Brazilian Journal of Physics (2018) 48:74–84

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13538-017-0548-2

GENERAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS

Performance Analysis of Triple Asymmetrical Optical Micro Ring

Resonator with 2 × 2 Input-Output Bus Waveguide
Suman Ranjan 1 & Sanjoy Mandal 1

Received: 12 June 2017 / Published online: 7 December 2017

# Sociedade Brasileira de Física 2017

Abstract
Modeling of triple asymmetrical optical micro ring resonator (TAOMRR) in z-domain with 2 × 2 input-output system with
detailed design of its waveguide configuration using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is presented. Transfer
function in z-domain using delay-line signal processing technique of the proposed TAOMRR is determined for different input
and output ports. The frequency response analysis is carried out using MATLAB software. Group delay and dispersion charac-
teristics are also determined in MATLAB. The electric field analysis is done using FDTD. The method proposes a new
methodology to design and draw multiple configurations of coupled ring resonators having multiple in and out ports. Various
important parameters such as coupling coefficients and FSR are also determined.

Keywords Dispersion . FDTD . Free spectral range . Group delay . Mason’s rule . Multiple asymmetric ring resonator

1 Introduction graph approach to achieve an enhanced FSR of 200 GHz [7].

Optical ring resonators are promising building blocks for pho-
tonic integrated circuits. Ring resonators find many applica-
tions in frequency-division multiplexing [1], optical filters [2],
optical switches [3], optical spectral analyzer [4] etc. The
transfer function of the proposed configuration is calculated
using circuits domain. Delay-line signal processing technique
is implemented to develop the signal flow graph where unit
delay is the basic building block of the modeling methodology
and can be represented as Z−1.
Performance analysis of single-ring resonator as well as
double-ring resonator with free spectral range (FSR) of 14.3
and 98 GHz, respectively, has been previously reported by
Suzuki et al. in 1995 [5]. Higher FSR is always required in
the field of optical communication so that larger numbers of
channels can be accommodated. Moslehi et al. developed the
z-domain relationship for the basic optical circuit element to
be used in filters [6]. Mandal et al. proposed triple ring reso-
nators employing a digital signal processing and signal flow
* Suman Ranjan
sumanranjan9@ee.ism.ac.in
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
(Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India
Delay line signal processing method is used to determine the
performance of quadruple optical ring resonator [8] and
pentuple optical ring resonator with higher FSR of the order
of terahertz [9]. Vertically coupled triple ring resonators are
reported by Yanagase et al. with an expanded FSR of 25.8 nm
[10]. Suchita et al. presented vertically coupled ring resonator
model with wider FSR of 35.2 nm [11].
A discrete signal can be extracted by sampling a continu-
ous time signal f(t) at t = nT where the sampling interval is BT^
and Bn^ is the number of samples. For an optical filter, unit
delay is represented by BT^ and it is associated with discrete
impulse response. The total delay of a filter is an integer mul-
tiple of unit delay. Z-transformed discrete-time signal F(z) can
be given as [11]:
F ðzÞ ¼ ∑∞n¼−∞ f f ðnÞgZ −n ; ð1Þ
where Z−1 is the unit delay.
The proposed TAOMRR combines larger and smaller rings
to form an add-drop filter. The proposed configuration is quite
unique where two smaller rings are housed inside the larger
ring. Therefore, extended FSR is obtained as per Vernier prin-
ciple. The proposed configuration can be used in optical com-
munication networks where a multiple input-output bus wave-
guide is required to enhance number of channels. The
TAOMRR with 2 × 2 input-output bus waveguide architecture
Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84 75

with five directional couplers has been designed and modeled where Lq is the ring perimeter and Lu is the unit delay length.
using delay line signal processing technique using Mason’s rule. Hence, M, N, and P are co-prime numbers in the proposed
Optical filters with discrete time delays have a periodic model. These co-prime numbers are primarily significant to
response and one such period is known as FSR. increase FSR as per Vernier effect.
Relationship of FSR with unit delay can be expressed as [12]:
1 c
FSR ¼ ¼ ; ð2Þ 2 Mathematical Modeling
T Lu n g

where Lu is the smallest delay length known as unit delay Optical coupling is an important method of interconnecting
length, ng is the group refractive index, c is the speed of light, optical signals when two optical waveguides are brought suit-
and T is the unit delay. ably close to one another such that their evanescent fields get
The group refractive index is a function of effective refrac- overlapped with each another. The schematic representation of
tive index and center frequency. The relationship is expressed directional optical coupler is given in Fig. 1:
by Eq. 3 [13]: Here Ei1 ; Ei2 are the input fields and E o1 ; E o2 are the output

 fields, whereas BC^ and BS^ are the through port coupling
ng ¼ ne f f þ f o dne f f =d f f ; ð3Þ coefficient and cross port coupling coefficient and can be rep-
o
resented as [16]:
where Bneff^ is the effective refractive index and Bfo^ is the
center frequency.  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
Z-transform of unit delay is Z−1, and therefore the choice of C ¼ 1−k pffiffiffi ; ð8Þ
unit delay should be such that the ring perimeter becomes an in- − jS ¼ − j k
tegral multiple of unit delay. Hence, the perimeter of each ring
where Bk^ is the power coupling ratio and it is represented as [17]:
is selected in such a manner that it is an integral multiple of
the unit delay length. Therefore, the entire optical circuit can be
characterized by discrete multiple of unit delay length. Vernier- Pcoupled
type filters are built to resonate the designed ring resonator at k¼ ; ð9Þ
Pinput
fractionally different frequencies where the individual resonator
overlaps only at frequencies separated by several FSR apart. where Pcoupled is the coupled power from each coupler and
Therefore, the composite device can provide extremely large Pinput is the input power to the same coupler. The block dia-
FSR without the need for extreme miniaturization and small gram representation of the directional optical coupler is shown
bending radii that cause high loss. The Vernier method is also in Fig. 2.
competent of keeping the crosstalk within specified limits. The The relationship between input and output field is related
Vernier principle method is introduced in the present article to by the 2 × 2 transfer matrix and is represented as Eq. 10:
increase the overall FSR of TAOMRR as follows [7, 14]:
    
FSRoverall ¼ M * FSR1 ¼ N * FSR2 ¼ P* FSR3 ; ð4Þ E o1 C − jS Ei1
¼q ; ð10Þ
E o2 − jS C Ei2
where M, N, and P are the co-prime resonant numbers of the
smallest, middle, and largest ring, respectively, while FSR1 is where Bq^ (0.9 < q < 1) is the amplitude transmission
FSR of the smallest ring, FSR2 is the FSR of the second larger coefficient.
ring, and FSR3 is the FSR of the largest ring. The equivalent FSR
can also be determined using the following relationship [15]:
3 Transfer Function of the TAOMRR
ð FSR1 * FSR2 Þ
FSRoverall ¼ ∣N −M j ; ð5Þ
jFSR1 − FSR2 j Transfer function of the proposed TAOMRR is calculated in
where z-domain using signal flow graph method and Mason’s rule as
per following relationship [18]:
c
FSRi ¼ where i ¼ 1; 2; 3: ð6Þ
2πnRi
1 N
The co-prime numbers can be determined using following Tf ¼ ∑ T n Δn ; ð11Þ
Δ n¼1
relation:
where Tn is the forward path transfer function of the nth path from
Resonant numbers ¼ Lq =Lu ðq ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ; ð7Þ a specified input to an output node, Δ is the graph determinant
76
Fig. 1 Directional optical coupler
which involves closed loop transmittance and mutual interac-
tions between non-touching loops, and Δn is the factor asso-
ciated with the concerned path and involves all closed loops in
the graph which are isolated from the forward path under
consideration. N is the total number of forward paths. The
value of Δ can be expressed as:
Δ ¼ 1−∑La þ ∑Lb −∑Lc ; ð12Þ
where ∑La is the summation of all the single loops, ∑Lb is the
summation of multiplication of all possible combinations of
the two non-touching loops, and ∑Lc is the addition of multi-
plication of all possible combinations of the three non-
touching loops.
All the forward paths along with their path factors as well
as all the associated loops are mentioned in the Appendix.
Figure 3 represents the proposed TAOMRR having
two input {X 1 (z) and X 2 (z)} and two output ports
{Y1(z) and Y2(z)} with two asymmetrical micro rings
that are housed inside a larger micro ring. The bus
X2(z)Y2(z) is coupled vertically with coupling coefficient
k5 as indicated in Fig. 3. The proposed circuit offers
extended FSR since three asymmetrical multiple-ring resona-
tors are used. The structure also provides multiple input bus
and output bus which can enhance the data handling
Fig. 2 Block representation of
optical coupler
Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84
capacity when the proposed circuit is used in an optical
communication network. With a relatively simple triple
asymmetrical optical micro ring resonator, multiple input
and multiple output nodes are provided which is a new
concept. With this multiple-ring resonator structure, it is
possible to incorporate multiple input and multiple output bus
with extended FSR. Figure 4 represents the signal flow graph
of the proposed model in z-domain including all couplers, in
which X1(z), X2(z) is considered as input signal and Y1(z), Y2(z)
as output signal.
The overall transfer function (Tf) using Mason’s rule for all
the possible four combinations can be represented by Eqs. 13–
16 where Tf is transfer function and is referred as Tf1, Tf2, Tf3,
and Tf4 where Tf1 = Y1(z)/X1(z), Tf2 = Y2(z)/X1(z), Tf3 = Y2(z)/
X2(z), and Tf4 = Y1(z)/X2(z).
Y 1 ðzÞ
Tf 1 ¼
X 1 ðzÞ
h
−C 3 S 1 S 2 Z −ðP=2Þ þ C 4 S 1 S 2 Z −ðM þP=2Þ þ
i
C 3 C 4 C 5 S 1 S 2 Z −ðN þP=2Þ −C 5 S 1 S 2 Z −ðM þNþP=2Þ
¼ h ð13Þ
1−C 1 C 2 C 3 Z −ðPÞ −C 3 C 4 Z −ðM Þ −C 4 C 5 Z −ðN Þ
þC 3 C 5 Z −ðM þN Þ þ C 1 C 2 C 23 C 4 Z −ðM þPÞ þ i
C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 Z −ðN þPÞ −C 1 C 2 C 23 C 5 Z −ðM þN þPÞ
ð13Þ
Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84 77

Y 2 ðzÞ material absorption, and loss due to imperfections such as

Tf 2 ¼
X 1 ðzÞ surface roughness. All the losses have been included in the
S 1 S 3 S 4 S 5 Z −ð 2 þ 8 þ 8 Þ
M 3N P
round-trip loss. Therefore, the amplitude transmission coeffi-
¼ h ð14Þ
1−C 1 C 2 C 3 Z −ðPÞ −C 3 C 4 Z −ðM Þ −C 4 C 5 Z −ðN Þ cient (q) is considered as 1 [19], then Eqs. 13–16 will be
modified as Eqs. 17–20, respectively:
þC 3 C 5 Z −ðM þN Þ þ C 1 C 2 C 23 C 4 Z −ðM þPÞ þ i h pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 Z −ðN þPÞ −C 1 C 2 C 23 C 5 Z −ðM þN þPÞ −q3 γ 3 C 3 S 1 S 2 Z −ð =2 Þ þ q3 γ 1 γ 3 C 4 S 1 S 2 Z −ðM þ =2 Þ þ
P P

pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
q5 γ 2 γ 3 C 3 Ci4 C 5 S 1 S 2 Z −ðN þ =2 Þ −q3 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 C 5 S 1 S 2
P

Y 2 ðzÞ ð14Þ
Tf 3 ¼ Z −ðM þN þP =2 Þ
X 2 ðzÞ Y 1 ðz Þ
h
Tf 1 ¼ ¼
h X 1 ðz Þ 1−q3 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 Z −ðPÞ −q2 γ 1 C 3 C 4 Z −ðM Þ −
−C 4 S 25 Z −ðN Þ þ C 3 S 25 Z −ðM þN Þ þ q2 γ 2 C 4 C 5 Z −ðN Þ þ q2 γ 1 γ 2 C 3 C 5 Z −ðM þN Þ þ
i
q5 γ 1 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 23 C 4 Z −ðM þPÞ þ q5 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 Ci2 C 3 C 4 C 5
C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 S 25 Z −ðN þPÞ −C 1 C 2 C 23 S 25 Z −ðM þN þPÞ
¼ h ð15Þ Z −ðNþPÞ −q5 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 23 C 5 Z −ðM þN þPÞ
1−C 1 C 2 C 3 Z −ðPÞ −C 3 C 4 Z −ðM Þ −C 4 C 5 Z −ðN Þ
ð17Þ
þC 3 C 5 Z −ðM þN Þ þ C 1 C 2 C 23 C 4 Z −ðM þPÞ þ i Y 2 ðzÞ
C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 Z −ðN þPÞ −C 1 C 2 C 23 C 5 Z −ðM þN þPÞ Tf 2 ¼
X 1 ðzÞ
Y 1 ðzÞ ð15Þ
Tf 4 ¼ q4 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 S 1 S 3 S 4 S 5 Z − ð 2 þ 8 þ 8 Þ
1=2 3=8 1=8 M 3N P

X 2 ðzÞ ¼ h
S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 Z −ð 2 þ 8 þ 8 Þ
M 5N 3P
1−q3 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 Z −ðPÞ −q2 γ 1 C 3 C 4 Z −ðM Þ −
¼ h : ð16Þ
1−C 1 C 2 C 3 Z −ðPÞ −C 3 C 4 Z −ðM Þ −C 4 C 5 Z −ðN Þ q2 γ 2 C 4 C 5 Z −ðN Þ þ q2 γ 1 γ 2 C 3 C 5 Z −ðM þN Þ þ
q5 γ 1 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 23 C 4 Z −ðM þPÞ þ q5 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 Ci2 C 3 C 4 C 5
þC 3 C 5 Z −ðM þN Þ þ C 1 C 2 C 23 C 4 Z −ðM þPÞ þ i Z −ðN þPÞ −q5 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 23 C 5 Z −ðM þN þPÞ
C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 Z −ðN þPÞ −C 1 C 2 C 23 C 5 Z −ðM þN þPÞ
ð18Þ
ð16Þ
Here, the round-trip propagation loss of the ring can be
expressed as {γ = exp(−αL)} [9] where BL^ is the ring length
and Bα^ is the amplitude attenuation coefficient due to the
intrinsic loss mechanism of the cavity, i.e., due to radiation,

Fig. 3 Proposed triple asymmetrical micro optical ring resonator Fig. 4 Z-transform schematic of the proposed configuration
78 Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84

Fig. 5 Variation of coupling

coefficient with cross talk

0.07
* Curve 1
0.06 +Curve 2

0.05

Cross talk
0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.4 0.6
0.5
Coupling Coefficient (k1) 0.2 0.4
Coupling Coefficient (k4)

h
−q3 γ 2 C 4 S 25 Z −ðN Þ þ q3 γ 1 γ 2 C 3 S 25 Z −ðM þN Þ þ
k1 constant. The intersection of both plots gives the optimal
cross talk for particular value of k1 and k4.
q6 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 Ci2 C 3 C 4 S 25 Z −ðN þPÞ −q6 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 23 S 25
Y 2 ðzÞ Z −ðM þN þPÞ
Tf 3 ¼ ¼ h ð19Þ
X 2 ðzÞ 1−q3 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 Z −ðPÞ −q2 γ 1 C 3 C 4 Z −ðM Þ − 4 Characteristics of TAOMRR
q2 γ 2 C 4 C 5 Z −ðN Þ þ q2 γ 1 γ 2 C 3 C 5 Z −ðM þN Þ þ
q5 γ 1 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 23 C 4 Z −ðM þPÞ þ q5 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 Ci2 C 3 C 4 C 5
The following characteristics are evaluated in the present arti-
Z −ðN þPÞ −q5 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 23 C 5 Z −ðM þN þPÞ
cle using MATLAB.
q 4 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 Z −ð 2 þ 8 þ 8 Þ
1=2 5=8 3=8 M 5N 3P
Y 1 ðzÞ
Tf 4 ¼ ¼ h : ð20Þ Group Delay Group delay can be described as the negative
X 2 ðzÞ 1−q3 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 Z −ðPÞ −q2 γ 1 C 3 C 4 Z −ðM Þ −
derivative of the phase of the transmittance with respect to
q2 γ 2 C 4 C 5 Z −ðN Þ þ q2 γ 1 γ 2 C 3 C 5 Z −ðM þN Þ þ
q5 γ 1 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 23 C 4 Z −ðM þPÞ þ q5 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 Ci2 C 3 C 4 C 5 the angular frequency as follows [20]:
Z −ðN þPÞ −q5 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 C 1 C 2 C 23 C 5 Z −ðM þN þPÞ  
d ImfH ðzÞg
τn ¼ − tan−1 ; ð22Þ
dω RefH ðzÞg z¼ejω
Computationally, the condition of unitary transmission is
derived using Eq. 13 by taking |Tf1| = 1. Eq. 13 can be repre- where H(z) is the frequency response of the system and
sented in frequency domain by equating Z = exp(j2πνT). Im{H(z)} and Re{H(z)} are the imaginary and the real part
Eqs. 13–16 can be further simplified by taking the ex- of the frequency response, respectively. The delay is the slope
ponential series to first order. A choice of k1 = k2 = k3 = of the phase at the frequency where it is being evaluated.
k5 is taken to determine optimum coupling coefficients
of the directional couplers. On resonance, since the imagi- Dispersion It is the gradient of group delay with respect to
nary part will be zero, the relationship between k1 and k4 can angular frequency. Dispersion is important because it is the
be expressed as: representation for distortion of signal around resonant fre-
"
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi #2
2−k 1 − k 21 −5k 1 þ 2 ð1−k 1 Þ quencies [21, 22].
k 4 ¼ 1− pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð21Þ
1 þ 2 ð1−k 1 Þ d ðτ n Þ
D¼ : ð23Þ
dω
The variation between the coupling coefficient and cross
talk is shown in Fig. 5. Cross talk is an important parameter for
the proposed configuration and it is a function of coupling
coefficient. Cross talk varies with the variation of coupling 5 Simulation Results
coefficients. Variation of cross talk due to variation of k1 keep-
ing k4 constant is plotted in curve 1 while curve 2 is plotted Frequency response analysis of the proposed TAOMRR is
from the variation of cross talk due to variation of k4 keeping carried out using MATLAB software and the field analysis
Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84 79

Fig. 6 Frequency response plot

for transfer function having input
X1(z) and output Y1(z) having
FSR = 0.41 THz

is done using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD). Optimal
coupling coefficients for optimal cross talk are obtained from
Fig. 5 which are k1 = k2 = k3 = k5 = 0.45 and k4 = 0.6762.
These coupling coefficients are realized to design the pro-
posed configuration by determining the gap between the
waveguides using OptiFDTD. Hence, it is suitable for fabri-
cation. In the proposed resonator configuration, the substrate
is considered as SiO2, with refractive index of 1.46 [27]. The
waveguides are considered using silicon nitride material, with
the refractive index of 2.0167 [8], and the cladding layer is
considered to be of air. G. Chen et al. [26] found an insertion
loss of 0.07 dB for a ring resonator having a radius of 3.5 μm.
The smallest ring radius in our case is 4.5 μm considering the
propagation losses as 0.1 dB/cm [5] at 1.55 μm, and the am-
plitude of transmission coefficient is fixed as 1 [19]. The key
design parameter is unit delay length, which has been consid-
ered as 3.14. On this basis, the ring perimeters in increasing
order of size are found to be 28.26, 37.68, and 100.48 μm

Fig. 7 Frequency response plot

for transfer function having input
X1(z) and output Y2(z) having
FSR = 0.40 THz
80 Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84

Fig. 8 Frequency response plot

for transfer function having input
X2(z) and output Y2(z) having
FSR = 0.41 THz

which correspond to the ring radii of R1 = 4.5 μm, R2 = 6 μm,
and R3 = 16 μm, respectively. Ring length will eventually set
the resonant numbers as M = 9, N = 12, and P = 32.
Till now, several researchers have been working with single
input and single output systems with several configurations of
ring resonator structures suitable for optical communication
networks. To enhance data handling capability, multiple input
and multiple output systems are required. The proposed
method addresses mathematical modeling and performance
analysis for two input and two output port systems. Data han-
dling capability can be doubled by 2 × 2 input-output system
compared to single input-output system.
The FSR obtained from the frequency response plot for all
four transfer functions as determined in MATLAB are shown
in Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9. Wider FSR is the need of current times
so that more channels can be accommodated in the

Fig. 9 Frequency response plot

for transfer function having input
X2(z) and output Y1(z) having
FSR = 0.40 THz
Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84 81

communication network. The group delay and dispersion

characteristics for the corresponding transfer function are also
indicated in Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9.

6 FDTD Analysis of TAOMRR

FDTD was developed by Yee [23] in 1966 in which he re-

places Maxwell’s equation by a set of finite difference equa-
tions so as to directly solve the time-dependent Maxwell’s
equations which are as follows:

∂H
−μ0 ¼∇ E ð24Þ
∂t

∂E
ε0 εr ¼ ∇  H: ð25Þ
∂t
To solve an EM problem, the idea is to simply discretize the
waves, both in time and in space. The FDTD was originally
proposed for electromagnetic waves with longer wavelength
such as microwaves. The FDTD method proves useful in
many complex photonics structures as it handles them in an
upfront manner. It is user- friendly and is capable of solving
a variety of problems from circuit component characterization Fig. 11 Layout of ring resonator designed in OptiFDTD with coupling
gap in accordance with the coupling coefficient obtained in MATLAB,
to radiation analyses. This is a very useful tool to analyze the and its cross-sectional view
field progression in a waveguide. One of the main advantages
of FDTD approach is the lack of approximations for the

0.47 0.8
0.6

0.46 0.75 0.55

0.45 0.7 0.5

Coupling Coefficient (k1)

Coupling Coefficient (k2)

0.44 0.45
Coupling Coefficient (k3)

0.65
0.4
0.43 0.6
0.35
0.42 0.55
0.3
0.41 0.5
0.25
0.4 0.45
0.2

0.39 0.4 0.15

0.38 0.35 0.1

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
Gap (micrometer) Gap (micrometer) Gap (micrometer)

(a) (b) (c)

0.58 0.7

0.56 0.6

0.54
0.5
Coupling Coefficient (k5)
Coupling Coefficient (k4)

0.52
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.48

0.2
0.46

0.44 0.1

0.42 0
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
Gap (micrometer) Gap (micrometer)

(d) (e)
Fig. 10 a–e Variation of coupling coefficient with spacing of waveguides
82
Fig. 12 Electric field propagation
off-resonance at 211.12 THz
propagating field which is modeled in its full richness and
complexity. The other significant advantage is the great vari-
ety of materials that can be consistently modeled within the
FDTD context [24, 25].
The optimal coupling coefficient for optimal cross talk is
obtained from Fig. 5 as reported in Section 5. The variation of
coupling coefficient with variation of waveguide spacing for
different coupling configuration determined in OptiFDTD is
shown in Fig. 10a–e. The associated optimal coupling
coefficients, obtained from MATLAB simulation, are
Fig. 13 Electric field propagation
on-resonance at 195.92 THz
Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84
used to determine the gap between waveguides from the plot
shown in Fig. 10.
The configuration consisting of two asymmetrical
rings housed inside the larger ring diametrically and
with an additional vertically coupled bus is considered
here. In this article, an attempt is made to figure out the
field analysis of the proposed configuration of
TAOMRR using OptiFDTD software. Each optical di-
rectional coupler is designed in OptiFDTD and the de-
tailed layout is shown in Fig. 11.
Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84 83

Fig. 14 Electric field propagation

at 197.47 THz

The electric field propagation for off-resonance and on- extended FSR since three asymmetrical multiple-ring resona-
resonance conditions at a particular frequency is shown in tors are used. The structure also provides multiple input bus
Figs. 12 and 13, respectively. The electric field analysis at and output bus which can enhance the data handling capacity
frequency 197.47 THz is shown in Fig. 14. The width and when the proposed circuit is used in optical communication
depth of all the waveguides (linear and ring waveguide) are network.
considered as 500 and 200 nm, respectively. The input field is
of Gaussian modulated continuous wave nature with the cen-
ter wavelength of 1550 nm. Appendix
The proposed method finds FSR for four combinations of
in and out ports. Dispersion and group delay characteristic of Single Loop
each in and out ports are determined in MATLAB. The gap
between waveguides to realize the coupling coefficients is L1 ¼ C 1 C 2 C 3 Z −ðPÞ ðA:1Þ
determined in OptiFDTD.
L2 ¼ C 3 C 4 Z −ðM Þ ðA:2Þ
L3 ¼ C 4 C 5 Z −ðN Þ ðA:3Þ
7 Conclusion
L4 ¼ −C 3 C 5 S 24 Z −ðM þN Þ ðA:4Þ
The proposed TAOMRR is modeled in z-domain and its trans-
fer function is determined using Mason’s rule. The perfor- Two Non-touching Loop
mance of the proposed TAOMRR is determined using
MATLAB software. The obtained FSR from the frequency L12 ¼ C 1 C 2 C 23 C 4 Z −ðM þPÞ ðA:5Þ
response analysis using MATLAB software for four different
input-output configurations, i.e., Tf1, Tf2, Tf3, and Tf4, are L13 ¼ C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 Z −ðN þPÞ ðA:6Þ
0.41, 0.40, 0.41, and 0.40 THz, respectively. Group delay
L14 ¼ −C 1 C 2 C 23 C 5 S 24 Z −ðM þN þPÞ ðA:7Þ
and dispersion characteristics are determined in MATLAB.
Different directional optical couplers of the proposed config- L23 ¼ C 3 C 24 C 5 Z −ðM þN Þ ðA:8Þ
uration are also designed using OptiFDTD software. The cou-
pling coefficient obtained from Fig. 5 of different couplers Three Non-touching loop
associated with the proposed TAOMRR is used to design
the corresponding optical coupler. The proposed circuit offers L123 ¼ C 1 C 2 C 23 C 24 C 5 Z −ðM þNþPÞ ðA:9Þ
84 Braz J Phys (2018) 48:74–84

Forward Path and Path Factor 7. S. Mandal et al., A generalized apporach for modelling analysis of
ring-resonator performance as optical filter. Optics Comm. 264, 97–
T 1X 1 Y 1 ¼ −C 3 S 1 S 2 Z −ðP=2Þ ðA:10Þ 104 (2006)
8. S. Dey et al., Modelling and analysis of quadruple optical ring
Δ1X 1 Y 1 ¼ 1−ðL2 þ L3 þ L4 Þ þ ðL23 Þ ðA:11Þ resonator performance as optical filter using Vernier principle.
Optics Comm. 285, 439–446 (2012)
T 2X 1 Y 1 ¼ S 1 S 2 S 23 C 4 Z −ðM þP=2Þ ðA:12Þ 9. S.B. Dey et al., Enhancement of free spectral range using pentuple
microresonator. Apld.Optics 51(29), 6901–6912 (2012)
Δ2X 1 Y 1 ¼ 1−ðL3 Þ ðA:13Þ 10. Y. Yanagase et al., Box-like filter response and expansion of FSR by
a vertically triple coupled microring resonator filter. J. Lightwave
T 3X 1 Y 1 ¼ −S 1 S 2 S 23 S 24 C 5 Z −ðM þN þP=2Þ ðA:14Þ Tech. 20, 1525–1529 (2002)
Δ3X 1 Y 1 ¼ 1 ðA:15Þ 11. S. Lakra et al., Modelling and performance analysis of vertically
coupled triple microring resonator in the Z domain. Appl. Opt.
T 1X 1 Y 2 ¼ S 1 S 3 S 4 S 5 Z −ð 2 þ 8 þ 8 Þ 53(36), 8381–8388 (2014)
M 5N P
ðA:16Þ
12. S.B. Dey et al., Wide free spectral range triple ring resonator as
Δ1X 2 Y 2 ¼ 1 ðA:17Þ optical filter, Optical Engg.,SPIE, 50, (2011)
13. P. Saeung et al., Generalized analysis of multiple ring resonator
T 1X 2 Y 2 ¼ −C 4 S 25 Z −ðN Þ ðA:18Þ filters: Modelling by using graphical approach. Optik 119, 465–
472 (2008)
Δ1X 2 Y 2 ¼ 1−ðL1 þ L2 Þ þ L12 ðA:19Þ 14. R. Boeck et al., FSR-eliminated Vernier racetrack resonators using
T 2X 2 Y 2 ¼ C 3 S 24 S 25 Z −ðM þN Þ ðA:20Þ grating-assisted couplers, IEEE Photonics J., 5(5), (2013)
15. D.G. Rabus, Integrated Ring Resonators: The Copendium,
Δ2X 2 Y 2 ¼ 1−L1 ðA:21Þ Springer, vol. XVI, (2007)
16. S. Ranjan et al., Quadruple micro optical multiple asymmetric ring
T 1X 2 Y 1 ¼ S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 Z −ð 2 þ 8 þ 8 Þ
M 5N 3P
ðA:22Þ resonator performance analysis as optical filter. Optik 127, 11075–
11085 (2016)
Δ1X 2 Y 1 ¼ 1 ðA:23Þ 17. N. Abujnah et al., Design consideration of microcavity ring reso-
nators. IET Optoelectron. 5, 158–164 (2011)
18. I. J. Nagrath, M. Gopal, Control System Engineering, New Age
Determinant International Publishers, 5, (2007)
19. G. Barbarossa et al., Theoretical analysis of triple-coupler ring-
Δ ¼ 1−ðL1 þ L2 þ L3 þ L4 Þþ based optical guided-wave resonator. J. of Lightwave Tech. 13(2),
ðA:24Þ 148–157 (1995)
ðL12 þ L13 þ L14 þ L23 Þ−ðL123 Þ
20. C. K. Madsen, J. H. Zhao, Optical filter design and analysis: A
signal processing approach, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (1999)
21. S. Addya et al., Anti-symmetric quadruple ring resonator based
optical filter. Optik 126, 5865–5869 (2016)
References 22. S. Lakra et al., Analytical modelling and performance analysis of
multilayer coupled asymmetrical microring resonators in Z-domain.
1. K. Oda et al., A wide-FSR waveguide double-ring resonator for Optik 127, 9517–9531 (2016)
optical FDM transmission systems. J. Lightwave Tech. 9(6), 728– 23. K.S. Yee, Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems
736 (1991) involving Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media. IEEE Trans.
2. B.E. Little et al., Microring resonator channel dropping filters. J. Ant. and Propagation 14(3), 302–307 (1966)
Lightwave Tech. 15(6), 998–1006 (1997) 24. J. Kedia et al., An FDTD analysis of serially coupled double ring
3. V. Van et al., All-optical nonlinear switching in GaAS-AlGaAs resonator as DWDM. Optik 126, 5641–5644 (2015)
microring resonators. Photonics Tech. Lett. IEEE 14(1), 74–76 (2002) 25. L. Sun et al., Design and optimization of silicon concentric dual-
4. K. Kalli et al., Ring resonator optical spectrum analyser with 20-khz microring resonators for refractive index sensing, Optics Comm.,
resolution. Opt. Lett. 17(15), 1090–1092 (1992) (2016)
5. S. Suzuki et al., Integrated-optic double-ring resonators with a wide 26. G. Chen, L. Chen, W. Ding, F. Sun, R. Feng, Polarization rotators in
free spectral range of 100 GHz. J. Lightwave Tech. 13(8), 1766– add-drop filters systems with double-ring resonators. IEEE
1771 (1995) Photonics Tech. Lett. 26(10), 976–979 (2014)
6. B. Moslehi et al., Fiber-optic lattice signal processing. Proc. IEEE 27. F. Z-Nejad, R. Safian, A grapheme-based THz ring resonator for
72, 909–930 (1984) label-free sensing. IEEE Sensors J. 16(11), 4338–4343 (2016)