Sheila Marie Sosmeña BS PSYCH2 CHEM LAB 9:30-11:30am ( MTW )

1.) Differentiate volatile impurities and non-volatile impurities in H2O. Give example.

VOLATILE IMPURITIES
Is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatile substances have the capability to go
into the vapor phase. This may happen during heating or without heating. Volatility and
the vapor pressure is also high. If the volatility is low, then the vapor pressure is low.
Normally liquids are volatile. They tend to go into the vapor phase rapidly. For example,
acetone (often found in nail polish remover ), butyl acetate ( the source of the fruity
smell in a lot of coatings formulations ), and alcohol ( ethanol and isopropyl ).
NON-VOLATILE IMPURITIES
Are substances which do not vaporize rapidly. They don’t have a higher vapor pressure
at the normal room temperature and pressure. It will mostly be as solids in the room
temperature. For example, sodium chloride, silver nitrate, oils, mercury, and glycerol or
glycerin.

2.) What is water purification process?

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological
contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to
produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is disinfected for human
consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety
of other purposes, including fulfilling the requirements of medical, pharmacological,
chemical and industrial applications.

There are a number of methods commonly used to purify water. Their effectiveness is
linked to the type of contaminant being treated and the type of application the water will
be used for.
 Filtration: This process can take the form of any of the following:
 Coarse filtration: Also called particle filtration, it can utilize anything from a 1 mm sand
filter, to a 1 micron cartridge filter.
 Micro filtration: Uses 1 to 0.1 micron devices to filter out bacteria. A typical
implementation of this technique can be found in the brewing process.
 Ultra filtration: Removes pyrogens, endotoxins, DNA and RNA fragments.
 Reverse osmosis: Often referred to as RO, reverse osmosis is the most refined degree
of liquid filtration. Instead of a filter, it uses a porous material acting as a unidirectional
sieve that can separate molecular-sized particles.
 Distillation: Oldest method of purification. Inexpensive but cannot be used for an on-
demand process. Water must be distilled and then stored for later use, making it again
prone to contamination if not stored properly.
 Activated carbon adsorption: Operates like a magnet on chlorine and organic
compounds.
 Ultraviolet radiation: At a certain wavelength, this might cause bacteria to be sterilized
and other micro organics to be broken down.
 Deionization: Also known as ion exchange, it is used for producing purified water on-
demand, by passing water through resin beds. Negatively charged (cationic) resin
removes positive ions, while positively charged one (anionic) removes negative ions.
Continuous monitoring and maintenance of the cartridges can produce the purest water.

3.) What is distillation? Include the distillation set-up. Label the different parts.

Is a widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions
required to change the phase of components of the mixture. To separate a mixture of
liquids, the liquid can be heated to force components, which have different boiling
points, into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into liquid form and
collected. Repeating the process on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the
product is called double distillation. Although the term is most commonly applied to
Sheila Marie Sosmeña BS PSYCH2 CHEM LAB 9:30-11:30am ( MTW )

liquids, the reverse process can be used to separate gases by liquefying components
using changes in temperature or pressure.

4.) Define the following terms:

a.) Alum- is a common coagulant and as well as a generic name for a variety of
aluminum compounds that are combinations of aluminum sulfate and group IA metal
sulfates. It is a hydrated form of potassium aluminum sulfate and has the chemical
formula KAl(SO4)2·12H2O. However, any of the compounds with the empirical formula
AB(SO4)2·12H2O are considered to be alum. Alum is sometimes seen in its crystalline
form, although it is most often a powder.

b.) Flocculant- is a process in chemistry wherein colloids are extracted from

suspensions which then take the form of flake or floc. This can take place
spontaneously or may be brought about by adding clarifying agents.This process is
different from precipitation in the sense that before flocculation, colloids are simply
suspended within the liquid and not dissolved within the solution. In a system that
promotes flocculation, there is no cake formation because all flocs are suspended.
Flocculation is used for water purification, and can even be used to extract certain
corrosive elements from water.Flocculation is also known as coagulation and
agglomeration.
c.) Purified Water- Pure water, also known as purified water, is water from a source that
has removed all impurities. Distilled water is the most common form of pure water. Pure
water can be purified by carbon filtration, micro-porous filtration and ultraviolet oxidation.
Some places use a combination of purification processes. Pure water can be used in
cooking, drinking, scientific studies and laboratories.
5.) Why is there a need to purify water?
 Through water purification we can avoid drinking impure & contaminated water
which causes many epidemic diseases and unsafe for healthy life.
 It removes all unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water which is
hazardous for our health. Through the advance technology it purifies or filtered
the all bacterial diseases which may also lead to death.
 It also helps in purging the all unwanted chemicals and toxins from the water
which might be added by the waste of factories and mines. There are many
Sheila Marie Sosmeña BS PSYCH2 CHEM LAB 9:30-11:30am ( MTW )

chemicals which produce alpha radiation and leads to cancer and many skin or
digestive tract irritation.
 This water treatment facility helps in removing the heavy metals like mercury,
arsenic leech or lead from water which are very difficult to detect and can cause
long-term neurological impairments.
 The filtration not only removes the toxins and make the water clean and pure but
also improves the flavor and appearance. To make the water drinkable and
consumable with no unpleasant odor; the water purification plays the vital role in
doing so.
 Having pure water is becoming integrated part of life. Mineral water bottles are
not affordable enough for everyone at regular intervals; so here water purification
is the best viable way to use direct tap water. It saves the money.