electronics

converter platforms were categorized into two types as SISO and MISO structures. Each platform

was introduced in regards to several types of alternative energy resources (wind, PV, etc.)

involving battery storage and its use in our home applications.

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi
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REFERENCES

[1]https://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid/smart_grid.html

[2]https://energy.gov/oe/activities/technology.../grid-modernization-and-smart-grid

[3]https://www.google.com.pk/search?rlz=1C1OKWM_enPK800PK800&ei=UbsvW-

z8IJHQkwXmz56YDQ&q=difference+between+horizontal+axis+wind+turbine+and+vertical+

[4]http://www.paksolarservices.com/wind-turbine.html

[5]https://www.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fequatorenergypinoy.com.ph%2

Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F04%2FHYBRIDFAB

SMART GRID SYSTEM | Department of Electrical Engineering, FEST, Indus University, Karachi